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T IT E 



Americai^ Botanist 
Florist : 

INCLUDI^'G LESSOXS 

IX THE 

STRUCTUEE, LIFE, AXD GROWTH OF PLAMS ; 

TOGETHER TVITH 

A SIMPLE AXALTTICAL FLORA, 



^y 



DESCRIPTIVE OF THE XATRT: AND CULTIVATED PLA^^TS 

GEOWrXG IX THE ATLANTIC DmSIOX 

OF THE AMERICAN UNION. 



BY 

ALPHOXSO WOOD, A. M., 

AXTTHOK OF THE CLASS-BOOK OF BOTAXT, ETC. 



A. S. BAKNES t COMPANY, 

]NT:W YORK AND CHICAGO. 

18i0. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by 
A. S. BARNES & CO., 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
Southern District of New York. 



.•^ 



\^. 



Stereotyped by Little, Rennie & Co., Geo. W. Wood, Printer, 

645 & 6i7 Broadway, New York. 2 Dutch Street N. Y 






PREFAC E. 



In preparing the present work, it was our purpose to furnish the student 
in Botany with a complete manual within the compass of an ordinary duo- 
decimo volume. To this end, we have revised the introductory treatise 
and recorded the principles of the Science in fewer words, occupying but 
two-thirds the space so used in the Class-Book. We have thus made room 
for the introduction of a series of Synoptical Tables — a feature entirely new 
— exhibiting the principles contained in the several chapters at a single 
glance, and in their combined relations. In the preparation of these tables 
we have received important aid from Prof. S. A. Noiitox, of Mount Au- 
burn Seminary, Cincinnati. They are intended for the blackboard, and 
w^e are confident that both teacher and pupil will fmd them an essential 
aid both to the understanding and memory. 

Our new Flora will be found a phenomenon in brevity. Within the 
space of 370 duodecimo pages, in fair leaded type, we have recorded and 
defined nearly 4,000 species — all the known Flowering and Fern-like plants, 
both native and cultivated (excepting alone the Sedges and Grasses), grow- 
ing in the Atlantic half of the countr3\ This conciseness has been attained, 
not by the omission of anything necessary to the complete definition and 
prompt recognition of every species, but simply by awiding rexietitions. In 
the final definition of the species (see, for example, B. bulbosiis, the Bulbous 
Buttercup, p. 20) we give but one, two, three, rarely 4 lines. This cannot, 
of course, include its full portraiture. It includes only those few features 
which have not already been given elsewhere, and which here serve to 
distinguish the B. hulbosus from the two preceding species with vvhich it 
stands grouped in the table. But the full portraiture of B. bulbqsus (and 
of every species) will nevertheless be found in the Flora. Some of its fea- 
tures are given under its genus, Ranunculus ; some under its Order ; some 
under its Cohort ; others under its Class, its Province, and its Sub-kingdom. 



4 PREFACE. 

Moreover, all along the path of its analysis through the tables its charac- 
ters are announced and recognize.l ; so that if all the statements descrip- 
tive of B. bulbosus were collected, we should have nearly a half-page of 
text, and no important character left unnoticed. 

Between the cultivated exotics and the wild native or naturalized species 
constituting our own flora, a distinction is made in the type. The names 
of the latter are expressed in full-face, Iftoman for the species, and italic 
for the varieties. The names of the exotics are in s:siall capitals. 

The geographical limits of the present flora are the same as those 
adopted in the Class-Book ; viz., all the States of the American Union 
lying east of the Mississippi River. This will necessarily include so many 
of the plants of the States bordering on the western shore of the Missis- 
sippi, that the book may be regarded as well adapted to those States also. 

It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge my obligations to the friends 
whose names occur below and in many other parts of our work, for their 
contributions of new and rare plants, and for valuable information con- 
cerning them ; — first, and especially, to Prof Thos. C. Porteii, of Lafayette 
College ; to E. L. Hankenson, Newark, IST.Y. ; to John Wolf, Canton, 111. ; 
to Chs. H. Peck, Albany, N. Y. ; to Wm. R. Giraud, Esq., Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y. ; to N. ColmAj^, Iowa ; to Rev. J. H. Cajrrtjth, Kansas ; to Dr. 
W. Matthews, Dakota ; to H. Mapes, Michigan, &c., &c. 

And as a just tribute to the memory of my lAjViented wife, I would add 
that whatever is new and peculiar in the plan of the present Flora, that 
on which its definite conciseness depends, is due to her alone. She first 
indicated the method, and for years assiduously advocated its adoption. 



CUJUS NOMINI AC aiEMORI^ CARISSIM^, 

HOC OPUS, IN MEDIO DOLOKE AC DESIDERIO CONPECTUM, 

DEDICAT CONJUX. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS: 

TOGETHER WITH A SYLLABUS OF THE MORE PRACTICAL SUBJECTS, 

DESIGNED AS EXERCISES ON THE BLACKBOARD, 

PRELIMINARY TO THE LESSONS. 



N. B. — We give the Syllabus of but a few Chapters, and of fewer entire, in order that the pupil 
may exercise his own skill in supplying the deficiencies. The teacher should require this. 
The abbreviation (Ac.) indicates a table unfinished. 

INTRODUCTION Page 9 

Chapter I. Aids to the Study of Botany 9 

Chapter H. Departments of Science 11 

* Existence, individually ; (§ 13) 

a As an inorganic mass, is A Mineral. 

b As an organic body, — endowed vnth. life A Plant. 

— endowed with, life and perception An Animal. 

* Existence, collectively, Nature. (§ 12), &c. 

* Existence, objectively. Science. (§ 16-18), &c. 

* Departments of Botany. (§ 19-23), &c. 

* Classification. (§ 27-30), &c. 

* Nomenclature. (§ 25, 26) 

a Local appellatives in common use Trivial Names. 

b Universal appellatives adopted in Science Latin Names. 

—The name of the Genus Generic. 

— The name -of the Species Specific. 

— The name of the Individual Proper. 

Chapter III. Stages of Plant Life 14 

First Stage ; asleep in the Seed Embryo. 

Second Stage; development.— « Awakening and beginning to grow. . Germination. 

— b Developing leaves and branches Vegetation. 

Third Stage ; leaves transformed to flowers Flowering. 

Fourth Stage ; maturity. — c Flowers maturing into fruit Fructification. 

— d Fruit ripe and the plant exhausted. Hybernation. Death. 

Chapter W. Term of Plant Life 16 

§ Plant fruiting but once, and — a dying in its first year (T) Annual Herb. 

— b dying after its second year .(§) Biennial Herb. 

—c dying after many years Monocarpic. 

§ Plant fruiting more than once (perennial), 

a With annual stems, is a il Perennial Herb. 

b With perennial stems becoming woodj. 

1, If lower than or equalling the human stature Undershrub. 

2, K taller, 7 to 20 feet high Shrub. 

3, If still taller, with a distinct trtink A TreQ 

+ Trees with annual foliage, shed in Autumn Deciduous 

t Trees with perennial ioliage Evergrecr 



4 CONTENTS. 

PART FIRST. -STRUCTURAL BOTANY, OR ORGANOGRAPHY 19 

Chapter I. The Flower. It may consist of, 19 

a The leafy Envelopes, or Perianth, in 2 whorls or sets. 

1, The onter circle, of Sepals, usually green Calyx. 

2, The inner circle, of Petals, usually colored Corolla. 

ft. The Essential Organs, also in 2 whorls or sets. 

3, An outer set, of Stamens, within the corolla Androecium. 

4, The inner and central set, of Pistils Gyncecium. 

c The base, or platform on which these organs stand Torus. 

Chapter II. Plan of the Flower.— The Typical Flow^er, 21 

1, Consisting of 4 whorled sets of organs, is Complete. 

2, Each set having the same number of parts Symmeti'ical. 

3, The parts composing each set uniform Regular. 

4, All the parts separate and distinct from each other Free. 

5, Parts of adjacent sets alternating in position Alternate. 

Chapters III. and IV. Anomalous Flowers. Deviations from the Type 23 

1, Variations in the Radical Number From v' to s/. 

2, Deficiencies, rendering the flower 

a Incomplete. — Corolla wanting Apetalous. 

— Corolla and calyx both wanting .Naked. 

. b Imperfect. — The stamens wanting $ Pistillate. 

— The pistils wanting i Staminate. 

c Unsymmetrical, from the suppression of a part of some set. 
d Organs opposite, from the suppression of some entire set. 

3, Redundancies. 

a Organs increased in number, — by multiples Multiplication. 

— by clusters Chorisis. 

b Appendages. — Horn-like nectaries projecting backward Spurs. 

—Attached to the inside of the petals Scales. 

— Enlarged scales Crown. 

—Glandular bodies Glands. 

4, Union of Parts. 

a By Cohesion. — Petals united Gamopetalous, or Monopetalous. 

— Stamens united Monadelphous. 

— Pistils united ..Compound. 

5 By Adhesion. — ^Parts blended with the Calyx Perigynous. 

— Parts blended with the Ovary Epigjraous. 

5, Irregularities.— Torus lengthened, excavated, &c. 

— Like organs, becoming unequal in size, &c. 

Chapter V. Of the Floral Envelopes, or Perianth : 30 

Chapter VI. Forms of the Perianth 34 

1, Dialypetalous, or Polypetalous. 

* Regular.— a Four long-clawed petals spreading at right-angles.. Cruciferous. 

— d Five short-clawed spreading petals Rosaceous. 

—c Five spreading petals on long erect claws — Caryophyllaceous. 
— d A 6-leaved gradually spreading perianth Liliaceous. 

* Irregular.— e Five petals, 2 pairs and an odd one Papilionaceous. 

— ;/ Six petals, one of them lip-like Orchidaceous. 

2, Gamopetolous, or Monopetalous. (§ 102) 

* Regular.— o Tube very short, border flat, spreading Rotate. 

—b Tube very short, border wide, concave. Cup-form, &c., &c. 

* Irregular.— e Cylindrical tube split down, &c. (§ 103) 
I Transformations of the Perianth. (§ 104-108) 

1, In the Compositae. A circle of dry scales or bristles Pappus 

2, In the Bog-Rushes. A circle of Cmore or less) bristles Setae. 



CONTENTS, 5 

3, In the Sedges (Carices). A bottle-shaped envelope .Perigynium. 

4, In the Grasses. ChafF-like coverings Glunus, and Pales. 

Chapter VII. Attributes of the Essential Organs. — Parts 39 

1, In respect to Number. — a &c. (§ 118, two conditions.) 

2, In position. — a On the torus, free from all other organs Hypogynous, 

— b Adherent to the calyx, &c. (§ 119, four other conditions.) 

3, In cohesions. — a United into one set, &c. (§ 120, five modes.) 

Chapter VIII. The Pistils.— Its Parts (§ 125) 43 

1, The simple ovary, — a encloses a single cavity Its Cell. 

—b produces little buds becoming seeds Ovules. 

—c and two fleshy ridges bearing the ovules Placentas. 

2, The compound ovary — a may contain as many cells as carpels. 

— b must have 2 (or a double) placentae in each cell. 
— c and an equal number of ovules in each cell. 

3, The number of carpels in a compound ovary is known— 

1, By the number of distinct styles, if any 

2, By the number of distinct stigmas. 

3, By the number of the cells ; or if there be but one, 

4, By the number of external lobes, angles, or sutures. 

Chapter IX. The Ovules 48 

Chapter X. The Fruit. — Pericarp. — Dehiscence 50 

Chapter XI. Forms of the Pericarp. (See Syllabus, § 150) 53 

Chapter XTI. The Seed 58 

Chapter Xm. Germination 62 

Chapter XIV. The Root, or Descending Axis.— Forms 66 

* Axial Roots, or Tap Roots, having the main axis developed. 

1, The woody tap-root of most trees, branching Ramous. 

2, Tuberous tap-roots.— a Shaped like a spindle (Beet) Fusiform. 

—b Shaped like a cone (Carrot) Conical. 

—c Shape rounded or depressed (Turnip) Napiform. 

* Inaxial Roots, having only the branches developed. 

3, Root consisting of numerous thread-like divisions Fibrous. 

4, Root fibro-tuberous. — a Some of the fibres thickened Fasciculate. 

— b Fibres abruptly knotted Nodulous. 

— c The knots at regular intervals Moniliform. 

— d Fibres bearing little tubers Tubercular. 

Chapter XV. Of the Stem, or Ascending Axis 71 

Chapter XVI. Forms of the Leaf-Stems, aerial, caulescent 75 

1, Jointed, or hollow stems of Grasses, Sedges, Canes Culm. 

2, The stout woody stem of Trees, covered with bark. Trunk. 

3, The woody, simple columns of Palms, «fec., without bark Candex. 

4, Weak, slender stems, climbing or trailing Vine. 

Chapter XVII. Forms of Scale-Stems, acaulescent 78 

1, Slender, prostrate, rooting, on or in the ground Creeper. 

2, Fleshy, thick, rooting, mostly under ground Rhizome. 

3, Swollen with starch, under ground, with buds (eyes) Tuber. 

4, Bulbous, solid, with thin scales, under ground Corm. 

5, Bnlbous, consisting mostly of thick scales Bulb. 

Chapter XVIII. The Leaf-Bud. Vernation (and ^Estivation, Chap. XXIV) 82 

* Separate : regarding a single leaf (petal or sepal) in bud. 

1, Leaf flat, neither folded nor rolled in the bud. Open. 

2, Bent forward, apex toward the base Reclined. 

3, Folded on the axis Conduplicate. 

4, Folded in plaits like a fan Plicate, 

5, Rolled on its axis doAvnward Circinate- 



CONTENTS. 

6, Rolled with its axis,— -a from one edge into a scroll Convolute. 

— b from both edges inward Involute. 

— c from both edges backward Eevolate. 

* General ; — regarding the whole bud. 

1, Edges meeting, V'alvate, — with the margins straight Valvatc. 

— with the margins involute Induplicate. 

— with the margins revolute Reduplicate. 

2, One edge overlapping, each leaf oblique Twisted or Contorted. 

3, Both edges overlapping. Imbricate. 

a Conduplicate leaves, alternately — embracing Equitant. 

— half embracing Obvolute. 

b Leaves in threes, one of them exterior Triquetrous. 

c Leaves in fives, two of them exterior Quincuncial. 

d Each leaf or petal embracing all those within Convolute, 

e Exterior petal largest (Sweet Pea) Vexillary. 

4, Gamopetalous corolla folded in plaits, — plaits straight Plicate. 

— plaits oblique Supervolute. 

Chapter XIX. Of the Leaf — Phyllotaxy 87 

Chapter XX. Morphology of the Leaf- § Venation 91 

1, Veins simple and parallel, as in the Endogens Parallel-veined. 

2, Veins dividing without uniting again, as in Ferns Fork-veined. 

3, Veins netted^ as in the Exogens, viz. : 

a Larger veins arranged as in a feather Pinni-veined. 

h Larger veins 5 to 9, arranged as the fingers Palmi-veined. 

c Larger veins only 3, arranged as the fingers Triple-veined. 

§ Special Veins. 

1, In feather-veined leaves, — the chief vein forming the axis Mid-vein, 

— lateral branches of the mid-vein Veinlets. 

♦-the branches of the veinlets Veinulets. 

2, In palmi-veined leaves, or triple-veined ; — 

a The coequal veins running through the blade, are Veins. 

h The branches of the veins, are (as in feather-veined) Veinlets. 

Chapter XXI. Forms of Leaves. (Morphology, continued) 95 

* Pinni-veined Leaves. 

a Lower veinlets longer than the upper. 

1, Outline of an egg Ovate. 

2, Outline of a lance, or narrow-ovate Lanceolate. 

3, Form of the Greek letter a , Deltoid. 

h The middle veinlets longest, lower and upper equal. 

4, Circular, or nearly so Orbicular. 

5, Outline of an elliptic spring Elliptical. 

6, Egg-shaped, with equal rounded ends Oval. 

7, NarroAvly oval, with obtuse ends Oblong. 

e The upper veinlets longest. 

8, Inversely ovate, narrower at the base Obovate. 

9, Inversely lanceolate, narrower at the base Oblanceolate. 

10, Obtuse at apex, narrowed to the base Spatulate. 

11, Shaped like a wedge, the point at base Cuneate. 

d Lowest veinlets longest and recurved. 

12, A re-entering angle, or sinus, at base. Heart-shaped Cordate. 

13, Base-lobes ear-shaped Auriculate. 

14, Base-lobes arrow-shaped '. Sagittate. 

15, Base-lobes turned outward Hastate. 

* Dissected Forms. *- 

a Pinnatcly cut or divided. ^ 



CONTENTS. / 

1, With regular lateral segments Piiinatifid. 

2, Witti segments recurved or hooked Runcinate. 

3, Terminal segment enlarged Lyrate. 

4, Segments many and narrow Pinnatisect. 

5, Segments and sinuses rounded , Sinuate. 

b Palmately cut or lobed. 

6, Lobes only 3 Trilobate. 

7, Lobes 5 or more , Palmately-lobcd. 

8, Lobes deeply divided ,. Palmately-parted. 

9, Side-lobes again 2-lobed Pedate. 

Chapter XXII. Forms of Compound Leaves. 

* Pinnately compound. 

a Once compounded, consisting of — 

1, Two leaflets opposite and equal Binate. 

2, Three leaflets, the odd one petiolulate Pinnately-trifoliate. 

3, Four or more eq[ual leaflets, all in pairs Equally pinnate. 

4, Five or more equal leaflets, all but one in pairs Odd-pinnate. 

5, Alternate leaflets smaller Interruptedly pinnate. 

b Twice compounded, consisting of— 

6, Nine leaflets (or 3 trifoliate leaves) Biternate. 

7, Fifteen or more leaflets (3 pinnate leaves) Bipinnate. 

c Thrice compounded, having 27 leaflets Triternate, &c. 

d Irregularly much compounded Decompound. 

* Palmately compounded, consisting of— 

10, Three equal leaflets all alike sessile (Clover) Palmi-trifoliate. 

11, Five or 7 leaflets, all equally sessile — Digitate. 

Chapter XXIII. Transformations of the Leaf 106 

Chapter XXIV. Metamorphosis of the Flower. (See Chap. XVIH) 110 

Chapter XXV. Inflorescence.— Special Forms 114 

§ Evolution. — a One flower only from a bud Solitary. 

— b From axillary buds, the lowest first opening Centripetal. 

— c From terminal buds, the central first Centrifugal. 

§ Special Forms of Inflorescence. 

* Centripetal, or Indefinite. 

a Flowers setfsile — 1, along a slender rachis Spike. 

— 2, along a thick fleshy rachis Spadix. 

—3, on an extremely short I'achis Head. 

— 4, Spike of imperfect fls. caducous together. ..Ament. 
b Flowers home on pedicels. 

5, Along the sides of a lengthened rachis Eaceme. 

6, Along a short rachis, the lower pedicels lengthened Corymb. 

7, Clustered on an extremely short rachis Umbel. 

c The pedicels themselves branched, — 8 loosely Panicle. 

— 9 compactly Thyrse. 

* Centrifugal, or Definite. 

1, Clusters open, loose, of various forms Cyme, 

2, Clusters compact, terminal Fascicle. 

3, Clustei's compact, axillaiy and opposite Verticils. 

4, Cyme unilateral, unrolling as it develops Scorpoid Eaceme. 

PAKT SECOXD.-PIIYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY 123 

Chapter I. Of the Vegetable Cell 123 

Chapter II. Of the Vegetable Tissues 127 

Chapter III. The Epidermal System 130 

Chapter IV. The Ligneous Sj'stera 132 



CONTENTS. 

Chapter V. Tlie Ligneous System, continued 137 

Chapter YI. Vegetation, or the Physiology of Plant Life 140 

Chapter VII. Fertilization 142 

Chapter VIII. Absorption ; 145 

* By the root. 

a The root absorbs inorganic matter, from the soil, viz. — 1, Water. 

—2, Carbon. 

— 3, Mineral Salts. ' 
b The rt. absorbs organic matter, from mould & refuse. — 1, Nitrates. 

— 2, Ammonia. 

* By the green parts, from the Atmosphere, viz — 1, Water. 

—2, Oxygen. 
— 3, Carbonic Acid. 
— 4, Ammonia. 
Chapter IX. Circulation ; 147 

* Of the Crude Sap, upward through the wood,— To the Leaves. 

* Of the True Sap, returning, downward,— a to the incipient leaves. 

—h to the cambium layer. 
— c to the medullary rays. 
—d to the roots. 
Chapter X. Transpiration and Respiration 149 

* Transpiration through the Stomata, of. — Water. 

* Respiration, r Absorbing CO3. 

1, In the Green Parts,— a in the sunshine -| Retaining C. 

( Exhaling O. 

— b in darkness —Absorbing O. 

— Consuming O, 
—Exhaling COg. 

2, In the roots, flowers, &c., at all times — ^Absorbing O. 

—Consuming C. 
—Exhaling COj. 

PART THIRD.— SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 153 

Chapter I. General Principles of Classification 153 

Chapter II. The Natural System 155 

Chapter III. Botanical Analysis 160 

Chapter IV. Rules for Nomenclature 163 

INDEX AND GLOSSARY 165 



INTRODUCTIOISr. 



CHAPTER I. 

AIDS TO THE STUDY OF BOTA]SrY. 

1. The proper season for the commencement of the study 
of Botany in schools, is late in winter, at the oj)ening of the first 
session after New- Year's. The class will thus be prepared be- 
forehand, by a degree of acquaintance with first principles, for 
the analysis of the earliest Spring-flowers — the Blood-root, Liv- 
erwort, Spring-beauty, Sweet Mayflower, Erigenia, and the Vio- 
lets. We have arranged the topics of the present treatise with 
a special view to the convenience of the learner in this respect, 
beginning with that which is the first requisite in analysis — the 
Flower. 

2. Specimens of leaves, stems, roots, fruir, flowers, etc., in urilimited supply are re- 
quisite during the whole course. In the absence of the living, let the dried specimens of 
the herbarium be consulted. Crayon sketches upon the blackboard, if truthful, are always 
good for displaying minute or obscure forms. In the city, classes in Botany may employ, 
at small expense, a collector to supply them daily with fresh specimens from the country. 
Moreover, the gardens and conservatories will furnish to such, an abundant supply of cul- 
Hvated species for study and analysis, with almost equal advantage, — since the present 
work embraces, together with the native flora, all exotics which are in any degree com- 
mon in cultivation. 

3. An Herbarium (Latin, Jiortus siccus^ or h. s.) is a col- 
lection of botanic specimens, artificially dried, protected in 
papers, and systematically arranged. Herbaria are useful in 
many icays y' — (a) for preserving the knowledge of rare, or 
inaccessible, or lost species; (h) for exchanges, enabling one to 
possess the flora of other countries ; (c) for refreshing one's 
memory of early scenes and studies; [d] for aiding in more 



10 INTEODUCTION. 

exact researches at leisure ; (e) for the comparison of species 
with sj^ecies, genus with genus, etc. 

4. Apparatus. For collecting botanic specimens, a strong 
knife for dio-Q-ino; and cuttino; is needed, and a close tin box, 
fifteen inches in length, of a portable form. Enclosed in such 
a box, with a little moisture, specimens will remain fresh a week. 

5. Specimens for the herbarium should represent the leaves, 
flowers, and fruit — and, if herbaceous, the root also. Much 
care is requisite in so drying them as to preserve the natural 
appearance, form, and color. The true secret of this art con- 
sists in extracting the moisture from them before decomposition 
can take place. 

6. The drying-press, to be most efficient and convenient, 
should consist of a dozen quires of unsized paper, at least 11 x 14 
inches folio ; two sheets of wire-gauze (same size^ as covers, 
stiffened by folded edges ; and three or four leather straps a 
yard in length, with buckles. When in use, suspend this press 
in the wind and sunshine ; or, in rainy weather, by the fire. In 
such circumstances, specimens dry well without once changing. 
But if boards be used instead of wire-gauze, the papers must be 
changed and dried daily. Succulent plants may be immersed in 
boiling water before pressing, to hasten their desiccation. 

v. The lens, either single, double, or triple, is almost indis- 
pensable in analysis. In A^ewing minute flowers, or parts of 
flowers, its use cannot be too highly appreciated. Together 
with the lens, a needle inserted in a handle, a penknife, and 
tweezers are required for dissection. 

8. The compound microscope is undoubtedly a higher aid 
in scientific investigation than any otlier instrument of human 
invention. It is like the bestowment of a new sense, or the 
opening of a new world. Through this, almost solely, all our 
knowledge of the cells, the tissues, growth, fertilization, etc., is 
derived. The skilful use of this noble instrument is itself an art, 
which it is no part of our plan to explain. For such informa- 
tion the student is referred to the works of Carpenter and Quekett. 

9. On the preparation of botanical subjects for examination we remark briefly. The 
field of view is necessarily small, and only minute portions of objects can be seen at 
once. The parts are to be brought under inspection successively by the movements of 
the stage. 



DEPARTMENTS OP SCIENCE. 11 

10. The tissues of leaves, etc., are best seen by transmitted light. They are to be di- 
vided by the razor or scalpel into extremely thin parings or cuttings. Such cuttings may 
be made by holding the leaf between the two halves of a split cork. They are then made 
wet and viewed upon glass. The stomata are best seen in the epidermis stripped off; but 
in the Sorrel-leaf (Oxalis violacea) they appear beautifully distinct upon the entire leaf. 
(§ S97, Fig. 497.) 

11. Woody tissues, etc., may be viewed either as opaque or transparent. Sections and 
cuttings should be made in all directions, and attached to the glass by water, white of 
egg, or Canada balsam. To obtain the elementary cells separately for inspection, the 
fragment of wood may be macerated in a few drops of nitric acid added to a grain of chlo- 
rate of potassa. Softer structures may be macerated simply in boiling water. 

lievieiv of fJie Chapter. — 1. AdA'antage of beginning the studj^ in eaiiy spring. 2. Speci- 
mens for illustration. How to obtain them in the city. 8. The herbarium. Uses of it. 
4. Apparatus for collecting. 5. Good specimens. Secret of preparing them. 6. The 
drying-press. 7. The use of lenses. 8. Of the microscope, etc. 



• CHAPTER II. 

DEPAKTMEXTS OF SCIENCE. 

12. Three great departments in nature are universally recog- 
nized, commonly called the mineral, vegetable, and animal king- 
doms. The first constitutes the Inorganic^ the other two the 
Organic World. 

13. A mineral is an inorgmiic mass of matter — that is, without 
distinction of parts or organs. A stone, for example, may bo 
broken into any number of fragments, each of which will retain 
all the essential characteristics of the original body, so that each 
fragment will still be a stone. 

14. A plant is an organized bod}^, endowed with vitality but 
not with sensation, composed of distinct parts, each of which is 
essential to the completeness of its being. A Tulip is composed 
of organs which may be separated and subdivided indefinitely, 
but no one of the fragments alone Avill be a complete plant. 

15. Animals, like plants, are organized bodies endowed with 
vitality, and composed of distinct parts, no one of which is com- 
plete in itself; but they are elevated above either plants or min- 
erals by their power of perception. 

16. Physics is the general name of the science which treats of 
the mineral or inorganic world. 

17. Zoology relates to the animal kingdom. 



12 INTRODUCTION. 

18. Botany is the science of the vegetable kingdom. It in- 
cludes the knowledge of the forms, organs, structure, growth, 
and uses of plants, together with their history and classification. 
Its several departments correspond to the various subjects to 
which they relate. Thus, 

19. Structural JBotany^ or Organography, treats of the special 
organs of plants as compared with each other, answering to 
Comparative Anatomy in the science of Zoology. Morphology 
is a term often used in a similar sense ; but it especially relates 
to the mutual or typical transformations which the organs un- 
dergo in the course of development. 

20. Elementary JBotany treats of the elementary tissues — the 
organic elements out of which the vegetable fabric is constructed. 

21. Physiological Botany is that department which relates to 
the vital action of the several organs and tissues, including botli 
the vital and chemical phenomena in the germination, growth, 
and reproduction of plants. It has, therefore, a direct and prac- 
tical bearing upon the labors of husbandry in the propagation 
and culture of plants, both in the garden and in the field. 

22. Systematic JBotany arises from the consideration of plants 
in relation to each other. It aims to arrange and classify plants 
into groups and families, according to their mutual affinities 
and relative rank, so as to constitute of them all one unbroken 
series or system. 

23. Descriptive JBotany^ or Phytology, is the art of expressing 
the distinctive characters of species and groups of plants with 
accuracy and precision, in order to their complete recognition. 
A Flora is a descriptive work of this kind, embracing the plants 
of some particular country or district. 

24. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany comprehends also the knowledge of the rela- 
tions of plants to the other departments of nature— particularly to mankind. The nlti- 
mate aim of its researches is the development of the boundless resources of the vegetable 
kingdom, for our sustenance and protection as well as education ; for the healing of our 
diseases and the alleviation of our wants and woes. This branch of botanical science is 
called Applied Botany, including several departments— as Medical Botany, or Pharmacy ; 
Agricultural Botany, or Chemistry ; Pomology, etc. 

25. The name of a plant or other natural object is twofold, — 
the trivial or popular name, by which it is generally known in 
the country; and the Latin name, by which it is accurately 



DEPARTMENTS OF SCIENCE. 13 

designated in science throughout the world. For example, 
Straioherry is the popular name, and Fragaria vesca the Latin 
or scientific name, of the same plant. In elementary treatises, 
like the present, for the sake of being readily understood, plants 
are usually called by their j)opular names. Yet we earnestly 
recommend the learner to accustom himself early to the use of 
the more accurate names employed in science. 

26. The Latin name of a plant is always double — generic and 
specific. Thus Fragaria is generic, or the name of the genus of 
the plant — vesca is specific, or the name of the species. 

27. A Species embraces all such individuals as may have 
originated from a common stock. Such individuals bear an 
essential resemblance to each other as well as to their common 
parent, in all their parts. For example, the White Clover (Tri- 
folium repens) is a species embracing thousands of contemporary 
individuals scattered over our hills and plains, all of common 
descent, and producing other individuals of their own kind from 
their seed. 

28. To this law of resemblance in plants of one common origin 
there are some apparent exceptions. Individuals descended from 
tlie same parent often bear flov/ers differing in color, or fruit 
difi:ering in flavor, or leaves diifering in form, etc. Such plants 
are called Varieties. They are never permanent, but exhibit a 
constant tendency to revert to their original type. Varieties 
occur chiefly in species maintained by cultivation, as the Apple, 
Potato, Rose, Dahlia. They also occur more or less in native 
plants (as Hepatica triloba), often rendering the limits of the 
species extremely doubtful. They are due to the difllerent cir- 
cumstances of climate, soil, and culture to which they are sub- 
jected, and continue distinct only until left again to multiply 
spontaneously from seed in their own proper soil, or some other 
chanofe of circumstances. 

29. A Genus is an assemblage of species closely related to each 
other in the structure of their flowers and fruit, and havins: more 
points of resemblance than of difierence throughout. Thus, the 
genus Clover (Trifolium) includes many sj^ecies, as the White 
Clover (T. repens), the Red Clover (T. pratense), the Buflalo 
Clover (T. reflexum), etc., agreeing in floral structure and gen- 



14 INTRODUCTION. 

eral aspect so obviously that the most hasty observer would 
notice their relationship. So in the genus Pinus, no one would 
hesitate to include the White Pine, the Pitch Pine, the Long- 
leafed Pine (P. strobus, rigida, and palustris), any more than we 
would fail to observe their differences. 

30. Thus individuals are grouped into species, and species 
are associated into genera. These groups constitute the bases 
of all the systems of classification in use, whether by artificial or 
natural methods. 

Eeview. — 1-7. Three Kingdoms of Nature ? 13. A mineral ? Illustrate. 14. A plant ? 
Illustrate. 15. An animal? 16. Define Physics. 17. Zoology. 18. Define Botany. 19. 
Organography, Morphology. 20. Elementary Botany. 21. "Physiological Botany. 22. 
Systematic Botany. 23. Phytology. 24. Applied Botany. 25. Names. 26. Latin names. 
27. A Species. Illustrate. 28. Varieties. 29. What is a Genus ? 



CHAPTER III. 

THE FOUR STAGES OF PLANT LIFE. 

31. In its earliest stage of life, the plant is an embryo sleeping 
in the seed. It then consists of two parts, the radicle or rootlet, 
and the plumule. Both may be seen in the Pea, Bean, or Acorn. 
Besides the embryo, the seed contains also its food in some form, 
provided for its first nourishment. 

32. At length the genial warmth and moisture of the Spring 
awakens the embryo, and it begins to feed and grow. The radi- 
cle protrudes the^slender rootlet (fig. 2, r), which turns down- 
ward, seeking the dark damp earth, avoiding the air and light, 
and forms the root or descending axis. The plumule, taking the 
opposite direction (fig. 3, jt;), ascends, seeking the air and light, 
and expanding itself to their influence. This constitutes the 
stem or ascending axis., bearing the leaves. Thus the acorn 
germinates.^ and the Oak enters upon the seco7id stage of its 
existence. 

33. At first the ascending axis is merely a hud., that is, a grow- 
ing point clothed with and protected by little scales, the rudi- 
ments of leaves. As the growing point advances and its lower 
scales gradually expand, into leaves, new scales successively ap- 
pear above. Thus the axis is always terminated by a bud. 



THE FOUR STAGES OF PLANT LIFE. 



15 




34. By the growth of the terminal bud, the axis is simply 
lengthened in one direction, an undivided stem. But besides 
this, buds also exist, ready formed, in the axils of the leaves, one 
in each. These axillary buds, a part or all of them, may grow 
and develop like the terminal bud, or they may 
always sleep, as in the simple-stemmed Mullein or 
Palm. But in growing they become branches^ and 
these branches may, in turn, generate buds and 
branchlets in the axils of their own leaves in like 
manner. By the continued repetition of this simple 
process, the vegetable fabric arises, ever advancing 
in the direction of the growing j^oints, clothing 
itself with leaves as it advances, and en- 
larging the volume of its axis, until it 
reaches the limit of being assigned by its 
Creator. 

35. Reared by this process alone, the plant consists of 
such organs only as Avere designed for its own individual 
nourishment — roots to absorb its food, stem and 
branches to transmit it, and leaves to digest it. 
These are called organs of nutrition. But the 
divine command which caused tlie tribes of vege- 
tation in their diversified beautj' to spring from 
the earth, required that each plant should have its 
''seed within itself " for the perpetuation of its 
kind. (See. 1 ; II.) 

36. In the third stage of 
vegetation, tlierefore, a change 
occurs in the development of 
some of the buds. The grow- 
ing point ceases to extend it- 
self as hitherto, and still 
remains a point, expand- 
ing its scales in crowded 
whorls, each successive 
whorl undero-oino; a 
gradual transformation, departing more and more from the 
original type— the leaf. Thus, instead of a leafg branchy the 
ordinary product of the bud, a flower is the result. 

37. Hence a flower may be considered as a transformed branch, 




Acnrn (seed of Quercuit pnhi.stiis) 
f::eniiiiiatinjr ; 1, section showing the 
radicle (/) wliich is to become the 
root, and the two cotyledons (r) which 
are to nourish it ; 2, the radicle r, descending ; 3 and 4, the 
radicle, r, descending, and the plumule (i?) ascending. 



16 INTKODUCTION. 

having the leaves crowded togethei* by the non-development of 
the axis, moulded into more delicate forms and tinged with more 
brilliant hues, not only to adorn the face of nature, but to fulfil 
the important office of reproduction. 

38. Lastly comes fruit-bearing, t1ie fourth stage of plant life, 
for which the flower has prepared the way. The work and bloom 
of the flower are soon accomplished, its deciduous parts fall, and 
the remaining energies of the ^^lant are directed to the develop- 
ment of t[\e 2^^stil into the perfect /*r^^^(?. 

i?mei67.— 31. First stage of plant life. Contents of a seed. 32. Second stage. Tendency 
of the radicle. — Of the plumule. 33. Structure of the first bud. How does it grow ? 
34. What it develops ? Other buds. Whence the branches arise. 36. Origin of the 
flower. 37. What then is its nature ? 38. Fourth stage. 



CHAPTER IV. 

TEKM OR PERIOD OF PLANT LIFE. 

39. Flowering and fruit-bearing is an exhausting process. If 
it occur within the first or second year of the life of the plant, 
it generally proves the fatal event. In all other cases it is 
either immediately preceded or followed by a state of needful 
repose. Now if flowering be prevented by nipping the buds, 
the tender annual may become perennial, as in the florist's Tree- 
mignonette. 

40. We distinguish plants, as to their term of life, into the an- 
nual ( (l) ), the biennial ((D), and the perennial {7i). A?i annual 
( ® ) herb is a plant whose entire life is limited to a single season. 
It germinates from the seed in Spring, attains its growth, blos- 
soms, bears fruit, and dies in Autumn ; as the Flax, Corn, 
Morning-glory. 

41. A biennial herb ((D) is a f)lant which germinates and vege- 
tates, bearing leaves only the first season, blossoms, bears fruit, 
and dies the second ; as the Beet and Turnip. Wheat, Kye, etc., 
are annual plants ; but when sown in Autumn they have the habit 
of biennials, in consequence of the prevention of flowering by 
the sudden cold. 



TEEM OR PEEIOD OF PLANT LIFE. 17 

42. Monocarpic herbs. The Century-plaut (Agave), the Talipot-pahn, etc., are bo called. 
They vegetate, bearing leaves only, for many years, accumulating materials and strength 
for one mighty efibrt in fructification, -which being accomplished, they die. In some 
species the term of life depends on c/ima^e alone. The Castor-bean (Eicinus) is an annual 
herb in the Northern States, a shrub in the Southern, and a tree of large size in its native 
India. So Petunia, annual in our gardens, is perennial at home (in Brazil). 

43. Perennial plants are feuch as have an indefinite duration 
of life, usually of many years. They may be either herbaceous 
or woody. Herbaceous perennials, or perennial herbs (IC), are 
plants whose parts are annual above ground and perennial below. 
In other words, their roots or subterranean stems live from year 
to j^ear, sending up annually, in Spring, flowering shoots which 
perish after they have ripened their fruit in Autumn ; as the Lily, 
Dandelion, Hoj). 

44. 'Woody perennials usually vegetate several years, and at- 
tain well-nigh their ordinary stature before flowering ; thence- 
forward they fructify annually, resting or sleeping in winter. 
They are known as trees (b), shrubs (b), bushes, and under- 
shrubs (b) — distinctions founded on size alone. 

45. A shrub (b) is a diminutive tree, limited to eighteen or 
twenty feet in stature, and generally dividing into branches at 
or near the surface of the ground (Alder, Quince). If the 
woody plant be limited to a still lower growth, say about the 
human stature, it is called a bush (Snowball, Andromeda). If 
still smaller, it is an undershrub (b) (Whortleberry). 

46. A tree (b) is understood to attain to a height many times 
greater than the human stature, with a permanent woody stem, 
whose lower part, the trunk, is unbranched. 

47. As to age, some trees live only a few years, rapidly attaining their growth and rap- 
idly decaying, as the Peach ; others have a longevity exceeding the age of man ; and some 
species outlive many generations. Age may be estimated by the number of wood-circles 
or rings seen in a cross-section of the trunk (§408), each ring being (very generally) au 
annual growth. Instances of great longevity are on record. See Class Book of Botany, 
§§ 99, 100. The monarch tree of the world is that Californian Cedar— Sequoya giganlea. 
One which had fallen measured 26 feet in diameter, and 363 m length ! The wood-cir- 
cles of this specimen are unusually thick, yet count up to 1,330 years. Among those yet 
standing (a. d. 1866), are many of even greater dimensions, as beautiful in form as they 
are sublime in height — the growth, probably, of more than 2,000 years. 

48. Trees are again distinguished as deciduous (b) and ever- 
green (b) — the former losing their foliage in Autumn, and re- 
maining naked until the following Spring ; the latter retaining 



18 INTKODUCTION. 

their leaves and verdure throughout all seasons. The Fh* tribe 
(Coniferse) includes nearly all the evergreens of the North : 
those of the South are far more numerous in kind — e. g.^ the 
Magnolias, the Live-oaks, Holly, Cherry, Palmetto, etc. 

Review.— ^^. What of flowering and fruiting? When do they prove fatal ? An experi- 
ment. 40. Define an annual herb. 41. A biennial herb. 42. Monocarpic herbs. What 
of the Castor-bean ? 43. Perennial plants. Herbaceous perennials. 44. Woody peren- 
nials. 45. Shrub. Bush. Undershrub. 46. A tree. 47. The age of trees. How ascer- 
tained. The "monarch" of trees. Kclate its age and dimensions. 4S. Distinctions in 
reference to verdure. 



PART FIRST. 

STEUCTUEAL BOTANY; OE, OEGANOGEAPHT. 



^ > ^ 



CHAPTER I. 

THE FLOWER. 

49. The flower is the immediate agent in the production of 
the seed with its embryo, and to this end its whole structure is 
designed. Moreover, its superior beauty attracts earliest atten- 
tion, and an intimate knowledge of its organism is the first re- 
quisite in analysis and classification. 

50. The flower may consist of the following members — the 
floral envelopes and the essential floral organs. The floral enr) el- 
opes consist of one or more circles or lohorls of leaves surrounding 
the essential oro;ans. The outer of these whorls is called the 
calyx ; and the other, if there be any, the corolla. The calyx 
may, therefore, exist without the corolla ; but the corolla cannot 
exist without the calyx. 

51. Calyx is a Greek word signifying a cup. It is applied 
to the external envelope of the flower, consisting of a whorl of 
leaves with their edges distinct or united, usually green, but 
sometimes highly colored. The leaves or pieces composing the 
calyx are called sepals. 

52. Corolla is a Latin word signifying a little crown, applied 
to the interior envelope of the flower. It consists of one or more 
circles of leaves, either distinct or united by their edges, usually 
of some other color than green, and of a more delicate texture 
than the calyx. Its leaves are called ^e^a^5. 



20 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



53. Perianth (•'r's^', around, av^o^c, flower) is a word in com- 
mon use to designate the floral envelopes as a whole, without 
distinction of calyx and corolla. It is used in description, espe- 
cially when these two envelopes arc so similar as not to be readily 
distinguished, as in the Tulip, Lily, and the Endogens generally; 
also where only one envelope exists, as in Phytolacca, Elm, etc. 

54. The essential floral organs stand within the circles of the 
perianth, and are so called because they are the immediate in- 
struments in perfecting the seed, and thus accomplishing the final 
purposes of the flower. These organs are of two kinds, perfectly 
distinct in position and ofiice — viz., the stamens and the pistils. 

55. The stamens are those thread-like organs situated just 
within the perianth and around the pistils. Their number varies 
from one to a hundred or more ; but the most common number 
isflve. Collectively they are called the androeciuni. 

56. The pistils (called also carj)els) occupy the centre of the 
flower at the absolute terminus of the flowering axis. They are 
sometimes numerous, often apparently but one. always destined 
to bear the seed. Collectively they are called the gynoeeium. 




5, Flower of the Strawberry. G, Flower of tlie Pink. 7, Flower of the Lily (Lilium snperbnm;. The 

pupil will point out the parts. 



5 7. The torus or receptacle is the axis of the flower, situated 
at the summit of the flower-stalk. It commonly appears a flat- 
tened or somewhat convex disk, whose centre corresponds to the 
apex of the axis. On this disk, as on a platform, stand the floral 
organs above described, in four concentric circles. The gynoe- 



PLAN OF THE FLOWER. '21 

cium (pistils) occupies the centre ; the androeciiim encircles it ; 
the corolla is next without ; and the calyx embraces the whole. 

Review.— 49. Ageucy of the Flower. 50. Members. What are the Floral envelopes ? 
Which is the calyx ? The corolla? 51. The calyx defined. The sepals. 53. The corolla 
defined. Petals. 53. What of the perianth ? 54. The essential organs. 55. The sta- 
mens. Another name. 50. The pistils. Their collective name. 57. The torus. Order 
of the whole. 



CHAPTER II. 

PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 

58. Such, in general, is the organization of the flower. It is 
simple enough in theory ; and in most of the plants with w^hich 
he meets, the student will easily, recognize these several organs 
by name. But, in truth, flowers vary in form and fashion to a 
degree almost infinite. Each organ is subject to transformations, 
disguises, and even to entire extinction; so that the real nature 
of the flower may become an intricate and perplexing stu-dy. 

59. But we shall soon, see that in all these variations there is 
method. They are never capricious or accidental, however much 
they may appear so. TInity in diversity is characteristic of Ma- 
ture in all her departments, and eminently so in the flowers ; 
and the first step in the successful study of them is to discover 
that unity — that simple idea of the floral structure in which all 
its diversities harmonize. Before flowers were created, that idea 
or type was conceived ; and to possess it ourselves is a near ap- 
proach to communion with the Infinite Aathor of Kature. 

60. The typical flower, one that exemplifies the full idea 
of the floral structure, consists of four different circles of organs, 
as before described, placed circle within circle on the torus, and 
all having a common centre. Such a flower must possess these 
five attributes — viz. : It must be 

«, Complete / having the four kinds or sets of organs arranged 
in as many concentric circles. That it is perfect^ having both 
kinds of the essential organs, is necessarily included under its 
completeness. 

i, Regular ; having the organs of the same name all similar 



22 



STRUCTUllAL BOTANY. 



and alike ; that is, all the petals of one pattern, all the stamens 
alike in form, size, position, etc. 

c. Symmetrical ; having the same number of organs in each 
set or circle. 

<:?, Alternating in respect to the position of the organs. This 
implies that the several organs of each set stand not opposite to, 
but alternating with the organs of the adjacent set ; — the petals 
alternate with the sepals and stamens; the stamens alternate 
with the petals and j^istils. 

e, That the organs be distinct^ all disconnected and free from 
each other. 

61. This is the Type. But it is seldom fully realized in the 
flowers as they actually grow, although the tendency toward it 
is universal. Deviations occur in every imaginable mode and 
degree, causing that endless variety in the floral world which we 
never cease to admire. For example, in our pattern flowers (5, 
6, 'Z,) the pistils seem too few in the Pink and Lily, and tlie 
stamens too many in all of them. 

62. The flower of the Flax (10) combines very nearly all the conditions above specified. 
It is complete, regular, symmetrical. Its organs are alternate and all separate ; and (dis- 
regarding the slight cohesion of the pistils at their base) this flower well realizes onr 
type. Admitting two whorls of stamens instead of one, we have a good example of our 
type in Stone-crop (Scdura ternatam), a little fleshy herb of our woods. Its flowers are 
both 4-parted and 5-parted in the same plant. See also the 12-parted flowers of the com- 
mon Houseleek. 




8, Flower of Crassula lactea, regular, svminetricHl, organs distinct. 9, Diagram showing its plan. 
10, Flower of the Scarlet Flax. 11, Diagram of its plan. 

G3. The flowers of Crassula (8), an African genus sometimes 
cultivated, aflbrd unexceptionable examples, the sepals, petals, 



STUDY OF ANOMALOUS FLOWERS. 



23 



stamens, and pistils each being five in number, regularly alter- 
nating and perfectly separate. 

Review. — 58. Whence the difficulties in the study of flowers ? 59. A grand character- 
istic in Nature. First step in the study of tlie flowers. 60. Define the typical flower. 
Why is it complete ? Why regular ? Why symmetrical ? How alternating ? How dis- 
tinct? fil. Is the type often realized? Whence the endless variety ? Faults in Pink, 
Strawberry, Lily. 62. One fault of Flax— of Sedura. 63. One perfect example. 



CHAPTER III. 



STUDY OF ANOMALOUS FLOWERS. 

64. Now the true method of studying the flower 

is by comparing it with this type. So shall we be able, and 
ever delighted, to learn the nature of each organ in all its dis- 
guises of form, and to discern the features of the general plan 
even under its widest deviations. The more important of them 
are included under the following heads, which will be considered 
in order: 1, Variations of the radical number of the flower; 2, 
Deficiencies ; 3, Redundancies ; 4, Union of parts ; 5, Irregular- 
ities of development. 

65. The radical number of the flower is that Avhich enu- 
merates the parts composing each whorl. Plere nature seems 
most inclined to the number Jive, as in Crassula, Flax, Rose, 
and Strawberry. It varies, however, from one to twelve, and 
is expressed by word or sign as follows : di-merous, or 2-parted 
(v^), tri-merous or 3-parted (v^), penta-merous or 5-parted (v^), 
etc. The flow^- 
ers of Hippuris 
(12 ) are 1- 
parted, having 
but one stamen 
and one pistil. 
Those of Cir- «& jmi9 ^ ^ v ^ -- 

V / * 12, Flower of Hippuris, one-parted. 13, Flower of Circaea Lutetiana, ^. 

2-parted, haV- U, Flower of Xyns,^''. 

ing 2 sepals, 2 petals, 2 stamens, etc. Those of Xyris (14) are 
v^, having all the parts in 3s. Xyris is one of the Endogens. 





24 



STKUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



Trimerous flowers are characteristic of this great group of Plants, 
while pentamerous flowers commonly distinguish the Exogens. 

66. Deficiencies often occur, rendering the flower incom- 
plete. Such flowers lack some one or more entire sets of organs. 
When only one of the floral envelopes, the calyx, exists, the 
flower is said to be apetalous or monochlamydeous (Q(KoL\k\jg^ a 
cloak), as in Elm, Phytolacca. These terms are also loosely ap- 
plied to such plants as Rhubarb, Anemone, Liverwort, where the 
pieces of the perianth are all similar, although in two or three 
whorls. When the perianth is wholly wanting, the flower is 
said to be achlamydeous, or naJced, as in Lizard-tail (15). 






15, Flower of Saururus (Lizard-tail) — achlamydeous. 16, Flower of Fraxinus (Ash). 17, Flower of 
Salix (Willow), staminate — 18, pistillate. 

67. Imperfect flowers are also of frequent occurrence. They 
are deficient in respect to the essential organs. A sterile or 
staminate flower (denoted thus ^ ) has stamens without pistils. 
A fertile or pistillate flower ( $ ) has pistils without stamens. 
Such flowers being countei'iDarts of each other, and hoth neces- 
sary to the perfection of the seed, must exist either together 
upon the same plant or upon separate plants of the same species. 
In the former case the species is monoecious ( § ), as in Oak ; in 




20 ^ w 19 

19. Pistillate flower of Balm-of-Gilead. 20, Stamtuate. 21, Begonia— a, staminate; 6, pistillate. 



STUDY OF ANOMALOUS FLOWERS. 



25 



the latter case dioecious {$> ? ), as in Willow. The term diclinous^ 
denoting either 6^ or ^ ? without distinction, is in common use. 

QS. A. neutral floioer is a perianth or calyx only, having neither 
stamens nor pistils. Such are the ray-flowers of many of the 
Compositse, and of the cymes of Hydrangea, High-cranberry, 
etc., which in cultivation may all become neutral, as in the 
Snow-ball. 

69. Unsymmetriccd floioers. The term symmetry, as used in 
Botany, refers to number only. A flower becomes unsymmetri- 
cal by the partial development of any set or circle in respect to 
the number of its organs. The Mustard family, called the Cru- 
cifers, afibrd good examples. 

70. The flowers of Mustard, Cress, etc., are understood to be 4-merous (4/). The sepals 
are four, petals four, but the stamens are six and the styles but two. The stamens are 
arranged in two circles, having two of those in the outer circle suppressed or reduced to 
mere glands. Two of the carpels are also suppressed (429). In the Mint family and the 
Figworts one or three of the stamens are generally abortive. Here, while the flowers are 
^, the stamens are four in some species and only two in others. The missing stamens, 
however, often appear in the guise of slender processes — the rudiments of stamens — 
proving in an interesting manner the natural tendency to symmetry. 

71. In the 4/ flowers of Poppy, the sepals are but two : in ^ Spring-beauty they are but 
two ; in both cases too few for symmetry. In Larkspur (2fi) the y/ flowers have but four 
petals ; and in Monk's-hood (29), also ^\ the petals are apparently but two, strangely de- 
formed bodies. A careful inspection, however, generally reveals the other three, very 
minute, in their proper places, as displayed in the cut. 

72. " Organs opposite''' is a condition much less frequent than 
" organs alternate," but is highly interesting, as being sometimes 
characteristic of whole families. Thus in the Primrose, Thrift, 
and Buckthorn families, the stamens always stand opposite to 
the petals ! 

73. How happens this ? Among the Primworts this question 
is solved in the flowers of Lysimachia and Samolus, where we 




Diagrams.—'^, Flower of Samolus, showing the rudimentary stamens alternating with the perfect. 
1% Flower of a Labiate plant, showing the place of the deficient stamen. 2i, Flower of Asarum — three 
sepals tM'elve stamens, ete. 25, Flower of Saxifrage— two pistils, ten stamens, etc. 

2 



26 STRUCTUEAL BOTANY. 

find a circle of five teeth (abortive filaments) between the petals 
and stamens, alternating with both sets, thns restoring the lost 
symmetry. Hence we infer that in such cases generally a circle 
of alternating organs has been either partially or wholly sup- 
pressed. In the Buckthorn, however, a different explanation has 
been given. 

74. Redundancy. The m^dtiplication of organs is exceed- 
ingly common, and usually according to a definite plan. The 
increase takes place, as a rule, by circles, and consequently by 
multiples. That is, e. g.^ the stamens of a v^ flower, if increased, 
will be so by 3s ; of a v^ flower by 5s, etc. — sometimes to the ex- 
tent of twenty such circles. 

T5. In the Crowfoot family the stamens are ahuost always multiplied. The carpels are 
also generally multiplied, yet often, on the contrary, diminished, as in the Pseony. In 
Eosacese, also, the stamens are generally multiplied, while the carpels exist in all condi- 
tions as to number. Thus in Strawberry they are multiplied, in the Apple they are regu- 
larly five, in Agrimony reduced to two, and in the Cherry to one. In Magnolia the ^Z 
flowers have three sepals in one circle, six or nine petals in two or three circles, numer- 
ous stamens and carpels in many circles of each. In the 4/ flowers or Blood-root there 
are two sepals, eight petals, twenty-four stamens, and two carpels. 

76. Ckorisis. In other cases the organs seem to be increased in number by clusters, 
rather than by circles, as when in the same circle several stamens stand in the place of 
one— e. g., in Squirrel-corn, St. Johnswort, Linden. Such cases afi'ordwide scope for con- 
jecture. Perhaps each cluster originates by division, as the compound from the simple 
leaf; or as a tuft of axillary leaves ; or thirdly, by a partial union of organs. 

lleview. — 64. How to study flowers. Five general modes of deviation from the Type. 
65. The radical number. How expressed. Give examples. 66. Incomplete flowers. 
Apetalous flowers. Naked flowers. Examples. 67. Imperfect flowers. The sterile. 
The fertile. Monoecious. Dioecious. Examples. 68. Neutral flowers. 69. Unsymmet- 
rical flowers. 70. Case of the Mustard. Case of the Mint tribe. 71. Case of the Poppy. 
Larkspur. 72. Organs opposite. 73. How explained. 74. Law of the multiplication of 
organs. Illustrate this in Pinks, Lilies, Syringa, Magnolia. 



CHAPTER ly. 

ANOMALOUS ELOWERS CONTINUED. 

77. AppendiculciT organs consist of s]3urs, scales, crown, 
glands, etc., and often afibrd excellent distinctive marks. The 
old term nectary was indiscriminately applied to all such organs, 
because some of them produced honey. 

78. Sp)urs are singular processes of the flower, tubular and 
projecting from behind it. In Columbine each petal is thus 



STUDY OF ANOMALOUS FLOWERS. 



27 



spurred;— in Violet, one petal only; in Larkspur, two petals and 
a sepal, the spur of the latter inclosing that of the former. The 
curved spur of the Jewel- weed belongs to a sepal (27, 2 8). 

79. Scales are attached to the inner side of the corolla, usually 
upon the claw of the petals, as in Buttercups, or within the 
throat of the corolla tube, as in the Borrageworts. Similar ap- 
pendages, when enlarged and conspicuous, constitute a crown in 
Catchfly, Corn-cockle, I^arcissus. See also the staminal crown 
of the Silk-grass (Asclepias, fig. 532). 




26, Flower of Delphinium Consolida (common Larkspur), displaying s, s, s, .«, *, the five sepals — a, the 
upper one spurred; c, the corolla of four petals, here united into one and produced into a spur. 27, Flower 
of Impatiens fulva (Touch-me-not). 28, Displaying ,«, .t, s, y, the four sepals, y being saccate and spurred; 
p, jj, the two petals, both double, preserving the symmetry. 



80. Glandular bodies are often found ujDon the receptacle in 
the places of missing stamens or carpels, or as abortive organs 
of some kind. Examples are seen in the Crucifers and Grape. 
In Grass-Parnassus they are stalked and resemble stamens. 

81. The union of organs in some way occurs in almost 
every flower ; and, more perhaps than any other cause, tends to 
disguise its j^lan and origin. The separate pieces which stood 
each as the representative of a leaf, now, by a gradual fusion, 
lose themselves in the common mass. Xevertheless, marks of 
this process are always discernible, either in parts yet remaining 
free, or in the seams where the edges were conjoined. The 
floral organs may unite by cohesion or adhesion. 

82. Cohesion^ when the parts of the same whorl are joined 



28 



STEUCTURAL BOTANY. 



together ; as the sepals of the Pink, the petals of Morning-glory, 
the stamens of Mallows, the carpels of Poppy. Adhesion^ when 
the parts of different whorls are conjoined ; as the stamens Avith 
the corolla in Phlox, with the pistils in Milkweed, Lady's-slip- 
per ; or calyx with ovary, in Apple or Wintergreen (Gaultheria). 
The adjective free is used in a sense opposite to adhesion, im- 
plying that the organ is inserted on (or grows out of) the recep- 
tacle, and otherwise separated from any other kind of organ. 
The adjective distinct is opposed to cohesion, implying that like 
organs are separate from each other. More of this in another 
chapter. 




29, Flower of Aconitum Napellus displayed; ,«, .<;, s, .s, ,«, the five sepals, the upper one hooded; p,p,p, 
the five petals, of which the two upper are nectaries covered by the hood, and the three lower very 
minute. 30, Flower of Catalpa, 2- lipped, 5-lobed. 31, Corolla laid open, showing the two perfect sta- 
mens and the three rudimentary. 



83. Irregular development. Our typical flower, it will 
be remembered, is regular; and observation proves that all 
flowers are actually alike regular in the early bud. Those in- 
equalities or " one-sided" forms, therefore, which characterize 
certain flowers, are occasioned by subsequent irregular growth 
from a regular type. The irregularity of flowers occurs in a 
thousand ways and modes ; — in the unequal size of like organs ; 
hi their dissimilar forms and positions ; in their unequal cohe- 
sions^ and in their partial suppressions. So in the Violet (50), 
Monk's-hood (29), Catalpa (30), the Labiates (69), the Pea tribe 
(59), etc. 

84. The torus, or receptacle, is sometimes strangely modified. 
In the little Myosurus (32), in some Buttercups, and in the 



STUDY OF ANOMALOUS FLOWEES. 



29 



Tulip-tree we find a lengthened or spindle-shaped torus — length- 
ened according to the nature of a branch (§ 35), and all covered 
with the multiplied pistils. On the contrary, we have in the 
Rose (35) and Lady's-mantle (38), an excavated torus, within 
which the carpels are held, while the other organs are borne 
upon its elevated rim. 




32, Flower (magniiJed) of Myosurus; a vertical section showing its elongated toms, etc. 33, The 
same, natural size. 34, Flower of Isopyruui biternatum; vertical section, showing the convex or globu- 
lar torus, etc. 35, Flower of Rose, showing its excavated torus. 

85. The disk is a portion of the receptacle raised into a rim 
somewhere in the midst of the whorls. It is found between the 
ovary and stamens in Pgeony and Buckthorn. It bears the sta- 
mens in Maple and Mignonette, and crowns the ovary in the 
UmbelliferaB. 





36, Pseonia Moutan, showing its very large disk (<3) sheathing the ovaries (p). 37, Pistil of the Lemon, 
with its base surrounded by the disk, d. 38. Section of flower of Alchemilla, showing its single simple 
pistil, large disk, and excavated torus. 



86. Combined deviations are quite frequent, and sometimes obscure the typical charac- 
ter of the flower to such a degree as to require close observation in tracing it out. The 
study of such cases is full of both amusement and improvement. For example, the ^ 



so 



STEUCTURAL BOTANY. 



Poppy has suppression in tlie calyx, multiplication in tlie stamens and carpels, and in 
the latter cohesion also. The ^ Sage has cohesion and irregularity in the calyx, every 
kind of irregularity in the corolla, suppression and irregularity in the stamens, suppres- 
sion and cohesion in the pistils. The ^ Cypripedium is perfectly symmetrical, yet has 
irregular cohesion in the calyx, great inequality in the petals, cohesion, adhesion, and 
metamorphosis in the stamens, and cohesion in the carpels. 

(In this way let the pupil analyze the deviations in the flower of Geranium, Hollyhock, 
Moth-mullein, Larkspur, Sweetbrier, Touch-me-not, Petunia, Snapdragon, Violet, Poly- 
gala, Squirrel-corn, Orchis, Henbit, Monk's-hood, Calceolaria, etc.) 

Bemew. — 77. Mention some appendicular organs. 78. What are spurs in Larkspur, 
etc. ? 79. Scales in Buttercups, etc. ? Explain the cuts 26-28. — The crown in Narcissus, 
etc.— In Aselepias. 80. Appendages in Grass-Parnassus. 81. Remarks on the union of 
organs. How detected? 82. Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion. — Between 
free and distinct. 83. What of flowers in the early bud ? Whence irregularity ? Certain 
modes of irregularity mentioned. Examples. 84, Two singular modifications of the 
torus. Explain cuts 33-35. 85. What is the disk?— figs. 36-38. 86. Trace the combined 
deviations in Poppy. — In Cypripedium.— In any flower at hand. 



-« ^ Si= 



CHAPTER V. 

THE FLORAL ENVELOPES, OR PERIANTH. 

87. In our idea of the typical flower, the perianth consists of 
two whorls of expanded floral leaves encircling and protecting 
the more delicate essential organs in their midst. As a rule, the 
outer circle, calyx, is green and far less conspicuous than the 
inner circle of highly colored leaves — the corolla. But there are 
many exceptions to this rule. Strictly sj^eaking, the calyx and 
corolla are in no way distinguishable except by position. The 
outer circle is the calyx, whate^^er be its form or color ; and the 
inner, if there be more than one, is the corolla. 









41 




Forms of petal n.—Z^, Buttercup, showing the scale at base. 40, Mignonette, frmpred at top. -11, Si- 
lene stellata, fringed and unguiculate. 42, Flower of Osmorhiza longistylis, petals inHected. 43, Flower 
of Mitella diphylla, petals pectinate-pinnatifid. 44, Petal of Oerastium nutans. 2-clen. 



THE FLOEAL ENVELOPES. 31 

88. Both blade and petiole are distinguishable in the floral 
leaves, especially in the petals. The blade, or expanded part, is 
here called limb, or lamina ; the petiolar part, when narrowed 
into a stalk, is called the claw. In form, or outline, there is a 
2:eneral resemblance between the limb and the leaf. It is ovate, 
oval, lanceolate, obcordate, orbicular, etc. In margin it is gen- 
erally entire. (See § 308.) 

89. Some peculiar forms, however, should be noticed, as the 
bilobate petal of the Chickweed (44), the pinnatifid petal of 
Miterwort (43), the inflected petal of the Umbelliferae (42), the 
fan-shaped petal of Pink, the fringed (fimbriate) petal of Cam- 
23ion (Silene stellata) (40), the hooded sepal of IsTapellus (29), 
the saccate petal of Calceolaria, Cyprij^edium (71). The limb 
is, moreover, often distorted into a true nectary, spurred, as 
already shown (§ 78), or otherwise deformed, as in N^apellus, 
Coptis, etc. 

90. We have seen that the floral organs are often in various 
ways united. Considering their crowded state in the flower, we 
rather wonder that they do not always coalesce in their growth. 
The calyx with united sepals was called by the early botanists 
monosepalous y the corolla with united petals was called mono- 
petalous (fj^ovos, one — from the false idea that such an organ con- 
sisted of a single piece or leaf!) Oj^posed to these terms were 
pol9/2^etalous ("ttoXu^, many), petals distinct; and 2^ol2/se2Xilous, 
sepals distinct. 

91. The monosepalous calyx, or monopetalous corolla, although 
thus compounded of several pieces, is usually described as a sim- 
ple organ, wheel-shaped, cup-shaped, tubular, according to the 
degree of cohesion. The lower part of it, formed by the united 
claws, whether long or short, is the tube y the upper part, com- 
posed of the confluent laminge, is the border, or limb ; the 
opening of the tube above is the throat. 

92. The border is either lobed, toothed, crenate, etc., by the 
distinct ends of the pieces composing it, as in the calyx of Pink, 
the calyx and corolla of Primula, Phlox, and Bell wort, or it may 
become, by a complete lateral cohesion, entire, as in the Morning- 
glory. Here the compound nature of the organ is shown by the 
seams alone. 



m 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



93. A terminal cohesion, where summit as well as sides are 
joined, forming a cap rather than cup, rarely occurs, as in the 
calyx of the garden Escholtzia and the corolla of the Grape. 




45, Flower of Saponana (Bouncing Bet); petals and claws quite distinct. 46, Phlox; claws united, 
with lamina distinct. 47, Spigelia (Pink-root), petals still further united. 48, Quamoclit coccinea; 
petals united throughout. 

94. The modes of adhesion are various and important, fur- 
nishing some of the most valuable distinctive characters. An 
organ is said to be adherent when it is conjoined with some dis- 
similar organ, as stamen with pistil. All the organs of our 
typical flower are described as/ree. 





95. The term hypogynous (u'ttw, under, y\)w,^ the pistil) is an 
adjective in frequent use, denoting that the organs are inserted 
into the torus iinder^ or at the base of the ovary or pistil. Or- 
gans so situated are, of course, in the normal condition and free^ 
there being no adhesions. Observe and explain the sections of 
Jeffersonia and Violet (49, 50). 



THE FLOEAL ENVELOPES. 



33 



96. Perigynous (-ts^/, around) is a term applicable to the 
stamens and petals only, 
and im]3lies that they are 
(apparently) inserted on the 
calyx or corolla around the 
free ovary. In Phlox, the 
stamens are perigynous on 
the corolla-tube. In Cher- 
ry and Plum, the petals 
and stamens are perigynous 
on the calyx-tube. (See 
51.) 

97. Epigynous (s^r/, upon) denotes that the organs are in- 
serted (apparently) upon the ovary, as appears in Apple, Pear, 
Caraway, Sunflower. (See cuts 42, 51.) The common phrases 
" calyx superior," " ovary inferior," have the same signification 
as " calyx epigynous," all implying the apparent insertion of the 
organs upon or above the ovary. In this condition all the 







52, Ribes aureum and (54) Fuchsia gracialis; ovary inferior or adherent, stamens and petals epigynoas 
{above the adherent ovary). 53, Saxifraga Virginiensis ; ovary half-superior. 



organs, or at least the calyx, are blended with the ovary to its 
top. Hence the phrases " ovary adherent," or " calyx adherent," 
have also the same meaning, and are preferable, because in ac- 
cordance with the fact. (Explain the sections of Golden Cur- 
rant and Ear-drop — 52, 54.) 

2* 



34 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



^8. Calyx inferior or free, ovary superior or free, are all 
phrases of the same import as calyx hypogynous. Between the 
two conditions, calyx superior and calyx inferior, there are nu- 
merous gradations, of which one only is defined, to wit, calyx half- 
superior, as exemplified in the Mock-orange and Saxifrage (53). 

Review.— %1. The type once more. State the only true distinction between calyx and 
corolla. 88. What part in the floral leaves corresponds to blade ? What part to petiole ? 
General forms. 89. Several peculiar forms mentioned. 90. Why should the floral organs 
be united ? What absurdity in the v\^ord monosepalous, etc. ? The opposite terms. 
91. What the tube? — the limb? 92. Varieties in the degree of cohesion (flgs. 45-48). 
93. Hovi^ in Grape, etc.? 94. Define adherent. 95. Use of the word hypogynous? 96. 
Perigynousf 97. Epigynousf Two equivalent phrases. 98. Calyx half-superior. Ex- 
plain figs. 49-54. 



CHAPTER VI. 

rOEMS OF THE PERIANTH. 



99. The innumerable forms of the perianth, whether calyx or 
corolla, or both, are first to be distinguished as polypetalous 
or gamopetalous, and secondly, as regular or irregular. The 
POLYPETALOUS-re^i^/ar forms may be referred to the four types 
represented in the drawings below, and described as follows. 




Forms of corolla,'!.— 5b, Cheirantlius (Stock). 56, Silene regia (Scarlet Catchfly). 57, Pyrus coronaria. 

58, Amaryllis (Atamiisco Lily). 

100. First, Cruciform {crucis, of a cross) or cross-shaped 
corollas consist of four long-clawed petals, placed at right angles 
to each other, as in Mustard, Wall-flower (55). 2d, Caryophyl- 



FORMS OF THE PERIANTH. 



35 



laceous or pink-like corollas consist of five petals with long, erect 
claws, and spreading laminae; as in the Pink (56). 3d, Mosa- 
ceous or rose-like corollas are composed of five short-clawed open 
petals; as in the Rose (fig. 57). 4th, Liliaceous flowers, like 
the Lilies, consist of a six-leaved perianth ; each leaf gradually 
spreading so as to resemble, as a whole, the funnel-form (58). 

101. Polypetalous-irregular forms (59, 71) may generally 
be referred to these two types — the papilionaceous and the or- 
chidaceous. The Papilionaceous [papilio^ butterfly) corolla or 
flower may consist of five dissimilar petals, designated thus : the 
upper, largest, and exterior petal is the banner [vexilhmi) ; the 
two lateral, half-exterior, are the wings (alas) ; the two lower, 
interior petals, often united at their lower margin, are the keel 
(carina). The flowers of the Pea, Locust, Clover, and of the 
great family of the Leguminosa? in general are examples. The 
Orchidaceous is a form of the perianth peculiar to the Orchis, 
and to that large and singular tribe in general. It is a 6-parted 
double perianth, very irregular, characterized chiefly by its Up^ 
which is the upper petal (lower by the twisting of the ovary) 
enlarged and variously deformed. 

61 




59, Papilionaceous flower of the Pea. 60, Displayed; v, the vexilliim; a, a, the alas; c, c, the cariua. 
CI, Section of flower of Dicentra CucuUaria. 

102. Gamopetalous-regular perianths (62-67) may in- 
clude mainly tlie following forms, although some of them may 
become irregular. First, Rotate^ Avheel-shaped, or star-shaped, 
is a form with tube very short, if any, and a flat, spreading bor- 
der ; as the calyx of Chickweed, corolla of Trientalis, Elder. It 
is sometimes a little irregular, as in Mullein. 2d, Cup-shaped^ 
with pieces cohering into a concave border, as in the calyx of 



36 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



Mallows, corolla of Kalmia, etc. 3d, Campamdate^ or bell- 
shaped ; when the tube widens abruptly at base and gradually 
in the border, as in the Harebell, Canterbury-bell. 4th, Urceo- 
late^ urn-shaped ; an oblong or globular corolla with a narrow 
opening, as the Whortleberry, Heath. 5th, Funnel-form (in- 
fundibuliform), narrow-tubular below, gradually enlarging to 
the border, as Morning-glory. 6th, Salver-form, (hypocrateri- 
form), the tube ending abruptly in a horizontal border, as in 
Phlox, Petunia, both of which are slightly irregular. 'Zth, Tubu- 
lar^ a cylindraceous form spreading little or none at the border ; 
as the calyx of the Pink, corolla of the Honeysuckle. It is often 
a little curved. Tubular flowers are common in the Compositse, 
as the Thistle, Sunflower, when they are often associated with 
the next form, the ligulate. 

64 - 62 




Forms of corolhis. — 62, Campanula Americana; rotate. 63, Campanula divaricata. 64, Andromeda; 
urceolate. 65, Convolvulus (Morning-glory). 66, Petunia. 67, Lonicera sempervireus (Honeysuckle). 

68, Dandelion: ligulate corolla (c), 5-toothed; a, five anthers united into a tube around *, the style. 

69, Synandra grandiflora, ringent, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed. 70, Linaria (yellow Sjiapdragon), 
peTSonate. 71, Cypripedium acaule, orchidaceous. 

103. Gamopetalous-irregular perianths may be either lig- 
ulate or labiate. The Ligidate corolla {ligula^ tongue) is formed 
as if by splitting a tubular corolla on one side. The notches at 
the end plainly indicate the number of united petals composing 



rOKMS OF THE PERIANTH. 



37 



it, as also do the parallel longitudinal seams. (See figs. 68, 69.) 
The labiate^ bilabiate or lip-shaped, resembling the mouth of 
some animal, is a very common form, resulting from the unequal 
union of the parts, accompanied with other irregularities. In 
the labiate corolla three petals unite more or less to form the 
lower lip, and two to form the upper. In the calyx, when bila- 
biate, this rule is reversed, according to the law of alternation 
of organs ; two sepals are united in the lower lip and three in 
the upper, as seen in the Sage and the Labiate Order generally. 
Labiate flowers are said to be galeate or helmeted when the 
upper lip is concave, as in Catmint ; ringent or gaping when the 
throat or mouth is wide open (69) ; personate, or masked when 
the throat is closed as with ^ palate^ like the Snapdragon (70). 

104. Certain reduced forms of the perianth should be noticed 
in this place. The Pappus ('rraifn'os, grandfather, alluding to his 
gray hairs) is the hair-like calyx of the florets of the Compositae, 
and other kindred Orders. The florets of this Order are col- 
lected into heads so compactly that the calyxes have not room 
for expansion in the ordinary way. The pappus is commonly 
persistent, and often increases as the fruit matures, forming a 
feathery sail to waft away the seed through the air, as in the 
Dandelion and Thistle. It A^aries greatly in form and size, as 
seen in the cuts ; sometimes consisting of scales, sometimes of 
hairs, again of feathers or bristles. Sometimes it is mounted 
on a stipe, v/hich is the beak of the fruit. 






Cypsela (incorrectly called achenium) of the Compositfe, with various forms of pappus. 72, Eclipta 
procumbens, no pappus. 73, Ambrosia trifida. 74, Helianthus grosse-serratus, pappus 2-awned. 75, 
Ageratum conizoides, pappus of five scales. 76, Mulgedium, capillary pappus— cypsela slightly ros- 
trate. 77, Lactuca elongata, rostrate cjT)sela. 



105. Again: the calyx, or the limb of the calyx, is reduced to 
a mere rim, as seen in the Umbelliferge. In the Amentaceous 
Orders, the whole perianth diminishes to a shallow cup, as in 



38 



STKUCTURAL BOTANY. 



the Poplar and Willow, or altogether disappears, as in the Birch, 
Ash, and Lizard-tail (15, 16). 

106. Setse, meaning bristles in general, is a term specijically 
used to denote the reduced perianth of the sedges. In the Bog- 
rush (Scirpus) there is, outside the stamens, a circle of six setae, 
representing a 6-leaved perianth (78). In the Cotton-grass 
(Eriphorum) the setoe are multiplied and persistent on the fruit, 
becoming long and cotton-like. 

107. Perigynium is the name given to the urceolate perianth 
of Carex, investing the ovary but 
allowing the style to issue at its sum- 
mit. It is composed of two united 
sepals, as indicated by the two teeth 
at the top (79). 

108. Glumes and pales repre- 
sent the floral envelopes, or rather 
the involucre of the Grasses (436). 
Their alternating arrangement clearly 
distinguishes them from a perianth. 

109. The duration of the calyx 
and corolla varies widely, and is 
marked by certain general terms. 
It is caducous when it falls off im- 
mediately, as the calyx of Poppy, 
corolla of Grape ; deciduous when it falls with the stamens, as 
in most plants ; and persistent^ if it remain until the fruit ripens, 
as the calyx of Apple. If it continue to grow after flowering, it 
is accrescent ; and if it wither without falling ofl", it is marescent. 

Beview. — 99. Primary distinctions in the forms of the perianth. 100. Four forms of 
polypetalous-regular perianths. To which belons^s Stock? Pink? Apple? Lily? 101. 
Two forms of polypetalous-irregular — describe. Explain figs. 59-61. 102. Name the 
seven forms of gamopetalous-regular. To which belongs fig. 62 ? 63? 64? 65? etc. The 
flowers of Elder? Kalmia? Harebell? 103. Describe the gamopetalous-irregular forms, 
etc. 104. What is. pappus ? Describe the figures 72-77. 106. Perianth of Bog-rush— 107. 
Of Carex— 108. Of Grasses. Point out the glumes— The pales. 109. Define caducous- 
Deciduous — Accrescent — Marescent. 




78, Flower of Scirpus lacustris, magni- 
fied; consisting of six setfE, three stamens, 
three pistils united, except the stigmas. 
79, Flower of Carex rivularis ? , with ff, 
its ghime, p, its bottle-shaped perigynium, 
2-toothed at top, enveloping the tripla 
ovary; stigmas, three. 



THE ESSENTIAL OKGANS. 



39 



CHAPTER YII. 

OF THE ESSEISTTIAL OEGANS, THE STAMENS. 

110. Within the safe inclosure of the floral envelopes stand 
the essential organs — the stamens and pistils — clearly distinguish- 
able from the perianth by their more slight and delicate forms, 
and from each other by various marks. In the complete flovi^er 
the ANDPwCECiUM next succeeds the corolla in the order of position, 
being the third set, counting from the calyx. 

111. A perfect stamen consists of two parts — the Jilanient^ 
corresponding with the petiole of the typical leaf; and the anther^ 
answering to the blade. Within the cells of the anther the pollen 
is produced, a substance essential to the fertility of the flower. 
Hence the anther alone is the essential part of the stamen. 




80, Androeciura and syua'cium of Frankenia (after Peyer). SI, Stamen (adnate) of Morning-glory. 
82, Same enlarged, with pollen grains discharged; /; filament; a, a, anther, 2-lobed; c, top of the con- 
nectile. 83, Rannnculus. 84, Same, cut transversely. 85, Iris, cut transversely (extrorse). 86, Ama- 
ryllis, versatile. 87, Larkspur, innate. 88, Same, cut. 

112. The filament [Jilum^ a thread) is the stalk supporting 
the anther at or near its top. It is ordinarily slender, yet sus- 
taining itself with the anther in position. Sometimes it is capil- 
lary, and 23endulous with its weight, as in the Grasses. 

113. The anther is regularly an oblong body at the summit 
of the filament, composed of two hollow parallel lobes joined to 
each other and to the filament by the connectile. In front of 
the connectile, looking toward the pistil, there is usually a fur- 



40 



STRUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



row ; on its back a ridge, and on the face of each lobe a seam, 
the usual place of dehiscence or opening, all running parallel 
with the filament and connectile. 

114. The stamen, as thus described, may be considered regular or typical in form, and 
is well exemplified in that of the Buttercup (fig. 83). But the variations of structure are 
as remarkable here as in other organs, depending on such circumstances as, 1st, the at- 
tachment of filament to anther. This may occur in three ways. The anther is said to be 
innate when it stands centrally erect on the top of the filament; adnate when it seems 
attached to one side of the filament ; versatile when connected to the top of the filament 
by a single point in the back. 2d, The modes of Dehiscence or opening, are also three— 
viz., valvular, where the seam opens vertically its whole length, which is the usual way; 
jtorous, where the cells open by a chink or pore, usually at the top, as in Khododendron 
and Potato ; opercular, when by a lid opening upward, as in Sassafras, Berberis (92). 3d, 
The facing of the anther is also an important character. It is introrse when the lines of 
dehiscence look toward the pistil, as in Violet ; extrorse when they look outward toward 
the corolla, as in Iris. 4th, The connectile is usually a mere prolongation of the filament, 
terminating, not at the base, but at the top of the anther. If it fall short, the anther will 
be emarginate. Sometimes it outruns the anther, and tips it with a terminal appendage 
of some sort, as in Violet, Oleander, and Paris. Again, its base may be dilated into spurs, 
as in two of the stamens of Violet. 5th, If the connectile be laterally dilated, as we see 
gradually done in the various species of the Labiate Order, the lobes of the anther will 
be separated, forming two dimidiate (halved) anthers on one filament, as in Sage and Bru- 
nella. Such are, of course, 1-celled (96). 

P 

P. 




Peculiar forms of stamens. — 89, Pyrola rotundifolia; p, dehiscence by pores at top. 90, Vacciniura 
uligiiiosum; p, dehiscence. 91, Berberis aquifolium, anthers opening (92) by valves upward. 93, An- 
ther of Violet, introrse, with an appendage at top. 94, Oleander, sagittate, appendaged. 95, Catalpa, 
lobes of anther separated. 96, Sage, lobes of anther widely separated, on stipes; b, barren lobe without 
pollen. 97, Malva, anther 1-celled. 98, Ephedra (after Peyer), anther 4-celled. 

115. The cells of the anthers are at first commonly four, all 
parallel, becoming two only at maturity. In some plants the 
four are retained, as in the anthers of Ephedra (98). In others, 
as Mallows, all the cells coalesce into one (97). 

116. Appe7idages of many kinds distinguish the stamens of different species. In the 
Ericaceae there are horns, spurs, tails, queues, etc. In Onions and Garlic, the filament is 
2 or 3 forked, bearing the anther on one of the tips. Sometimes a pair of appendages 
appear at base, as if stipulate. It is often conspicuously clothed with hairs, as in Trades- 
cantia. (See 89-94, .) 

117. Staminodia, or sterile filaments with abortive anthers or none, occur singly in 
many of the Figworts and Labiates, or in entire whorls next within the petals, alternat- 
ing with them, as in Loose-strife. The curious fringes of the Passion-flower are regarded 
as com^>oBed of staminodia (112). 



THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. 



41 



118. The number of the stamens is said to be definite when 
not exceeding twenty, as is sometimes definitely expressed by 
such terms as follow, compounded of the Greek numerals — 
viz., monandrous^ having one stamen to each flower; diandrous, 
with two stamens ; pentandrous, with five stamens. If the num- 
ber exceeds twenty, it is said to be indefinite (denoted thus, GO ) 
or polyandrous. 




Ei^sential organs. — 99, Khododendron, five stamens (.«), one pistil (p), oblique or slightly irregular. 100, 
Flower of^-Esculus (Buckeye), regular, o-toothed calyx (c), very irregular 4-petalled corolla, seven stamens 
unequal, one style (■'). 101, Flower of Hydrastis ; s, sepals deciduous. 

119. The position or insertion of the stamens (§ 55 ) may 
be more definitely stated here as hypogynous^ on the receptacle 
below the ovaries ; perigynous^ on the calyx around the ovary ; 




102, Stamens (diadelphous) of a Leguminous plant. 103, Stamens (syngenesions) of a Composite; /, 
filaments distinct; a, anthers united; s, stigmas revolute, etc. 104, Tetradynamous stamens of a Cm- 
cifer. 105, Gynandrous column of C.^-pripedium; o, ovary; r, torus; s, sterile stamen; a, two pollinia; 
c, stigma. 106, Didj-namous stamens of Lophospermum. 



epipetcdous^ on the corolla, as in Phlox ; ejngynous, on the ovary 
at its summit, and gynandrous {'ymri, pistil, avSpsg, stamens) on 
the pistil, that is, when the stamens are adherent to the style, as 



42 



STKUCTUBAL BOTANY. 



in Orchis. Inequality in length is definitely marked in two 
cases, as tetradynamous (rsrpacr, four, (JOva^ic:, power) when the sta- 
mens are six, whereof four are longer than the other two, as in 
all the Crucifers ; didynamous^ where the stamens are four, two 
of them longer than the other two, as in all the Labiates (104, 106). 
120. Cohesion is as frequent with stamens as with j^etals. 
They are 7)%onadelpli(niS (a,^£X(po^, a brother) when they are all 
united, as in Mallow, into one set or brotherhood by the fila- 
ments ; diadelphous in two sets, whether equal or unequal, as in 
Pea, Squirrel-corn; polyadelphous^ many sets, as in St. Johns- 
wort; and syngenesious^ when they are united by their anthers, 
as in the Composite. Finally, the absence of the stamens alto- 
gether, whether by abortion, as in the $ flowers of Veratrum, 
or by suppression, as in Oak, occurs in various modes, render- 
ing the plant monoecious (5'), dioecious (^ ?), oi' polygamous 
(<$ ^ ?), as already explained (§ 67). 




^;^^ 110 

Pvlhu rjrahig.—i^m , Pirns hirico. 108, Basella rubra. 109, Kanunculus repens. 110, Scolymus grandi- 

flovus. Ill, Passifiora incaruata. 



121. The pollen is in appearance a small, yellow dust, con- 
tained in the cells of the anther. When viewed with the mi- 
croscope it appears as grains of various forms, usually spheroidal 
or oval, sometimes triangular or polyhedral, but always of the 
same form and appearance in the same species. Externally they 
are curiously, and often elegantly figured with stripes, bands, 
dots, checks, etc. Each grain of pollen is a membranous cell or 
sack containing a fluid. Its coat is double — the outer is more 
thick and firm, exhibiting one or more breaks where the inner 



THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. 



43 



In the 



coat, which is very thin and expansible, is uncovered, 
fluid are suspended 
molecules of incon- 
ceivable minuteness, 
said to possess a trem- 
ulous motion. When 
the membrane is ex- 
posed to moisture, it 
swells and bursts, 
discharging its con- 
tents. 

122. In the Orchids 
and Silkw^eed tribe, 
the pollen grains do 
not separate as into a 
dust or powder, but 
all cohere into masses 
called POLLiisriA, accomj)anied by a viscid fluid. 

Eeview. — 110. Position of the stamens. 111. Members, compared with a leaf. Pollen. 
The tilament. 113. The anther. Connectile. Dehiscence. In 82, point out these 
parts. 114. How the anther is attached to the filament— 3 modes. Of dehiscence— 3 
modes. Define " anther inti-orse" — "Anther extrorse." What figures illustrate ? What 
are dimidiate anthers ? 115. The cells in regard to number. Mention some appendages. 
What are staminodia? 118. Define the terms definite and indefinite, as applied to the 
stamens. Define the terms relating to position— To inequality in length. 120. Four 
terms relating to cohesion. Three terms expressing absence. The pollen as seen under 
the microscope. Structure. Pollinia. 




112, Section of the Passion-flower (Passiflora coerulea) ; &, bracts 
of the involucre; s, sepals; p, petals; a, o, staminodia or sterile 
filaments; c, stipe; o, ovary; d, stamens; t, stigmas. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



OF THE ESSENTIAL OEGANS. — THE PISTILS. 

123. The Gynoecium occupies the centre of the flower, at 
the termination of the axis. It consists regularly of a circle of 
distinct pistils (§ 60), symmetrical in number with the other 
circles. It is subject to great variation. The pistil may be dis- 
tinct and simple, as in Columbine, or coherent in various degrees 
into a compound body, as in St. Johnswort. Also instead of 
being free and superior, as it regularly should be, it may adhere 
to the other circles, as already explained (§ 9'7), and become 



44 



STRUCTUBAL BOTANY. 



inferior ; that is, apparently placed below the flower, as in the 
Currant (52). 

124. The number of the pistils is by no means confined to the 
radical of the flower. They may be increased by multiples, 
becoming a spiral on a lengthened receptacle, as in Tulip-tree, 
or still remaining a circle, as in Poppy. On the other hand, they 
may be reduced in number often to one, as in Cherry and Pea. 
Certain terms are employed to denote the number of pistils in 
the flower, such as ononogynous^ with one pistil ; trigynous^ with 
three ; polygynous^ with many, etc. 

125. The simple pistil may usually be known from the 
compound, by its one-sided forms — having two sides similar and 

two dissimilar. If the pistils appear distinct, they are 
all simple, never being united into more than one set, 
as the stamens often are. The parts of a simple pistil 
are three — the ovary (o, 113) at base, the stigma (s) 
at the summit, and the style (sty) intervening. Like 






ll3, Pistil of Tobacco. 114, Pistil, stamens, and calyx of Azalea. 115. Trillium — stigmas {if) and anthers 
(s) nearly sessile. 116, Pistils of Rue Anemone (A. thalictroides) — stigmas sessile. 

the filament, the style is not essential; and when it is wanting, 
the stigma is sessile upon the ovary, as in Anemone (116). In 
order to understand the relation of these parts, we must needs 
first study — 

126. The morphology of the pistil. As before stated, 
the pistil consists of a modified leaf called a carpel (xap-Tro^, 
fruit), or carpellary leaf. This leaf is folded together toward 
the axis, so that the upper surface becomes the inner, while the 



THE ESSENTIAL OEGANS. 



■4:0,1 



lower becomes the outer surface of the ovary. By this arrange- 
ment two sutures or seams will be formed — the dorsal, at the 
back, by the midvein ; the ventral, in front, by the joined mar- 
gins of the leaf This view of the pistil is remarkably confirmed 
and illustrated by the flowers of the Double Cherry (124, 125), 
where the pistil may be seen in every degree of transition, re- 
verting toward the form of a leaf This carpellary leaf stands 
in the place of the pistil, having the edges infolded toward each 
other, the midvein prolonged and dilated at the apex, as shown 
in 125. 




117, Simple pistil of Strawberry, the style lateral. 118, Simple pistil of Crowfoot, cut to show the 
ovule. 119, Sim]f)le pistil of the Cherry. 120, Vertical section showing the oviile (o), style (,<t), stigma 
(a). 121, Cross-section of the same. 122, Compound pistil of Spring-beauty. 123, Cross-section of the 
same, showing the 3 cells of the ovary. 124, Expanded carpellary leaf of the Double Cherry. 125, The 
same partly folded, as if to form a pistil. 

127. The placentas are usually prominent lines or ridges 
extending along the ventral suture within the cell of the ovary, 
and bearing the ovules. They are developed at each of the two 
edges of the carpellary leaf, and are consequently closely parallel 
when those edges are united, forming one double placenta in the 
cell of each ovary. 

128. The simple carpel, with, all its parts, is completely exemplified in the Pea-pod. 
When this is laid open at the ventral suture, the leaf foi'm becomes manifest, with the 
peas (ovules) arranged in an alternate order along each margin, so as to form but one row 
when the pod is closed. In the pod of Columbine (1'27), the ovules form two distinct 
rows ; in the simple Plum carpel, each margin bears a single ovule ; and in the one-ovuled 
Cherry, only one of the margins is fruitful. 

129. The stigma is the glandular orifice of the ovary, communi- 
cating with it either directly or through the tubiform style. It 
is usually globular and terminal, often linear and lateral, but 
subject to great variations in form. It is sometimes double or 
halved, or 2-lobed, even when belonging to a single carpel or to 



46 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



a simjDle style, as in Linden, where these carpels are surmounted 
by three pairs of stigmas. 

130. The compound pistil consists of the united circle of pis- 
tils, just as the monopetalous corolla consists of the united circle 
of petals. The union occurs in every degree, always commencing 
at the base of the ovary and proceeding upward. Thus in Col- 
umbine, we see the carpels (pistils) quite distinct; in early Saxi- 
frage, cohering just at base ; in Pink, as far as the top of the 
ovaries, with styles distinct ; in Spring-beauty, to the top of the 
styles, with stigmas distinct ; and in Rhododendron, the union 
is complete throughout. 




126, Ovary (follicle) of Larkspur, composed of a single carpellary leaf. 127, Ovaries of the Columbine, 
five, contiguous but distinct. 128, Compound ovary of Hypericum, of carpels united below with distinct 
styles. 129, Ovary of another Hypericum of three carpels completely united. 130, Ovary of Flax; car- 
pels five, united below, distinct above. 131, Dianthus (Pink). 132, Saxifraga. 

«»> 

131. To determine the number of carpels in a compound ovary 
is an important and sometimes difficult matter. It may be 
known, iirst, by the number of the styles ; or, by the number 
of the free stigmas (remembering that these organs are liable to 
be halved — ^§ 129) ; or 3d, by the lobes, angles, or seams of the 
ovary; or 4th, by the cells; or 5th, by the placentae. But in 
Dodecatheon, etc., all these indications fail, so perfect is the 
union, and we are left to decide from analogy alone. 

132. The student will notice two very diverse modes of cohe- 
sion in the carpels of the compound ovary. First and regularly, 
the carpels may each be closed, as when simple, and joined by 
their sides and fronts; as in St. Johnswort (129) and Lily (171). 
In this case, he may prove the following propositions. 1st. The 
compound ovary will have as many cells as carpels. 2d. The 
partitions between the cells will bo double, and alternate with 



THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. 



47 



the stigmas. 3d. A i^artition dividing the cell of a single carpel 
must be ^ false one; as occurs in Flax (136). 4th. The Pi.a- 
CENTiE, as well as the ventral suture, Avill be axial. 

133. Again: the carpels may each be open and conjoined by 
their edges, as are the petals of a gamopetalous corolla. So it 
is in the ovary of Violet (137) and Rock-rose (139). In this 
case, 1st. There will be no partition (unless a false one, as in the 
Crucifers), and but one cell; 2d. The Placentae will be parietal^ 
i. 6., on the wall of the cell {^paries., a wall). 

134. Between the two conditions of axial (or central) and 'parietal placentae.^ we find all 
degrees of transition, as illustrated in the different species of St. Johnswort and in 
Poppy, where the inflected margins of the carpels carry the placeutte inward, well-nigh 
to the axis. Moreover, the placentJB arc not always mere marginal lines, but often wide 
spaces covering large portions of the walls of the cell, as in Poppy and Water-lily : in 
other cases, as Datura (168), they become large and ilcshy, nearly filling the cell. 




133, Satnolus Yalerandi. section of flower showiiiK the free axial placenta. 1.3i, Ovary of Scrophula- 
riaceae. 135, Ovary of Tulip. 136, Cross-section of ovary of Flax, S-celled, falsely 10-celled. 137, Ovary 
of Violet, 1-celled. 138, Ovary of Fuchsia, 4-celled. 139, Ovary of Rock-rose, 1-celled, 5-carpelled. 
140, Gentianacese, 2-valved, 1-celled. 

135. A free axial placenta.^ without partitions, occurs in some 
compound one-celled ovaries, as in the Pink and Primrose orders 
(133). This anomaly is explained in two ways — first, by the 
obliteration of the early formed partitions, as is actually seen to 
occur in the Pinks ; secondly, by supposing the placenta to be, 
at least in some cases, an axial rather than a marginal growth ; 
that is, to grow from the point of the axis rather than from the 
margin of the carpellary leaf, for in Primrose no partitions ever 
appear. 

136. A few peculiar forms of the style and stigma are worthy of note in our narrow- 
limits, as the lateral style of Strawberry ; the basilar style of the Labiatae and Borragc- 
worts ; the branching style of Emblica, one of the Euphorbiacese ; also the globular 



48 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



stigma of Mirabilis ; the linear stigma of Gyromia ; the feathery stigma of Grasses ; the 
filiform stigma of Indian corn ; the lateral stigma of Aster ; the petaloid stigmas of Iris ; 
the hooded stigma of Violet (141-149). 




Pistils. — 141, Symphytum, basilar style, ovary 4-parted. 142, 9 Flower of Emblica (Euphorbiaceae), 
branching styles. 143, Mirabilis Jalapa, globular stigma. 144, Flower of Luzula, stigmas linear. 145, 
Feathery stigmas of a Grass. 146, Stigmas of Aster. 147, Eumex. 148, Poppy. 149, Filiform stigma 
of Zea Mays (Corn). 

137. In the Pine, Cedar, and the Coniferse generally, both the 
style and stigma are wanting; and the ovary is represented 
only by a flat, open, carpellary scale, bearing the naked ovules 
at its base. 

JReview. — 123. What the Gynoecium regularly consists of. How it may vary. Varia- 
tions in number. What is the meaning of trigynous, etc. ? 125. How to know the simple 
pistil. Its members. Which is non-essential ? Define the carpel. How it is folded. 
Proofs of the theory. Explain by figs. 124, 125. Define placentae. The Pea-pod as a 
simple carpel. Describe the stigma. 130. Various degrees of union in the pistils. Six 
signs indicating the number of carpels. First mode of cohesion. Four t.heo}'ems. Second 
mode. Two theorems. Explain the free axial placenta. Peculiar forms (141-149). 13T. 
Stigma in the Pine. 



CHAPTER IX. 



THE OVULES. 

138. The ovules are understood to be transformed buds, des- 
tined to become seeds in the fruit. Their development from the 
margins and inner surface of the carpel favors this view ; for the 
ordinary leaves of Bryophyllum and some other plants do habit- 
ually produce buds at their margin or on their upper surface ; 
and in the Mignonette, ovules themselves have been seen trans- 
formed into leaves. 

139. The number of ovules in the ovary varies from one to 
hundreds. Thus in Buttercups, Compositae, and Grasses, the 



THE OVULES. 



49 



ovule is solitary y in Umbelliferse it is also solitary in each, of the 
two carpels ; in the Pea order they are definite^ being but few ; 
in Mullein and Poppy, indefinite ( GO ), too many to be readily 
counted. As to position, the ovule is erect when it grows up- 
ward from the base of the cell, as in Compositse ; ascending^ 
when it turns upward from the side of the cell ; horizontal^ when 
neither turning upward nor downward ; pendulous^ when turned 
downward; and suspended^ when growing directly downward 
from the top of the cell, as in Birch (158-161). 




150, Pistil of Celosia; the pericarp detaclied, showing the young ovules. 151, Flower of Rhubarb; 
pericarp removed, showing the young ovule. 152, A similar ovale (orthotropous) of Polygonum. 153, 
The same, full grown; foramen at top. 154, Section showing its two coats, nucleus, and sac. 155, Ana- 
tropous ovule, as of Columbine; a, foramen. 156, Section of same. 157, Campylotropous ovule, as of 
Bean; a, foramen. 158, Section of a Cherry; ovule anatropous, suspended. 159, Section of carpel of 
Ranunculus; ovule ascending. 160, Senecio; ovale erect. 161, Hippuris; ovule pendulous. 



140. The ovule at the time of flowering is soft and pulpy, 
consisting of a nucleus within two coats, supported on a stalk. 
The stalk is called fuiiicidus • the point of its juncture with the 
base of the nucleus is the chalaza. The nucleus was first formed ; 
then the tegvxen^ or inner coat, grew up from the chalaza and 
covered it ; and lastly the outer coat, the testa^ invested the 
whole. Both coats remain open at the top by a small orifice, 
the foramen. 

141. In most cases the ovule, in the course of its growth, 
changes position — curving over in various degrees upon its 
lengthening funiculus or upon itself. When no such curvature 
exists, and it stands straight, as in the Buckwheat order, it is 

4 



60 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 

orthotropous. It is andtropous when completely inverted. In 
this state a portion of the funiculus adheres to the testa, forming 
a ridge called raphe, reaching from the chalaza to the hilmn. It 
is cainpylotropous when curved upon itself. In this state the 
foramen is brought near to the chalaza, and both are next the 
placenta, as in the Pinks and Cruciferse ; and aynplutropoiis when 
half inverted, so that its axis becomes parallel with the placenta, 
as in Mallow. Here the raphe exists, but is short. In campylo- 
tropous there is no raphe. 

142. The ovule contains no young plant (embryo) yet; but a 
cavity, the embryo sac, is already provided to receive it just 
within the upper end of the nucleus. 

The relations of the ovule to the pollen grain will be more suitably discussed hereafter, 
under the head of fertilization. We briefly remark here that the immediate contact of 
the two is brought about, at the time of flowering, by special arrangements ; and that, as 
the undoubted result of their combined action, the embryo soon after originates in the 
embryo sac. 

Seview.—'i^S. Nature of the ovules. 139. How many? Five terms indicative of their 
position. What is funiculus?— Chalaza? How the ovule develops. An orthotropous 
ovule. Anatropous. Two other similar terms. 142. What provision for the coming 
embryo ? Kelation to the pollen grain. 



CHAPTER X. 

THE FRUIT. PERICARP. 

143. After having imbibed the pollen which the anthers have 
discharged, the pistil or its ovary continues its growth and en- 
largement, and is finally matured in the form of the peculiar 
fruit of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, 
the ovary 'brought to perfection, 

144. As to the other organs of the flower, having accomplished their work — the fertiliza- 
tion of the ovary — they soon wither and fall away. Some of tliem, however, often persist, 
to protect or become blended with the ripening fruit. Thus the tube of the superior 
calyx (§ 97) always blends with the ovary in fruit ; as in Currant, Cucumber, Apple, etc. 
In Compositse, the persistent limb enlarges into the pappus of the fruit. In Buttercups, 
the fruit is beaked with the short, persistent stxjle. In Clematis and Geum, it is caudate 
(tailed) with the long, growing style. In the Potato tribe, Labiatse, and many otheri:?, the 
inferior calyx continues to vegetate like leaves until the fruit ripens. In some cases the 
fruit, so called, consists of the receptacle and ovaries blended ; as in Blackberry and 
Strawberry. Again— in Mulberry, Fig, and Pineapple, the whole infloi'cscence is con- 
solidated into the matured fruit. 



THE FKUIT. 



51 



145. As a rule, the structure of the fruit agrees essentially 
with that of the ovary. In many cases, however, the fruit un- 
dergoes such changes in the course of its growth from the ovary 
as to disguise its real structure. An early examination, there- 
fore, is always more reliable in its results than a late one. For 
example, the Oak-acorn is a fruit with but one cell and one 
seed, although its ovary had three cells and six ovules ! This 
singular change is due to the non-development of five of its 
ovules, while the sixth grew the more rapidly, obliterated the 
partitions by pressing them to the wall, and filled the whole 
space itself Similar changes characterize the Chestnut, Hazel- 
nut, and that whole Order. The ovary of 
the Birch is 2-celled, 2-ovuled ; but by the 
suppression of one cell with its ovule, the 
fruit becomes 1-celled and 1-seeded. 





163 Section of tlie ovary of an Acorn, 3-cellecI, 6-ovuled. 163, Section of ovary of Birch, 2-celled 
4-ovuled. IW, Vertical section of the same in fruit. 165, Pericarp of Mignonette open soon after flow- 
ering. IbO, Naked seed of Taxus Canadensis, surrounded, not covered, by the fleshy pericarp. 

On the other hand, the cells are sometimes multiplied in the fruit by the formation of 
false partitions. Thus the pod of Thornapple patura) becomes 4-celled from a 2-cel]ed 
ovary; and the longer pods of some Leguminous plants have cross-partitions formed 
between the seeds. 

146. The Pericarp. The fruit consists of the pericarp and 
the seed. The pericarp {'n'Spi^ around) is the envelope of the 
seeds, consisting of the carpels and whatever other parts they 
may be combined with. It varies greatly in texture and sub- 
stance when mature, being then either dry, as the Pea-pod, or 
succulent, as the Currant. Dry pericarps are onembranous, or 
coriaceous (leathery), or looodij. Succulent pericarps may be 
either wholly so, as the Grape, or partly so, as the Peach and 
other stone fruit. 

147. With very few exceptions the pericarp encloses the seed 
while maturing. In Mignonette (1G5), howcA^er, it opens, ex- 



52 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



posing the seed, immediately after flowering. The membranous 
pericarp of Cohosh (Leontice) falls away early, leaving the seed 
to ripen naked. In Yew (Taxus) the seed is never enclosed 
wholly by its fleshy pericarp ; but in most of the other Coni- 
ferse, the close-pressed, carpellary scales cover the seeds. One- 
seeded fruits, like those of Butter-cups, etc., are liable to be 
mistaken for naked seeds. 




Capsule, 167, of Scrophularia, 2-celled; 168, of Datura Stramonium; 169, of Iris; 170, slio-wing its mode 
of dehiscence (loculicidal). 171, of Colchicuni, 3-celled. 172, Kegma, ripe fruit of Geranium, the carpels 
(cocci) separating from the axis and bending upward on tlie elastic styles. 



148. Dehiscence. The fleshy pericarp is always indehiscent. 
Its seeds are liberated only by its decay, or bursting in germi- 
nation. So also in many cases the dry pericarp, as the acorn. 
But more commonly the dry fruit, when arrived at maturity, 
opens in some way, discharging its seeds. Such fruits are de- 
hiscent. Dehiscence is either valvular, porous, or circumscissile ; 
valvidar^ when the j^ericarp opens vertically along the sutures, 
forming regular parts called valves. These valves may separate 
quite to the base, or only at the top, forming teeth, as in Chick- 
weed. We notice four modes of valvular dehiscence, viz. : 

1, Sutiiral, when it takes place at the sutures of any 1 -celled 
pericarp, as Columbine, Pea, Violet. 

2, Septtcidal {se2:)tiim^ partition, ccedo^ to cut), when it takes 
place through the dissepiments (which are double, § 132). The 
carpels thus separated may open severally by sutures (Mallows), 
or remain indehiscent, as in Vervain. 

3, Locidicidcd (locidits, a cell, ccedo, to cut), when each carpel 



FORMS OF THE PERICAEP. 



53 



opens at its dorsal suture directly into the cell (Evening Prim- 
rose, Lily). Here the dissepiments come away attached to the 
middle of the valves. 

4. Sepfif vagal {septum^ and franco, to break), when the valves 
separate from the dissepiments which remain still united in the 
axis (Convolvulus.) 





Dehiscence; 173, septicidal; 174, loculicidal; 175, septifragal. 

149. JPorous dehiscence is exemplified in the Poppy, where 
the seeds escape by orifices near the top of the fruit. It is not 
common. Gircwmscissile {circumscindo^ to cut around), when 
the top of the ovary opens or falls off like a lid, as in Jefferso- 
nia, Henbane, Plantain. Some fruits, as the Gerania and Um- 
belliferae, are furnished with a carpophore^ that is, a slender col- 
umn from the recej)tacle — 2, fusiform torus^ prolonged through 
the axis of the fruit, supporting the carpels. 

Review.— I'iZ. Origin of the fruit. Death of the flower. What parts may survive ?— In 
Apple? Geum? Potato? Strawberry? 145. A rule aud. an exception. Instance in Oak- 
Birch. What change in Thornapple ? 146. Constituents of the fruit. Etymology of 
pericarp. Texture. 147. Open pericarps. 148. What is dehiscence and indehiscence. 
Three general modes of dehiscence. Four modes of valvular dehiscence. 149. Define 
Porous dehiscence — Circumscissile. What is a carpophore ? Illustrate by 172, VTi. 



CHAPTER XI. 



FOBMS OF THE PEEICAEP. 



150. The morphology of the pericarp is exceedingly diversified ; but it will snflice the 
learner at first to acquaint himself with the leading fonns only, such as are indicated in 
the following synopsis and more definitely described afterward. 

The following is a synopsis of the principal forms of Pericarps, for the blackboard. 



54 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



§ 1, Free Fruits {formed by a single Flower). 



* Pericarps iiideliiscent. 

t With usually but one seed, and 
X Uniform, or 1-coated. 

1. Separated from the seed. 

2. Inflated, often breaking away, 

3. Inseparable from the seed. 

4. Invested with a cupule (involucre). 

5. Having winged appendages. 

X Double or triple-coated, fleshy or fibrous. 

6. Three-coated. Stone cell entire. 

7. Two-coated. Stone cell 2-parted. 

8. Drupes aggregated, 
t With two or more seeds, 

X Immersed in a fleshy or pulpy mass. 

9. Rind membranous. 

10. Rind leathery, separable. 

11. Rind hard, crustaceous. 

+ 12. Inclosed in distinct cells. 

* Pericarps deliiscent. 

t 13. Dehiscence circumscissile, seeds go . 
t Dehiscence valvular or porous ; 
X Simple, or 1-carpelled, 

14. Opening by the ventral suture. 

15. Opening by both sutures. 

16. Legume jointed. 

+ Compound pericarps ; 

17. Placentte parietal with two cells. 

Silique short. 

18. Placentae parietal only when 1-celled. 



Achenium (Buttercups). 
Utricle (Pigweed). 
Caryopsis (Grasses). 
Glans (Oak). 
Samara (Ash). 

Drupe (Cheriy). 
Tryma (Walnut). 
Etaerio (Raspberry). 



Berry (Gooseberry). 
Hesperidium (Orange). 
Pepo (Squash). 
Pome (Apple). 



Pyxis (Henbane). 



Follicle (Columbine). 
Legume (Pea). 
Loment (Desmodium). 

Silique (Jlustard). 

Silicle (Shepherd's Purse). 

Capsule (Flax). 



19. Capsule with carpophore and elastic styles. Regma (Geranium). 
§ 2. Confluent Fruits {formed of an Inflorescence). 



* 20. With open carpels aggregated into a cone. 

* 21. With closed carpels aggregated into a mass. 



Strobile (Pine). 
Sorosis (Pineapple.) 



151. The achenium is a small, dry, indehiscent pericarp, free 
from the one seed which it contains, and tipped with the remains 
of the style (Buttercups, Lithospermum). 

The double achenium of the LTmbellifersB, supported on a carpopliore, is called cremo- 
carp (177). The 2-carpelled achenium of the Compositse, usually crowned with a pappus, 
is called cypsela (178). 

The achenia are often mistaken for seeds. In the Labiatte and Borrageworts they are 
associated in fours (111). In Geum, Anemone, etc., they are collected in heads. The 
rich pulp of the Strawberry consists wholly of the overgrown receptacle, which bears the 
dry achenia on its surface (184), 

152. The iitrlclG is a small, thin pericarp, fitting loosely upon 
its one seed, and often oj^ening transversely to discharge it 
(Pigweed, Prince's Feather). 



FORMS OF THE PERICAEP. 



55 



153. Caryopsis, the grain or fruit of the Grasses, is a thin, dry, 
1 -seeded pericarp, inseparable from the seed. 

154. Samara; dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent, furnished with a 
membranous wing or wings (Ash, Elm, Maple). 

184 
176 '^ ^ '""' '^ 




176, Acheuia of Anemone thalictroides. 177, Cremocarp of Archan^elica officinalis, its halves (mero- 
carps) separated and suspended on the carpophore. 178, Cj'psela of Thistle with its plumoiis pappus. 
179, Utricle of Chenopodinm (Pijcweed). 185, Caryopsis of Wheat. 181, Samara of Elm. 182, Glaus of 
Beech. 183, Drupe of Prunus. 181, Fruit of Fragaria Indica, a fleshy torus like the Strawberry. 

155. Glans^ or nut ; hard, dry, indehiscent, commonly 1-seeded 
by supj)ression (§ 145), and invested with a persistent involucre 
called a cupule, either solitary (Acorn, Hazelnut) or several 
together (Chestnut, Beechnut). 

156. Drupe^ stone-fruit; a 3-coated, 1-celled, indehiscent peri- 
carp, exemplified in the Cherry and Peach. The outer coat 
(epidermis) is called the epicarp ; the inner is the nucleus or 
endocarp, hard and stony ; the intervening pulp or fleshy coat 
is the sarcocarp (tfap^, flesh). These coats are not distinguish- 
able in the ovary. 

157. Tryiiia^ a kind of dryish drupe, 2-coated; the ejjicarp 
fibro-fleshy (Butternut) or woody (Hickory) ; the nucleus bony, 
with its cell often deeply 2-parted (Cocoanut). 

158. Etmrio^ an aggregate fruit consisting of numerous little 
drupes united to each other (Raspberry) or to the fleshy recep- 
tacle (Blackberry). 

159. Berry ^ a succulent, thin-skinned j^ericarp, holding the 
seeds loosely imbedded in the pulp (Currant, Grape). 

ICO. Hesperidlum^ a succulent, many-carpelled fruit; the rind 



56 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



thick, leathery, separable from the pulpy mass within (Orange, 
Lemon). 

161. Pepo^ an indehiscent, compound, fleshy fruit, with a 
liardened rind and parietal placentae (Melon). 

162. The pome is a fleshy, indehiscent pericarp, formed of 
the permanent calyx, containing several cartilaginous (Apple) 
or bony (Haw) cells. 

163. The pyxis is a many-seeded, dry fruit, opening like a lid 
by a circumscissile dehiscence (Plantain, Henbane, Jefiersonia). 

164. The follicle is a single carpel, 1 -celled, many-seeded, 
opening at the ventral suture (Columbine, Larkspur, Silk-grass). 




Fruits.— \?i5, Etserio of Kubus strigosiis (Blackberry). 186, Pepo; section of Cucumber. 187, Berry, 
Grape. 188, Pome, Cratfegus (Haw). 189, Pyxis of Jeffersouia. 190, Legume of Pea. 191, Loment of 
Desmodium. 192, Silique of Mustard. 193, Silicle of Capsella. 



165. The legume, or pod, is a single carpel, 1-celled, usually 
splitting into two valves, but bearing its 1 — OO seeds along the 
ventral suture only, in one row, as in the Bean and all the 
Le2:uminos8e. It is sometimes curved or coiled like a snail-shell 
(Medicago). The loment is a jointed pod, separating across 
into 1-seeded portions (Desmodium). 

166. Siliqice. This is also a pod, linear, 2-carpelled, 2-valved, 
2-celled by a false dissepiment extended between the two parie- 
tal placentae. To this false dissepiment on both sides of both 



FOEMS OF THE PERICARP. 



57 



edges the seeds are attached (Mustard). The silicle is a short 
silique, nearly as wide as long (Shepherd's Purse). The silique 
and silicle are the peculiar fruit of all the Cruciferse. 

167. Capsule (casket.) This term includes all other forms of 
dry, dehiscent fruits, compound, opening by as many valves as 
there are carpels (Iris), or by twice as many (Chickweed), or by 
pores (Pojjpy). 

168. The Megma is a kind of capsule like that of the Gera- 
nium, whose dehiscent carpels separate elastically, but still 
remain attached to the carpophore. 

169. Strobile^ or Cone ^ an aggregate fruit consisting of a 
conical or oval mass of imbricated scales, each an open carpel 
( 2 flower), bearing seeds on its inner side at base, i. e., axillary 
seeds (Pine and the Gymnosperms generally). The Cone {syn- 
carpium^ Cuv, together) of the Magnolia tribe is a mass of con- 
fluent, closed pericarps on a lengthened torus (Cucumber Tree). 





194, Strobile of Pinus. 195, The Fig (syconns). 195. Snrosis of ilulberry. 197 
nearly enclosed in tlie leathery calj'x tube. 



Hip of Rosa, achenia 



170. The Fig (syconus) is an aggregate fruit, consisting of 
numerous seed-like pericarps enclosed within a hollow, fleshy 
receptacle, where the flowers were attached. 

171. Other confluent fruits [Sorosis) consist of the entire in- 
florescence developed into a mass of united pericarps, as in the 
Mulberry, Osage-orange, Pineapple. 

Review. — 150. Name the first diyision of fruits. Free fruits, how subdivided ? TTame 
the five indehiscent, 1-seeded, 1-coated fruits. How do we distinguish them? Name the 
three indehiscent, 1-seeded, several-coated fruits. Difl'erence between drupe and tryma ? 
— Etaerio? Name the four indehiscent, several-seeded fruits. How does pome differ 
from the others ? Are the dehiscent pericarps fleshy or dry ? Distinofuish the Pyxis. 
Name three simjjle fruits which open by valves. Distinguish them. Name four com- 
pound^ opening fruits. What is the fruit of Mustard, etc. ? Find all the figures. The 
subdivision of confluent fruits, etc., etc. 



68 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



CHAPTER XII. 



THE SEED. 



1*72. The seed is the perfected ovule, having an embryo 
formed within, which is the rudiment of a new plant similar in 
all respects to the original. The seed consists of a nucleus or 
kernel invested with the inte<^uments or coverino-s. The outer 
covering is the testa^ the inner the tegmen, as in the ovule. The 
latter is thin and delicate, often indistinguishable from the testa. 

173. The testa is either membranous (papery), coriaceous 
(leathery), crustaceous (horny), bony, woody, or fleshy. Its 
surface is generally smooth, sometimes beautifully polished, as 
in Columbine, Indian-shot (Canna), and often highly colored, 
as in the Bean ; or it may be dull 
and rough. It is sometimes winged, 
as in Catalpa, and sometimes clothed 
with long hairs, as in Silk-grass 
( Asclepias) . Such a vesture is called 
the Coma. Cotton is the coma of 
the Cotton-seed. 




174. The coma must not be confounded with 
the pappus (§ 104), which is a modification of the 
calyx, appended to the pericarp, and not to the 
seed, as in the achenia of the Thistle, Dandelion, 
and other Compositas. Its intention in the econ- 
omy of the plant cannot be mistaken ; serving 
like the pappus to secure the dispersion of the 
seed, while incidentally as it wei'e, in the case of 
the Cotton-seed, it furnishes clothing and em- 
ployment to a largo portion of the human race. 
■ 175. Tlie aril is an occasional appendage, par- 
t ially or wholly investing the seed. It originates 
after fertilization, at or near the hilum, where the 
seed is attached to its stalk (funiculus). Fine ex- 
amples are seen in the gashed covering of the Nutmeg, called mace, and in the scarlet 
coat of the seed of Staff-tree. In the seed of Polygala, etc., it is but a small scale, entire 
or 2-cleft, called caruncle. 

17G. The position of the seed in the pericarp is, like that of the ovule, erect., ascending, 
pcndylous, etc. (§ 149). Likewise in respect to its inversions, it is orthotropous, andtro- 
pons, a7ni)lntropoi(S, and campylotropous (§ 141), terms already defined. The anatropous 
is by far the most common condition. 



193, Aril of Nutmeg (mace). 199, Seed of 
CatHlpa. 200, Seed of Willow. 201, Seed 
of Cotton. 



THE SEED. 



59 



177. The hilum is tlie scar or mark left in the testa of the 
seed by its separation from the funiculus. It is commonly called 
the eye, as in the Bean. In orthotropous and campylotropous 
seeds, the hilum corresponds with the chalaza (§ 140). In other 
conditions it does not ; and the raphe (§ 141) extends between 
the two points, as in the ovules. The foramen of the ovule is 
closed up in the seed, leaving a slight mark — the micropyle. 



203 




202, Seed of Water Lily (Nymphsa), enlarged section; alh., albnmen; rr, the embryo contained in the 
embryo-sac; s, tegmen; ^, testa; j-, raphe; ac, aril; jn, orifice; /, funiculus. 203, Seed of Bean. 204, 
Same, one cotyledon with the leafy embryo. 205, Seed of Apple. 206, One cotyledon showing the 
raphe and embryo. 207, Fruit of Mirabilis; embryo coiled into a ring. 20S, Onion; embryo coiled. 
209, Convolvulus; leafy embryo folded. 210, Embryo of Cuscuta. 211, Typha. 212, Kanunculus. 
213, Hop. 

178. The seed-kernel may consist of two jjarts, the embryo 
and albumen, or of the embryo only. In the former case the 
seeds are albuminous ; in the latter, exalbwninous j a distinction 
of great importance in systematic botany. 

179. The albumen is a starchy or farinaceous substance 
accompanying the embryo and serving as its first nourishment 
in germination. Its qualities are wholesome and nutritious, 
even in poisonous plants. Its quantity, when compared with 
the embryo, varies in every possible degree ; being excessive 
(Ranunculacese), or about equal (Violace^e), or scanty (Convol- 
vulacese), or none at all (Leguminosas). In texture it is mealy 
in Wheat, mucilaginous in Mallows, oily in Ricinus, horny in 
Cofiee, ruminated in N'utmeg and Pawpaw, ivory-like in the 
Ivory-palm (Phytelephas), fibrous in Cocoanut, where it is also 
hollow, enclosing the milk. 

180. The embryo is an organized body, the rudiment of 
the future plant, consisting of root {radicle)^ stem-bud (plumule), 



60 



STRUCTUllAL BOTANY. 



and leaves [cotyledons). But these parts are sometimes quite 
undistinguishable until germination, as in the Orchis tribe. 
The Radicle is the descending part of the embryo, always point- 
ing toward the micropyle, the true vertex of the seed. The 
Plumide is the germ of the ascending axis, the terminal bud, 
located between or at the base of the Cotyledons. These are 
the seed-lobes, the bulky farinaceous part of the embryo, des- 
tined to become the first or seminal leaves of the young plant. 
The nutritive matter deposited in the seed for the early suste- 
nance of the germinating embryo, is found more abundant in the 
cotyledons in proj)ortion as there is less of it in the albumen — 
often wholly in the albumen (Wheat), again all absorbed in the 
bulky cotyledons (Squash). 

181. The number of the cotyledons is variable; and upon this 
circumstance is founded the most important subdivision of the 
Flowering Plants. The monocotyledons are plants bearing 
seeds with one cotyledon ; or if two are present, one is minute 
or abortive. Such plants are also called Endogexs, because 
their stems grow by internal accretions (§ 421). Such are the 
Grasses, the Palms and Lilies, whose leaves are mostly con- 
structed with parallel veins. 





214, Dicotyledonous (Bean). 215, Monocotyledonous (V/heat). 216, Polycotyledonous (Pine). 217, 
Acotyledonous (zoospore of one of the Confervee). (r, >•, ?-, radicle; j3, p, p, plumule; c, c, c, cotyledon; 
a, albumen.) 



182. The dicotyledons are plants bearing seeds with two 
cotyledons. These are also called Exogens, because their stems 
grow by external accretions ; including the Bean tribe. Melon 
tribe, all our forest trees, etc. These are also distinguished at a 



THE SEED. 61 

glance by the structure of their leaves, which are net-veined 
(§ 280). More than two cotyledons are found in the seeds of 
Pine and Fir; while the Dodder is almost the only known exam- 
ple of an embryo with no cotyledon. 

183. The position of the embryo, whether with or without 
albumen, is singularly varied and interesting to study. It may 
be straight, as in Cat-tail and Violet, or curved in various de- 
grees (Moonseed and Pink), or coiled (Hop), or rolled (Spice- 
bush), or hent angularly (Buckwheat), or folded (Cruciferse). 
In the last case two modes are to be specially noticed. 1, In- 
cumbent, when the cotyledons fold over so as to bring the back 
of one against the radicle (Shepherd's Purse) ; 2, accumhent, 
when the edges touch the radicle (Arabis). 

184. A few plants, as the Onion, Orange, and Coniferse, occasionally have two or even 
several embryos in a seed ; while all the Cryptogamia or flowerless plants have no em- 
bryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from spores— bodies analogous to the pol- 
len-grains of flowering plants (217). 

185. Vitality of the seed. After the embryo has reached 
its wonted growth in the ripened seed, it becomes suddenly inac- 
tive and torpid, yet still alive. In this condition it is, in fact, a 
living plant, safely padded and sealed up for transportation. 
This suspended vitality of the seed may endure for years, or 
even, in some species, for ages. The seeds of Maize and Rye 
have been known to grow when 30 to 40 years old; Kidney- 
beans when 100; the Raspberry after 1*700 years (Lindley). 
Seeds of Mountain Potentilla (P. tridentata) were known to us 
to germinate after a slumber of 60 years. On the other hand, 
the seeds of some species are short-lived, retaining vitality hardly 
a year (Coffee, Magnolia). 

186. "Tlie dispersion of seeds over wide, and often to distant regions, is eff"ected 
by special agencies, in which the highest Intelligence and Wisdom are clearly seen. Some 
seeds made buoyant by means of the coma or pappus, already mentioned, are wafted afar 
by the winds, beyond rivers, lakes, and seas ; as the Thistle and Dandelion. Other seeds 
have Avings for the same purpose. Others are provided with hooks or barbs, by which 
they lay hold of men and animals, and are thus, by unwilling agents, scattered far and 
wide (Burr-seed, Tick-seed). Again: some seeds, destitute of all such appendages, are 
thrown to a distance by the sudden coiling of the elastic carpels (Touch-me-not). The 
Squirting-cucumber becomes distended with water by absorption, and at length, when 
ripe, bursts an aperture at the base by separating from the stem, and projects the mingled 
seeds and Avater with amazing force. 

187. Eivers, streams, and ocean currents, are agents for transporting seeds from coun- 
try to country. Thus the Cocoa, and the Cashew-nut, and the seeds of Mahogany, havo 



62 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



been known to perform long voyages without injury to their vitality. Squirrels laying 
up their winter stores in the earth ; birds migrating from clime to clime and from island 
to island, in like manner conspire to effect the same important end. 

Review. — 172. What is the seed ? Its two coverings. 173. The texture of the testa. 
Its appendages. What is cotton ? 174. Distinguish coma from pappus. 175. What is 
the aril? 176. Positions of the seed in the cell. When is a seed anatropous ?— Orthotro- 
pous ? etc. 177. Define hilum. When does a raphe exist ? What is the micropyle ? 178. 
Constituents of an albuminous seed — Exalbuminous. 179. Varying proportions of albu- 
men. Various texture. 180. Distinguish the three parts of the embryo. Where is the 
food for the embryo ? 181. Distinguish the Monocotyledonous Plants, 182. The Dicoty- 
ledonous. 183. Position of the embryo in the seed of Violet? — Of Pink? — Hop? — Shep- 
herd's Purse ?—Arabis ? 185. Vitality of the seed. 186. Special arrangements for their 
dispersion. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

GERMIJSTATIO^Sr. 



188. The recommencement of growth in the seed is called 
germination. It is the awakening of the embryo from its tor- 
por, and the beginning of development in its parts ah-eady 
formed, so as to become a plant like its parent. 







Germination of the Beechnut.— 218, Cross-section, showing the folded cotj'ledons. 219, The radicle 
only. 220. The ascending axis, above c, appears. 221, The cotyledons expand into the primordial 
leaves. 222, The first true leaves. 



189. All the stages of this interesting process may be conveniently observed, at any 
season, by an experiment. Let a few seeds, as of flax, cotton, wheat, pea, be enveloped 
in a lock of cotton resting upon water in a bulb-glass, and kept constantly at a proper tem 
perature. Oi-, in Spring, the garden-soil will give us examples of all kinds everywhere. 



GERMINATION. 



63 



190. That the seed maybegm to grow, or germinate, it is first 
planted ; or, at least, placed in contact with warm, moist soil. 
Concerning the proper depth of the planted seed, agriculturists 
are not ao'reed ; but nature seems to indicate that no coverino- 
is needed beyond what will secure the requisite moisture and 
shade. Thus situated, the integuments gradually absorb water, 
soften, and expand. The insoluble, starchy matter deposited in 
the cotyledons, or in the albumen, or in both, undergoes a cer- 
tain chemical change, becoming sweet 
and soluble, capable of affording nour- 
ishment to the embryo now beginning 
to dilate and develop its parts. First 
(in the winged seed of the Maple, 
scattered everywhere) the radicle is 
seen protruding from the micropyle, 
or the burstino- coverino-s. A section 
of this seed Avould now show the fold- 
ed embryo, impatient of confinement 
(225). 

191. Soon after, the radicle has ex- 
tended ; and, pale in color, has hidden 
itself in the dark damp earth. IsTow 
the cotyledons, unfolding and grad- 
ually freed from the seed-coats, display 
themselves at length as a pair of green 
leaves. Lastly the plumule appears 
in open air, a green bud, already show- 
in 2: a leno-thenino' base, its first inter- 

node, and soon a pair of regular leaves, lobed as all Maple-leaves. 
The embryo is now an embryo no longer, but a growing plant 
descending by its lower axis, ascending and expanding by its 
upper. 

192. With equal advantage we may watch the germination of 
the Beech, represented in the figures above ; or of the Oak, as 
displayed in figures 1, 2, 3, 4 ; or the Pea, or Squash, and other 
Dicotyledons ; and the chief difiTerence observed among them 
will be in the disposal of the cotyledons. In general, these arise 
with the ascending axis, as in Maple and Bean, and act as the 




Gpnnination of Wheat — o, the grain, 
containing the cotyledon; c, plumule; 
r, radicle; .«, rootlets (adventitious). 



64 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



iirst pair of leaves. But sometimes when they are very thick, as 
in Pea, Buckeye, and Oak, they never escaj)e the seed-coats, but 
remain and perish at the collum (§ 199), neither ascending nor 



descendins;. 




Geniiivation of the Maple. — 225, Samara; section showing the folded cotyledons at c. 226-230, Pro- 
gressive stages. 

193. The germination of MOxocoTYLEDOiS^s, as seen in Indian 
Corn, Wheat, and Tulip, is in this wise. The cotyledon is not 
disengaged from the seed, but remains stationary with it. The 
radicle (r) protrudes slightly, and one or more rootlets (s) break 
out from it and descend. The plumule (c) shoots at first par- 
allel with the cotyledon along the face of the seed, but soon 
ascends, pushing out leaf from within leaf. 

194. The conditions requisite for germination are moisture, 
air, and warmth. Moisture is necessary for softening the integ- 
uments, dissolving the nutritive matter, and facilitating its cir- 
culation. This is supplied in the rain and dew. Air, or rather 
its oxygen, is required for the conversion of the starch into 
sugar, — a process always depending upon oxidation. The oxy- 
gen absorbed unites with a portion of the carbon of the starch, 
producing heat, evolving carbonic acid, and thus converting the 
remainder into grape-sugar, soluble and nutritive, 

195. Wai'mth is a requisite condition of all vital action, as 



GEEMINATION. 



65 



well in the sprouting of a seed as in the hatching of an ecj-o-. 
The proper degree of temperature for our own climate may be 
stated at 60° to 80°. Extremes 
of heat and of cold are not, 
however, fatal to all germina- 
tion. In one of the Geysers 
of Iceland, which was hot 
enough to boil an ^^^ in four 
minutes, a species of Chara was 
found in a growing and fruitful 
state. The hot springs and 
pools of San Bernardino, Cali- 
fornia, at the constant heat of 
190°, have several sj^ecies of 
plants growing within their wa- 
ters. Many sj^ecies also arise 
and flower in the snows of Mt. 
Hood, along their lower bor- 
ders. Darkness is favorable 
to germination, as proved by 
experiment, but not an indis- 
pensable condition. Hence, 

while the seed should be covered, for the sake of the moisture 
and shade, the covering should be thin and light, for the sake 
of a free access to air. 




231, 232, Germination of Indian Corn. 



196. The cause of the downward tendency of the root is a theme of much discussion. 
Some have referred it to the principle of gravitation ; others to its supposed aversion to 
light. But it is a simple and satisfactory explanation that its growth or cell-development 
takes place most readily on the moist side of its growing-point, and consequently in a 
downward direction, so long as the soil in contact with its lower surface is more moist 
than that above. Hence, also, the well-known tendency of roots toward springs and 
water-courses. 

Review. — 188. Define the term Germination. 189. Where and when to observe the pro- 
cess. How at other seasons. 190. Prerequisites to germination. Depth of planting. 
What change in the material of the seed ? State of the embryo in 225 ?— In 226 ?— In figs. 
22T-230? 191. What becomes of the radicle?— Of the cotyledons ? How does rhe plumule 
develop? Show by the figures. In what plants do the cotyledons remain stationary? 
193. Show how the Monocotyledons germinate, by figs. 231, 232. 195. Three conditions 
requisite. Why is moisture needed? Why air? Whence comes the sugar ? 195. What 
degrees of warmth ? Some strange exceptions. 196. Why the root grows downward. 

5 



66 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY, 



CHAPTER XIY. 

THE ROOT. OR DESCEISTDIXG AXIS. 

197. The Root is the basis of the plant, and the principal 
organ of nutrition. It originates with the radicle of the seed, 
the tendency of its growth is downward, and it is generally im- 
mersed in the soil. Its office is twofold; viz., to support the 
plant in its position, and to imbibe from the soil the food neces- 
sary to the growth of the plant. 





233, White Clover — an axial root (with minute tubers). 234, Buttercups — fibrous roots, inaxial. 235, 

Erigenia — root tuberous. 



198. The leading propensity of the root is to divide itself; and 
its only normal appendages are branches, branchlets, fibres, and 
fibrillse, which are multiplied to an indefinite extent, correspond- 
ing with the multiplication of the leaves, twigs, t^c, above. 
This at once insures a firm hold upon the earth, and brings a 
large absorbing surface in contact with the moist soil. 

199. The summit of the root, or that place where the root 



THE ROOT. 



07 




meets the stem, is called the collurn / the remote, opposite ex- 
tremities, the ends of the fibres, being chiefly active in absorp- 
tion, are the spongioles. Neither of these 
terms denotes distinct organs, but places 
only, and are often convenient. The fi- 
brils^ or fibrUlce^ are those minute hairs 
(seen only with a lens) which clothe the 
younger fibres. They arise from the 
tender epidermis or skin, and perish when 
that thickens into bark. These are the 
efficient absorbers of liquid nourishment. 
They are developed and perish annually 
with the leaves, whose servants they are. 
Few of them remain after the fall of the 
leaf. This fact plainly indicates that the 
proper time for transplanting trees or 
shrubs is the late Autumn, Winter, or 236, Extremity of a rootlet of Ma- 

. T /» P'®' ^^'^'''^ '^-^ tibrillae and spougiole 

early bprmg, when there are but lew w magmaed 50 diameters. 
tender fibrillse to be injured. 

200. Two modes of root-development are definitely distin- 
guished. First, the Axial mode is that where the primary, 
simple radicle, in growing, extends itself downward in a main 
body more or less branched, continuous with the stem, and 
forms the permanent root of the plant. Such is the case \\-ith 
the Maple, Mustard, Beet, and most of the Dicotyledonous 
Plants (§ 183). 

201. Secondly, the Ix axial development is that where the 
primary radicle proves abortive, never developing into an axial 
root ; but, growing laterally only, it sends out little shoots from 
its sides, which grow into long, slender roots, nearly equal in 
value, none of them continuous with the stem. Of this nature 
are the roots of all the Grasses, the Lilies, and the Monocotyle- 
dons generally, and of the Cryptogamia. Plants raised from 
layers, cuttings, tubers, and slips are necessarily destitute of 
the axial root. 

202. The various forms of the root are naturally and 
conveniently referred to these two modes of development. The 
principal axial forms are the ramous, fusiform, napiform, and con- 



08 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



ical. To all these forms the general name tap-root is applied. 
The ramoiis is the woody tap-root of most trees and shrubs, 
where the main-root branches extensively, and is finally dissolved 
and lost in multiplied ramifications. 

203. Tuberous tap-roots. In herbaceous plants the tap- 
root often becomes thick and fleshy, with comparatively few 
branches. This tendency is peculiarly marked in biennials (§41), 
where the root serves as a reservoir of the superabundant food 
which the plant accumulates during its first year's growth, and 
keeps in store against the exhausting process of fruit-bearing in 
its second year. Such is the Fusiform (spindle-shaped) root — 
thick, succulent, tapering downward, and also for a short space 
upward. Beet, Radish, and. Ginseng are examples. The Con- 
ical root tapers all the way from the collum downward (Carrot). 
The JSfapifonn (turnip-shaped) swells out in its upper part so 
that its breadth equals or exceeds its length, as in Erigenia (235) 
and Turnip (239). 




237, Maple— an axial, ramous root. 238, Parsnip— a fusiform root. 239, Turnip— a napiform root. 210. 

Corallorhiza — a coralline root. 

204. The forms of inaxial roots are fibrous, fibro-tuber- 
ous, tubercular, coralline, nodulous, and moniliform. lihe fihroits 
root consists of numerous thread-like divisions, sent oiF directlv 
from the base of the stem, with no main or tap root. Such are 
the roots of most Grasses, which multiply their fibres excessively 
in light sandy soils. Fihro-tuherous roots (or fasciculate) are 



THE ROOT. 



69- 



so called when some of the fibres are thick and fleshy, as in the 
Asphodel, Crowfoot, Paeony, Orchis, and Dahlia. When . the 
fibre is enlarged in certain parts only, it is nodulous ; and when 
the enlargements occur at regular intervals, it is inoniliforin 
(necklace-like). When it bears little tubers here and there, as 
in Squirrel-corn (Dicentra Canadensis), it is tubercular. 




241, Pfeony — fibro-tuberous roots. 242, Ginseng — fusiform root. 243, Pelargonium triste — moniliform 
root. 244, Spirea filipendula — ^nodulous root. 245, A creeping stem, with adventitious roots. 



205. Deposits of starch, or farinaceous matter, in all these 
cases, constitute the thickening substance of the root, stored up 
for the future use of the plant. 

206. Adventitious roots are such as originate in some part of the ascending axis 
— stem or branches— whether above or below the ground. They are so called because 
their origin is indeterminate, both in place and time. Several special forms should be 
noticed ; as the cirrlious roots of certain climbing vines (European I^^y, Poison Ivy, Trum- 
pet-creeper) put forth in great numbers from the stem, serving for its mechanical support 
and no other known use. Again ; the Fulcra of certain Monocotyledonous plants origi- 
nate high up the stein, and descending obliquely enter the ground. The Indian Corn 
frequently puts forth such roots from its lower joints, and thereby becomes strongly 
braced. The Screw Pine (Pandanus) of the conservatories puts forth fulcra often several 
feet in length. 

SOT. Tlie Sanian Tree (Ficus Indicus) drops "adventitious" roots from its ex- 
tended branches, which, reaching and entering the ground, grow to supporting columns, 
like secondary trunks. Thus a single tree becomes at length a grove capable of shelter- 
ing an army, 

208. Epiphytes (s-Tri, upon, (purov, a plant), a class of plants, 
called also air-plants, have roots which are merely mechanical, 



70 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



serving to fix such plants firmly upon other j^lants or trees, 
while they derive their nourishment wholly from the air. The 
Long-moss (Tillanclsia) and Conopseum are examples. 




247, Old Oak trntik with horizontal branch bearing epiphj'tes and para- 
sites, rf, A fern (Polypodium incanum). 6, Epidendruni conopseum). cc, 
IvOiig-moss (Tillandsia). d, Mistletoe (Viscum), e, Lichen. 

209. Parasites — Three classes. Very dif- 
ferent in nature are the roots of those plants 
called parasites, which feed upon the juices of 
other plants or trees. Such roots penetrate 
the bai'k of the nurse-plant to the cambium 
layer beneath, and appropriate the stolen juices to their own 
growth ; as the Dodder and Mistletoe. Other j^arasites, al- 
though standing in the soil, are fixed upon foreign roots, and 
thence deri^'e either their e^itire sustenance, as the Beech-drops 
and other leafless, colorless plants, or a ^9«;t of their sustenance, 
as the Cow-wheat (Melampyrum) and Gerardia. 

210. Siil>terraneau stems. As there are aerial roots, so there are subterraneaii 
stems. These are frequently mistaken for roots, bnt may be known hy their habitually 
and regularly producing buds. Of this nature are the tubers of the Irish Potato, the root- 
stock of the Sweet-flag, the bulb of the Tulip. But even the true root maj' sometimes 
develop buds— accidentally as it were— in consequence of some injury to the upper axis, 
or some other unnatural condition. 

Beview. — 197. The root defined. Its oflice. 198. Its leading propensity. Its proper 
appendages. Purpose of their multiplication, 199. Where is the collum? Where the 
spongelets ? WJiat are they ? What are the fibrillse ? Their oflice and history. Why 
should a tree be planted \n Spring f 200. Name the two modes of root-development. 
Define the accea^. 201. Define the iwao^ia^. Give instances. 202. Four varieties of axial 
or tap roots. Define the ramous. 203. Define the fusiform — The conical— The napiform. 
V^hat the nature of these fleshy roots ? 204. Six varieties of inaxial roots. What of the 
fibrous ? — Fibro-tuberous ? — Nodulous ? — Moniliform ? — Coralline (240) ? 205. What is 
stored in them? 206. What are adventitious roots?— The cirrhous ?— The fulcra? 207. 
Trunks of the Banian. 208. Epiphytes. 209. How do the parasites dift'er? Mention 
three ciasiJcs. 210. Distinguish roots from stems. 



THE STEM. 



71 



CHAPTER XY. 



THE STE:iI, OE. ASCENDING AXIS. 

211. The general idea of the Axis is this : the central substan- 
tial portion of the plant, bearing the appendages, viz., roots 
below, and the leaf-organs above. The Ascending Axis is that 
which originates with the plumule, tends upward in its growth, 
and expands itself to the influence of the air and the light. 




2i8, Procumbent stem — Chiogenes hispidula. 

212. Although the first direction of the stem's growth is ver- 
tical in all plants, there ai'e many in which this direction does 
not continue, but changes into the oblique or horizontal, either 
just above the surface of the ground, or just beneath it. If the 
stem continues to arise in the original direction, as it most com- 
monly does, it is said to be erect. If it grow along the ground 
without rooting, it is said to be ^j/roc^fr^^Je^i^, prostrate^ trailing. 
If it recline upon the ground after liaving at the base arisen 
somewhat above it, it is decumheiit. If it arise obliquely from a 




249, Decumbent stem — Anagallis arvensis. 



prostrate base, it is said to be ascending ; and if it continue 
buried beneath the soil, it is suhterranean. Such stems, although 
buried like roots, may readily be known by their buds as already 
explained (§ 210). 



72 STRUCTUEAL BOTANY, 

213. Stems are either simple or branched. The simple stem 
is produced by the unfolding of the primary bud (the plumule) 
in the direction of its point alone. As this bud is developed 
below into the lengthening stem, it is continually reproduced at 
its summit, and so is always borne at the termination of the 
stem. Hence the axis is always terminated by a bud. 

214. The Branched Stem, which is by far the most common, 
is produced by the develoj^ment of both terminal and axillary 
buds. The axis produces a bud in the axil of its every leaf; that 
is, at a point just above the origin of the leaf-stalk. These buds 
remain inactive in the case of the simple stem, as the Mullein; 
but more generally are developed into leafy subdivisions of the 
axis, and the stem thus becomes branched. A JBranch is, there- 
fore, a division of the axis produced by the development of an 
axillary bud. This bud, also, ever renewed, is borne at the ter- 
mination of the branch ; so that axillary buds, each in turn, 
become terminal. 

215. The Arrangement of the Branches upon the stem, de- 
pends, therefore, upon the arrangement of the leaves; which will 
be more particularly noticed hereafter. This arrangement is 
beautifully regular, according to established laws. In this place 
we briefly notice three general modes. The Alternate arrange- 
ment is where but one branch arises from each joint (node) on 
different sides of the stem, as in the Elm. The Opposite is where 
two branches stand on opposite sides of the same node, as in 
Maple. The Verticillate is where three or more branches, equi- 
distant, encircle the stem at each node, as in the Pine. 

216. Certain kinds of branches are noted for their tendency to 
produce adventitious roots, and thus to become independent 
plants. ISTurserymen avail themselves of this property in propa- 
gation, and name such branches cions, suckers, stolons, offsets, 
slips, layers, cuttings, and runners. The Sucker is a branch 
issuing from some underground portion of the plant, leaf-bearing 
above and sending out roots from its own base, becoming finally 
a separate, independent plant. The Rose and Raspberry are 
thus multiplied. 

217. l^he Stolon or Layer is a branch issuing from some above- 
ground portion of the stem, and afterward declining to tlie 



THE STEM. 



73 



ground, takes root at or near its extremity, sends ujd new shoots, 
and becomes a new plant. The Hobble-bush and Black-rasp- 
berry do this naturally, and gardeners imitate the process in 
many plants. 

218. The Cion is any healthy twig or branchlet bearing one 
or more buds, used by the gardeners in the common process of 
grafting. Slips and cuttings are fragments of ordinary branches 
or stems, consisting of young wood bearing one or more buds. 
These strike root w^hen planted in the ground. So the Grape- 
vine and Hop. The Offset is merely a cion severed from the 
parent and set in the ground to strike root. 




250, a, Slip (Gooseberry) taking root, h. Cutting (Grape) taking root, c, Stolons or layers artificially 
arranged for propagation, d, A mode of d rfi^ng; the vessel, v., is filled with soil, e, Scions; process 
of grafting. /, A sucker. 



219. The Hunoier is a prostrate, filiform branch, issuing from 
certain short-stemmed herbs, extending itself along the surface 
of the ground, striking root at its end without being buried. 
Thence leaves arise, and a new plant, which in turn sends out 
new runners, as in the Strawberry. 

220. The Node^ or joint of the stem, marks a definite point 
of a peculiar organization, v/here the leaf with its axillary bud 
arises. The nodes occur at regular intervals, and the spaces 
between them are termed interxodes. This provides for the 
symmetrical arrangement of the leaves and branches of the stem. 
In the root no such provision is made, and the branches have no 
manner of arrangement. Now the groioth of the stem consists 



74 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



in the development of the internodes. In the bud, the nodes 
are closely crowded together, with no perceptible internodes ; 
thus bringing the rudimentary leaves in close contact with each 
other. But in the stem, which is afterward evolved from that 
bud, we see full-grown leaves separated by considerable spaces. 
That is, while leaves are developed from the rudiments, inter- 
nodes are pushed out from the growing point. 




251, A Strawberry plant (Fragaria vesca) sending out a runner. 



221. There are, however, many species of plants, especially of 
herbs, in which the axis of the primary bud does not develop 
into internodes at all, or but partially in various degrees. See 
the axis of Trillium, Onion, and Bloodroot. Such stems seldom 
appear above-ground. They are subterranean. This fact makes 
a wide difference in the forms of stems, and naturally constitutes 
them into two great divisions — viz., tJie Leaf-stems and the 
Scale-sterns. 



Jieview.— 211. What is the Axis? What the Ascending Axis ? 212. Is the axis always 
erect? What is a procumbent stem? What decumbent ? — Ascending? — Subterranean? 
How may these be distinguished from roots ? 213. Explain the growth of a simple stem. 
Where may the plumule-bud always be found? 214. Explain the growth of a branching 
stem. Define a branch. 215. Their order. State the three general modes. 216. What is 
a sucker ? 217. What is a stolon ? 218. W'hat is a cion ?— An offset ?— Slips and cuttings ? 
219. How does the strawberry spread ? 220. What is a Node ? — Aninternode? What of 
Stem-growth? 221. State carefully a difterent method. Two grand divisions of Stems. 



FOEMS OF THE LEAF-STEMS. 



75 



CHAPTER XYI. 



FORMS OF THE LEAF-STEMS. 



• 222. The leaf-stems are those forms which, with internodes 
fully developed, rise into the air crowned with leaves. The 
principal forms are the caulis, culm, trunk, caudex, and vine. 
They are either herbaceous or woody. They bear fruit but one 
season and then perish, at least down to the root, scarcely becom- 
ing woody ; as seen in Mustard, Radish, and Grasses. But the 
woody leaf-stems survive the Winter, and become firm and solid 
in substance in after years ; as do all the forest trees. 




252, Scale-stem (Dicentr.a cuculhiria). 253, A flower of the same. 251, A flower, of D. Canadensis. 
255, Leaf-stem (Chimaphila maculata). 

223. Caulis is a term generally applied to the annual leaf- 
stems of herbaceous plants. " Halm" is a term used in England 
with the same sio-nification. Caulescent and ac^iulescent are con- 



76 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



venient terms, denoting, the former the presence, and the latter 
the absence of the caulis or aerial stem. 

224. The culm is the stem of the Grasses and the Sedges, 
generally jointed, often hollow, rarely becoming woody; as in 
Cane and Bamboo. 




SEE 

255, S, Spruce. B, Beech. E, Elm; to illustrate excurrent and solvent axis. 

225. The trunk is the name of the peculiar stems of arbor- 
escent plants. It is the central column or axis which supports 
their branching tops and withstands the assaults of the wind by 
means of the great firmness and strength of the woody or lig- 
neous tissue with Avhich it abounds. The trunk is usually seen 
simple and columnar below, for a certain space, then variously 
dividing itself into branches. Here it is cylindrical, straight, 
and erect, as in the Forest Pine ; prismatic often, as in the Gum- 
tree ; gnarled and curved, as in the Oak ; or inclined far over its 
base, as in the Sycamore. 

226. In dividino- itself into branches we observe two oreneral 
modes, with their numerous variations, strikingly characterizing 



FOKMS OF THE LEAP-STEMS. 77 

the tree forms. In the one, named by Linclley the excukrent, 

tiie trunk, from the superior vigor of its terminal bud, takes pre- 
cedence of the branches, and runs through to the summit, as in 
the Beech, Birch, Oak, and especially in the Spruce — trees with 
oval or pyramidal forms. But in the other, the solvent axis, 
as seen in the Elm and Apple-tree, the trunk suddenly divides 
into several subequal branches, which thence depart with differ- 
ent degrees of divergency, giving the urn form to tlie Elm, the 
rounded form to the Apple-tree, the depressed form to the Sloe- 
tree (Viburnum) and Dogwood. 

227. Cattdex is a term now applied to the peculiar trunk of the Palms and Tree-ferns, 
simple, branchless columns, or rarely dividing in advanced age. It is produced by the 
growth of the terminal bud alone, and its sides are marked by the scars of the fallen leaf 
stalks of former j^ears, or are yet covered by their persistent bases. The stock or cavdex 
of the cactus tribe is extraordinary in form and substance. It is often jointed, prismatic, 
branched, always greenish, fleshy, and full of a watery juice. Instead of leaves, its lateral 
buds develop spines only, the stem itself pei-forming the functions of leaves. These 
plants abound in the Avarm regions of tropical America, and afford a cooling, acid bev- 
erage to the thirsty traveller when springs dry up under the torrid sun. 

228. The vixe is either herbaceous or woody. It is a stem 
too slender and weak to stand erect, but trails along the ground, 
or any convenient support. Sometimes, by means of special 
organs for this purj^ose, called tendrils, it ascends trees and other 
objects to a great height ; as the Grape, Gourd, and other 
climbino- vines. 

229. The twining vine having also a length greatly disproportioned to its diameter, 
supports itself on other plants or objects by entwining itself around them, being destitute 
of tendrils. Thus the Hop ascends into the air by foreign aid, and it is a curious fact 
that the direction of its winding is always the same, viz., with the sun, from left to right; 
nor can any artificial training induce it to reverse its course. This is a general law 
among twining stems. Every individual plant of the same species revolves in the same 
direction, although opposite directions may characterize diflerent species. Thus the 
Morning-Glory revolves always against the sun. 

Bevietv.—222. Carefully repeat the definition. When are they herbaeeoiis? When 
woody? 223. Define Caulis, and two derived terms. 224. What is a Culm? 225. What 
is the Trunk? Various forms of it. 226. Its characteristic difi"erence in Beech and Elm. 
227. Characterize the trunk of the Palm-tree — Of Cactus. 22S. Describe the Vine, and 
two varieties. Are the climbers or twiners armed with tendinis ? 229. The law of the 
course of the twiners. Course of Hop— Of Morning-Glory. 



78 



STRUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



FORMS OF SCALE-STEMS. 

230. The Scale-stems are those forms which, with inter- 
nodes partially or not at all developed, and generally clothed 
with scales for leaves, scarcely emerge from beneath the soil. 
They are the creeper and rhizoma (developed), the crown, tuber, 
corm, and bulb (undeveloped). Their forms are singular, often 
distorted in consequence of their underground growth and the 
unequal development of the internodes. They commonly belong 
to perennial herbs, and the principal forms are described as fol- 
lows ; but intermediate connecting forms are very numerous, 
and often perplexing. 




257, Creeper of " Nimble Will," or Witch-grass; a. Bud; hb, bases of culms. 

231. The creeper is either subaerial or subterranean. In the 
former case it is prostrate, running and rooting at every joint, 
and hardlv distino-uishable otherwise from leaf-stems : as the 
Twin-flower (Linnsea), the Partridge-berry (Mitch ella). In the 
latter case it is more commonly clothed with scales, often branch- 
ing extensively, rooting at the nodes, exceedingly tenacious of 
life, extending horizontally in all directions beneath the soil, an- 
nually sending up from its terminal buds erect stems into the 
air. The Witch-grass (Triticum repens) is an example. Such 
plants are a sore evil to the garden. They can have no better 
cultivation than to be torn and cut to pieces by the spade of the 
angry gardener, since they are thus multiplied as many times as 
there are frao-nients. 



FORMS OF SCALE-STEMS. 



79 



232. Repent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use. They frequently 
abound in loose, sandy soil, which they serve to bind and secure a^jainst the inroads of 
the water and even the sea itself. Holland is said to owe its very existence to the repent 
stems of such plants as the Mat-grass (Arundo arenaria), Carex arenarius, and Elymus 
arenarius, which overrun the artificial dykes upon its shores, and by their innumerable 
roots and creepers apparently bind the loose sand into a firm barrier against the washing 
of the waves. So the turf^ chiefly composed of repent Grass-stems, fonns the only secu- 
rity of our own sandy or clayey hills against the washing rains. 

233. The rhizome or root-stock differs from the creeper 
only in being shorter and thicker, having its internodes but par- 
tially developed. It is a prostrate, fleshy, rooting stem, either 
wholly or partially subterranean, often scaly with tlie bases of 
undeveloped leaves, or marked with the scars of former leaves, 
and yearly producing new shoots and roots. Such is the fleshy, 
horizontal portion of the Blood-root, Sweet-flag, Water-lily, and 
Bramble (the latter hardly different from the creeper). 

234. Tlie groivth of the rhizome is instructive, marking its peculiar character. Each 
joint marks the growth of a year. In Spring, the terminal bud unfolds into leaves and 
flowers, to perish in Autumn — a new bud to open the following Spring, and a new inter- 
node, with its roots, to abide several years. The number of joints indicates, not the age 
of the plant, but the destined age of each internode. Thus if there ai'e three joints, we 
infer that they are triennial, perishing after the third season, while the plant still grows on. 




258, Ehizoma of Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum miiltiflorum). «, Frafrment of tbe first year's growth; 
ft, the second year's growth; c, growth of the third year; <^?, growth of the present (fourth) year, hearing 
the stem, which, on decaying, will leave a scar (seal) like the rest. 259, Premorse root of TrilHum 
erectum. 



235. The premorse root-stock, formerly described as a root, 
is a short, erect rhizome, ending abruptly below, as if bitten 
square off (praemorsus). This is owing to the death of the 
earlier and lower internodes in succession, as in the horizontal 
rhizome. Scabius, Viola pedata, and Benjamin-root (Trillium) 
are examples. 

236. Crowx of the root designates a short stem with con- 
densed internodes, remaining upon some perennial roots, at or 



80 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



beneath the surface-soil, after the leaves and annual stems have 
perished. 

237. The tubek is an annual thickened portion of a subterra- 
nean stem or branch, provided with latent buds called eyes, 
from which new plants ensue the succeeding year. It is the fact 
of its origin with the ascending axis, and the production of buds, 
that places the tuber among stems instead of roots. The Po- 
tato and Artichoke are examples. 

238. The stem of the Potato-plant sends out roots from its base, and branches above, 
like other plants ; but we observe that its branches have two distinct modes of develop- 
ment. Those branches which rise into the air, whether issuing from the aboveground 
or the underground portion of the stem, expand regularly into leaves, etc. ; while those 
lower branches which continue to grope in the dark, damp ground, cease at length to 
elongate, swell up at the ends into tubers with developed buds and abundance of nutri- 
tious matter in reserve for renewed growth the following year. 




TifJbers as iliey rirow.—2&i. The common Potato (Solaniim). 261, Artichoke (Helianthus). 262. Sweet 
• ' ' Potato (Convolvulus). 



239. The coem is an underground, solid, fleshy stem, with 
condensed internodes, never extending, but remaining of a 
rounded form covered with thin scales. It is distinguished from 
roots by its leaf-bud, which is either borne at the summit, as in 
the Crocus, or at the side, as in the Golchicum and Putty-root 
(Aplectrum). 



FOEMS OF SCALE-STEMS. 



81 



240. The Bulb partakes largely of the nature of the bud. It 
consists of a short, dilated axis, bearing an oval mass of thick 
fleshy scales, closely packed above, a circle of adventitious roots 
around its base, and a flowering stem from the terminal, or a 
lateral bud. 




263, Corms of Putty-root (Aplectrtim) ; a, of last year — h, of the present year. 26i, Scale-Tnilb of White 
Lily. 265, Scale-bulb of Uxalis violacea. 



241. How muUiplied. — Bulbs are renewed or multiplied annually at the approach of 
Winter by the development of bulbs from the axils of the scales, which increase at the 
expense of the old, and ultimately become de- 
tached. Bulbs which flower from the terminal 
bud are necessarily either annual or biennial ; 
those flowering from an axillary bud may be 
perennial, as the terminal bud may in this case 
continue to develop new scales indefinitely. 

242. Bulbs are said to be tuni- 
cated when they consist of con- 
centric layers, each entire and 
enclosing all within it, as in the 
Onion. But the more common 
variety is the scaly bulb — consist- 
ing of fleshy, concave scales, arranged spirally upon the axis, as 
in the Lily, 

243. The tuber, corm, and bulb are analogous forms approaching by degrees to the 
character of the bud, which consists of a little axis bearing a covering of scales. In the 
tuber, the axis is excessively developed, while the scales are reduced to mere linear 

6 




265, Bulb of Lilium superbum, with habit of 
a rhizome; a, full jrrown bulb sending ixp a^er- 
minal stem r, and two offsets bl\ for the bulbs 
of next year. 



82 



STRUCTUKAL BOTANY. 



points. In the corm, the analogy is far more evident, for the axis is less excessive and 
the scales more manifest ; and lastly, in the hulb the analogy is complete, or overdone, 
the scales often becoming excessive. 




267, Corm of Crocus, with new ones forming above. 268, Vertical section of the same. 269, Section 
Df bulb of Hyacinth, with terminal scape and axillary bulblet. 270, Section of bulb of Oxalis violacea, 
with axillary scapes. 

Eeview. — 230. Give carefully the definition. Which forms are undeveloped? Which 
partly developed ? 231. Define the Creeper. Its two classes. How is Witch grass best 
cultivated ? Usefulness of such stems. Vvliat is c<;warcf .? 233. Define Root-stock? Show 
its manner of growth by the figure (258). 235. What is the premorse Root-stock ? 236. 
The stem of Clover, Asparagus, etc., in Winter is what? 23T. What is a Tuber? Show 
by fig. 2f)0 how it grows. 239. Define Corm. Show by fig. 263 how it grows. 240. De- 
scribe the bulb. Show its growth by fig. 266. Yarietics. 243. Point out the gradation 
in tuber, corm, and bulb. 



CHAPTER ZVIII. 



THE LEAF-BUD. 



244. It is but a step from the study of the bulb to that of the 
leaf-bud. Buds are of two kinds in respect to their contents — 
the leaf-hud containing the rudiments of a leafy stem or branch, 
t\\Q floicer-hud containing the same elements transformed into the 
nascent organs of a flower for the purpose of reproduction. 

245. The leaf-bud consists of a brief, cone-shaped axis with \ 
a tender growing point, bearing a protecting covering of imbri- 
cated scales and incipient leaves. 

246. The leafy nature of the scales is evident from a careful 
inspection of such buds as those of the Hose, Currant, Tulip-tree, 



THE LEAF-BUD. 



83 



when they are swollen or bursting in Spring. The student will 
notice a gradual change from the outer scales to the evident 
leaves or stipules within, as seen in Fig. 273. 
As a further protection against frost and rain, 
we find the scales sometimes clothed with 
hairs, sometimes varnished with resin. This 
is abundant and very aromatic in the buds of 
the Balm-of-Gilead and other Poplars. 

247. In regard to position, buds are either 
terminal or axillary, a distinction already no- 
ticed. Axillary buds are especially noted as 
being either active or latent. In the former case 
they are unfolded into branches at once, or in 
the Spring following their formation. But 
latent buds suspend their activities from year 
to year, or perhaps are never quickened into 
growth. Axillary buds become terminal so 
soon as their development fairly commences ; 
therefore each branch also has a terminal bud, 
and, like the main axis, is capable of extending 
its growth as long as that bud remains un- 
harmed. If it be destroyed by violence or 
frost, or should it be transformed into a 
llower-bud, the growth in that direction for- 
ever ceases. 

248. The suppression of axillary 
buds tends to simplify the form of the plant. 
Their total suppression during the first year's 
growth of the terminal bud is common, as in 
the annual stem of Mullein and in most peren- 
nial stems. When axillary buds remain permanently latent, 
and only the terminal bud unfolds year after year, a simple, 
branchless trunk, crowned with a solitary tuft of leaves, is the 
result, as in the Palmetto of our southern borders. 




271, Branch of Pear-tree. 
The terminal bud n, liaving 
been destroyed, an axillary 
bud supplied its place, and 
formed the axis b. c, Thick- 
ened branch with flower- 
buds ; iJ, branch with leaf- 
buds. 272, t, section of 
terminal bud : I, of axillary 
bud. 



249. A partial suppression of buds occurs in almost all species, and generally in some 
definite order. In plants with opposite leaves, sometimes one bud of the pair at each 
node is developed and the other is suppressed, as in the Pink tribe. When both buds 
are developed, the branches, appearing in pairs like arms, are said to be brachiate, as in 
the Labiates. In many trees the terminal buds arc arrested by inflorescence each season, 



84 



STBUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



and the growth is continued by axillary buds alone, as in the Catalpa and Horse-chestnut. 
In all trees, indeed, buds are suppressed more or less, from various causes, disguising at 
length the intended symmetry of the branches, to the utter confusion of twigs and spray. 




273, Bud of Currant unfolding,— the scales gradually becoming leaves. 27i, Bud of Tulip-tree,— the 

scales unfolding into stipules, 

250. Accessor^/ buds^ one or 
more, are sometimes found just 
above the true axillary bud, or 
clustered with it, and only dis- \ aj \^ 
tinguished from it by their 
smaller size ; as in the Cherry 
and Honeysuckle. 

251. Adventitious or acci- 
dental buds are such as are 
neither terminal nor axillary. 
They occasionally appear on 
any part of the plant in the 
internodes of the stem or 
branches, on the root or even 
the leaves. Such buds gener- 
ally result from some abnormal 
condition of the plant, from 
pruning or other destruction of 
branches or stem above, while 
the roots remain in full vigor ; 
thus destroying the equilibrium 
of vital force between the upper and lower axis 




Hypericum Sarothra, with brachiate 
branches. 276, Fink (Dianthus) — axillary buds 
alternately suppressed. 



The leaf of the 



THE LEAF-BUD. 



85 



Walking-fern emits rootlets and buds at its apex ; the leaf of 
Bryophyllum from its margin each — bud here also preceded by a 
rootlet. Some plants are thus artificially proj)agated in conser- 
vatories from the influence of heat and moisture on a leaf or the 
fragment of a leaf. 

252. Vernation or prsefoliation are terms denoting the 
mode of arrangement and folding of the leaf organs comj^osing 
the bud. This arrangement is definitely varied in different or- 
ders of plants, furnishing useful distinctions in systematic botany. 
It may be studied to excellent advantage by making with a keen 
instrument a cross-section of the bud in its swollen state, just 
before expansion ; or it may be well observed by removing one 
by one the scales. The Forms of Vernation are entirely analo- 
gous to those of -Estivation, and denoted by similar terms. 

253. Vernation is considered in two different asj)ects — first, the 
manner in which the leaf itself is folded ; second, the arrano-e- 
ment of the leaves in respect to each other. This depends much 
upon the phyllotaxy. (§ 261.) 





Vernation, 277, of Oak leaf ; 273, of Liriodendron (TuTiptree). 279, of Fern ; 2S0, of Carex ; 281, Sage; 

282, Iris. 



254. Each leaf alone considered is either flat and open^ as in 
the mistletoe, or it is folded or rolled^ as follows : viz. Reclined, 
when folded crosswise, with apex bent over forward toward the 
base, as in the Tulip-tree ; Conduplicate, when folded perpen- 
dicularly, with the lateral halves brought together face to face, 
as in the Oak ; Plaited, or Plicate, each leaf folded like a fan, 
as in Birch. 

255. Circinate implies that each leaf is rolled or coiled down- 
ward from the apex, as in Sundew and the Ferns. 

256. The Convolute leaf is wholly rolled up from one of its 



86 



STKUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



sides, as in the Cherry ; while the Involute has both its edges 
rolled inward, as in Apple, Violet ; and Bevolute has both mar- 
gins rolled outward and back- 
ward, as in the Dock, Willow, 
Rosemary. 





Vernation, 283, of Birch leaf; 284, of Lilac fimbricate); 285, Cherry leaves (convolute); 286, Dock bud 
(revolute); 287, Balm of Gilead (involute). 

257. The general vernation is loosely distinguished in descrip- 
tive botany as valvate (edges meeting), and hnhricate (edges 
overlapping), terms to be noticed hereafter. The valvale more 
often occurs in plants with opposite leaves. 

258. Imbricate vernation is Eqidtant (riding astraddle), 
when conduplicate leaves alternately embrace — the outer one 
the next inner by its unfolded margins, as in the Privet and 
Iris (282). It is Ohvolute when it is hall-equitant ; that is, the 
outer leaf embraces only one of the margins of the inner, as in 
the Sage (281). Again, it is Triquitroxis where the bud is trian- 
gular in section and the leaves equitant at each angle, as in the 
Sedges (280). 

259. The principle of bud- 
ding. — Each leaf-bud may be 
regarded as a distinct individ- 
ual, capable of vegetating either 
in its native position, or when 
removed to another, as is exten- 
sively practised in the impor- 
tant operation of budding. 

260. Bulblets. In the Tiger-lily, Cicuta 
bulbifera, and Aspidium bulbiferum, the 
axillary buds spontaneously detach them- 
selves, fall to the ground, and become 
new plants. These remarkable little bodies are called bidblets. 

J?evie7V.—244. Two kinds of buds. 245. Define the leaf-bud. Show the leafy nature of 
the scales by fig. 273. The coating of buds. 247. Buds classed as to position. Location 
of the axillary buds. Two kinds. When do the axillary become terminal ? 218. What 





289, 290, Showinff the process 
of '■ budding." 



LEAF-AREANGEMENT. 



87 



if a part of them be suppressed ? What if all ? 240. What is a brachiate axis ? How iu 
the Pink ? How in Catalpa ? 250. What are accessory buds "? Adventitious ? Examples. 
252. What is Yei-nation ? How may we study it ? Considei-in<? each leaf alone, Avhen is 
it reclined ? — Conduplicate?— Plaited '? When circinate '?— Convolute ? — Involute ?— Revo- 
lute ? How is the vernation in Oak? — Dock? — Birch ?— Fern ? etc. 258. Considerino; 
leaves combined, when are the}^ obvolute ? — Equitant ? — Triquitrous ? 259. State the 
principle of Budding. What are'Bulblets ? 



CHAPTER XIX. 



PHYLLOTAXT, OE LEAF-AIIEA]S'GEMEXT. 



261. As the position of the leaf upon the stem marks the po- 
sition of the axillary bud, it follows that the order of the leaf- 
arrangement will be the order of the branches also. The care- 
ful investigation of this subject has developed a science of 
unexpected exactness and beauty, called phyllotaxy (cpvXXov, a 



leaf, Ta|icr, order.) 




291, Lndies'-slipper (leaves alternate): 292, Synandra granrtiflora (leaves opposite); 29i, Medeola Vir- 
giiiica (leaves verticillate); 293, Larix Americaua (leaves fasciculate). 

262. In regard to position, leaves are radical Avhen they grow 
out of the stem at or beneath the surface of the ground, so as to 
appear to grow from the roots ; cauU?ie, when they grow from 
llie stem ; and ramial {rarmis^ a branch), when from the branches. 



88 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 

Their arranojemeiit on the axis is according- to the followinsT 
general modes : 

Alternate^ one above another on opposite sides, as in the Ehn. 

Scattered^ irregularly spiral, as in the Potato vine. 

Hosulate^ clustered regularly, like the petals of a Rose, as in 
the Plantain and Shepherd's-purse. 

Fasciculate^ tufted, clustered many together in the axil, as 
seen in the Pine, Larch, Berberry. 

Opposite^ two, against each other, at the same node. Ex., 
Maple. 

Verticillate^ or whoried, more than two in a circle at each 
node, as in the Meadow-lily, Trumpet-weed. We may reduce 
all these modes to two general types, — the alternate^ inclu- 
ding all cases with one leaf at each node ; the opposite^ including 
cases with two or more leaves at each node. 

263. The true character of the alternate type may be learned 
by an experiment. Take a straight leafy shoot or stem of the 
Elm or Flax, or any other plant with seemingly scattered leaves, 
and beginning with the lowest leaf, pass a thread to the next 
above, thence to the next in the same direction, and so on by all 
the leaves to the top ; the thread will form a regular spiral. 
The opposite leaved type is also spiral, consisting of two or more 
parallel spirals — as many as there are leaves at the node. There- 
fore it is an established law that the course of denelopment in the 
growing plant is umversally spiral. But this, the formative 
CYCLE as it is called, has several varieties. 

264. The Sim cycle. In the strictly alternate arrangement 
(Elm, Linden, Grasses) the spiral thread makes one complete 
circuit and commences a new one at the third leaf. The third 
leaf stands over the first, the fourth over the second, and so on, 
forming two vertical rows of leaves. Here (calling each com- 
plete circuit a cycle) we observe, first, that this cycle is composed 
of two leaves ; second, that the angular distance between its 
leaves is |- a circle (180°) ; third, if we express this cycle math- 
ematically by I", the numerator (1) will denote the turns or revo- 
lutions, the denominator (2) its leaves, and the fraction itself the 
angular distance between the leaves (|- of 360°). 

265. The Alder cycle. In the Alder, Birch, Sedges, etc., 



LEAF-AREANGEMENT. 



89 



the cycle is not complete until the fourth leaf is reached. The 
fourth leaf stands over the first, the fifth over the second, etc., 
forming three vertical rows. Here call the cycle f ; 1 denotes 
the turns, 3 the leaves, and the fraction itself the angular dis- 
tance a of 360°). 

266. The Cherry cycle. In the Cherry, Apple, Peach, 
Oak, Willow, etc., neither the third nor the fourth leaf, but the 
sixth, stands over the first ; and in order to reach it the thread 
makes two turns around the stem. The sixth leaf is over the 
first, the seventh over the second, etc, forming five vertical 
rows. Call this the -| cycle ; 2 denotes the turns, 5 the leaves in 
the cycle, and the fraction itself the angular distance (f of 360°). 





297 



295, 293, 297, Showing the course of the spiral thread and the order of the leaf-succession in the axes ot 
Elm, Alder, and Cherry. 298. Axis ot Osage-orange with a section of the bark peeled, displaying the 
order of the leaf-scars (.cjxle %). 



267. The Osage-orange cycle. In the common hedge 
plant, Osage-orange, the Holly, Evening Primrose, Flax, etc., 
we find no leaf exactly over the first until we come to the 9th, 
and in reaching it the spiral makes three turns. Here the leaves 
form eight vertical rows. It is a f cycle ; 3 the number of turns, 
8 the number of leaves, and the fraction the angular distance be- 
tween the leaves (f of 360°). 

268. These several fractions which represent the above cycles 
form a series as follows : ^, ^, |, §, in which each term is the 



90 



STRUCTUKAL BOTANY. 



sum of the two preceding. The fifth terms in order will, there- 
fore, be -^ ; and this arrangement is actually realized in — 

269. The WMte Pine cycle. In the young shoots of the 
White Pine, in cones of most Pines, in Flea-bane (Erigeron 
Canadense), etc., the fourteenth leaf stands over the first, the 
fifteenth over the second, etc. The spiral thread makes five 
revolutious to complete the cycle, which is, therefore, truly ex- 
pressed by -iV 




299, Pliyllotaxy of the cone (cycle V21' of Finns serotina. The scales are numbered (1, 2, 3, etc.) in 
order as they occur in the fornjative cycle. Between 1 and 22 are 8 turns and 21 scales, etc. 300, 
Cherry cycle (-/a) f'* viewed from above, forming necessarily that kind of eestivation called quincuncial. 



270. The Hoiiseleek cycle is next in order, expressed by 
the fraction (^y ^y, having eight turns and twenty-one leaves. 
Examples are found in the Scotch Pine, Houseleek, and the cone 
of Pine figured above (§299). 

J?&vieiv.—2i}l. AVhat is the etymology of the word phyllotaxy ? 262. Explain " Lvs. 
radicar' — Lvs. cauline— Lvs. ramial. What is the alternate arrangement ?— Opposite ? 
— Scattered ? — Fasciculate l' — Verticillate ? Reduce to two general types. 203. What ex- 
periment reveals the true nature of these types? State the Law of plant-development. 
264. Carefully explain the Elm Cycle. Why is its index i ? 265. Explain also the Alder 
Cvcle and its index— and the other cycles. 268. Show the relation of these cycles. Ex- 
plain ligs. 299, 300. 



MOEPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 91 



CHAPTER XX. 

MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 

271. The leaf constitutes the verdure of plants, and is by far 
the most conspicuous and beautiful object in the scenery of 
nature. It is also of the highest importance in the vegetable 
economy, being the organ of digestion and respiration. It is 
characterized by a thin and expanded form, presenting the 
largest possible surface to the action of the air and light, which 
agents are indisj^ensable to the life and increase of the plant. 

The leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the substance of 
the bark, extended into a broad thin plate by means of a woody 
framework or skeleton, issuing from the inner part of the stem. 
The expanded portion is called the lamina or blade of the leaf, 
and it is either sessile^ that is, attached to the stem by its base, 
or it is petiolate, attached to the stem by a footstalk called 
the petiole. 

272. The regular petiole very often bears at its base a pair 
of leaf-like appendages, more or less apparent, called stipules. 
Leaves so appendaged are said to be stipulate / otherwise they 
are exstip)idate. 

273. Therefore a complete leaf consists of three distinct parts — 
the lamina or blade, the petiole, and the stipules. But they are 
subject to endless transformations. Either of them may exist 
without the others, or they may all be transformed into other 
organs, as pitchers, spines, tendrils, and even into the organs of 
the flower, as will hereafter appear. 

274. The Petiole in form is rarely cylindrical, but more gen- 
erally flattened or channelled o\i the upper side. When it is flat- 
tened in a vertical direction, it is said to be compressed., as in 
the Aspen or Poplar. In this case the blade is ver}- unstable, 
and agitated by the least breath of wind. The icinged petiole 
is flattened or expanded into a margin, but laterally instead of. 
vertically, as in the Asters. Sometimes the margins outrun the 
petioles, and extend down the stem, making that winged, or 



m 



STEUCTURAL BOTANY. 



alate, also. Such leaves are said to be decurrent (decurro, run 
down). Ex., Mullein. 

275. The amplexicaul petiole is dilated at the base into a 
margin which surrounds or clasps the stem, as in the TJmbelli- 
fers. Frequently we find the stem-clasping margins largely 
developed, constituting a sheath — with free edges in the Grasses, 
or closed into a tube in the Sedges, 

276. The petiole is simple in the simple leaf, but compound 
or branched in the compound leaf, with as many branches {^petio- 
lules) as there are divisions of the lamina. A leaf is simple when 
its blade consists of a single piece, however cut, cleft, or divided; 
and compound when it consists of several distinct blades, sup- 
ported by as many branches of a compound petiole. 

277. Stipules are certain leaf-like expansions, always in pairs, 
situated one on each side of the petiole near the base. They do 
not occur in every plant, but are pretty uniformly present in 
each species of the same natural order. In substance and color 
they usually resemble the leaf; sometimes they are colored like 
the stem, often they are membi-anous and colorless. In the 
Palmetto its substance is a coarse net-work resembling canvas. 







301, Rose leaf, ocid-piiniate, with aanate stipules. 302, Violet (V. tricolor), with simple leaf ( O, and free 

compouud stipules. 

278. Stipules are often adnate^ or adherent to the petiole, as in 
the Rose ; more generally they are free, as in the Pea and 
Pansy. In these cases and others they act the part of leaves ; 
again they are very small and inconspicuous. 

279. An Ochrea is a membranous sheath enclosing the stem 
from the node upward, as in the Knot-grass family (Polygo- 
nacese). It is formed of the two stipules cohering by their two 
margins. In case the two stipules cohere by their outer margin 



MOEPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 



d'd 



only, a double stipule is formed opposite to the leaf, as in the 
Buttonwood. If they cohere by their inner margin, the double 
stipule appears in the leaf axil, as in the Pond-weed (Potamo- 
geton). The Ligule of the Grasses is generally regarded as a 
double axillary stipule. The leaflets of compound leaves are 
sometimes furnished with little stipules, called stipels. 

280. Inter-petiolar stipules occur in a few opposite-leaved 
tribes, as the Galium tribe. Here we find them as mere bristles 
in Diodia, while in Galium they look like the leaves, forming 
whorls. Such whorls, if complete, will be apparently 6-leaved, 
consisting of two true leaves and four stipules. But the adja- 
cent stipules are often united, and the w^horl becomes 4-leaved. 




303, Leaf of Selinum, trip' inate, with sheathing petiole. 30i, Leaf of Polvgonnm Pennsylvanicura 
with its (a) ochrea. 305, Ouhn of Grass, with joint (;), leaf (?), ligule (a). 306, Leaf of Pear-tree, 
witli slender stipules. 



281. Stipules are o^Qn fugacious, existing as scales in the bud, 
and falling when the leaves expand, or soon after, as in the 
Magnolia and Tulip-tree. 

282. Nature of veins. The blade of the leaf consists of, 
(1) the frame-worJc, and (2) the tissue commonly called the^:)a- 
renchyma. The frame-work is made up of the branching vessels 
of the footstalk, w^hich are woody tubes pervading the paren- 
chyma, and conveying nourishment to every part. Collectively, 
these vessels are called veins, from the analogy of their functions. 
Venation is a term denoting the manner in Avhich the veins are 
divided and distributed. The several organs of venation, differ- 
nig from each other only in size and position, may be termed 
the midvein, veins, veinlets, and veinulets. (The old terms, 7nid- 
rih and nerves, being anatomically absurd, are here discarded.) 



94 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



283. The Midvein is the principal axis of the venation, or pro- 
longation of the petiole, running directly through the lamina, 
from base to apex, as seen in the leaf of the Oak or Birch. If 
there be several similar divisions of the petiole, radiating from 
the base of the leaf, they are appropriately termed Veins ; and 
the leaf is said to be three-veined, five-veined, as in Maple. The 
primary branches sent off from the midvein or the veins we may 
term the Vezjilets, and the secondary branches, or those sent off 
from the veinlets, are the Veimilets. These also branch and 
subdivide until they become too small to be seen. 




Varieties of venation. — 307, Feather-veined,— leaf of Betula populifolia (White Birch), lying upon a 
leaf of Plum-tree ; same venation witli different outlinos. oUS, Palmate-veined,— leaf of White Maple, 
contrasted with leaf of Cercis Canadensis. 309, Parallel venation, — plant of "three-leaved Solomon's- 
seal" (Smilacina trifoliata), 310, Forked venation, — Climbing Fern {Lygodium). 

284. Botanists distinguish three modes of venation, whicli are 
in general characteristic of three Grand Divisions of the Vege- 
table Kingdom — viz. : 

Reticulate or Net-veined^ as in the Dicotyledons (called also 
Exoge:^s). This kind of venation is characterized by the fre- 
quent reunion or inosculation of its numerously branching veins, 
so as to form a kind of irregular net-work. 

Parallel-veined, as in the Moxocotyledoxs (called also Endo- 
GExs). The veins, whether straight or curved, run parallel, or 



MOIIPHOLOGY OP THE LEAF. 95 

side by side, to the apex of the leaf or to the margin, and are 
connected by simple transverse veinlets hardly seen. 

Fo'rJc-vemed, as in the Ferns (and other Cryptogams where 
veins are present at all). Here the veins divide and subdivide 
in a forked manner, and do not reunite. 

285. Of the Keticulate venation the student should carefully 
note three leading forms : viz., The Feather-xseined (pinni-veined) 
leaf is that in which the venation consists of a midvein giving oif 
at intervals lateral veinlets and branching veinulets, as in the 
leaf of Beech, Chestnut. In the Hadlate-veiiied (palmi-veined) 
leaf the venation consists of several veins of nearly equal size 
radiating from the base toward the circumference, each with its 
own system of veinlets. Ex., Maple, Crowfoot. Lastly, the 
Tripli-veined seems to be a form intermediate between the two 
former, where the lowest pair of veinlets are conspicuously 
stronger than the others, and extend with the midvein toward 
the summit (see fig. 319). 

286. In parallel-veined venation the veins are either straight^ 
as in the linear leaf of the Grasses ; curved, as in the oval leaf of 
the Orchis ; or transverse, as in the Canna, Calla, etc. 

Eeriew. — 2T1. How does the leaf fig-ure iu landscape ?ceneiy ? Its general character? 
What is the hlade ? The petiole ? Explain sessile — Petiolate. 272. What are stipules ? 
How many ? Two special terms. 273. When is the leaf complete ? Transformations. 
274. Describe the petiole of Aspen — Of Aster, etc. What peculiar in the leaves of Mul- 
lein ? What is amplexicaul ? What constitutes a sheath? What figure? What are 
petiolules ? 276. Distinguish simple and compound. 277. Wliere are the stipules ? Ap- 
pearance ? Are they always present ? 278. What of the Eose ?— The Pansy ? 279. What 
of Ochrese ? 280. What of the stipules of Galium ?— Of Pond-weed ?— Of Grasses ?— Of 
Battonwood ? What are stipels ? 282. Structure of the Blade. What is Venation ? Its 
organs ? Why veins rather than ribs ? 283. Define Midvein. What leaf has such ? De- 
fine vein, as in Maple. Veinlets. Veinulets. 284. Name and describe the Venation of 
the Exogens— Of the Endogens— Of the Ferns. 285. What leaf is pinni-veined? — 
Palmi-vemed ?— Tripli-veined ? Parallel venation how varied ? 



CHAPTER XXI. 

MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF CONTINUED. 

287. That infinite variety of beautiful and graceful forms for 
which the leaf is distinguished, becomes intelligible to the stu- 
dent only when viewed in connection with its venation. Since 
it is through the veins alone that nutriment is conveyed for the 



96 



STEUOTUEAL BOTANY. 



develoi^ment and extension of the parenchyma, it follows that 
there will be the greatest extension of outline where the veins 
are largest and most numerous. Consequently the form of the 
leaf will depend upon the direction of the veins and the vigor 
of their action in developing the intervening tissue. In accord- 
ance with this theory, leaf-forms wdll be classed in respect to 
their venation. 




Forms of leaves^. — 311, Rhododendron maximum. 312, Alnns glutinosa (cult.). 313, Polygonum sagit- 
tatum. 314, Pawpaw. 315, Impatiens fulva. 316, Celtis Americana. 317, Circsea Lutetiana. 318, 
Catmint. 319, Solidago Canadensis — a tripli- veined leaf. 

288. Feather- veined leaves. Of these, the following 
forms depend upon the length of the veinlets in relation to each 
other and to the midvein. ~When the lower veinlets are longer 
than the others, the form of the blade will be (1) ovate, with the 
outline of an Qgg, the broad end at the base ; (2) lanceolate, or 
lance-shaped, narrower than ovate, tapering gradually upward ; 
(3) deltoid, or triangular-shaped, like the Greek letter A. 

289. If the middle veinlets exceed the others in length, the leaf 
will be (4) orhicidar, roundish, or quite circular; (5) elliptical, 
with the outline of an ellipse, nearly twice longer than broad ; 
(6) oval, broadly elliptical ; (7) oblong, narrowly elliptical. 

290. When the veinlets are more largely developed in the upper 
region of the leaf, its form becomes (8) ohovate, inversely ovate, 
the narrow end at base ; (9) ohlanceolate, that is, lanceolate with 



MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 



97 



the narrow end at base; (10) spatulate^ like a spatula, with a 
narrow base and a broader, rounded apex; (11) cuneate or cune- 
iform^ shaped like a wedge with the point backward. 




6 5 7 11 10 9 8 

320-330, Diagrams of pinnate-veined leaf-forms. 

291. Again : if the lowest j^cciT of veinlets are length- 
ened and 7nore or less recurved, the leaf will be vari- 
ously modified in respect to its base, becoming (12) 
cordate, or heart-shaped, an ovate outline with a sinus 
or re-entering angle at base ; (13) auriculate, with ear- 
shaped lobes at base ; (14) sagittate, arrow-shaped, with the 
lobes pointed, and directed backward ; (15) hastate, halbert- 
shaped, the lobes directed outward. 

337 vo-v^ 336 





Jbnnso/Zea?;es.— 330, SileneVirginica. 331, Magnolia Fraseri. 336, Arabis dentata. 337, Polygonum 
orifolium 332, Hepatica acutiloba. 333, Asarum Virginicum. 331, Hydrocotyle Americana. 335, 
n. umbellata. 

292. Pinnatifid forms. The following pinnate-veined forms, 
approaching the compound leaf, depend less upon the proportion 
of the veinlets than upon the relative development of the inter- 

7 



98 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



veiling tissue. The -pre^x pinnated is obviously used in contrast 
with palmated among palmate-veined forms. 

293. Pinno.tifid [pintia^ feather, j^^ic^o, to cleave), feather-cleft, 
the tissue somewhat sharply cleft between the veinlets about 
half-way to the mid vein, forming oblong segments. When the 
segments of a pinnatifid leaf are pointed and curved backward, 
it becomes runcinate^ i. e., re-uncinate. When the terminal seg- 
ment of a pinnatifid leaf is orbicular in figure and larger than 
any other, presenting the form of the ancient lyre, the form is 
termed lyrate. 




Feather-veined leaves, approacMng the compound. — 338, Quercus imbricaria — xindulate. 339, Q. alba 
(M'^hite Oak) — lobate-sinuate. 340, Q. macrocarpa — lyrate. 341, Mulgedium (Milkweed). 342, Bipin- 
Datifid leaf of Ambrosia artemisifolia (Hogweed). 

294. Pinnately parted implies that the incisions are deeper 
than pinnatifid, nearly reaching the mid vein. In either case the 
leaf is said to be si7iuate when the incisions (sinuses) as well as 
the segments are rounded and flowing in outline. Such segments 
are lobes, and the leaves lohate or lobed, a very generic term. 

295. Palmate forms. The palmate venation presents us 
with a set of forms which are, in general, broader in proportion 
than the pinnate, having the breadth about equal to the length. 
Such a leaf may be rarely broadly ovate, or broadly cordate, 
terms which require no further explanation. Or it may be 
JReniform, kidney-shaped, having a flowing outline broader than 
long, concave at base; or Peltate, shield-form, the petiole not 
inserted at the margin, but in the midst of the lower surface of 
the blade. This singular form evidently results from the blend- 



MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 



99 



ing of the base lobes of a deeply cordate leaf, as seen in hydro- 
cotyle. It may be orbicular, oval, etc. 




Feather-veined leaves almoxt compound.— Si\ Nigella (pirinatisect). 344, (^heledonium majus. 345, This- 
tle (Cirsium lanceolatum). 346, Dandelion (runcinate-lyrate). 

296. The following result from deficiency of tissue, causing 
deep divisions between the veins. Leaves thus dissected are 
said to be pahnately-lohecl when either the segments or the si- 




Palmate-veined leaves. — 347, Menispermum Canadense. 348, Passiflora cerulea. 349, Broussonetia pa- 

pyrifera. 350, Oak Geranium. 

nuses are somewhat rounded and continuous. The number of 
lobes is denoted by such terms as Mlohctte, trilobate^ Jive-lohed, 
etc. Leaves are palmatety cleft and palmately parted^ according 



100 



STEUCTURAL BOTANY. 



to the depth of the incisions as above described. But the most 
peculiar modification is the Pedate, like a bird's foot, having the 
lowest pair of veins enlarged, recurved, 
and bearing each several of the seg- 
ments (348). 

297. The forms of the parallel- 
veined leaves are remarkable for their 
even, flowing outlines, diversified solely 
by the direction and curvature of the 
veins. When the veins are straight, the 
most common form is the Linear^ long 
and narrow, w^ith parallel margins, like 
the leaves of the Grasses — a form which 
may also occur in the pinnate-veined 
leaf, when the veinlets are all equally 
shortened. The ensiform^ or sword- 
shaped, is also linear, but has its edges 
vertical, that is, directed upward and 
downward. 

298. If the veins curve, we may have 
the lanceolate^ elliptical^ or even orbicu- 
lar forms ; and if the lower curve down- 
ward, the cordate^ sagittate^ etc. Pal- 
mate forms there also are, splendidly 
developed in the Palmetto and other 
Palms, whose large leaves are appropri- 
ately cdiW^di flahelliform (fan-shaped). 

299. The leaves of the Pine and the Fir tribe (Coniferse) gen- 
erally are parallel-veined also, and remarkable for their con- 
tracted forms, in which there is no distinction of petiole or blade. 
Such are the Acerose (needle-shaped) leaves of the Pine, the 
Subidate (awl-shaped) and scale-form leaves of the Cedars, etc. 




351, Ensiform leaves of Iris. 352, 
Acerose leaves of Piims. 353, Subu- 
late leaves of Juiiiperus communis. 



Review.— '^1. Account for the leaf's figure. What the principle of our classification? 
288. Of feather-veined forms, define the first class. Defijae each special form. 289. The 
second class. Each special form. 290. The third class. Define an obovate leaf— An ob- 
lanceolate— A spatulate— A cuneate. 291. Define the fourth class. Distinguish four spe- 
cial forms. Apply the proper term to each figure (311-319). 292. On what do the pinna- 
tifid forms depend ? Describe the pinnatifid leaf— The runcinate— The lyrate. 294. What 
is pinnately-parted ?— Sinuate ? 295. What forms may a palmi-veined leaf take ? Define 
reniform— "Peltate. Observe (fig. 317-350) which is palmately cleft— Parted— Lobed. De- 
fine pedate. 297. What is remarl?ed of the parallel-veined leaves? Examples of the 
linear— Ensiform— Accrose—Flabelliform— Subulate. 



THE COMPOUKD LEAF. 



101 



CHAPTER XXII. 



THE COMPOUIS^D LEAF, ETC. 

300. If we conceive of a simple leaf becoming a compound 
one, on the principle of " deficiency of tissue between the veins," 
it will be evident that the same forms of venation are represented 
by the branching petioles of the latter as by the veins of the 
former. The number and arrangement of the parts will there- 
fore in like manner correspond with the mode of venation. 

301. The divisions of a compound leaf are called leaflets y and 
the same distinction of outline, margin, etc., occur in them as in 
simple leaves. ^\vq petiolules of the leaflets may or may not be 
articulated to the main petiole, or rachis^ as it is called. 




Compound kat-es.— 354, Trifolium repens. 355, Desmodium rotundifolium. 356, Sesbania. 357, Cas- 

sia. 358, Agrimonia. 

302. Pinnately compound. From the pinnate-veined ar- 
rangement we may have the pinnate leaf, where the petiole 
(midvein) bears a row of leaflets on each side, either sessile or 
petiolulate, generally equal in number and opposite. It is un- 
equally pinnate (357) when the rachis bears an odd terminal 
leaflet, and equally pinnate (356) when there is no terminal 



102 



STKUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



leaflet, and interruptedly pinnate when the leaflets are alter- 
nately large and small (358). 

303. The number of leaflets in the pinnate leaf varies from 
thirty pairs and upward (as in some Acacias), down to three, 
when the leaf is said to be ternate or trifoliate / or two, becom- 
ina; hhiate : or finally even to one leaflet in the Lemon. Such a 
leaf is theoretically comjDound, on account of the leaflet (blade) 
being articulated to the petiole. 




Compowid leaves. — 359, Clematis. 360, Erigenia bulbosa. 361. Acacia. 362, Honey-locust 

304. A bipinnate leaf (twice j^hmate) is formed when the 
rachis heSiYS pinnce or secondary pinnate leaves, instead of leaf- 
lets (361), and tripinnate (thrice pinnate) when pinnae take the 
places of the leaflets of a bipinnate leaf (360). When the divi- 
sion is still more com23licated, the leaf is decompound. Different 
degrees of division often exist in different parts of the same leaf, 
illustrating the gradual transition of leaves from sim23le to com- 
pound in all stages. The leaves of the Honey-locust and Cofffee- 
tree (Gymnocladus) often afford curious and instructive exam- 
ples (362). 

305. A hiternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of a ternate 
leaf give place themselves to ternate leaves (359), and triternate 
when the leaflets of a biternate leaf again give place to ternate 
leaves. 

306. Palmately compound. The palmate venation has 



THE COMPOUND LEAF. 



103 



also its peculiar forms of compound leaves, as ternate, quinate, 
septinate, etc., according to the number of leaflets which arise 
together from the summit of the petiole. Ternate leaves of this 
venation are to be carefully distinguished from those of the 
pinnate plan. The palmately ternate leaf consists of three leaf- 
lets, which are either all sessile or stalked alike ; the pinnately 
ternate has the terminal leaflet raised above the other two on 
the prolonged rachis (354, 355). 




365 I 364 #^363 

363, Lemon. 361, Jeffersonia. 365, Potentilla anserina. 366, P. tridentata. 

307. Apex. In regard to the termination of a leaf or leaflet 
at its apex, it may be acuminate, ending with a long, tapering 
point ; cuspidate, abruptly contracted to a sharp, slender point ; 
mitcronate, tipped with a spiny point ; acute, simply ending with 
an angle ; obtuse, rounded at the point. Or the leaf may end 




367-375, Apex of leaves, a, obcordate; h, emarginate; c, retuse; d, truncate; e, obtuse: /, acute; g^ 
mucronate; /I, cuspidate; Z-, acuminate. 
376-380, Bases of leaves. I, hastate; m, n, sagittate; o, auriculate; p, cordate; q, reniform. 

without a 23oint, being truncate, as if cut square off*; retuse, 
with a rounded end slightly depressed where the point should 
be ; emarginate, having a small notch at the end ; obcordate, 
inversely heart-shaped, having a deep indentation at the end. 
308. Margin. The following terms are used to define the 



STEUCTUBAL BOTANY. 



margin of the leaf or leaflet, with no reference to the general 
form. If the leaf be even-edged, having the tissue completely 
filled out, the appropriate term is, entire. Sometimes a vein runs 
along such a margin as if a hem. 

309. But when the marginal tissue is deficient, the leaf be- 
comes dentate, having sharp teeth pointing outward from the 
centre ; serrate, with sharp teeth pointing forward, like the teeth 
of a saw ; crenate, with rounded or blunt teeth. The terms 
denticulate, serridate, crenulate, denote finer indentations of the 
several kinds ; doubly dentate, etc. , denote that the teeth are 
themselves toothed. 

381 /\ A^^^ 

38'? 




381, Serrate leaf of Chestnut. 382, Doubly serrate leaf of Elm. 383, Dentate leaf of Arrow-wood. 
384, Crenate leaf of Catmint. 385, Repand leaf of Circaea. 386, Undulate leaf of Shingle Oak. 387, 
Lobed leaf of Chrysanthemum. 

310. The undidate, or wavj^ edge, is somewhat different from 
the repand, which bends like the margin of an umbrella. If the 
A^eins project, and are tipped with spines, the leaf becomes 
spinous. Irregularly divided margins are said to be erose or 
jagged, laciniate or torn, incised or cut. Often, instead of a 
deficiency, there is a superabundance of marginal tissue, de- 
denoted by the term crispate or crisped. 

311. Insertion. Several important terms descriptive of the 
various modes of leaf-insertion must here be noticed. A sessile 
leaf is said to be amplexicaul when its base lobes adhere to and 



THE COMPOUND LEAF. 



105 

c 



clasp the stem. Should these lobes extend quite around the 
stem and become blended together, on the other side a perfoliate 
leaf will be formed (^er, through, folium^ leaf), the stem seem- 
ing to pass through the leaves. When the bases of two opposite 
sessile leaves are so united as to form one piece of the two, they 
are said to be connate. 




J/wertiono/Jeaues.— 388, Aster laevis (amplexicaul). 389, Uvularia perfoliata. 390, Lonicera semper- 

virens (connate). 

312. Surface. The following terms are applicable to any 
other organs as well as leaves. In the quality of surface the 
leaf may be glabrous (smooth), destitute of all hairs, bristles, 
etc., or scabrous (rough), with minute, hard points, hardly visi- 
ble. A dense coat of hairs will render the leaf pubescent when 
the hairs are soft and short ; villous when they are rather long 
and weak ; sericeous^ or silky, when close and satin-like : such 
a coat may also be lanuginous^ woolly ; tomentous^ matted like 
felt ; or Jloccose, in soft, fleecy tufts. 

313. Thinly scattered hairs render the surface hirsute when 
they are long ; pilous when short and soft ; hispid when short 
and stiff*. The surface will be setous when beset with bristly 
hairs called setae / and spinous when beset with spines, as in the 



106 STKUCTURAL BOTANY. 

Thistle and Horse-nettle. Leaves may also be armed with 
stinging hairs which are sharj) and tubular, containing a poison- 
ous fluid, as in Nettles and Jatropha stiraulans (503). 

314. Kpruinous surface is covered with a bluish- white waxy 
powder, called hloom^ as in the Cabbage ; and a punctate leaf 
is dotted with colored points or pellucid glands. 

315. In texture leaves may be monhraiioiis^ or coriaceous 
(leathery), or succulent (fleshy), or scarious (dry), rugous (wrin- 
kled), etc., which terms need only to be mentioned. 

316. Dou'ble terms. The modifications of leaves are almost endless. Many other 
terras are defined in the glossary, yet it will often be found necessary in the exact descrip- 
tion of a plant to combine two or more of the terms defined in order to express some in- 
tei-mediate figure or quality ; thus ovate-lanceolate^ signifying a form between ovate and 
lanceolate, etc. 

SIT. The Latin preposition siib (under) prefixed to a descriptive term denotes the 
quality which the term expresses, in a lower degree, as subsessile, nearly sessile, subser- 
rate, somewhat serrate. 

Review. — 300. How a simple leaf may become compound. 301. What are the leaflets ? 
—The petiolules ?— The rachis ? 302. JDescribe the pinnate leaf. What sort is fig. 350 ?— 
857?— 358? 303. Numbers of leaflets ?— In trifoliate ?— In binate ? What of the Lemon 
leaf? What is bipinnate?— Tripinnate? — Decompound? What singularity in the leaf 
of Honey-locust ? Define a biternate leaf. — A. triternate. Distinguish pa^ma^^e^y and ^in- 
nately_ ternate. What kind of leaf-form is flg. 355 ? — 359 ? — 3(j5 ? Name and define the 
acuminate, and other forms of leaf-points. What leaf is truncate ? — Bmarginate ? etc. 
309. Speaking merely of the margin, when is it entire ? — Dentate ?— Serrate?— Crenate? 
What if the teeth are fine ?— Doubly serrate ? 310. Undulate ? Erose ? Crisped? 312. 
As to surface, what is glabrous ? — Scabrous ? With a dense coat of hairs, mention six 
modifications. Distinguish hirsute — Pilous— Hispid. Also setous, spinous. 314, What 
covers the pruinous surface? Explain such terms as ovate-lanceolate. Use of sub? 
Explain fig. 388, 389, 390. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

TRANSFOKMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 

318. Hitherto we have considered the leaf as foliage merely — 
constituted the flt organ of aeration by its large expansion of 
surface. This is indeed the chief, but not the only aspect in 
which it is to be viewed. The leaf is a typical form ; that is, a 
type, or an idea of the Divine Architect, whence is derived the 
form of every other appendage of the plant. To trace out this 
idea in all the disguises under which it lurks, is one of the flrst 
aims of the botanist. Several of these forms of disguise have 
already been noticed — for example : 

319. The scales which clothe the various forms of scale- 



TRANSFOKMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 



107 



stems are leaves, or more usimllj pet loles, reduced and distorted, 
perhaps by the straitened circumstances of their underground 
growth. The scales of corms and rhizomas are mostly mere 
membranes, while those of the bulb are fleshy, serving as deposi- 
toiies of food for the future use of the plant. That these scales 
are leaves is evident — 1st, from their position at the nodes of the 
stem ; 2d, from their occasional development into true leaves. 
Of the same nature are the brown scales of Winter buds. 

320. The cotyledons of seeds or seed-lobes are readily recog- 
nized as leaves, esj^ecially when they arise above-ground in ger- 
mination, and form the first pair upon the young plant ; as in 
the Beechnut and Squash-seed. Their deformity is due to the 
starchy deposits with which they are crammed for the nourish- 
ment of the embryo when germinating, and also to the way in 
which they are packed in the seed. 




Ascidia.—Z9l, Nepenthes. 392, Sarracenia psittacina. 393, S. purpurea. 394, S. Gronovii, (3- Drum- 
moudii. 395, Acacia heterophylla — its phyllodia. 

321. Phyllodia are certain leaf-forms, consisting of petioles 
excessively compressed, or expanded vertically into margins, 
while the true lamina is partly or entirely supj^ressed. Fine 
examples are seen in our greenhouse Acacias from Australia. 
Their vertical or edgewise position readily distinguishes them 
from true leaves. 

322. Ascidia, or pitchers, are surprising forms of leaves, ex- 



108 



STKUCTURAL BOTANY. 



pressly contrived, as if by art, for holding water. The pitchers 
of Sarracenia, whose several species are common in bogs N^orth 
and South, are evidently formed by the blending of the involute 
margins of the broadly winged petioles, so as to form a complete 
vase. The broad expansion which appears at the top may be 
regarded as the lamina. These pitchers contain water, in which 
insects are drowmed, being prevented from escaping by the de- 
flexed hairs at the mouth. Other pitcher-bearing plants are 
equally curious ; as Darlingtonia of California, Nepenthes and 
Dischidia of the East Indies. In Dionsea of IS'orth Carolina, 
the leaves are transformed to spiny, snapping fly-traps ! 

323. Many weak-stemmed water-plants are furnished with Air- 
bladders, or little sacks filled with air to buoy them up near to 
the surface. Such are the bladders of the common Bladderwort, 
formed from the leaf-lobes. In the Horned-bladderwort, the 
floats are made of the six upper inflated petioles lying upon the 
surface of the water like a wheel-shaped raft, and sustaining the 
flower upon its own elevated stalk. 




396, Leaf of Greenbrier, with tendrils in place of stipules. 397, Leaf of Everlasting Pea — tendrils at end 
of rachis. 398, Leaf of Gloriosa — apex ends in a tendril. 399, Air-bladder of Horn Pondweed. 

324. The Tendril is a thread-like, coiling appendage, fur- 
nished to certain weak-stemmed plants as their means of support 
in place. Its first growth is straight, and it remains so until it 
reaches some object, when it immediately coils itself about it, 
and thus acquires a firm though elastic hold. This beautiful 
appendage is finely exemplified in the Cucurbitacese and Grape, 
above cited ; also in many species of the Pea tribe (Leguminosae), 
where it is appended to the leaves. It is not a new organ, but 
some old one transformed and adapted to a new purpose. In 
Gloriosa superba, the midvein of the leaf is prolonged beyond 
the blade into a coiling tendril. In the Pea, Vetch, etc., the 



TKANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 



109 



tendrils represent the attenuated leaf-blades themselves. Again, 
the entire leaf sometimes becomes a tendril in Lathyrus, while 
the stipules act as leaves. 

325. The petiole of the leaf of Clematis, otherwise unchanged, 
coils like a tendril for the support of the vine. In the Green- 
brier, the stipules are changed to tendrils, which thus arise in 
pairs from the base of the petioles. So probably in the Gourd. 

326. But the tendrils of the Grapevine are of a different nature. From their position 
opposite the leaves, and the tubercles occasionally seen upon them, representing flower- 
buds, they are inferred to be abortive, or transformed flower-stalks. 




Thorns — 100, Crataegus parvifolia (thorns axillary). 401, Honey-locust. 402, Common Locust. 403, 

Berberis — a, a, its thorns. 

327. Many plants are armed, as if for self-defence, with hard, 
sharp-pointed, w^oody processes, called spi/ies or thorns. Those 
which are properly called spines originate from leaves. In Ber- 
beris the spines are evidently transformed leaves, as the same 
plant exhibits leaves in every stage of the metamorphosis. In 
Goat's-thorn (Astragalus tragacanthus) of S. Europe, the pe- 
tioles change to spines after the leaflets fall off. In the Locust 
(Robinia), there is a pair of spines at the base of the petiole, in 
place of stipules. 

328. Thorns originate from axillary buds, and are abortive branches. This is e-vident 
from their position in the Hawthorn and Osage-orange. The Apple and Pear tree in 
their wild state produce thorns, but by cultivation become thomless ; that is, the axil- 
lary bads, through better tillage, develop branches instead of thorns. The terrible 



110 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 

branching thorns of the Honey-locust originate just above the axil, from accessory buds. 
Prickles differ from either spines or thorns, growing from the epidermis upon stems or 
leaves, at no determinate point, and consisting of hardened cellular tissues, as iu the 
Rose, Bramble. 

329. By a more gentle transformation, leaves pass into JBracts^ 
which are those smaller, reduced leaf-forms situated near and 
among the flowers. So gradual is the transition from leaves 
to bracts — in the Peony, e. g. — that no absolute limits can be as- 
signed. Equally gradual is the transition from bracts to sepals 
of the flower — afibrding a beautiful illustration of the doctrine 
of metamorphosis (§ 330, etc.) Bracts will be further consid- 
ered under the head of Infloi-escence. 

Review. — 317. Early aim of the botanist ? 319. Prove that scales are transformed leaves. 
Three varieties of such scales. 320. Nature of the cotyledons? Proof? Why so de- 
formed? 321. What are the " leaves" of Acacia ? 322. Give the nature of ascidia — The 
four examples given. What of the leaves of Dionaea ? 323. Use of air-bladders ? 324. 
Use of the tendril ? Is this a neiv organ ? Whence that of Pea ? — Lathyrus ?— Gloriosa ? 
In Clematis what organs serve as tendrils? — In Greenbrier ?— In the Grapevine? 327. 
Nature of the spines in Berberis ? — Goat's-thorn ? — Locust? 328. The thorn of a differ- 
ent nature. When do trees lose their thorns ? What are prickles ? 329. Nature of 
Bracts ? 



CPIAPTER XXIV. 

METAMOEPHOSIS OF THE FLOWEE. 

330. It has already been announced (§ 37) that a flower is a 
metamorphosed, that is, a transformed branch. 'So new princi- 
ple or element was devised to meet this new necessity in the 
life of the plant, viz., the perpetuation of its kind ; but the leaf^ 
that same protean form- which we have already detected in 
shapes so numerous and diverse, the leaf, is yet ont^e more in 
nature's hand moulded into a series of forms of superior elegance, 
touched with colors more brilliant, and adapted to a higher 
sphere as the organs of reproduction. 

331. Proofs of this doctrine appear on every hand, both in 
the natural and in the artificial development of plants. We 
mention a few instances. The thoughtful student will observe 
many more. 

332. In most flowers, as in the Poppy, very little evidence 
of the metamorphosis appears, simply because it has been so 
complete. Its sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils — how unlike ! 



METAMOEPHOSIS OF THE FLOWEE. 



Ill 



Can these be of one and the same element ? Look again. Here 
is a double flower, a Poppy of the gardens, artificially devel- 
oped ; its slender white stamens have indeed expanded into 
broad red petals ! 

333. The argument begins with the sepals. In the Kose and 
Pseony, and in most flowers, the sepals have all the character- 
istics of leaves — color, form, venation, etc. The transition from 
leaves to bracts and from bracts to sepals is so gradual as to 
place their identity beyond doubt. Again, in Calicanthus, the 
sepals pass by insensible gradations into petals ; and in the 

Hence, if the se- 

406 



Lilies these two organs are almost identical. 




404, Papaver (poppy) — ,<!, stamens; 75, stigmas. 405, Sepal. 406, Petal— all very different. 407, Petals 
of the Water-lily (NymphEea) gradually passing into stamens. 

pals are leaves, the petals are leaves also. In respect to the na- 
ture of the stamens, the Water-lily is particularly instructive. 
Here we see a perfect gradation of forms from stamens to petals, 
and thence to sepals, where, half-Avay between the two former, 
we find a narrow petal tipped with the semblance of an anther 
(410). Finally, cases of close resemblance between stamen and 
pistil, so unlike in the Poppy, are not wanting. For example, 
the Tulip-tree. 

334. Teratology. Cases in artificial development where organs of one kind are 
converted, into those of another kind by cultivation, afford undeniable evidence of the 
doctrine in question— ^7ie Jiomology of all the floral organs tvith each other and with the 
leaf. Such cases are frequent in the garden, and, however much admired, they are mon- 
strous., because unnatural. In all double flow^ers, as Rose, Pseony, Camellia, the stamens 
have been reconverted into petals, either wholly or partially, some yet remaining in 
every conceivable stage of the transition. In the double Butter-cup (416) the pistils as 
well as stamens revert to petals, and in the garden Cherry, Flo^vering Almond, a pair of 
green leaves occupy the place of the pistils. By still further changes all parts of the 
flower manifest their foliage. affinities, and the entire flower-bud, after having given clear 
indications of its floral character, is at last developed into a leafy branch (417), Further 
evidence of this view will appear in the— 



112 



STEUCTURAL BOTANY. 



335. ^Estivation of the flower-bud. This term (from 
cestivus^ of Summer) refers to the arrangement of the floral 
envelopes while yet in the bud. It is an important subject, since 
in general the same mode of aestivation regularly characterizes 
whole tribes or orders. It is to the flower-bud what vernation 
(vernus, Spring) is to the leaf-bud. The various modes of aesti- 
vation are best observed in sections of the bud made by cutting 
it through horizontally when just ready to open. From such 
sections our diagrams are copied. 




415, Ranunculus acris; a single flower. 416, R. acris, P. plena, a double flower 
the flowers changing to leafy branches (Lindley). 




417, Epacris impressa; 



336. Separately considered, we find each organ here folded 
in ways similar to those of the leaf-bud ; that is, the sepal or 
the petal may be convolute, involute, revohtte, etc., terms already 
defined. Collectively considered, the aestivation of the flower 
occurs in four general modes with their variations — the valvate, 
the contorted, imbricate, and plicate. 

337. In valvate aestivation the pieces meet by their mar- 
gins without any overlapping ; as in the sepals of the Mallow, 
petals of Hydrangea, valves of a capsule. The following va- 



METAMORPHOSIS OF THE FLOWER. 



113 



rieties of the valvate occur : Induplicate, where each piece is in- 
volute — i. e., has its two margins bent or rolled inward, as in 
Clematis ; or reduplicate^ when each piece is revolute — having 
its margins bent or rolled outward, as in the sepals of Althea 
rosea (419, 420). 

i 338. Contorted aestivation is where each piece overlaps 
its neighbor, all in the same direction, appearing as if twisted 
together, as in Phlox, Flax, Oleander (421). 

418 
422 ^.^m^. 420 




418-425, Modes of ajstivation. 424, Petals of the Wall-flower. 

339. Imbricated aestivation {imbrex^ a tile) is a term re- 
stricted to those modes in which one or more of the petals or 
sepals is wholly outside, overlapping two others by both its 
margins. This kind of aestivation naturally results from the 
spiral arrangements so common in phyllotaxy, while the valvate 
and contorted seem identified with the opposite or whorled ar- 
rangement. The principal varieties are the following : The Qiiin- 
cuncial^ consisting of five leaves, two of which are wholly with- 
out, two wholly within, and one partly both, or one margin out, 
the other in, as in the Kose family (422). This accompanies 
the tico-Ji/ths cycle in phyllotaxy, and corresponds precisely 
with it, each quincunx being in fact a cycle with its internodes 
suppressed. (See fig. 300, and § 266.) The Triquetrous^ con- 
sisting of three leaves in each set, one of which is outside, one 
inside, and the third partly both, as in Tulip, Erythronium, 
agreeing with the tiuo-thirds, or Alder Cycle (§ 265). The Con- 
volute, when each leaf wholly involves all that are within it, as 



114 



STKUCTURAL BOTANY. 



do the petals of Magnolia ; and lastly, the Yexillary^ when one 
piece larger than the rest is folded over them, as in Pea (425). 

340. Plicate or folded aestivation occurs in tubular or mono- 
j)etalous flowers, and has many varieties, of which the most re- 
markable is the supervolute, where the projecting folds all turn 
obliquely in the same direction, as in the Morning-glory, Thorn- 
apple (Datura). 




Diaqrams of fioicpjs (as seen hy cross-sections). — 426, Jetfersonia diphylla — o, ovary; s, stamens; d, inner 
row of petals, aastivation triquetrous; h, outer row of petals, aestivation contorted; c, sepals, aestivation 
quincuncial. 427, Lily. 428, Strawberry. 429, Mustard. The pupil will designate modes of aestivation. 

It will be seen by the cuts that different modes of aestivation 
may occur in the different whorls of the same flower. 

Review.— i^{}. What is the meaning of Metamorphosis ? Is the Flower a neiv principle ? 
Whence is it? 331. Two sources of proof. 332. What is said of the Poppy? 333. State 
the first argument. What is proved by this ? Prove that the petals are leaves. Argu- 
ment from the Water-lily— From the Tulip-tree. 334. Define Teratology. State once 
more the point to be proved. What are monstrous flowers ? How does the Rose become 
double ? Change in the Double Cherry ?— In Buttercups ?— In fig. 417 ? 335. Meaning of 
-Estivation ? Why is the subject important ? Meaning of Vernation ? How to observe 
them ? 336. Four general modes of Estivation. 337. Define the Valvate— Its two va- 
rieties. 338. Define the Contorted. 339. Define the Imbricated— The Quincuncial— Tri- 
quetrous— Convolute. How is it in the Pea ? Describe the aestivation of Convolvulus. 



CHAPTER XXV. 



IXFLOKESCENCE. 

341. Inflorescence is a term denoting the arrangement of the 
flowers and their position upon the plant. 

All the buds of a plant are supposed to be originally of one and the same nature, look- 
ing to the production of vegetative organs only. But at a certain period, a portion of the 
bvtds of the living plant, by an unerring instinct little understood, are converted from 
their ordinary intention into flower-buds., as stated and illustrated in the foregoing Chap- 
ter, The flower-bud is incapable of extension. While the leaf-bud may unfold leaf after 
leaf, and node after node, to an indefinite extent, the flowej*-bud blooms, dies, and arrests 
forever the extension of the axis which bore it. 

342. In 230sition and arrangement, flower-buds cannot differ 
from leaf-buds, and both are settled by the same unerring law 



EsFLOEESCENCE. 



115 



which determines the arrangement of the leaves. Accordingly, 
the flower-bud is always found either terminal or axillary. In 
either case, a single bud may develop either a compound inflo- 
rescence, consisting of several flowers with their stalks and bracts, 
or a solitary inflorescence, consisting of a single flower. 

343. The Peduncle is the flower-stalk. It bears no leaves, or 
at least only such as are reduced in size and changed in form, 
called hracts. If the peduncle is wanting, the flower is said to 
be sessile. The simple peduncle bears a single flower; but if 
the peduncle be divided into branches, it bears several flowers, 
and the final divisions, bearing each a single flower, are called 
pedicels. The main stem or axis of a compound peduncle is 
called the rachis. 

344. The Scape is a flower-stalk which springs from a subter- 
ranean stem, in such plants as are called stemless or acaulescent; 
as the Primrose, Tulip, Bloodroot. Like the peduncle, it is leaf- 
less or w^ith bracts only, and may be either simple or branched. 
The flower-stalk, whether peduncle, scape, or pedicel, always 
terminates in the torus (§ 57). 




Bracts (6, 6, h). — 430, Comus Canadensis, with an involucre of 4 colored bracts. 431, Hepatica triloba, 
with an involucre of 3 green bracts. 432, Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract. 



345. Bracts. The branches of the inflorescence arise from 
the axils of reduced leaves, called hracts. Those leaA-es, still 
smaller, growing upon the pedicels, are called hractlets. Bracts 
are usually simple in outline and smaller than the leaf, often 
gradually diminishing to mere points, as in Aster, or even totally 



IIG 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



suppressed, as in the Cruciferae. Often they are colored, some- 
times brilliantly, as in Painted-cup. Sometimes they are scale- 
like, and again they are evanescent membranes. 

346. The Spathe is a large bract formed in some of the Mono- 
cotyledons, enveloping the inflorescence, and often colored, as in 
Arum, Calla ; or membranous, as in Onion and Daffodil. 

347. Bracts also constitute an Involucre when they are col- 
lected into a whorl or spiral group. In the Phlox, Dodecatheon, 
and generally, the involucre is green, but sometimes colored and 
petaloid, as in Dogwood and Euphorbia. Situated at the base 
of a compound umbel, it is called a general involucre ; at the 
base of a partial umbel it is a partial involucre or involucel, 
both of which are seen in the Umbelliferffi. 



436 




433, lleliauthus grosse-serratus— ?, involucre; r, rays, or ligulate flowers. 434, One of the disk-flowers 
With its chafi'-scale (bract). 435. Acorn of Moss-cup Oak (Q. macrophylla). 436, Poa pratensis— /, spike- 
let entire; g, glumes separated; c, a flower separated, displaying the two pales, 3 stamens and 2 styles. 

348. In the Compositse, where the flowers are crowded upon a 
common torus, forming what is called a compound flower^ an in- 
volucre composed of many imbricated scales (bracts) surrounds 
them as a calyx surrounds a simple flower. The chaff also upon 
the torus are bracts to which each floret is axillary (434). 

349. In the Grasses, the bracts subsist under the general name 
of chaff. At the base of each spikelet (436) of flowers we find 
two bracts — the Glumes. At the base of each separate flower 
in the spikelet are also two bractlets — the Pales — enveloping as 
a calyx the three stamens and two styles (c). 

350. The cup of the Acorn is another example of involucre, 



SPECIAL FOEMS OF INFLORESCENCE. 117 

composed of many scale-like bractlets. So, also, perhaps the 
burr of the Chestnut, etc. 

351. The forms of inflorescence are exceedingly various, but 
may all be referred to two classes, as already indicated — the 
axillary^ in which all the flowers arise from axillary buds ; the 
terminal^ in which all the flower-buds are terminal. 

352. Axillary inflorescence is called indefinite^ because the 
axis, being terminated by a leaf-bud, continues to grow on in- 
definitely, developing bracts with their axillary flowers as it 
grows. It is also called centripetal^ because in the order of time 
the blossoming commences with the circumference (or base) of 
the inflorescence^ and proceeds toward the central or terminal 
bud, as in Hawthorn or Mustard. 

353. Terminal inflorescence^ on the other hand, is deflnite, im- 
plying that the growth of the axis as well as of each branch is 
definitely arrested and cut short by a flower. It is also centrif- 
ugal, because the blossoming commences with the central 
flower and proceeds in order to the circumference, as in the 
Sweet- William, Elder, Hydrangea. 

354. Both kinds of inflorescence are occasionally combined in the same plant, where 
the general system may be distinguished from the partial clusters which compose it. 
Thus in the Compositse, while the florets of each head open centripetally, the general 
inflorescence is centrifugal, that is, the terminal head is developed before the lateral 
ones. But in the Labiatfe the partial clusters (verticillasters) open centrifugally, while the 
general inflorescence is indefinite, proceeding from the base upward. 

Bevietv.—Ml. Define inflorescence. Metamorphosis of buds. 342. Position of buds. 
What may a single bud develop ? 343. What is a peduncle ? May it bear leaves ? What 
the pedicels ?—Rachis ? When is a flower sessile? 344. How does a scape difi"er from 
peduncle ? Where is the torus ? 345. What are bracts ?— Bractlets ? How are the bracts 
in Crucifers ? What of color ? 346. Define spathe. Illustrate. 347. Define involucre— 
Involucel. 348. Describe a (so-called) compound flower. What is the chafl"? 349. In 
Grasses, what are the glumes ?— The pales ? 350. What is the nature of the cup in Oak ? 
Why is axillary infl. called indefinite ? — Why centripetal ? Why is terminal infl. definite ? 
— Why centrifugal ? How are both combined in Compositis ? 



CHAPTER XXYI. 

SPECIAL FOEMS OF INFLORESCENCE. 

355. Of centripetal or axillary inflorescence the prin- 
cipal varieties are the spike, spadix, catkin, raceme, corymb, 
umbel, panicle, thyrse, head. Tlie s2nJce is a long rachis with 



118 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



sessile flowers either scattered, clustered, or crowded upon it, 
as Plaritain, Mullein, Yervain. The so-called spikes of the 




435, Spiranthes cernua — flowers in a twisted spike. 436, Orontiuin aquaticum — flowers on a naked 
spadi:v. 437, Betula lenta— flowers in ameuts. 

Grasses, as Wheat, Timothy, are in fact compound spikes^ bear- 
ing little spikes or spihelets in place of single flowers (440). 




442 440 



438, Andromeda racemosa — flowers in a secund raceme. 439, Vi^rbascum Blattari a— raceme. 440, 
Lolium perenne — a compound spike or a spike of spikelets. 441, Dipsacus sylvestris — liead with an in- 
volucre of leaves. 442, Osmorhiza longistylis — a compound umbel. 443, Its fruit. 



SPECIAL FORMS OF INFLORESCENCE. 



119 



356. The spadix is a thick, fleshy rachis, with flowers closely- 
sessile or imbedded on it, and usually with a spathe, as in 
Calla (430), or without it, as in Golden-club (436). 

357. The catkin or ament is a slender, pendent spike Avith 
scaly bracts subtending the naked, sessile flowers, all caducous 
(falling) together, as in Birch, Beech, Oak, Willow. 

358. The raceme is a rachis bearing its flowers on distinct, 
simple pedicels. It may be erect, as in Hyacinth, Pyrola ; or 
pendulous, as in Currant, Blackberry. The corymb differs from 
the raceme in having the lower pedicels lengthened so as to 
elevate all the flowers to about the same level. The corymb 
often becomes compound by the branching of its lower pedicels, 
as in Yarrow. 




444. 4i5 

4'14, Staphjlea trifolia — a pendulous, paniculate cyme. 445, Catalpa — a panicle. 

359. An umbel consists of several pedicels of about equal 
length radiating from the same point — the to]) of the common 
peduncle, as Milk-weed, Ginseng, Onion. When the pedicels of 
an umbel become themselves umbels, as in Caraway and most 
of the Uinbellifei'aB, a compound umbel is produced. Such sec- 
ondary umbels are called twibellets, and the primary pedicels, 
rays. 

360. The panicle is a compound inflorescence formed by the 
irregular branching of the pedicels of the raceme, as in Oats, 



120 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



Spear-grass, Catalpa. A thyrse is a sort of compact, oblong, or 
pyramidal panicle, as in Lilac, Grape. 

361. A head or capitulum is a sort of reduced umbel, having 
the flowers all sessile upon 
the top of the peduncle, as in 
the Button-snake-root, Button- 
bush, Clover. But the more 
common examples of the ca- 
pitulum are seen in the Com- 
positse, where the summit of 
the peduncle, that is, the re- 
ceptacle, is dilated, bearing the 
sessile flowers above, and scale- 
like bracts around, as an in- 
volucre. 

362. The capitulwn of the 
Compositae is often called a 

,^ „ ;j 43 JC ^^^ \*.n ,.^ 44G, Vernonia fasciculata — flowers in a discoid 

COmpOUna llOWei IlOm its le- head with an imbricated involucre. 447, A single 

, , 1 • 1 flovcer remaining on the receptacle. 448, A fruit 

semblance, the involucre an- crowned with the pappus. 449, Mulgedlum— ahead. 

450, A single flower remaining on the receptacle. 

swering to a calyx, the rays to ^^i, a liuit with pappus. 
the corolla. The flowers are called florets — those of the outer 
circle, j^ore^s of the ray ^ generally differing in form from those 
of the central portions, the ^ore^^s of the disk. 

363. Of terminal inflorescence the following varieties are 
described: cyme, fascicle (verticillaster), and glomerule. 





Diagram (452) of C3Tne; flowers numbered in the order of their development.— 453, Cyme fastigiate. 
454, Cyme half developed — a scorpoid raceme. 

364. Cyme is a general term denoting any inflorescence with 
centrifugal evolutions, but is properly applied to that level- 
topped or fastigiate form which resembles the corymb, as in the 



SPECIAL FOEMS OF INFLORESCENCE. 



121 



Elder. If it is loosely spreading, not fastigiate, it is called a 
ci/moiis panicle^ as in the Chickweed, Spergula, etc. If it be 
rounded, as in the Snowball, it is a globous cyme. 




455 456 

455, Myosotis palustris — scovpoid racemes. 456, Stellaria media — a regular cyme. 

365. A scorpoid cyme., as seen in the Sundew, Sedum, and 
Borrage family, is a kind of coiled raceme, unrolling as it blos- 
soms. It is understood to be a half-developed cyme, as illus- 
trated in the cut (454). The fascicle is a modification of the 
cyme, with crowded and nearl;^ sessile flowers, as in Sweet- 
William (Dianthus). 

866. Glomerule., an axillary tufted cluster, with a centrifugal 
evolution, frequent in the Labiatae, etc. When such occur in 
the axils of opposite leaves and meet around the stem, each pair 
constitutes a verticillaster or verticil, as in Catmint, Hoarhound. 




367. The above diagrams show the mutual relations of the several forms of centripetal 
inflorescence— how they are graduated from the spike (457) to the head (464). Thus the 
spike (457) + the pedicels = raceme (458) ; the raceme with the lower pedicels length- 



122 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



ened = corymb (459) ; the corymb — the rachis = umbel (460) ; the umbel — pedicels = 
head (464), etc. 1 

(For the phenomena of Flowering, Coloring, the Floral Calendar, the Floral Clock, see 
the Class Book of Botany, pp. 75-77.) 

Eeview. — 355. Name the vaiieties of axillary inilorescence. What is the Spike ? 356. 
What is the Spadix? 357. Compare the Ament and Spike. 358. Give examples of Ra- 
cemes. Compare the Raceme and Corymb. How does the Corymb become compound ? 
5359. How change Corymb to Umbel? What is the Compound Umbel? 360. Describe 
the Panicle — TheThyrse. 361. What is the Head ? 362. Describe the Capitulum of Com- 
positiE. What its involucre? — Its outer flowers? — Its inner flowers? 363. Name the 
varieties of Terminal Inflorescence. 364. Describe the Cyme. ShoAV by fig. 456 how it is 
developed. 365. Nature of the scorpoid cyme. 366. What is the glomerule? 367. Show 
the relations of Spike to Raceme — Of Raceme to Corymb, etc. (457-464.) 



' *** Hitherto we have treated of the organisms of the Phsenogamia, or Flowering 
Plants, the higher of the two Subkingdoms of the vegetable Avorld. The other Subkicg- 
dom, called the Cryptogamia, or FloM'erless Plants, includes the lower tribes of vegeta- 
tion, such as the Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, etc., never adorned with flowers, and producing 
spores instead of seeds. For the Morphology of these tribes, see the Class Book of Bot- 
any, pp. 124-129. Or study carefully the descriptions at the head of the several Crypto- 
gamic Orders in the present volume. 




P^ 



Fig. 460 Us, A Fern ; Polypodium vulgare. 461 M.9, Club-moss ; Lycopodiura dendroideum. 462 6»s, 
Equisetum (Scouring Rush). 463 Us, a Liverwort Moss ; Jungermannia. 464 his, a Fungus or Mush- 
room ; Agaricus, in three stages of growth. 



PART SECOND. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY, 



^ * » 



CHAPTER I. 



OF THE VEGETABLE CELL. 



368. At the head of this chapter we place a sketch represent- 
ing a thin cutting from the rhizome of Bloodroot, as seen under 
the microscope, magnified 100 diameters. It is all made up of 
cells, of various forms and 
colors, some green and red 
translucent, and others 
purely transparent. The 
microscope reveals a sim- 
ilar structure in all plants. 
In the pith of Elder, pulj) 
of Snowberry, and espe- 
cially in the pulp of 
Orange, we can discern 
the cells with the naked 
eye. Therefore — 

369. The cell is the el- 
ementary organism which 
by its repetitions makes 465 

.-1 v ^^ J- 465, Section of tlie rhizome of Bloodroot; a, a, a bundle of 

up tne mass OI an Veo^eta- wood-eells. The shaded cells contain the color— a, green, 

tion. It IS denned as a 

closed sac cora2?osed of tnemhrane containing a fluid. 

370. The primary form of the cell is spheroidal. In some 
cases it retains this form during its existence, but generally, in 




124 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

growing, it takes new and various forms, which, on account of 
the two causes that control them, may be classed as hiherent 
and casual. The inherent forms of the cell, or those depending 
on its own laws of growth, may be referred to three general 
types — (1) spheroidal^ like Pollen grains, the red Snow-j)lant, 
the cells of leaf-tissue, etc., varying to oblong, or lobed, or stel- 
late ; (2) cylindrical., or tube-form, as most wood-cells are ; (3) 
tabular or flattened, as the cells of the epidermis. 

371. The casual forms result from external pressure — as of 
cells crowding against cells, in stems or pith. In this way 

V spheroidal cells may become cubical, 8-sided, 12-sided, etc., tubi- 
form cells, prismatic, and tabular cells 4-angled, hexagonal, etc. 

372. In magnitude the plant-cell varies from yi^ to 3-^ of an 
inch in diameter. The cells of Elder pith measure about -^^ 
inch ; cells of parenchyma (leaf-tissue) about j^ ; consequently, 
64,000,000 of them would occupy only one cubic inch. The 
cells of cork are computed to be yoVo^ inch in diameter — 1000 
millions to a cubic inch. But the length of some cells is more 
considerable. Wood-cells measure 3^^ inch ; bark-cells, as Flax, 
Hemp, nearly -J inch ; the cells of some plant hairs, an inch or 
more. 

373. The wall of the new cell consists of two layers ; the 
outer one a firm, colorless membrane, made of cellulose., the in- 
ner a plastic, gelatinous layer applied to the outer, and chiefly 
concerned in cell-life and multiplication. This is called the 
primordial utricle. It is best seen when treated with a weak 
solution of nitric acid, iodine, or alcohol. It thus becomes col- 
ored, contracts, and lies loose in the cell (472). 

374. The cell-wall is easily permeated by fluids flowing in 
and out. It must, therefore, be regarded as porous ; although 
it appears perfectly entire even under the highest magnifier. 

375. A secondary layer is subsequently added to the outer 
layer, between it and the primordial utricle, as if to strengthen 
it. This new layer is seldom entire, but perforated and cleft 
in a great variety of patterns, leaving certain points or parts 
of the cell-wall still bare and discernible by their transparency. 
Hence the following varieties : 

376. Wood-cells^ which are finally filled up by the I'epetitions 



THE VEGETABLE CELL. 



125 



of the secondary layers, leaving only minute points of the origi- 
nal cell-wall bare and transparent. A remarkable variety of 
the wood-cell is seen in the Pine and Coniferge in general, where 
the points are large, transparent, and surrounded by two or 
three rino-s. These we call Pitted cells. 




466, Polyhedral cells of parenchyma in pith of Elder. 467, Stellate cells in pith of Rush. 468, Spherical 
ceils iu Houseleek. 469. Wood-cells of the Flax fibre. 470. Cellular tissue of a j'ouug rootlet. 

377. Spiral cells, where the secondary layer consists of spiral 
fibres or bands. There may be a single fibre, or several (2 to 
20) united into a band. It is usually elastic, and may be drawn 
out and uncoiled. These beautiful cells may be well seen in a 
shoot of Elder, hi the petiole of Rhubarb, Geranium, Strawberry. 
In the tw^o latter, if gently pulled asunder, the coiled fibres ap- 
pear to the naked eye. 

378. Annular cells, when there are numerous rings Avithin, 
instead of a spiral coil, as in the stems of Balsam and some 
Cryptogamia. ScalariforTii cells, when the rings seem conjoined 
by bars crossing between them, giving an appearance compared 
to a ladder (scala), as in the Vine and Ferns. Porous cells, with 
the secondary layers full of perforations ; reticulated cells, as if a 
net-work ; and many other forms. 

379. Cellulose, the material of which the outer cell-w^alls and 
other secondary layers are made, is proved by chemical analy- 
sis to consist of three simple elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxy- 
gen, in the proportions of C^^ H^^ O^^ — carbon and the exact 
elements of water. In the material of the primordial utricle 
nitrogen is added. Out of these four simple elements (C H O N), 
with slio-ht additions of lime, silex, and a few other cartliv mat- 






PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



ters, the Great Creator is able to produce all the countless va- 
rieties of plants which clothe and beautify the earth. 

380. Contents of the cell. Some cells contain air only. 
Others are filled with solid matter ; but the greater part contain 
both fluids and solids. There is the cytohlast^ a globular atom, 
earnest of new cells ; and prot02:)lasm^ the nourishing semi-fluid, 
both of the same material as the primordial utricle, and with it, 
and the fluid cell-sap, ever flowing, acting, combining, and pro- 
ducing either new cells or products like the following : 




■171, Cells — a, of the pulp oi" Snow-berry, showing the nucleus; &, of the parenchyma of the leaf of 
Pink, showing the grannies of Chlorophylle. 472, Cell of a Cactus, soaked in Alcohol, the primordial 
utricle separated and contracted. 473, Cell of pleurenchyma of Pine, dotted. 474, Sketch to illustrate 
the nature of those dots — '(, dot seen in front; b, a side view of the same. 475, Trachenchyma, a spiral 
cell from the spovange of Eqnisetuni. 476, Spiral vessel of the Melon, single thread; 477, of the Elder, 
i threads. 478, Annular duct, distended by rings instead of a coil. 479, Scalariform vessels, from Os- 
mtinda (Fern). 480, A dotted duct from Gymnocladus (Coffee-tree). 481, Spiral vessels apparently 
branched. 482, Branching spirals in the Gourd. 

381. Chloroph)/Il^ the green coloring matter of leaves, con- 
sists of green corpuscles floating in the colorless sap or attached 
To the colorless wall. In the Indigo plant these corpuscles are 
blue, and constitute that poisonous drug. But the coloring mat- 
ter which gives to fruits and flowers their bright and varying 
tints of yellow, red, and blue, is generally dissolved in the cell- 
sap, which is otherwise colorless. 

382. Starch also originates here, in the form of little striated 
granules of the same composition as cellulose (C^^ H^^ O^^. Some 
twenty such granules appear in the same cell, either loosely or 



THE TISSUES. 



127 



compactly filling it. Starch is nutritive matter, sealed up for 
preservation and future use. 

383. Gum, sugar, salts, acids, alkalies, poisons, medicines, whatever is peculiar in the 
properties of each vegetable substance, may also be held in solution in the cell-sap, and 
invisible, unless forming Raphides, little bundles of crystals, needle-shaped, or of some 
other form, seen in the cells of Rhubarb, Cactus, Hyacinth. 



483 



-487 



488 



489 



486 




Contents of cells. — 483. Cells of Potato containing starch-grains. 484, Starcli-grains from the Potato; 
485, from the E. Indian Arrowroot. 486, Raphides, acicular crystals, in a cell of Polyanthes tuberosa. 
487, Crystals in a cell of Cactus. 488. Cells from the pulp of Pear, coated internally; a longitudinal sec- 
tion ; 489, Transverse section. 490, Starch granules from W. Indian Arrowroot. 

384. The growth of the plant, then, consists of the development of new cells. This is 
accomplished within the pre-existing cells, and by the agency of their contents. The 
primordial utricle divides itself into two or more utricles, by new walls growing from its 
sides until they meet. These then acquire the cellulose layer outside, the cytoblast in- 
side, at the expense of the &ld cell, which shortly gives place to its new progeny. Thus 
cells multiply, and by millions on millions build up the fabric of the plant. 

Re7'ietv. — 368. What composes all vegetable structures ? 361). How is the cell defined ? 
370. What its primary form ? Mention three varieties. 371. Whence the casual forms ? 
What are they ? 372. What of size ? How many in a cubic inch ? What of Flax cells ? 
373. Describe the cell-wall. How bring the primordial utricle to view (as in 472) ? Is the 
wall porous ? 375. What appearance of the third layer ? 376. What fills up the wood- 
cells ? How do pitted cells appear ? 377. Describe the wonderful structure of spiral cells. 
Show them (475). 378. Show annular cells in 478, and where else ?— Scalariform ? 379. 
What the material of the outer wall ? Its elements ? Elements of the inner wall ? What 
within the cell? 381. What the chlorophyl ? Condition of the coloring matter ? 382. 
Describe the starch granules. 383. The raphides. 384. How do plants grow ? 



CHAPTER II. 

THE TISSUES. 

385. One-celled plants. The cell, as heretofore described, 
is endowed with a life within itself. It can imbibe fluids, nour- 
ish itself, and reproduce others like itself It may, therefore, 
and actually does in some cases, exist alone as a plant ! Many 
species of the Confervoids and Diatomes are plants consisting 



128 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



of a single cell — the simplest possible form of vegetation (see 
fig. 519). 

386. With a few such exceptions, vegetation consists of a 
combination of cells united in a definite manner and form. Such 
combinations are called tissues, which we may describe under 
four general names or types : 

I. Cellular tissue (Parenchyma) : 

II. Fibrous tissue (Pleurenchtma) : 

III. Vascular tissue (Trachenchyma) : 

lY. Laticiferous tissue (Cienchyma). 

387. Parenchyma, composed of spheroidal cells, is the most 
common form of tissue, no plant being without it, and many, 
especially of the lower orders, being entirely composed of it. 
Numerous varieties occur according to the forms of the cells and 
their closeness of contact, intermediate between the following : — 

1, when there are copious intercellular spaces, the cells slightly 
touching, and being (a) rounded, or {b) lobed, or (c) stellate ; 

2, when the cells are crowded, leaving no intercellular space, and 
being (d) prismatic, or (e) polyhedral, or {/) irregular. 

388. Examples of these tissues are found 
(a) in the pulp of fruits, in newly-formed 
pith, and in all young growths ; (6) in the 
lower stratum of leaf-tissue ; (c) in the pith 
of rushes and other aquatic plants ; (d) in 
the herbaceous stems of Monocotyledons; 
(e) everywhere, but well observed in full- 
formed pith ; (/) abundant in all the soft, 
fleshy parts of plants. 

389. Pleurenchyma is 
composed of elongated cells co- 
hering by their sides in such a 
way that end overreaches end, 
forming a continuous fibre. 
Two varieties are noticed — (a) 
wood-fibre, with cells of moder- 
ate leno;th, remarkable for its 
firmness, the main constituent of the stems and trunks of the 
higher plants ; (b) liber, with very long attenuated cells, the sub- 
stance of the inner layers of bark, remarkable for its tenacity, 
especially in Flax, Hemp, Linden. 




491, Longitudinal section of Thuja (Red Cedar) — a, 
Medullary rays. 



THE TISSUES. 



129 



390. The 7:>a*^^ec? cells (§ 376) constitute a singular variety 
of wood-fibre, common in Pines, Firs, etc. That mysterious 
double ring which encircles each pit, is projected, the inner by 
the pit itself, which is an aperture in the secondary layer, the 
outer by a lens-shaped intercellular cavity opposite, outside (474). 

391. Trachenchyma is a tissue of vessels or tubes rather 
than cells. The vessels are extended lengthwise, and composed 
each of a row of cells joined end to end, and fused into one by 
the absorption of the contiguous walls. This tissue varies ac- 
cording to the character of the constituent cells, which are {a) 
spiral, or {b) annular, or (c) scalariform, or {d) reticulated. 

392. Such cells, M^th their tapering ends, form vessels with oblique joints. When 
porous cells with their truncated ends unite, they form right-jointed vessels resembling 
strings of beads, called dotted or vascular ducts. These are usually quite large, and char- 
acteristic of the woody layers of all Exogenous plants. The different varieties of trachen- 
chyma are assigned to different regions and offices — (a) to the earliest formed part of the 
wood, the petioles and veins of leaves, petals of 
flowers, etc. ; {b) to similar parts, but later 
formed, most abundant in Ferns and Equiseta- 
ceae ; (c) in the woody bundles of the Endogens, 
and in the succulent parts of plants in general ; 
{d) most abundant in Ferns, Club-mosses. 

393. Cienchyma is a system 
of milk- vessels — vessels secreting 
the latex or peculiar juice of the 
plant, w^hite, yellow, red, turbid, 
containing opium, gamboge, caout- 
chouc, resin, etc. It occurs in the 
jjetioles and veins ; in the paren- 
chyma of roots, in the Liber espe- 
cially ; sometimes simple, generally 
branched and netted in a compli- 
cated manner, as well seen in the Poppy, Celandine, Bloodroot, 
Gum-elastic tree, etc. 

394. These vessels are probably mere open spaces between 
the cells at first, subsequently acquiring a lining membrane 
which never exhibits pores or spiral markings. But there are 
also true Intercellular 2^ cissages filled with air, and admitting its 
free circulation in all directions through the parenchyma. These 
are necessarily very irregular, and they communicate with the 
external air through the stomata (§ 397). 

9 




492 



493 



Vessels of Cienchym.n — 492, from Dandelion; 
493, from the Celandine. 



130 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



395. Thus the cell appears to be the type of every form of 
tissue, the material of Avhich the vegetable fabric is built, and 
the laboratory where the work is performed. 

Review. — 385. What is the simplest form of vegetation ? What constitutes a Tissue ? 
Name the four tissues. 387. What the form of the cells of Parenchyma ? Classify them. 
389. What the form of the cells of Pleurenchyma ? Two varieties ? 390. In what trees 
do we find pitted cells? Show them. Explain fig. 474. 391. What is Trachenchyma ? 
How are these tubes made ? Show the structure of dotted ducts (480). 393. Office of 
Cicnchyma? 394. Nature of these tubes ? What of intercellular passages ? 395. Give, 
finally, the import of the cell. 



CHAPTER III. 



TPIE EPIDERMAL SYSTEM 



Includes the external covering of all herbaceous .growths — ■ 
viz., the epidermis, stomata, hairs, glands, cuticle, etc., organs 
whicli in older stems give place to bark. 

495 




494, Cells of epidermis with a, stoma from leaf of Helleborus fcetidiis. 495, Vertical section of a stoma of 
Narcissus— «, cuticle. 496, Epidermis cells with stomata of Tradescautia Virgiuica. 

396. The epidermis (skin) consists of a layer of united, empty 
cells, mostly tabular, forming a superficial membrane. It in- 
vests all plants higher than Mosses, and all parts save the ex- 
tremities, the stigma, and rootlets. Its office is to check evapo- 
ration. That delicate membrane which may be easily stripped 
off from the leaf of the Houseleek or the garden Iris is the epi- 



THE EPIDEEMAL SYSTEM. 



131 



dermis. It is transparent, colorless, and under the microscope 
reveals its cellular structure. 

397. Stomata. The epidermis does not entirely exclude the 
tissues beneath it from the external air, but is cleft here and 
there by little chinks called stomata (mouths). Each stoma is 
guarded by a pair of reniform cells, of such mechanism (not well 
understood) as to open in a moist atmosphere and close in a dry. 

398. The stomata are always placed over and communicate with the intercellular pas- 
sages. They are found only on the green surfaces of parts exposed to the air, most 
abundant on the under surface of the leaves. Their numbers are immense. On the leaf 
of garden Rhubarb 5,000 were counted in the space of a square inch ; in the garden Iris, 
12,000 ; in the Pink, 36,000 ; in Hydrangea, 160,000. 

399. The surface of the epidennis at length becomes itself coated with a delicate, trans- 
parent pellicle, not cellular, called the cuticle. It varies in consistency, being thicker 
and stronger in evergreen and succulent plants. It seems to be merely the outer cell- 
wall of the epidermis thickened and separated from the newly-formed wall beneath it. 




497 498 

497, Cells and stomata of the epidermis of Oxalis violacea; and 498, of ConvHllaria racemosa. 

400. The hairs which clothe the epidermis are mere expan- 
sions of its tissue. They may each consist of a single elongated 
cell, or of a row of cells. They may also be simple, or branched, 
or stellate, or otherwise diversified. 

401. Glands are cellular structures serving to elaborate and 
contain the peculiar secretions of the plant, such as aromatic 
oils, resins, honey, poisons, etc. A gland may be merely an ex- 
panded cell at the summit of a hair, or at its base, and hence 



132 



PHYSTOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



called a glandular hair (Labiatse). Or it may be a peculiar cell 
under the epidermis, giving to the organ a punctate appearance 
(leaf of Lemon). Other glands are compound, and either external 
(Sundew) or internal reservoirs of secretion (rind of Orange), 

402. Stings are stiff-pointed, 1-celled hairs expanded at base 
into a gland containing poisonous secretion. An elastic ring of 
epidermal cells presses upon the gland so as to inject the poison 
into the wound made by its broken point (Nettle). 




499, Rootlet of ]\[adder, showing cells expanded into fibrillae. 500, Glandular hair of Fraxlnella, sec- 
tion. 501, Hair of Bryonia, of several cells. 502, Hair of several cells, surmounted by a gland, of An- 
tirrhinum majus. 503, Sting; of Urtica dioica. 504, Jointed hair of the stamens of Tradescantia. 505, 
Stellate hair from the petiole of Nuphar advena (magnified 200 diameters— Henfrey). 506, Branched 
hair, one cell, of Arabis. 

403. Prickles are hardened hairs connected with the epider- 
mis alone, thus differing from spines, which have a deeper origin. 
Examples in the Rose. 

Iteview .—yf\\9X does the Epidermal System include 't 396. What is the office of the 
epidermis? What its cells? 397. What are the stomata? When are they open, and 
when closed ? What of their numbers ? Show them in the figures. 400. What the struc- 
ture of hairs ? 401. What the office of glands ? What varieties ? 402. Describe the 
mechanism of the sting (503). 403. Distinguish prickles from spines. Explain the cuts. 



CHAPTER ly. 



THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM 



Includes the firm structures of roots, stems, and their append- 
ages, summarily called the wood. 

404. There are four general modes of growth and structure, 



THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 



133 



wherelDy the vegetable kingdom is distinguished into as many 

great classes, viz. : 

The outside-geowees (Exogens), 
The inside-geowees (Endogens), 
The point-geovs^ees (Aceogens), 
The mass-geowees (Thallogens). 

405. The exogenous structure. A cross-section of the 
Btem or branch of any dicotyledonous plant (Mustard, Maple) 
exhibits zones of different structures, which are distinguished as 
pith, medullary sheath, wood, and bark. 




507 508 

537, Exogens— Oak, Fir, etc. 508, Endogens— Palm, Agave, etc. 

406. The Pith occupies the central part of the stem. It con- 
sists of parenchyma, is chiefly abundant in herbaceous plants 
and all young stems. When new, it is filled with fluids for the 
nourishment of the buds until they can make food for them- 
selves. As the plant advances in age, the pith loses its vitality, 
IS filled with air only, is often torn into cavities, or disappears. 



134 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



407. The 3Iedidlary sheath immediately surrounds the pith. 
It is a thin, delicate tissue, consisting of spiral vessels. It com- 
municates with every bud, and sends off detachments of its ves- 
sels to the petioles and veins of every leaf. Its tubes secrete 
oxygen from carbonic acid or water, and convey it to the leaves. 

408. The wood consists of pleurenchyma and ducts (§ 392), 
arranged more or less distinctly in concentric zones or layers. 
The first, or inner layer, together with the medullary sheath and 
pith, is the product of the first year. One new layer is formed 
each successive year, during tlie life of the plant. 

409. There are doubtless some exceptions to this rule. In tropical countries, wherd 
there is no distinction of seasons, there may be several zones deposited annually ; or, on' 
the other hand, several or all the annual layers may be so blended by the \initbrm mixture 
of the ducts with the wood-tissue as to be undistinguishable. The layers of the beet-root 
are certainly not annual. They seem to correspond with the number of leaf-cycles (§ 263). 





509, Ooss-sections of an exogenous stem (Elm) of two years' growth — 1, pith; 2, 3, annual layers of 
wood, next the cambium; 4, bark; — 510, an Endogenous stem (Sorghum, or Millet) where there is no 
distinction of layers. 

410. The Alhurnmn and Duratnen — the sap-wood and heart- 
wood — are Avell-known distinctions in the w^ood. The former, 
named from albus, white, is usually of a light color and softer 
structure. It is the living part of the wood, through whose ves- 
sels mainly the sap ascends. The interior layers of the albur- 
num gradually harden by the deposition of solid matter in their 
vessels, and the thickening of the cell-walls, until fluids can no 
longer pass through them. Thus the duramen {durus, hard) is 
formed of a firm and durable texture — the only part valued as 
timber. Its varying colors in Cherry, Walnut, Rosewood, are 
well known. It is of no account in vegetation, and may be con- 
sidered as dead. Hence it often decays, leaving the trunk hollow, 
and the tree at the same time as flourishino; as ever. 



THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 



135 



411. The bark succeeds and replaces the epidermis, cover- 
ing and protecting the wood. It is readily distinguished into 
three parts, viz. : 

The inner, white bark (liber) ; 
The middle, green bark (cellular) ; 
The outer, brown bark (cortical). 

The substance of all these is parenchyma ; and arranged, like 
the wood, in layers. 

412. The liher, or white bark, contains scattered bundles of 
pleurenchyma and cienchyma with its cellular tissue. Its Avood- 
cells are very long (§ 389), called bast-cells, and are strength- 
ened with secondary deposits until quite filled up. Hence the 
strength and toughness of flax and hemp. The strong material 
of " Russian matting" is from the liber of the Linden-tree, and 
the " lace" of the South Seas, from the Lace-bark tree. The 
liber of other trees is not remarkable for strength. 

413. The cellular^ or green Ijarh^ succeeds to the liber. Its 
tissue resembles that of the leaf — being filled with sap and 



511 



chlorophyl. It grows laterally, to accommodate itself to the 
enlarging circumference of the tree, but 
does not increase in thickness after the 
first few years. 

414. The cortical^ or brown bark. Its 
color is not always brown, being rarely 
white (Canoe Birch), or straw-color (Yel- 
low Birch), or greenish (Striped Maple), 
or grayish (Beech, Magnolia). Its sub- 
stance is always cellular tissue, but dif- 
fering widely in consistency in difierent 
species. Its new layers come from with- 
in, formed from the green bark, while 
its older are sooner or later cast off. 




511, "Wood of Oak — section longi- 
tudinal, showing, a, medullary rays; 
fe, wood-cells; c, porous ducts. 



415. The cortical layers sometimes accumulate to a 
considerable thickness (Maple, Hickory, Oak), but are 
finally rent and furrowed by the expanding wood. In 
the Cork Oak (Quercus suber) they attain an excessive growth, furnishing that useful 
substance, corh. In Birch (Betula papj-racca) these layers resemble paper, long abiding 
by their elasticity tlie expansion of the trunk. 

416. The medullary rays {medulla, pith) are those fine 



136 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



lines which appear in a cross-section, passing like radii from the 
pith to the bark, intersecting the wood and dividing it int( 
wedge-shaped bundles or sectors. They consist of firm plates 
of parenchyma (muriform tissue, the cell resembling brick-work) 
belonging to the same system with the pith. 

417. The medullary raj'^s are no less frequent in the outer layer of wood than in the 
inner. Hence, their number must increase yearly, and a new set commence with each 
successive layer, extending with those already formed through the subsequent laj-ers to 
the bark, as shown in the diagram (509). In a radial section (511, 512) the medullary rays 
are more conspicuous as shining plates of a satin-like texture, called the silver-grain^ 
quite showy in Oak, Maple. A tangential section shows their ends in the form of thin 
ellipses. They serve as bonds to combine into one firm body the successive wood-layers, 
and as channels of communication to and from the bark and heart-wood. They also gen- 
erate, at their outer extremities, the adventitious buds. 

418. The cambium layer. Between the liber and the 
wood there is formed in the Spring, at the time of the opening 
of the buds, a mucilaginous, half- 
organized layer of matter. Its 
presence loosens the bark, and 
renders it easily peeled from the 
wood. The cambium is a sap 
solution of the starchy deposits 
of the preceding year, now being 
rapidly organized into cells. 



419. This is the generative layer, whence 
spring all the growths of the ligneous sys- 
tem. From this, during each growing season, 
two layers are developed, one of liber and one 
of wood, both at first a cellular mass, but the 
cells with wonderful precision transforming, 
some into the slender bast-cells of the liber, 
some into the dotted ducts and fusiform cells 
of the wood, some into the muriform tissue of 
the medullary rays. Through these latter 
the quickening influence of the cambium pervades both wood and bark. 

420. Unlimited growth is therefore a characteristic of the exo- 
genous stem ; for the yearly increments are added to the out- 
side of the wood, and the bark is capable of expansion by lateral 
growth to any extent. 

Revieiv .—Wh?Lt does the "Ligneous System'' include? 404. Name the four grand 
divisions of plants. 405. Det^cribe a cross-section of Exogen. 40(). The pith— its compo- 
sition and contents. 407. Tiie medullary sheath — its composition, connections. otKce. 
408. Of what does the wood consist? How much grew the first year ?— Each successive 
year? The rule ? 409. Exceptions? 410. Wliat is the alburnum y How does it become 
duramen? Which is valuable as timber? What has perished in a hollow tree ? 411. 
Name the three layers of the bark. 412. Tissues n\' liber? Wliy so tough ? 413. Tissue 




512, Wood of Maple— a, medullary rays; &, ducts; 
c, wood-cells. 



THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 



137 



of the green bark ? 414. Tissue of the brown bark ? Its varjing colors ? 415. How is it 
in Cork Oak ? 416. What the medullary rays ?— Their structure ?— Tissue ? Show the 
" silver-grain"' in fig. 509. What their service ? 418. Where the cambium layer ? What 
is it ■? 419. Why called the generative layer ? 420. Why is the growth of Exogens un- 
limited ? 



CHAPTER Y, 



THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM CONTINUED. 

421. The endogenous structure. In the cross-section of 
a monocotyledonous stem (Corn, Palm) there is no visible dis- 
tinction of bark, wood, pith, or of annual layers of any kind. 
It is composed of tissues quite similar to those of the exogenous 
stem, but very differently arranged. 





514 

5]3, Various kinds of vessels in a wood-fibre of Bamboo or Rattan — a^ Cells of parenchyma; 5, annular 
cells; c, spiral vessels: d, porous duct; e, wood-cells. 514, Section of an Acrogenous stem of Tree-Fern 
(Cyathea), showing the vascular bundles imbedded near the circumference of the cellular mass. 

422. The body of the monocotyledonous stem consists of pa- 
renchyma, within which tissue numerous threadlike bundles of 
woody matter are imbedded. Each bundle consists of one or 
more dotted ducts accompanied by spiral vessels, pleurenchyma, 
and often cienchyma, variously arranged in different species. 

423. The formation of these bundles is dependent upon the leaves, from which they may 
severally be traced downward, first tending toward the interior of the stem. Further 
on they recurve outward again, and finally terminate near the surface, there interlacing 
and combining with their fellows, and forming an excessively hard but inseparable rind 
(false bark). From this entanglement of the fibres the cleavage of endogenous stems is 
difficult or impossible. In jointed stems (culms) this entanglement occurs only at the 
nodes (Cane, Grasses). 

424. The growth of monocotyledonous stems thus takes j^lace 
by the addition of the new wood bundles to the interior, and 
hence such plants are called Inside-groaiers or Endogens. 



138 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



515 



The caudex of Endogens often takes peculiar forms. The rind is capable of only a 
limited expansion. This limit is soonest attained at the base of the stem, long before 
the upper parts cease to enlarge. Consequently such trunks are often seen of equal or 
greater diameter at the summit than at the base : so the Palmetto, Corn, Bamboo. 

425. The acrogenoiis structure is found in Mosses, Ferns, 
and the other higher tribes of the Cryptogamia. The stems ad- 
vance, beneath or above the ground, full-formed, growing only j 
at the end, hence called Acrogens. 

A cross-section of a Fern stem shows a body of parenchyma strengthened by an outer 
zone of fibro-vascular bundles, the whole invested with a sort of bark. The bundles arc 
precisely similar to those found in the petioles, showing that the stem is the aggregate of 
the unaltered leaf-bases (514). 

426. Tliallogeiis are the lowest in the scale of rank, having no true axis and no 
other tissue than parenchyma, which grows in threads or in mass in all directions. The 
apparent stems (the stipes), if there be any, sapport the fructification only. Such are 
Sea-weeds, Lichens, Mushrooms, Puff-balls, Frog-spittle, and Mildew. 

427. Tlie structure of roots presents few deviations from that of the stems tc 
which they severally belong, being exogenous in Exogens, endogenous in Endogens, etc. 
In the former class the central pith disap- 
pears, its place being occupied mainly by 
vascular ducts ; and the liber, if any, has no 
bast-cells. 

428. The fibeill^ and pileorhiza should, 
however, be mentioned as peculiar in the 
structure of the root. The former are pro- 
duced by millions, clothing the delicate epi- 
dermis of the young rootlets as with a cottony 
down, especially in light soils. They usually 
consist of a single cell of the epidermis ex- 
tended, as seen in figure 515. They are the 
true absorbents, the 7nouths of the growing 
plant. 

429. The microscope shows that the ex- 
treme, advancing point of the delicate, grow- 
ing fibres is not thrust naked against the 
opposing soil, but is covered with a cap 
called piLEOKHizA (pileus, a cap, r/iiza, root), 
Avhich consists of older, hardened cells, be- 
hind which are formed the new cells. In 
the Duckmeat, the pileorhiza is lengthened 
into a sheath. 

480. The manner of growth in the root is not like that of stems, by the extension of 
parts already formed, but simply by the addition of new matter at the advancing point. 
This accounts for the wonderful facility with Avhich it penetrates the soil and fincis its 
way uninjured into the hardest earth. 

431. Structure of Leaves. The leaf may be regarded as 
an expansion of the two outer integuments of the bark, or of the 
green bark and the epidermis, expanded into a broad, thin sur- 
face by a woody framework proceeding from the medullary 
sheath and the liber. The framework of veins is therefore fibro 




.515, Extremity of the rootlet of Maple, with 
flbrillie and (,s) pileorhiza. 516, Two plants of 
Lemna minor (Duckmeat) — s, their pileorhiza. 



THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 



139 



vascular, abounding in spiral vessels, and strengthened with 
liber. 

432. The parenchyma exists in two strata, more or less dis- 
tinct. In all those leaves which are ordinarily horizontal in 
position, one surface being upward and the other downward, 
these two layers are dissimilar; but in leaves with a vertical 
lamina (Iris), and in Phyllodia (§ 321), the two layers are similar. 





517, Section of a stem at the origin of a leaf—;?, cellular, or pith; a, vascular, the medullary sheath 
sending off a bundle into the leaf-stalk; d, the swelling (pulvinus) just below the articulation of the leaf- 
stalk (0; ft, the axillary bud. 518, Minute portion of a leaf of Viola tricolor, viewed in perspective, 
showing, rt, cells of epidermis above; &, compact parenchyma of the upper portion of the leaf; c, loose 
p.irenchyma; d, epidermal-cells of the lower surface with stomata, one cut and opening into the inter- 
cellular passages. (Magnified 100 diameters.) 

433. Our cut (518) displays a superficial layer of the empty 
tabular cells {a) of the epidermis. Next beneath, in the surface 
on which the sun shines, are one or two layers of oblong cells 
{h) placed perpendicularly to that surface, and more compact 
than the cells beneath them (c), w^hich are pervaded by intercel- 
lular passages and by the veins. 

434. The stomata as a rule belong to the shaded side of the 
leaf, avoiding the sun's direct rays. On the sunny side there 
are few, comparatively, or none. In the submerged leaves of 
water-plants, the epidermal layer is hardly distinguishable, and 
is wholly destitute of stomata. In such leaves as float upon water 
(Water Lilies) stomata are found in the upper surface alone. 

435. Within all the vesicles of the parenchyma are seen ad- 
hering to the walls the green globules of chlorophyll which 
give color to the leaf — dark green above, where it is more com- 
pact ; paler beneath, where the cells are more loose and separate. 



140 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

Vessels of cienchyma pervade the under-layer of parenchyma, 
returning the elaborated juices through the petiole into the 
cambium layer. 

Review. — 421. Note a cross-section of Endojjen. It? structure. 422. Constituents of a 
wood-bundle— (explain .511). 423. Trace its course. Has theEndogenatrue bark? Why 
so difficult to split? 424. Show the significance of the term Endogen. Also of the term 
Exogen. Why the caudex is smallest at base. 42.5. What tribes are J.cro(7ert5? Signifi- 
cance of the term. Carefully describe a cross-section (514). 42(i. What is the rank of the 
Thallogensf — Significance of the term ? — Their only tissue? What semblance of stems 
have they? 428. Fibrillin of the Root. Show them. 429. Pileorhiza. Show it. 430. How 
the root grows and penetrates the soil. 431. Origin of the leaf Substance of the veins. 
432. The parenchyma. When are its two strata alike? 434. Place of the stomata? Ex- 
ceptions. 435. Condition of the chlorophyl. The cienchyma, where and why ? 



-•ft- 



CHAPTER VI. 

YEGETATIOlSr, OR THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT LIFE. 

436. We have now briefly surveyed the mechanism of the 
plant — both its outward forms and internal structure. We next 
inquire into the uses of all this wonderful apparatus ; what the 
specific oflice which each part performs in the economy of the 
plant ; and how all parts co-operate in the work of living and 
growing. 

437. W^hat is life? This inquiry meets us at the beginning- — 
a problem never solved. The spontaneous action of the plant, 
the self-determined shapes which it assumes, we at once refer to 
this principle — its vitality ; but of the nature of this principle 
itself, we can only say — Is it not a direct emanation from the 
Supreme Will, the Fountain of all life ? 

438. Vegetation is doubtless the lowest form of life. It 
springs directly from inorganic or mineral matter, and is the 
first step in the organization of mineral matter. Its material is, 
therefore, mineral matter rendered organic through the vital 
force. The subordination of the vegetable to the animal king- 
dom is thus manifest in its being^ fed and nourished on inoro;anic 
matter. It is interposed between these two incompatible ex- 
tremes, and is ordained to transform the innutritions mineral 
into the proper and indispensable food of the animal kingdom. 

439. The process of vegetation consists of imbibing the crude 
matters of the earth and air, transforming into sap, assimilating 



VEGETATION. 



141 



to plant-juice (latex), and organizing into its own structure ac- 
cording to its own plan. The vital phenomena on which these 
transformations depend are called absorption, circulation, exhala- 
tion, assimilation, secretion, all of which processes take place in 
the individual cell. Cell-life, therefore, is an epitome of the life 
of the whole plant. The cell is never a spontaneous production ; 
it is the ofispring of a pre-existing cell. So with the plant ; it is 
always the offs]3ring of a pre-existing embryo or cell. Nothing 
but a cell can produce or nourish a cell. 

440. Two kinds of organic matter make up the cell. The first, 
protoplasm, or protein (C^^ H^^ O^^ NJ, the material of the pri- 
mordial utricle (§873), etc., containing nitrogen; 2d, cellulose 
(Cj2 Hjy ^lo)? the material of the outer wall or crust, etc., con- 
taining no nitrogen. The former more nearly resembles animal 
matter, and is the seat of the 
vital force and ch-^mical action. 

441. Through the invisible 
pores of its walls the cell im- 
bibes the fluid in which its food 



iS 



is dissolved, viz., sugar or dex- 



519 




519, Protococcus Tiridis— the Green Snow-plant. 
520, Feuicillum glaucuin — the Yeast-plant. 



trine, ammonia or some other 
nitrogenous substance. Such a 
fluid may be the flowing sap of the plant, or any similar artificial 
mixture in which the cell is bathed, as (in the case of the Yeast- 
plant) a syrup with mucilage. 

442. The sugar is thus brought into contact with the proto- 
plasm in the cell, through whose action it is decomposed, and 
its elements transformed into cellulose and water. Thus each 
atom of (grape) sugar or dextrine becomes 

One atom of cellulose, C^^ ^w ^lo 
and two atoms of water, HO 



C, 



H.O, 



grape sugar. 

The water is exhaled with the rest ; the cellulose is retained to 
incrust a new cell as soon as the primordial utricle shall next 
divide itself to form one. Or it may be deposited as starch 
granules for future use. 

443. In the cells of green plants the globules of chlorophyl 



142 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

act an important part. Their formation depends upon the de- 
composition of carbonic acid (COJ, the retention of the carbon, 
and the exhalation of the oxygen under the stimulus of the light. 
If the formation of cellulose continue beyond the present need 
for cell formation, the excess is deposited in the form of starch 
granules enclosed within the globules of chlorophyl, one in each. 

444. When the starch granules are redissolvecl, they go to incrast the next new cell, or 
to form a secondary layer in the old cell ; or in Autumn they go out into the general cir- 
culation, and are at length stored up in the buds, the camhium, the roots, ready for an 
early use the following Spring. 

445. The increase of the protoplasm from the decomposition of the ammonia or other 
nitrogenous compounds present, is a more intricate process, but no less evident; and 
when in excess, this also is deposited in minute globules of gluten, mucus, legumine, 
chiefly in seeds (Wheat, Beans, Kice), in aid of germination. 

446. The starch and gluten deposits of the Wheat-kernel are about sixty-eight and 
seventeen per cent. The former is found in the interior cells, the latter in the exterior, 
adjoining the pericarp or bran. In "flouring," some of the gluten adheres to the bran, 
and some constitutes the coarser meal, all of which is separated by the "bolt." Extra 
flour must, therefore, necessarily be deficient in gluten, the only element of the Wheat 
which adapts it to the formation of muscle — a great error. 

Beview. — 436. What inquiries next arise? 437. A problem unsolved. What the phe- 
nomena of plant life? 438. What the lowest form of life ? Whence does it spring ? Why 
subordinate ? 439. The process of vegetation. The five vital phenomena. fitO. Two 
kinds of organic matter. Write out their symbols. Which resembles animal matter ? 
441. What the cell imbibes. From what fluid? 442. The chemical decomposition — Ex- 
press it. What becomes of the cellulose thus formed ? 443. Chlorophyl how formed ? 
What globule within a globule ? 445. What becomes of the excess of protoplasm ? 446. 
What per cent, of starch and gluten in Wheat ? Why is extra flour deficient in gluten ? 



CHAPTER YII. 

FERTILIZATIOX. 

447. Such being the vital energy of the cell, it is easy to admit 
the possibility of either its solitary existence as a plant (Proto- 
coccus, etc.), or of its associated existence, as in the living tissue 
of most plants. ISTow all plants, without exception, do actually 
commence existence in the state of a simple cell. But while in 
the lower plants (Cryptogamia) this simple cell, the plant rudi- 
ment, is at once discharged, free and independent, to float or 
grow, in the Phenogamia it is yet a while protected and nour- 
ished by other cells — the cells of the ovule. 

448. This primitive cell-plant, after acquiring the requisite 
means, swells and divides itself into two or more new cells. If 



FEETILIZATION. 



143 



these neAV cells cohere into a tissue assuming a definite form, as 
in the higher plants, the process is called ^rot()^^Ay but if they 
separate, each one still abiding separate, it is reproduction. 

449. The embryonic vesicle is the expressive name of the 
embryonic cell of the Flowering 
Plants. It has its birth in that 
laro;e cell of the nucleus of the 
ovule (§ 142) called the embryo 
sac, and is in some way developed 
from the cytoblast (§ 380). In 
appearance it may be like other 
new cells ; but in the impulse or 
instinct with which it is endowed, 
it is immeasurably different. It 
looks not to the mere continuation 
of an old series, but is the projector 
and pioneer of a new. But before 
it can enter upon its course of de- 
velopment so different from the 
destination of common cells, it 
must somehow be quickened and 
energized with an impulse in this 
new direction. In other words, 
it must be fertilized — a process 
dependent on the pollen-grains 
(§ 121). 




521, Section of the ovary of Polygonum Penn 
sylvanicum, in process of fertilisation. (Mag- 
nified 20 diameters.) r, Natural size; «, one of 
the stamens, having discharged its pollen; t, a 
grain of pollen and its tube; s, styles and stig- 
mas; o, ovary, ovule, embryo sac containing the 
embryonic globule. The extremity of a pollen- 
tube is seen in contact with the embryo sac. 



450. The annexed cut indicates all that is cer- 
tainly known of this recondite process. The 
pollen-grain falls upon the stigma, imbibes the 
saccharine moif>ture there, and its inner coat 
of protoplasm expands and protrudes through 
the aperture (one or more) of the outer crusta- 
ceous coat, in tlie form of an attenuated tube. 
This, like a radicle, sinks into the soft tissues 
of the stigma and style, reaches the ovary, enters the micropyle of the ovule, makes its 
way to the nucleus, and penetrates to the embryo sac. Here its growth ceases, and its 
contents pass by absorption into the sac. 

451. This is the view of Mohl, Henfrey, and of botanists generally. But Schleiden 
maintains that the end of the pollen-tube actually penetrates the sac, and itself becomes 
the embryonic cell. The pollen-grain is in this view the primitive cell, and is itself quick- 
ened into development by the contents of the embryo sac (522). 

452. However this mary be, the embryonic globule, thus some- 



lU 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



how endoAved with a new instinct, immediately becomes a new 
centre of growth. First it expands to a proper cell, attached to 
the Avail of the sac near the microj^yle. It then, by division and 
subdivision, multiplies itself, and begins to 
take form according to the species, showing 
cotyledon, plumule, etc., until fully devel- 
oped into the embryo (523). 

453. In the case of the Coniteks (Pines, Cedars, Firs), 
where no styles or stigmas exist, the pollen falls directly into 
the micropyle of the naked 
ovule, and its tubes settle into 
the tissue of the nucleus. 





454. Germina- 
tion. The ovule ma- 
tures with the comple- 
tion of the embryo, 
and passes into the 
fixed state of the seed 
in which the embryo 
sleeps. A store of nu- 
tritive matter, starch, 522. OvuleofViola tricolor, showing the process of fertilization 

gluten, etc., is thought- 
fully provided in the 
seed for the use of the 
young plant in germination, until its root has gained fast hold 
of the soil. 

455. The changes which occur in the seed at the recommence- 
ment of growth, are simply such as are requisite to reduce its 
dry insoluble deposits to a solution which shall contain the 
proper materials for cell-formation or growth. Gluten and other 
nitrogenous matters, oil, starch, etc., are to be changed to dias- 
tase, the same as yeast ; and dextrine, the same as gum and grape 



according to the views of Sclileiden^), pollen; i, tube; r, raphe; 
c, chalaza; &, primine; a, secundine; n, nucleus; s, sac, which 
the tube appears to have penetrated. 523, Growth of the embryo 
in Hippuris vulgaris. The fertilized cell has divided itself into 
several, of which c, b constitute the suspensor attached to the 
apex of the sac; a, embryo dividing into 2, then into 4 cells. 



456. To this end water and oxygen are absorbed; the gluten 
begins decomposition, forming yeast ; fermentation ensues ; heat 
is produced by the slow combustion of the carbon with oxygen, 
forming and evolving carbonic acid, by which process some of 
the oil and starch is destroyed, while another portion gains water 
and turns to sugar ; — all this within the cells of the seed. 



ABSOEPTION. M5 

457. Ripening' of Fruits. After the fruit has attained its full growth the process 
of ripening commences, daring which the pulp becomes gradually sweetened and softened, 
chiefly by the change of the starch into more or less of soluble sugar. Thus ripening is 
to the pericarp what germination is to the seed. In its earliest stage the pericarp con- 
sists of structure similar to that of green leaves, composed of cellular, vascular, and 
woody tissues, and epidermis with stomata. Its distended growth afterward results from 
the accumulation of the flowing sap, which here finds an axis incapable of extension. 
Thus arrested in its progress it gorges the pistil and adjacent parts, is condensed by ex- 
halation, assimilated by their green tissues, which still perform the oflfice of leaves. Cell- 
formation goes on rapidly within, and the excess of cellulose is deposited in the cells'as 
starch. Oxygen is usually absorbed in excess, acidifying the juices. 

458. In the same way we account for the production oi honey 
in the flower. Copious deposits of starch are provided in the 
receptacle and disk (§ 85). At the opening of the flower, this 
is changed to sugar, to aid in the rapid development of those 
delicate organs which have no chlorojDhyl wherewith to assim- 
ilate their own food. The excess of sus^ar flows over in the form 
of honey. The wise economy of the honey is seen in fertiliza- 
tion. For, attracted by it, the insect enters the flower, rudely 
brushes the pollen from the now open anthers, and inevitably 
lodges some of its thousand grains upon the stigma! 

459. Experiment has proved that in all these cases of the formation of sugar from starch 
oxygen is absorbed and carbonic acid evolved — a process which Ave might expect, since 
starch (C12 Hjo Ojo) contains proportionably more carbon than sugar (C12 H12 Oi<^ con- 
tains. It is probable that these two phenomena in vegetation are always co-existent. 

Review. — 447. Maya plant consist of a single cell? An example. Two modes of devel- 
opment. 448. llo\v\?, growth ([isiingvd'&h.e^tvova. reproduction^'^ 449. What is the embry- 
onic vesicle? — Its origin ? — Its destination ? Whence this new impulse ? 450. Trace the 
growth of the pollen grain. Trace the course of its tube. 451. Diff'erent views of thii^. 
Show by the figures. 452. Development after fertilization. 453. Course of the pollen in 
the Conifers. 454. State of the embryo in the seed. Provision for its nourishment. 
455. What chemical changes ensue ? Whence the yeast? — The sugar? — The heat? 456. 
What is formed in ripening fruits ? 458. Whence is honey ? — Its economy ? 



CHAPTER VIII. 

ABSOEPTIOISr. 

460. Office of the root. The absorption of liquids, con- 
taining in solution the food of the plant, is the peculiar and 
indispensable oflice of the root. 

Take a small growing plant from the earth and immerse it by its roots, which should 
be nearly or quite entire, in a cup containing a definite quantity of water. Place near it 
another cup with a like quantity of water to indicate the amount of evaporation. The 
diff"erence of the diminution in the two cups will be the amount of absorption. A plant 

10 



146 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

of Spearmint has thus been found to absorb more than twice its own weight per day. 
Every one is familiar with the rapid disappearance of water from the roots of potted 
plants, as Hydrangea, Oleander. 

461. An impervious epidermis destitute of stomata every- 
where clothes the roots, excepting its fibrillm and the tender 
extremities of the rootlets. No part, therefore, is capable of 
absorption except the latter. But these, by their multiplied 
numbers, present to the soil an adequate absorbing surface. 
Hence, in transplanting a tree, almost the only danger to its life 
arises from the difficulty of preserving a sufficient number of 
these rootlets. 

462. The force Avith which plants absorb fluids by their roots is surprisingly great. If 
the stem of a Grapevine be cut off when the sap is ascending, and a bladder be tied to 
the end of the standing part, it will in a few days become distended with sap even to 
bursting. Dk. Hales contrived to fix a mercurial gauge to a vine thus severed, and found 
the upward pressure of the sap equal to twenty-six inches of mercury, or thirteen pounds 
to the square inch. 

463. But what causes this absorption of fluids in a direction 
contrary to gravitation ? In explanation of this phenomenon 
reference has been made to two well-known principles in physics 
— viz., to capillary attraction by the tubular vessels, and to en- 
dosmose by the closed cells, which are far more numerous. 

4G4. The effects of capillary attraction are seen in experiments like the following. In- 
eert the end of several open thermometer tubes in a colored liquid. It will be seen rising 
in the tubes above its level to various heights — highest in the smallest calibre. Or sus- 
pend a napkin in such fashion that its lowest corner shall dip into a cup of water. In a 
few hours the water will have ascended into the napkin. 

465. iEndosmose is thus illustrated: Throw dried prunes, currants, or raisins into 
water. After a while they will have become swollen and distended with fluid. Now place 
them in strong syrup— they will again shrink. The Jlozving in, as in the first case, is called 
endosmose ; the Jloiving out, as in the second case, is called exosmose. (See Class Book of 
Botany, § 781-783.) Another explanation of absorption is given in § 471. 

466. Other means of absorption. The office of absorp- 
tion is not performed by the root alone. Every green part, but 
especially the leaf, is capable of absorbing gases and watery vapor. 

Every one knows how greatly plants, when parched and withered by drought, are re- 
vived by a shower which sprinkles their leaves without reaching their roots. Air-plants, 
or epiphytes (§ 208), such as the Long-moss and Epidendrum, must rely on this source 
chiefly for the supply of their food ; and when the dissevered stems of such plants as the 
Houseleek grow without roots, suspended by a thread in air, it is evident that all their 
nourishment comes through their leaves. 

467. The use of absorption in the vegetable economy is not 
merely the introduction of so much water into the plant, but to 



CIRCULATION. 147 

obtain for its growth the elements of its food held in solution, 
whether gaseous or earthy. In attaining this object, the roots 
seem to be endowed with a certain power of selection or choice, 
which we cannot explain. Thus, if wheat be grown in the same 
soil with the pea, the former will select the silica along with the 
water which it absorbs, in preference to the lime ; the pea selects 
the lime in preference to the silica. Buckwheat will take chiefly 
magnesia ; cabbage and beans, potash. This fact shows the 
importance of the rotation of crops in agriculture. 

Review. — 460. Principal office of the Eoot. Illustrate by a young plant of Spearmint — 
By Hydrangea. 401. What special organs are the absorbents ? W hat care in transplant- 
ing trees ? 463. How prove the great force of absorption ? 463. Causes of the ascent of 
the sap. Illustrate capillary attraction. 465. Illustrate Endosmose. What other explana- 
tion in § 471, and 480 ? 466. What other organs may absorb ? Several illustrations. How 
are Tree-mosses nourished ? 467. Uses of absorption to vegetation. Have the roots the 
power of choice ? Give examples. 



CHAPTER IX. 

CIECULATIOX. 

468. The fluids which are thus taken into the system by ab- 
sorption cannot remain inactive and stagnant. As their inward 
flow is regular and constant in its season, so must be their up- 
ward and outward flow, in a course more or less direct, toward 
the parts where they find an outlet or a permanent fixture. 

469. In those Cryptogams which are composed of cellular 
tissue alone, the circulation of the sap consists only of a uniform 
difi'usion from cell to cell throuo;hout the mass, as throuo;h a 
sponge. In the higher plants, the diflerent tissues perform ap- 
propriate ofiices in the circulation; some conducting upward, 
some downward, some conveying the crude sap, some latex, and 
some air. 

470. Spiral vessels and others of the trachenchyma are gen- 
erally filled with air, and take no part in the circulation of fluids, 
except in the Spring, when the whole system is gorged with sap. 
The intercellular passages, also, generally circulate air alone. 

471. From the roots the newly absorbed fluid flows upw^ard 
through the stems and branches, toward the buds, leaves, and 
flovrers, being probably drawn thither into them by the exhala- 



148 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

tion and consequent exhaustion there going on. That tissue of 
the stem and branches through which the ascending sap loves 
chiefly to travel, is the pleiirencliyma — those long cells of the 
wood fibre, whether arranged in broad layers, as in the Exogens, 
or scattered in slender bundles, as in the Endogens. And when 
the stem grows old the sap ceases to traverse the inner layers, 
the duramen, where its passage becomes obstructed by thickened 
cell walls ; and frequents only the outer newer layers, the albur- 
num^ next adjoining the liber. 

472. The Crude Sap. The fluid which thus flows upward 
seeking the leaves, consists largely of water, is colorless, and is 
called the Crude Sap. It contains in solution minute quantities 
of gases and mineral salts, imbibed by the roots, together with 
dextrine and sugar (no starch), which it dissolved out of the cells 
on its way. This is the fluid which flows so abundantly from 
incisions made in trees in early Spring. 

473. The overfloto of the sap depends upon the excess of absorption over exhalation. 
After the decay of the leaves in Autumn, and the consequent cessation of exhalation, the 
rootlets, being deep in the gi'ound, below the influence of frost, continue their action for 
a time, and an accumulation of sap in the system, even in the aii*-vessels and spaces, takes 
place. Also in early Spring, before the leaves are developed, this action recommences ; 
and the plant becomes gorged with sap, Avhich will burst forth from incisions, as in the 
Sugar Maple, or sometimes spontaneously, as in the Grape.- As soon as the buds expand 
into leaves and flowers, the overflow ceases. 

474. The True Sap. Throughout its whole course to the 
leaves, the sap gains in density by solution. There arrived, it 
loses by exhalation a large part of its water, gains additional 
carbon, and undergoes other important chemical changes (here- 
after to be noticed), and becomes the True Sap, dense and rich, 
both in nutritive matter for the immediate growth, and in special 
products for l\iQ future nourishment of the plant. 

475. Returning^ the true sap distributes its treasures in due 
and exact proportion as needed to every organ. Its course lies 
in the tissues of the bark, cellular and woody, first distributed 
over the under surface of the leaves, thence by the leaf-stalks 
into the liber, and so pervading all, down to the extremities of 
the roots. 

476. On its passage it onahes deposits of food, first in the cells, 
of the pith at the base of every incipient bud ; then in the cam- 
bium region a copious store; next in the medullary rays a due 



TRANSPIRATION AND RESPIRATION. 149 

portion, some carried outward for the supply of the cortical 
layer, and some inward for solidifying the wood ; and lastly, the 
residue, often the richest legacy of all, falls to the root, and fills 
every branch and fibre, however vast its extent. This last de- 
posit is that which is first met and dissolved by the rising tide 
of fluid in the following Spring. 

477. Growth progresses downward. Since the flowing 
of the true elaborated sap is downward, it scarce admits of a 
doubt that the progress of the growth is also downward, from 
the leaves to the roots. And on no other supposition can we 
account for such facts as the following. 

478. Girdle an exogenous tree by removing an entire ring of its bark. It will flourish 
still during one growing season, and form a new layer of wood and bark everywhere 
above the wound, as before, but not at all below. The next season the tree will die. 
Why? Because the true sap returning cannot descend to nourish the roots. But in a 
few cases trees are said to have survived this process. In such cases the medullary rays 
may have completed the broken currents. On arriving at the ring, the descending sap 
flows inwardly by the medullaiy rays, making a detour, and appears again in the bark 
below the interruption. (See Class Book, p. 155, for a further illustration of this subject.) 

Eevieiv. — 468. Direction of the flowing sap. 469. How it advances in the tissue of a 
Cryptogam. How in the higher plants. 470. Vessels for air only. 471. Tendency of the 
flow. By what tissues ? By which layers, and why ? 472. The crude sap. 473. Account 
for the overflow — For its cessation. 474. The change to true sap. Trace its return from 
the leaves. 476. Specify the places of deposit. 477. Does growth progress upward or 
downward ? 478. A proof. 



CHAPTER X. 

TRANSPIRATION AND RESPIRATION. 

479. Transpiration relates to that important oftice per- 
formed by the leaves and other green organs, whereby pure 
water is separated from the crude sap and given ofi" into the air. 
It takes place chiefly through the stomata, and is greatest by 
day, and in a warm, dry atmosphere. 

480. Upon the activity of transpiration depends also the 
amount of absorption. It not only makes room for the fluids 
from below to enter, but by disturbing their equilibrium it 
creates an upward tendency, as the flame of a lamp draws the 
fluid up the wick. All the mineral and organic constituents of 
the sap are of course left behind, in the plant. 



150 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

481. The quantity of pure water transpired by plants is immense. A forest makes a 
damp atmosphere for miles around. Dr. Hales, in a series of instructive experiments in 
transpiration, ascertained that a Sunflower three and a half feet high, with a surface of 
5,616 square inches, transpired from 20 to 30 oz. in twelve hours ; a Cabbage 15 to 25 oz, 
in the same time— equal to the transpiration of a dozen laboring men. 

482. Respiration in plants refers to their relations to the 
atmosphere. So in animals. These relations are in either case 
vitally important, as may be shown by placing a small, healthy 
potted plant (sc. Geranium, Mimosa) under the receiver of an 
air-pump, and thoroughly exhausting the air. At once every 
vital process ceases — no absorption, no assimilation, no irrita- 
bility, but speedily decay ensues. A vacuum would be no more 
fatal to a sparrow. .Vir is quite as necessary to the one as to 
the other. 

483. Respiration in plants, or aeration (as sometimes called), 
consists of all those operations by which the sap is brought into 
contact with the air or subjected to its influence. It occurs in 
the intercellular passages, in the spiral vessels everywhere, but 
especially in the leaves and all other organs which have chloro- 
phyl and stomata. Its vital importance is manifested in the vast 
extent of the respiratory apparatus, consisting of millions of 
leaves and billions of breathing pores (stomata) and tracheaB 
(vessels) ! 

484. The facts connected with respiration, which seem to have 
been well established by the experiments of Saussure, Garreau, 
Moue, Draper, etc., are these: 1. Carbonic acid (C O^) is ab- 
sorbed by the leaves and all green tissues, under the direct solai 
light. 

2. Oxygen (O) is absorbed by the leaves and all green tissues 
in the absence of direct solar light, and by the roots, flowers, 
fruits, and germinating seeds at all times. 

3. The oxygen thus absorbed unites with some of the free 
(or nascent) carbon already in the tissues, and forms carbonic 
acid. 

4. By a process of assmiilation (§ 439), carbonic acid Avithin 
the green tissues, from whatever source derived, is decomposed 
under the direct sunshine, and its carbon is retained ; but, 

5. Its oxygen is set free and exhaled. 

■6. Carbonic acid is exhaled by the leaves and all the green 



TEANSPIRATIOK AND RESPIRATION. 151 

tissues in the absence of the sunshine, and by all other parts 
(root, flowers, fruit, and germinating seeds) at all times. 

485. Hence it appears that there are two phases of aerial action 
constantly performed and seemingly opposed to each other. One 
dependent wholly upon the clear sunshine, in which, by the 
leaves, etc., C O^ is absorbed, decomposed, and O returned to the 
atmosphere ; the other, in which O is absorbed, and C O^ ex- 
haled, by the leaves in the absence of sunshine, and by all other 
parts (roots, flowers, etc.) at all times. Both are equally and 
vitally important. 

486. The former process becomes visible to the eye by the rapid development of cliloro- 
phyl accompanying it — the latter by its gradual loss. Hence, during a protracted season 
of cloudy Aveather, vegetation grows sensibly paler; but a few hours of sunshine restores 
the greerf to its wonted depth and richness. Hence, also, plants growing in darkness or 
Bhade. as potatoes in the cellar, are very pale, and manifest their affinity for light by 
stretching themselves with famishing eagerness toward the slender sunbeam which gains 
admittance. Analysis shows structtires thus grown to be deficient in carbon. 

4ST. We may easily repeat the experiments of Saussure and Priestley. Place a quantity 
of freshly gathered leafy stems under a bell-glass inverted and full of rain-water, and thus 
expose them to the sunlight. Soon bubbles of pure oxygen gas arise and slowlj* collect 
above. Now repeat the experiment with boiled or distilled water, and no oxygen will 
appear. Eain-water contains COq in solution ; boiled water does not. The O must 
therefore have come from the OO2 as would appear. 

488. If we enclose, air-tight, in a glass globe the end of a leafj^ branch, withotit severing 
it from the tree, it will be found by careful analysis, after a day of sunshine, that the pro- 
portion of O has increased at the expense of CO2 within the globe ; and vice versa by 
night or in the shade. 

489. The results of both transpiration and resi^iratiou, as con- 
cerns the plant, tend to concentrate the diluted sap by the elim- 
ination of the water, which served merely for its conveyance, and 
to assimilate it into food capable of being organized into cells 
and their various contents. And it is proper in this place also 
to notice the effects of this vast machinery upon the constitution 
of the atmosphere and its relation to the animal kingdom. 

490. Carbonic acid gas is dissolved in the atmosphere and 
somewhat uniformly diff'used throughout its whole extent, in the 
proportion of about 4 j^arts in 10,000, or grVo"- This gas flows, 
and is ever flowing into the air from decaying animal and vege- 
table substances, from combustion, and from the breath of all 
living animals. The quantity thus added to the atmosphere an- 
nually is estimated at 100 billions lbs., or nearly one-tenth of the 
whole amount of carbon, and yet it does not accumulate. Kow 
if we were able to compute in pounds the annual growth of the 



152 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

entire plant world, and the proportion of solid carbon which 
enters into that amount, we should doubtless find that the grand 
total of the demand equals this grand total supjDly. 

491. And further: not only are the necessities of the plant 
met by this wonderful circulation, but the necessities of animal 
existence also. Carbonic acid is poisonous ; and should it be left 
to accumulate unchecked, it would gradually corrupt the air, and 
within a few centuries extinguish all animal life. Thus are the 
two kingdoms of the organic world mutually, through the inor- 
ganic, dependent upon each other. The plant furnishes the 
oxygen which the animal consumes, the animal the carbonic acid 
which the plant consumes, while each would perish in an atmos- 
phere of its own production. " Great and marvellous are thy 
works, O Loi'd of Hosts ! in wisdom hast thou made them all." 

Revieio. — 479. What is transpiration ? It occurs where and when ? 480. Why is absorp- 
tion dependent upon it? What only does it expel? 481. How much water did a Sun- 
flower transpire in a day? — A Cabbage? Effect of a forest on the Atmosphere ? 483. Ira- 
port of Aeration. Vastness of the Apparatus. 484. Six factf< in Eespiration. 485. The 
two opposite phases of respiration. 486. When does the former phase become visible ? 
When the latter ? Blanched plants. 487. Saussure's Experiments. Why no oxygen with 
boiled water? 489. The results of transpiration and respiration. 490. What proportion 
of CO2 in the Air? Whence is it? How much added yearly? Does it accumulate? 
Why not? 491. How might the air become poison ? The mutual dependence of Plants 
and Animals. 



PART THIRD. 



SYSTEMATIC BOTANY, 



CHAPTER I. 



GE^TERAL PKIXCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATIOX. 

492. Systematic Botany relates to the arrangement of Plants 
into Groups and Families according to their characters, for the 
purpose of facilitating the study of their names, affinities, habits, 
history, properties, and uses. In this department the principles 
of Organic and Physiological Botany are applied and brought 
into practical use. 

493. But there is another and higher import in the study of 
Systematic Botany. It shows us Plants as related to each other 
and constituting one magnificent system. It reveals the Al- 
mighty Creator at once employed in the minutest details and 
upon the boundless whole ; equally attentive to the perfection 
of the individual in itself, and to the completeness of the Grand 
System of which it forms a necessary part. 

494. The necessity for such an arrangement of the Species will appear when we con- 
sider their immense numbers. They meet us in ever- varying forms at every step, cloth- 
ing the hills, mountains, valleys, and plains. They spring up in hedges and by the way- 
side. They border the streams and lakes, and sprinkle over their surface. They stand 
assembled in forests, and cover with verdure even the depths of the Ocean. Not less than 
100,000 kinds are already distinguished, and the catalogue is still increasing. 

495, Into this vast kingdom of Xature the student is introduced, and proposes to ac- 
quaint himself with each and every object. How shall he begin? Evidently he must 
begin with the individual — a single individual plant. But (thanks to Him who created 
both the plant and the mind— the object and the subject), we are not left to continue the 
study in a method so endless and so hopeless. As if in special regard to the measui'e of 
the human intellect and the means of its culture, the Great Author of Nature has grouped 
these myriads of individuals into 



154 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

496. Species (§ 27). When He called plants into existence, 
in their own specific forms, He endowed each with the power of 
Ijerpetuating its own hind and no other ^ so that they have 
descended to us distinguished by the same characters and prop- 
erties as at the beginning. When, therefore, the student has 
formed acquaintance with any one individual plant, he is also ac- 
quainted with all other indimdxials helonging to the same species. 

497. For example : a single plant of ^Yll^te Clover is a true representative of all the mil- 
lions of its kind that grow on our hills and meadows. Likewise, a single description of 
the White Pine will answer in all essential points for every individual tree of that noble 
species in all its places and times. Thus all the individual plants of the globe are grouped 
into species by descent and resemblance. 

498. Genera (§ 29). Although the species are separated 
from each other by clear and definite distinctions, still they are 
found to exhibit, also, constant afiinities w^hereby they stand 
associated into larger groups called genera. Thus the White 
Clover and the Red Clover (Trifolium repens and T. pratense) 
are universally recognized as difierent species, but of the same 
kind or genus ; and a proper generic description of one plant of 
tlie genus Teifolium will convey intelligence to a certain extent 
concerning every other plant belonging to its 150 sj^ecies. 

490. Orders. But natural affinities do not end here. The genera are yet too niimeroiis 
for the ready and systematic study of the naturalist. He, therefore, would generalize still 
further, and reduce th :> genera to still fewer and broader groups. On comparing the gen- 
era with each other, he finds that they also possess in common certain important charac- 
ters which are of a more general nature than those which distinguish them from each 
other. By these general chai'acters the genera are associated into Orders. 

500. For example : comparing such genera as the Mustard, Eadish, Cabbage, Cress, 
Wallflower, etc., it is seen that, while they dlft'er sufficiently in their generic characters, 
yet they all have certain marked resemblances in their didynamous stamens, siliquous 
fruit, whereby they are obviously associated into the same Order — the Cruciferag. So, 
also, the Pines, the Spruces, the Cedars, the Larches, and the Cypress, while as genera 
they are obviously distinct, yet all bear cones of some form, Avith naked seeds; hence 
they are naturally grouped into one Order — the Coniferte. 

501. Classes. In like manner the Orders, by traits of resemblance still more general, 
are associated into a few groups, each of great extent, called Classes. 

502. Intermediate Oroups, formed on the same principles, are recognized as 
Subgenera, Suborders or Tribes, and Subclasses or Cohorts, which will be particularly 
noticed in another place. Of the same nature, also, are Varieties, which are groups sub- 
ordinate to species, already described in § 28. 

503. Systems. Two independent and widely different meth 
ods of classifying the genera have been generally approved — the 
Artificial Method of Linnaeus, and the ISTatural System of Jussieu. 
The former is founded solely on characters relating to the organs 



THE NATUEAL SYSTEM. 155 

of fructification, leaving all other natural affinities out of view. 
It is simply an arrangement devised by Linnaeus for convenience 
in the analysis of plants — as words in a dictionary, for con- 
venience of reference, are arranged alpliahetically ^ without re- 
gard to their nature. It is now generally superseded by — 

504. The Matural System. This system of classification, 
on the contrary, takes for its basis all those natural affinities and 
resemblances of plants whereby I^ature herself has distinguished 
them into groups and families. It seizes upon every character 
wherein plants agree or disagree, and forms her associations only 
upon the principle of natural affinity. Hence, each member of 
any natural group resembles the other members ; and a fair de- 
scription of one will serve, to a certain extent, for all the rest. 

505. The species and genera are formed on this principle of 
classification, as above stated, and are truly natural associations. 
Individuals altogether similar- — cast, as it were, in the same 
mould — constitute a species. Species agreeing in nearly all re- 
pects, and difiering but in few, constitute a genus. Thence the 
genera, associated by their remaining affinities into groups of 
few or many, by this same method are organized into N^atural 
Orders and other departments of the System. 

Bevieio.—^^'^. Object and use of Systematic Botany. 493. A still higher import. 494, 
Show the subject to be vast. 49.5. A wrong way to study it. 49t;. How the species are 
limited. A short road to knowledge. 49T. Give examples. Define a Species in the 
words of §2~. Define a Genus (§ ^9). 493. How exemplify a genus ? 499. Give the third 
step in classification. 500. How is the Order of Crucifers made up ? — The Conifers ? 
502. Name four sorts of intermediate groups. What is said of the Variety in § 28 ? 503. 
Two methods of classifying the genera. Define the Artificial. Its author. 504. Define 
the Natural System. Its purpose. 505. Synopsis of the groups. 



CHAPTER II. 

THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 

506. There is indeed but one truly N'atural System. Yet so 
long as any portion of that System remains imperfectly under- 
stood, so far authors may be expected to hold different views, 
and to attempt by different methods to express that true System. 
But the discrepancies observed in the several "N'atural Systems" 
proposed by different writers, are slight compared with the nura- 



156 



SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 



ber and importance of the principles now common to them all, 
and universally admitted. 

Let us begin with the VEGETABLE KINGDOM as a whole. 

507. Sub-kingdoms. It is first divided or separated into 
two Sub-kingdoms, viz., the Phsenogamia, or Flowering Plants, 
and the Cryptogamia, or Flowerless Plants. These divisions 
were first propounded by John Pay, of England, in 1682. They 
lie at the foundation of the System of Linnseus as well as that 
of Jussieu, and have been adopted by every subsequent author. 
It is a division founded in Nature — that is, marked by Nature 
herself; for. 



The Ph^nogamia ((paivw, to appear, ycL- 
jxog', nuptials)— 

c, Consist of a regular axis of growth with 
leafy appendages ; 

J, They possess a woody and spiro-vascular 
structure ; 

c, They develop stamens and pistils consti- 
tuting flowers ; 

rf, They produce seeds containing an em- 
bryo. 



The Cryptogamia (Jcpij'TrT'w, to conceal, 

^(X/J-OJ)— 

(?., Are generally destitute of a regular axis 

and of true leaves ; 
6, They possess mostly only a cellular 

structure ; 
c, They do not develop true flowers ; 
d^ They produce spores having no embryo. 



508. The above diagnosis does not mark the absolute limits between the two Sub-king- 
dom.s ; for the higher Crj'ptogams, as the Ferns and Mosses, give indications of approach 
to the PhiBUOgams, both in form and structure, Avhile the lower Phgenogams can scarcely 
be said to produce flowers. And universally, so gradual is the transition from group to 
group, that it is difficult or impossible to employ characters so definite as to circumscribe 
completely any one group, while at the same time they exclude every member of the sur- 
rounding allied groups. 

509. Provinces. The Flowering Plants are next resolved 
into two great Provinces, indubitably marked by Nature's own 
hand, and employed in every natural method. The following is 
their diagnosis. They were also first propounded by John Ray, 
under the names of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. 



ExoGENS (SgOJ, outside, T/£vv(Xw, to gen- 
erate or grow) — 

a, Growing by layers external to the wood, 
internal to the bark ; 

&, Leaves net-veined ; 

c. Flowers very rarely 3-parted ; 

c?, Seeds with two or more cotyledons ; 

e, The radicle producing an axial root. 



Endogens (sv5ov, within, vsvvaw, to 
grow, etc.) — 

a. Growing by scattered, internal wood- 
bundles ; 

6, Leaves parallel-veined ; 

c, Flowers very generally 3-parted ; 

cf. Seeds with one cotyledon ; and 

e. The radicle never producing an axial root. 



510. Classes. The Provinces are next broken into Classes, 
groups of the third rank in extent. Two are constituted of the 
Exog^ens, viz. : 



THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 157 



GY3IX0SPERMS (^ufxvojT, naked, (f-rsp/xa), 

(Pine, Yew)— 
c, Flowers imperfect ; 
6, Pistils scale-like, with no stigma ; 
c, Seeds naked, not in a pericarp ; 
c?, Embrj'O mostly with, several whorled 

cotyledons. 

511. Two Classes also constitute the Endogens, viz. : 

The Petalifer^ (-TrsVaXov, a petal 



Angtosperms (ayyeioi:, a vessel, (fifspiia 

seed). (Oak, Rose)— 
a. Flowers more generally perfect ; 
6, Pistils complete, enclosing the ovules ; 

c, Seeds enclosed in a pericarp ; 

d, Embryo with only two cotyledons. 



(ptpw, to bear) — 

Plants of the endogenous structure, hav- 
ing continuous stems and petaloid flowers ; 
that is, flowers invested Avith a whorled 
perianth or none (Lily, Orchis, Eush). 



GLuaiiFER^iE (gluma, husk,/ero, to bear) — 
Plants of the endogenous structure, hav- 
ing jointed culms and glumaceous flowers ; 
that is, invested with an imbricated per- 
ianth of green glumes (Grasses, Grains, 
Sedges). 



512. Cohorts. The Classes are each of great extent, both as 
to the number and the diversity of theii* families, and obviously 
require a further subdivision. To effect this on strictly natural 
principles, botanists have labored hitherto in vain. The truth 
is, the members of these several classes are united by affinities 
so equable as to render a further subdivision impossible except 
by distinctions more or less arbitrary. So adjacent territories, 
where rivers or other natural boundaries are wanting, must be 
separated by artificial lines. 

513. The AxGiosPEEMS were subdivided by Endlicher into 
three cohorts, and nearly all modern botanists have adopted his 
plan under various names. 

1. Dialypetaloe (piccKvc>), to dissolve). Exogenous plants, having both calyx and co- 
rolla, the latter composed of distinct petals {polypetalous), sometimes slightly cohering 
by the base of the stamens, rarely abortive. 

2. Gamopetalce (^aaoV, union). Exogenous plants, having both calyx and corolla, 
the latter composed of petals more or less united (jnonopetalous). 

3. ApetalCE (a, privative). Exogenous plants with flowers having a calyx only, or 
neither calyx nor corolla {achlamydeous). 

514. The class petalifeeje may be conveniently separated 
into two cohorts as follows: 

1. Spadicijiorcn. Endogenous plants with flowers having no perianth, or a scaly one, 
and borne on a thickened spadix, which is often enveloped in a spathe. 

2. FloridecE. Endogenous plants with the flowers usually perfect and complete, the 
perianth double, 3-parted, the outer often, and sometimes both, green. 

515. The class Glumiferae is equivalent to the cohort Grami- 
noidece^ including the Sedges, Grains, and Grasses — a truly 
natural assemblage. 

516. The Sub-kingdom Cryptoga^iia is resolved into 
groups which are analogous to those of the Phaenogaraia. First, 



158 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

it is naturally divided into two Provinces, founded upon their 
mode of veo-etation. The Acrosrens include those tribes which 
make some approach toward the Phsenogams, while the Thallo- 
gens include the lowest tribes of the vegetable kingdom. They 
are thus distins-uished — 



AcROGENS (axpov^ the summit or point, 
^Swaw)— 

Flowerless Plants liaving a regular stem 
or axis, which grows by the extension of 
the apex only, generally with leaves, and. 
composed of cellular tissue and scalariform 
ducts (Ferns, Mosses, Club-mosses, Horse- 
tails, etc.) 



Thallogens (^j,XXov, green expansion, 
vsvvaw) — 

Flowerless Plants producing in vegetation 
a thallus — an indefinite expansion or mass, 
with no distinction of stem, leaf, or root, 
composed of cellular tissue only (Lichens, 
Fungi, etc.) 



517. Classes of the Flowerless Plants, For the sake of 
analogy and an advantageous comparison with the Phsenogams, 
we may also regard these two provinces of the Cryptogams in 
the light of Classes founded upon their different modes of fruit- 
bearing. Thus the Acrogeus constitute the class — 

Angiospor^ (ayysiog, rf-Tfopa), or Angiospores : 

Acrogenous plants, producing their spores in sporangia (vessels) which burst 
when the spores are mature. 

And the Thallog^ens constitute the class — 

Gtmnospor^ (yufxvoj, (f<7fopoL), or Gymnospores : 

Thallogenous plants reproduced by spores, which are produced in parent cells, 
either forming a part of the vegetating thallus, or growing upon the surface of some 
definite region of the thallus. 

518. The class Aistgiospores is divided into three cohorts (or 
Alliances according to Lindley) : 

Lycopodales. Acrogens with vascular tissue, spores of two kinds, and spore-cases axil- 
lary or radical, one— many-celled. Plants with well-developed leaves. (Lycopodiacese, 
Marsileaceas.) 

Filiccdes. Acrogens with vascular tissue, spores of but one kind, spore-cases borne on 
the mai-gin, back, or summit of the frond, one-celled, usually girded by an elastic ring. 
Plants leafy or sheathed. (Equisctaceae, Filices.) 

M'dscales. Acrogenous plants mostly cellular, with two kinds of floral organs (antheri- 
dia and archegonia), and spore-cases (thecae) either hooded or immersed in the substance 
of the frond, (ilosses, Hepaticae, etc.) 

519. The class Gymistospoees also consists of three cohorts: 

Lichenales. Thallogens growing in air, crustaceous, without mycelium, including 
spores plunged in the thallus as well as in shields. (Lichens.) 

Algales. Thallogens living in water or very damp places, cartilaginous, brightly colored, ' 
without mycelium, nourished through their whole surface. (Algae, or Seaweeds.) 

Fiingales. Thallogens fructifying in the air, never green, nourished by their own my- 
celium, which is immersed in, and feeds upon decaying substances. (Fungi.) 



THE NATUEAL SYSTEM. 



159 



520. The following is a condensed tabular view of the Natural 
System as above constituted. 

THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 

The Sub-kingdom Phl^xogamia, or Flowering Plants. 
Province 1st. — Exogens^ or Dicotyledons. 
Class I. — x\ngiosperms. 
Cohort A. — Dialypetalge, or Polypetalous Exogens (Roseworts). 
Cohort B. — Gamopetalae, or Monopetalous Exogens (Phlox worts). 
Cohort C. — Apetalse, or Apetalous Exogens (Pokeworts). 
Class II. — Gymnosperms. 
Coliort D. — Conoideae, or Cone-bearing Plants (Pines). 
Pj'ovmce 2d. — Endogens, or Monocotyledons. 
Class III. — Pctaliferre, or Aglumacese. 
Cohort E. — SpadicifloroB (the Aroids, etc.) 
Cohort F. — Floridese (Lilyworts, etc.) 
Class IV. — Glmniferse, glnmaceous Endogens. 
Cohort G. — Graminoideae (Grasses, etc.) 
The Sub-kingdom Chyptogamia, or Flowerless Plants. 
Province 3d. — Acrogens, the Point-growers. 
Class V. — Angiospores. 

Cohort H. — Lycopodales, or Lycopods. 
Cohort J. — Filicales, or Fenis. 
Cohort K. — Mnscules, or Mosses. 
Province 4th. — T/iaUogens, the Mass-growers. 
Class VI. — Gymnosporcs. 

Cohort L. — Lichenales, the Lichens. 
Cohort M. — Algales, the Seaweeds. 
Cohort xs. — Fimgales, or Fungi. 





Fig-. 52i, A Moss (Bartramia). 525, Chara ; 526, a portion mug- 
niSed. 527, Lichens (Cladonia). 528, 9, Seaweeds ; 8, Vaueheria ; 
.«, a spore just discharged ; 9, Fueus ; a, air-vessel ; &, fruit ; z, 
section of one of the fruit-clots ; c, a spore with paraphyses. 



160 BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 

521. Orders or Families succeed to the Cohorts. The 
Natural Order is perhaps the most important of all the associa- 
tions. On the accuracy and distinctness of the characters of 
these groups botanists have bestowed the highest degree of at- 
tention, and the student's progress will largely depend upon his 
acquaintance with them. 

522. Orders are formed by associating together those genera 
which have the most intimate relations to each other, or to some 
one genus previously assumed as the type. As species form 
genera, so genera form Orders. In regard to extent, they difier 
widely ; some consisting of a single genus, as Platanaceae, while 
others comprehend hundreds of genera, as CompositaB. For 
convenience in analysis, the larger Orders are broken up into 
Sub-orders or Tribes. 

523. The Natural System, then, with all its divisions, groups, 
and subordinations, may be exhibited at one view, as follows : 

The Vegetable Kixgdom consists of 
Two Sub-kingdoms, 
Four Provinces, 
Six Classes, 

Thirteen Cohorts, with Alliances, 

300 Orders, with Sub-orders and Tribes, 
20,000 Genera, with Sub-genera, 
100,000 Species, with Varieties, and 
Finally, of Individuals. 



CHAPTER III. 



BOTANICAL ANALYSIS 



Is the application of the rules and principles of botany to the 
study of the natural plant, in order to determine its place in the 
system, its names, history, uses — all that is on record concern- 



ing it. 



524, In the flowering months the learner will constantly meet 
with new forms of bloom ; and if he is duly interested in the 



BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 161 

science, he will not fail to seize and analyze each new flower 
while the short hour of its beauty may last. Thus in a few 
seasons, or even in one, he may become well acquainted with 
the flora of the vicinity where he dwells. 

525. Suppose, now, the pupil to be in possession of an un- 
known plant in flower and fruit. The first requisite is, its 
Natural Order, and the first step in analysis is an examination 
of the several organs, one by one, until the general structure is 
well understood. This done, the experienced botanist, who has 
in memory the characters of all the Orders, might determine at 
once to which of them the plant in question belongs. But the 
heghmer must be content with a longer course of inquiry and 
comparison, — a course which might be indefinitely long and 
vague without the use of — 

526. Analytical Tables. These are designed to shorten 
and define to exactness the processes of analysis. Those which 
appear in the present work are peculiar in form, and more copi- 
ous and complete than the tables of any other similar work. 
These tables, with proper use in connection with the specimen, 
will very rarely fail to conduct the inquirer almost immediately 
to the right Order, Genus, and Species. 

We subjoin a few examples of the analysis of particular 
species by the aid of these tables. If the exercise be conducted 
in the class-room, the successive steps in the j^rocess (indicated 
by the numbers 1, 2, 3, &c., below) may be assigned, in order, 
to each pupil in the class. 

ANALYSIS OF A POLYPETALOUS HERB. 

527. To determine tlie Cohort. A good specimen of a little yellow-flowered 
herbaceous plant, common in the grassy fields of cool regions, is supposed to be now in 
the hands of each pupil of the class. (1.) The fii'st pupil, reading (if necssary) the charac- 
teristic of each sub-kingdom, pronounces the plant one of the Phisenogamia, and refers 
the next pupil to the Provinces, 1 or 2. 

(2.) The next reads the characters of those Provinces, and comparing the specimen 
(which has we^mnecZ ^ea»e5 and 5-meroMSj'?ozfers), concludes that it is an Exogen. Refer 
next to the Classes, 1 or 2. 

(3.) " Stigmas present. Seeds enclosed in vessels." 

" Stigmas none. Seeds naked. (Pines, Spruces, &c.)" Our plant has stigmas, «fec., 
and, moreover, is not a Pine, Spruce, &c. It is, therefore, an Angiosperm. Refer next 
to Cohorts 1, 2, or 3. 

(4.) " Corolla with the petals distinct." This characterizes our plant, and it is pro- 
nounced one of the Polypetalse. Refer them to A. 



162 BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 

528. To determine tlie Ordei*, the (5th) pupil reads the first alternative^ or trip- 
let, noted by a star (*), and comparing his plant, finds it to correspond with the first line, 
for it is an " herb with alternate leaves." Pass now to (11). 

(6.) " Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume." 

" Flowers irregular," &c. The flower is regular. Pass to (13). 

Again, a (7th) pupil reads, " Stamens 3—10 times as many as the petals." " Stamens 
few and definite." The stamens are many. Pass to (15). 

(8). The next pupil reads, compares, and determines that the stamens are "perigynous 
on the base of the calyx," and announces the letter {d) as the reference to the next alter- 
native. (9.) Next, the pupil read"? and compares his specimen with the triplet (d), and 
concludes that the sepals are 5, and imbricated in the bud. Consequently, it is announced 
that the plant in hand belongs to the Order ROSACEiE. 

529. To determine tlae Genus. After a careful comparison of their specimen 
with the diagnosis of the Roseworts (Order 44), in order to verify the analysis, thus far, 
the learner or the class will then consult the table of the Genera. (10.) A pupil reads the 
couplet marked A, and determines that the " Ovary is superior, fruit not enclosed," &c. 
Pass to (a). 

11. "Carpels CXD. Calyx persistent, with 5 bractlets added," characterizes our plant. 
Pass to (/), which is Tribe V. Pass on to ig). (12.) The next pupil determines that the 
" style is deciduous." Pass to {k). (13.) " Torus spongy or dry," is true of our speci- 
mens. Pass to {T). (14.) "Bractlets 5" reads the next, and announces the plant to be a 
Potentilla. Now all turn to Genus 13, and together verify this result by reading and com- 
paring the stated character of the genus. 

530. To determine tlie Species. (15.) As our plant has "stamens 00 and flow- 
ers yellow" it must be a (fn/e Potentilla. Pass to (a). (16.) " Leaves palmately 3-foliate" 
suits our plant. It is, therefore, either species No. 3, 4, or 5. Lastly (17), after a due 
comparison of their plant with each of these three species, it is determined that it is 
P. Norvegica. 

ANALYSIS OF AN ENDOGEN. 

531. A grass-like, blue-flowered herb is now supposed to have been discovered and dis- 
tributed to the Class for analysis. Having (1) determined that it is an Endogen (for it has 
"parallel-veined leaves and 3-parted flowers"), they would now (2) determine its Class, 
whether the 3d or the 4th. Tbey read, 

"Flowers without glumes, and colored," &c. 

" Flowers with green alternate glumes, and no perianth." The first line is adopted, and 
Petalifei-se is its Class. Pass next to (t) Cohorts 5, 6, or 7, and read, 

(3.) " Cohort 5. Flowers on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete." 

" Cohort 6. Flowers complete, with a double perianth" — which answers to the 
specimens in hand, and it is seen to belong to the Floridese. Pass to W. 

(4.) The next pupil having read and compared the first couplet under " F, Cohort 6, 
Florideas," chooses the second line. Pass to No. 8. (5.) " Perianth tube adherent to the 
ovary" is adopted. Pass to (a). (6.) "Flowers perfect"— the third number of this coup- 
let, is true of our plant. Next, the dash ( — ). (7.) "Flowers 3-6-androus, with stamens 
free," is found to meet the case. Pass to (&). (8.) "Perianth glabrous outside" is true. 
The dash ( — ). (9.) " Stamens 3, anthers extrorse," is also true, and our plant belongs to 
the Order IRIDACE^. 

5.32. To determine the Genus and Species under the Irids, Order 146, is the next and 
the last step. Having carefully compared their specimens with the characters ascribed 
to the Irids, the pupils next apply to the Table of the Genera. (10.) " Flowers regular 
and equilateral," in the first dilemma, is chosen. Read the (*) couplet next. (11.) " Sep- 
als similar to the petals in form, size, and position" is true. Next to (a). (12.) " Stamens 
monadelphous. Flowers small, blue. Plants grass-like," describes the plant truly, and 
it must be a Sisyrhinchium. They turn to Genus 7, and verify by reading its characters. 
Lastly, the brief diagnoses of the two species are compared, and the plant is found to bo 
S. Bermudiana, 



KULES IN NOMENCLATURE. 163 



CHAPTER lY. 



KULES IN NOMEXCLATURE. 



533. The Names of the Orders are Latin adjectives, 
feminine, plural (to agree ^\i\i ^^lantai, plants, understood), usu- 
ally derived from the name of the most prominent, or leading 
genus, by changing or prolonging the termination into acece, as 
liosacece^ the Rose tribe, Papaveracece, the Poppy tribe, from 
Rosa and Papaver. Earlier names, however, derived from some 
leading character in the Order, and with various terminations, 
are still retained. Thus, Compositce^ with compound flowers ; 
Lahiatm, with labiate flowers. 

534. Generic Names are Latin substantives, arbitrarily 
formed, often from some medicinal virtue, either supposed or 
real, or from some obvious character of the genus ; sometimes 
from the native country of the plants, or from the name of 
some distinguished botanist, or patron of botany, to whom the 
genus is thus said to be dedicated. Also the ancient classic 
names, either Latin or Greek, are often retained. Examples of 
all these modes of construction will be hereafter seen. 

535. Specific Names are usually Latin adjectives, singu- 
lar, and agreeing in gender with the name of the genus to which 
they belong. They are mostly founded upon some distinctive 
character of the species ; as, Viola hlanda^ Sweet-scented Vio- 
let ; V. cucidlata^ Hood-leaved Violet. Frequently the species 
is named after some other genus, which, in some respect, it re- 
sembles ; as Viola delphinifoUa^ Larkspur Violet. 

536. CommLemorative Specific Names. Species, like 
genera, are also sometimes named in commemoration of distin- 
guished persons. The rules given by Lindley, for the construc- 
tion of such names, are : 1st. If the person is the discoverer, the 
specific name is a substantive in the genitive case, singular num- 
ber ; as, Viola SelMrJcii, Selkirk's Violet ; Lobelia Kalmii^ 
Kalm's Lobelia. 2d. If the name is merely conferred in honor 
of the person to whom it is dedicated, it is an adjective ending 
in m/5, na^ or nim% (according to the gender of the generic 



164: KULES IN NOMENCLATUEE. 

name) ; as, Tulipa Gesneriana^ Gesnerian Tulip, or Gesner's 
Tulip ; Erica Linneana, Linnaeus' Heath. 

537. Rules for the use of Capitals. The names of the 
order, the sub-order or tribe, and of the genus, should always 
commence with a capital letter. The name of the species should 
never commence with a capital except in the following cases : 
(1), when it is derived from the name of a person or of a coun- 
try, as Phlox Drumraondii^ Aquilegia Canadensis ^ (2), when it 
is a substantive, as Delphinium ConsoUda. 

538. Synonyms. Very frequently, the same species has been described by different 
(or even by the same) authors, under different names. In such cases it becomes a ques- 
tion, often of difloicult solution, which name is to be adopted. Obviously, iho. prior name, 
that is, the original one, if it can be ascertained, is entitled to the most respect ; and it 
is a rule w^ith botanists to adopt this name, unless it has been previously occupied, or be 
strongly objectionable on some other account. All other names are synonyms. 

539. Authorities. In Wie flora which accompanies this work, immediately after the 
Genus we insert the abbreviated name of the author by whom it was originally published, 
with a comma between, thus : Trilolium, Tourn. After a species the authority is in- 
serted without a comma, as T. repens L.,— that is to say, Trifolium repens (of) Linnaeus. 
In changing the ge^ieric relations of a species (as subsequent writers often deem neces- 
sary), it is a custom for the author of the change to annex his own name, or a blank, instead 
of the original authority. The custom is often unjust, and always liable to abuse. It offers 
a bribe for innovations in the Genera, and recent works abound in changes which other- 
wise could scarcely be accounted for. When such changes become necessary, the just and 
proper rule (actually adopted in Conchology) is the following. Let the original specific 
name and authority both be retained, the latter in parenthesis, thus, Lychnis Githago 
(Linn.)— originally Agrostemma Githago Linn. This method is often but not always used 
in the present work. 

Authorities for our species of exotic cultivated plants, for want of space, have all been 
here omitted. 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



A {a, privative), prefixed to a Greek word^ 

signifies without; as aphyllous, without 

leaves. 
Abbreviations, page 3, Part IV. 
Abortio?i, non-development of a part. 
Absorption, 460. 

Acaulescent, apparently stemless, 223. 
Accessory, something superadded. 
Accrescent, growing after flowering. 109. 
Accumbent, lying against a thing, 183. 
Acerose or acerous, needle-shaped, 299. 
Achenium, plural, achenia, 1.51. 
Achlamydeous, without floral envelopes. 
Acicular, finely needle-shaped. 
Acotyledonous, without cotyledons. 
Acrogens, siimmit-growers, 425. 
Aculeate, armed with prickles. 
Acuminate, drawn out into a point, 307. 
Acute, ending in a sharp angle, 307. 
Adherent, growing to, 82, 94. 
Adnate, growing fast to, 114. 
Adventitious, growing out of the usual or 

normal position, as roots, 206. 
Aeration, same as Respiration, 483. 
j^stivation, 335. 

Affinity, resemblance in essential organs. 
Age of trees, 47. 

Aggregate, assembled close together. 
Aglumaceous, without glumes, the same as 

Petaliferse, 514. 
Air-bladders, 323. 
Air-plants, 208. 
Ala, wing ; Aloe, wings, 101. 
Alate, winged, 274. ^ 
Albumen, 179. Albuminous, 178. 
Alburnum, sap-wood, 410. 
Algoe, seaweeds, 519. 
Alternate, 215, 262. 

Alveolate, with pits like the honey-comb. 
Ament, a deciduous spike. 357. 
Amorphous, without definite form. 
Amphitropous, 141. 
Amplexicaul, stem-clasping, 275, 311. 
Analysis, Botanical, 523. 
Anastomosis, reunion of vessels or veins. 
Andtropous, 141. 
Ancipital, two-edged. 
And?oecium, 110. 
Androgenous, stamens and pistils on the 

same peduncle. 
Angiospermce, angiosperms, 510. 
Angiospores, 517. 
Animal, 15. 

Annual, yearly (sc. plants), 40. 
Annular cells, 378. [bract. 

Anterior, parts (of a flower) adjacent to the 
Anthelmintic, expelling or killing worms. 
Anther, 111, 113. [ing. 

Anthesis, the opening of the flower ; floweV- 



Antheridia, the staminate organs of Mosses. 

ApetalcBy 513. Apetalous, without petals. 

Aphyllous, without leaves. 

Apophysis, a swelling, e. g., under the 
thecse of some Mosses. 

Apparatus, 4. 

Appendicular organs, 77. 

Appressed, closely applied but not adhering 
to ; the same as adpressed. 

Apterous, without wings. 

Aquatic, living in water. 

Arachnoid, resembling cobwebs. 

Arboreous, arborescent, tree-like. 

Archegonia, the pistillate organs of Mosses. 

A^rcuate, arched or curved like a bow. 

Areolate, having the surface divided into 
little spaces or areas. 

Aril, an extra seed-covering, 175. 

Aristate, with an arista or awn (I3arley). 

Armed, bearing prickles, spines, etc. 

A?'iiculated, jointed, as the culm of Wheat. 

Ascending, arising obliquely ; assurgent. 

Ascidia, leaves holding water, 322. 

Assimilation, 439. 

Attenuate, becoming slender or thin. 

Auriculate, ear-bearing, 291. 

Awn, the beard of Barley and the like. 

Axial root, 200. 

Axil (arm-pit), the angle between the petiole 
^and the branch, on the upper side. 

Axillary, growing out of tlie axils. 

Axis, ascending, 211, 212 ; erect, procum- 
bent, prostrate, trailing, decumbent, 212 : 
excurrent, solvent, 226; descending, 197 

Baccate, berry -like ; covered with pulp. 

Banner, same as Vexillum, 101. 

Banyan tree, 207. 

Bark, 411. 

Basilar, basal, attached to the base, 136. 

Bast-cells, wood-cells of bark, 412. 

Beaked, ending in an extended tip. 

Bearded, with tufts of long, weak hairs. 

Berry, 159. 

Bi, Bis, twice (in compound words). 

Bicoloi\ two-colored. 

Bicuspidate, with two points or ciTsps. 

Bidentate, with two teeth. 

Biennial, of two years, 41. 

Bifid, cleft into two parts. 

Bifoliate, with two leaflets. 

Bifurcate, twice forked, or merely forked. 

Bilabiate, two-lipped. 

Binate. 303. 

Bipinnate, 304. 

Bipinnatifid, twice pinnatifld. (Pig. 342.) 

Biternate, twice ternate, 305. 

Bivalved, two-valved. 

Blade. (See Lamina, 271.) 



166 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



Blcwched (plants), whitened for the want 
of light. § 48(i (See Etiolated.) 

Bloom, a fine white powder on some plants. 

Border, 91, 93. 

Botany defined, 18. 

Botany, Elementary, 20, 368, etc. 

Botany, Physiolo,£:ical. 21. 436. 

Botany, Systematic, 22, 153. 

Brdchiate, with opposite, spreading branch- 
es (arms). (Fig. 275.) 

Bract, 329, 345. 

Bracteate, having bracts. 

Bracteoles or bractlets, 345. 

Branches, 34, 214. 

Bristles, stifl", sharp hairs. 

Bryology, the science of Mosses. 

Bud, 33. Budding, 259. 

Buds, axillary, 247 ; accessory, 250. 

Buds, adventitious, 251. 

Buds, suppression of, 248. 

Bud-scales, 246, 319. 

Bulb, 240; tiinicated, 242; scaly, 212. 

Bulblets, 260. 

Caducous, dropping ofi" early, 109. 

Ccespitous, forming tufts or turf. 

Cakeolate, slipper-shaped. 

Cdlycine, calyx-like. 

Calycidate, having an outer calyx or calj'x- 
like involucre. 

Caly2)tra, the hood of the sporange (spore- 
case) of a Moss. 

Calyx, the outer floral envelope, 51 

Cambium., 418. 

Campanvlate, bell-shapod, 102. 

Campylbtroiious, 141. 

Canaliculate, channelled. 

Caulescent, grayish white. 

Cdpillary, capillaceous, hair-shaped. 

Capitate, head-shaped, growing in close 
clusters or heads. 

Capitulum, a little head. 361. 

Cdpreolate. bearing tendrils. 

Capsule, 167. 

Carbon, 443. Carbonic Acid, 490. 

Carina, 101. Carinate, boat-shaped, having 
a sharp ridge beneath. 

Carpel, Carpellarv, 126. 

Carpophore, 149. 151. (Fig. 177.) 

Cartilaginous, firm and tough in texture, 
like cartilage. 

Caruncle, 175] 

Caryophyllaceous, 100. 

Caryopsis, 153. 

Catkin, 357. (See Ament.) 

Caudex, 227. 

Caulescent, 223. Caulis, 223. 

Caulinc, relating to the stem, 262. 

Cellular tissue, 380. Cell, 369. 

Cell-growth, 448 ; life, 439. 

Cellular bark, 413. 

Cellulose, 379. 

Centrifugal inflorescence, 35 

Centripetal inflorescence, 352. 

Cephalous, same as Capitate. 

Cereal, relating to grains, corn, etc. 

Cernuous, nodding (less inclined than pen- 
dulous). 

Choff, chafty, 349. (See Paleaceous.) 

Chalaza, 140. 

Channelled, hollowed out like a gutter. 

Chartdceous, with the texture of paper, 

Chlorophyll 381, 435, 



Chorisis, 76. 

Ciliate, fringed with marginal hairs. 

Cienchyma, 393. 

Cion or Scion, 218. 

Cinereous, ash-gray, ash-color. 

Circinate, rolled inward from the top, 255. 

Circulation of the sap, 468. 

Circumsclssile, 149. 

Cirrhous, furnished with a tendril. 

Cirrhous roots, 206. 

Classes, natural, 501. 

Classification, artificial, 503. 

Clavate, club-shaped. 

Codrctate, contracted, drawn together. 

Coccus, a berry ; Cocci (plural), the l-seeded 

carpels of separable fruits. 
Cbchteate, spiral, like the snail-shell. 
Cohesion, 82. 
Cohorts, 512. 

Collateral, placed side by side. 
Collmn, 199. 
Colored, of any color except green, which 

in botany is not a color, while vvhite is. 
Column, the combined stamens and styles. 
Coma, 173. 
Commissure, the joined faces of the carpela 

of the cremocarp (151). 
Common, belonging alike to several. 
Complete flower, 60. 
Complicate, folded up upon itself. 
Compound leaf, 300. 
Compound flMwer, 348. 
Compressed, flattened on the sides, 274. 
Condu plicate, folded on itself lengthwise. 
Cone, 169. 

Confluent, uniting; same as Coherent. 
Conglomerate, clustered or crowded. 
Conjugate, coupled, joined by pairs. 
Connate, 311. 

Connectile, connective, 113, 114. 
Connivent, converging, coming together. 
Continuous, the reverse of Jointed. 
Contorted, twisted, 338. 
Convolute, 256, 339. 
Cordate, heart-shaped, 291. 
Coriaceous, leather-like, 315. 
Corin, 239. 

Corneous, horn-like in texture. 
Corniculale, with a small horn or spur. 
Corolla, 52, etc. 

Corqlline, pertaining to the corolla. 
Corona, crown, 435, 407. 
Cortical baric, 414. 
Corymb, corym^taous, 3.58. 
Costate, ribbed, with rib-like ridges. 
Cotyledons, 180, 320. 
Crassula, (a genus of plants), 63. 
Crateriform, of the form of a goblet. 
Creeper, Creeping stems, 231. 
Cremocarp, 151. 

Crenate, bordered with rounded teeth. 
Crenulate, 309. 

Crested or Cristate, with an elevated ridge 
Crispate or Crisped, 310. 
Crown of the root, 236. 
Cruciform (corolla), 100. 
Crude sap, 472. 

Crustaceous, hard, thin, and brittle. 
Cryptogamia, Cryptogams, 507. 
Citcullate, rolled up into a hood-shape. 
Culm., the straw of Grasses, 224. 
Cuneute, Cuneiform. Avedge-shaped, 290. 
Cup-shaped, 102, 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



167 



Cupvle, a little cup (sc. acorn), 155. 

Cuspidate, with a sharp, stiff point, 307. 

Culicle, 399. 

Cyanic, bine, or any color except j'ellow. 

CydthifGrtn, cup-shaped. 

Cycle (in Phyllotaxy). 2(33. 264. [celi. 280. 

Cyclosis. same as Rotation, currents in tlie 

Cyme, cymous, 383. 

Cymbiform, boat-shaped. 

Cypma. 151. 

Cytoblast, 330. 

iJeca (in Greek composition), ten. 

J)ecicluous. falling at the end of the season. 

Bcclinate. bent downward. [304. 

Decompound, much compounded or divided, 

Decumbent 212. (Fig. 249.) 

Decurrent. 274. [at right angles. 

Decussate (leaves), opposite, and the pairs 

Definite. 118. 

Deflexed. bent downward. 

Defoliation, the casting off of leaves. 

Dehiscence, ll'ii, 148. 

Deliquescent (axis), same as Solvent, 226. 

Deltoid, form of the Greek letter A, 288. 

Dendroid, tree-like in form. 

Dendron (in Greek compounds}, a tree. 

Dentate. 309. Denticulate, 309. 

Denuded, become naked. 

Depauperate, less developed than usual. 

Dependent, hanging down. 

Depressed, flattened from above ; low. 

Dextrine. 455. 

Dextrorse (twining), turning to the right. 

Di (in Greek niimerals), two. 

Diadelj^hov.s. 120. 

Diagnosis, a brief statement of the distinc- 
tive character of a plant or group. 

Dialypetalous. Polypetalous. 513. 

Diaphanous, transparent or translucent. 

Diandrous, Avith two stamens, 118. 

Diastase. 455. 

Dichotomous, forked or two-forked. 

Diclinous, 67. 

Dicotyledons. Dicotyledonous, 182, 284. 

Didymous, double." 

Didynamov-S, 119. 

Digitate, with several distinct leaflets pai- 
mately arranged (as in the leaf of the 
Horse-chestnut). 

Diffuse, much divided and spreading. 

Dimidiate, (anther), halved, 114. 

Dickdoxis (flowers). 67. 

Dipterous, havinir two wings. 

Disk, 85, 362. Discoid, no rays. (Fig. 446.) 

Dissected, cut into deep lobes. 

Dissepiment, same as partition, 132. 

Distichous, arranged in two rows. 

Distinct, separate, not united. 82. 

Divaricate, wide-spread, straggling. 

Divergent, spreading with a less angle. 

Dorsal, on or relating to the back. 

Double tertns, 301. 

Dotvny, clothed with short, weak hairs. 

Dnipe, 1.56. Drupaceous. (See Tryma.) 

Drying-press. 6. 

Ducts. (See Trachenchyma, 391.) 

Duplicate, in pairs, double. 

Duramen, heart-wood. 410. 

Dwarfing. (Fig. 250, d.) 

E. ex (in composition), without ; as, 
Ebi'acteate, without bracts. 



EcJdnate. prickly with rigid hairs. 
Effete, sterile, exhausted. 
Eiaters. spiral, elastic threads accompany- 
ing certain spores. 
Elliptic. Elliptical (leaf), 2S9. 
Elongated, lengthened, extended. 
Emarginate. 307. 

Embryo, 31. 189. Embryo sac, 142. 
Embryonic reside, 449. 
Endocarp. 156. [See Chloroph}i. 

Endochroine, the coloring matter of plants. 
Endogenous structure, 421. 
Endogens. 509, ISO, 424. 
Endopleura, same as Tegmen, 172. 
EndoswMse. 465. 
Ensiform, sword-shaped, 297. 
Entire, even-edged, 308. 
Ephemeral, enduring for one day. 
Epi (in Greek composition), upon ; as 
Epicarp. 156. 
Epideiifnis. .396. 

Eplgynous, upon the ovarj-. 97, 119. 
Epipetcdous, on the petats, 119. 
Epiphytes, plants on other plants, 20Sl 
Episperm. the skin of the seed. 
Equitant (astraddle). 258. 
Erose. eroded, as if gnawed, 310. 
Efeerio, 1.58. 

Etiolated, colorless for want of light. 
Excdbnminous. without albumen, 178. 
Excurrent. 226. 
Exogenoi. Exogens, 182. 509. 
Exogenous structure. 405. 
Exosmose, flowing out, 465. 
Exserted. projecting out of, or beyond. 
Exstipulate. without stipules, 272. 
Extra (in composition), beyond ; as. 
Extra-axillary, same as supra-axillary. 
Extra fiour (of wheat). 446. 
Extrbrse, turned outward, 114. 

Falcate^, scythe-shaped, curved. 

Farinaceous, flour-like in texture. 

Fihinous. mealy on the surface. 

Fascicle, a bundle, 365. 

Fa.yciculate (leaves), 262. 

Feather-veined, 285. 

Ferruginous, of the color of iron-rust. 

Ftrtil'e (flower), seed-producing, 67. 

Fertilization, etc.. 447. 

Eibrillie. fibrils. 199, 428. 

Filament, the stalk of a stamen. 111, 112. 

Eilifc/rm, slender like a thread. 

FiritbHate. tringed. having the edge bor- 
dered with slender processes. 

Fistular. hollow, as the leaf of Onion. 

Flabellijorm, fan-shaped. 298. [supple. 

Flagelhform. wliip-shaped : long, taper, and 

Flavescent. yellowish, turning yellow. 

Flexuous. zig-zag or ^vavy. 

Eloecous. with hairs in soft fleecy tufts. 

Flora, {a) the spontaneous vegetation of a 
country; [fi) a written description of the 
same. 23. 

Floral, relating to flowers. 

Floral envelopes. 50, 87. [362. 

Florets, the flowers of a compound flower, 

Flower. 49. etc. ; origin of, 37. 

Floicer-bud. 244. 335, etc. 

Foliaceous. leaf-like in texture or form 

Foliation, ihe act of leafing. 

Follicle, 164. 

Foramen, same as Micropyle, 140. 



168 



INDEX AND GLOSSAKY. 



Free^ not adherent nor adnate, 81, 94. 

Fringed. (See Fimbriate.) 

Frond, an organ which is both stem and 

leaf, as in Dnckmeat, Fern. 
Frondescent, bursting into leaf. 
Fructification, flower and fruit as a whole. 
Frnif, 38, 14.3 ; ripening of, 45T. 
Frvtescent, shrubby, becoming shrubby. 
Fvlcra (roots), 206. 
FuliginoKS, smoky brown, blackish. 
Fulvous, dull yellowish brown. 
Funiculus (a little rope), 140. 
Funnel-form. (See Infundibulifoi'm), 102. 
Furcate.^ forked. Fork-veined, 284. 
Furfuraceous, scurfy. [wise. 

Furroiced, marked with channels length- 
Fuscous. grayish or blackish brown. 
Fusiform, spindle-shaped, 203. 

Galea, galeate. 103. 

Gamopetalce, Monopetaloe, 513. 

GamopetaloKS, with the petals united, 99. 

GamophylloKS, of united leaves. 

Gamosepalous, M'ith the sepals united. 

Geminate, twin, two together. [bud). 

Gemmation, state of budding (Latin, gemma, 

Geniculate, bent as the khe'e (genu). 

Genus, 29. Genera, 498. 

Germ, the ovary. (The term is obsolete.) 

Germination, 188, 454. 

Gibbous, more tumid in a certain place. 

Glabrotis, smooth, not hair3% 312. 

Gladiate, sword-shaped, ensiform. 

Gland, glandular, 80, 401. 

Gtans. 1.55. 

Glaucous, sea-green, bluish, usually with a 

bloom, or whitish powder. 
Globous. in f(n-m nearly spherical. 
Glomerate, collected into close heads. 
Glomerule, 3(53. 

Glossology, the same as Terminology. 
Glumes, 108, .349. 
Glumiferce, 511. 
Gluten. 445. 

Granular, composed of grains. 
Grafting. (Fig. 250, e.) 
GraminoidecE, 515. 
Grand Divisions, 65. 
Groioth is doiLmivard, 477. 
Gi/mnos (a Greek prefix), naked ; as, 
Gymnospermous. with naked seeds. 
Gymno^nrmoe, Gymnosperms, 510. 
Gymnosporoe, Gymnospores, 517. 
Gynandrous, 119. 
Gynoeciiim, 123. 
Gynobase, a process of the torus on and 

around which the carpels are suspended 

(sc. Geranium, Fig. 172). 
Gynopliore, a produced torus, bearing the 

ovary on its summit. (Fig. 112.) 
Gyrate, same as Circinate, 255. 
Gyrous, strongly bent to and fro. 

Habit, the general aspect of a plant. 
Habitat, the natural locality or place of 

growth of a wild plant. 
Hairs, 400. Hairy, hirsute. 
Halbert-shaped, hastate. (Fig. 313.) 
Halved, one-half apparently defici nt. 
Hastate, with the base-lobes abruptly 

spreading, as in a halbert, 291. 
Heart-shaped, 291. Heart-wood, 410. 
Herb, herbaceous, 40, 41. 



Herbaceous, green and cellular in texture. 
Herbarium, 3. 

Hesperidium, 160. [and pistils. 

Hermaphrodite (flower), with both stamens 
Heterofi'phcdous , heads of two sorts in the 

same plant, some i and some ? . 
Heterogamous, two sorts of flowers in the 

same head, some i and some ? . 
Hexa (Greek nnmeral), six ; as in, 
Hexagonal, 6-sided or 6-angled. 
Hexcimerous, 6-parted. 
Hexandrous, having 6 stamens. 
Hilum., the eye or scar of the seed, 177. 
Hirsute, hairy, with rather long hairs, 313. 
Hispid, bristly with stift" hairs," 313. 
Hoary, frost-colored, grayish-white. 
Homogamous, head with all the flowers 

alike, as to the stamens and pistils. 
Honey, Honey-bee, 458. 
Hood. (See Calyptra, 518.) 
Hooded. (See Cucullate.) 
Horny, of the texture of horn. 
Hortus siccus, the herbarium, 3. 
Humifuse, spreading on the ground. 
Hyaline, transparent, or nearly so. 
Hybrid, a cross-breed between two species. 
Hyperborean, inhabiting northern regions. 
Hjpo (in Greek compounds), under; as, 
Hyiiocrateriform, salver-form, 102. 
Hypogean, growing under ground. 
Hypogynous, 95, 119. 

Imbricate, imbricated, 257, 339. 
Immarginate, having no rim or border. 

Immersed. (See Submersed.) 

Inaxicd root, 201. 

Incised, divided deeply as if cut, 310. 

Included, enclosed within, or shorter than. 

as the stamens in the corolla. 
Incrassate, thickened. 
Incumbent (sc. embryo), 183. 
Indehiscent, not opening, 148. 
Indefinite, 118. 

Indigenous, native of a country. 
Induplicate, 337. 
Indusium, tlie shield of the fruit-dot (sorus) 

of a Fern. 
Inferior, lower in position. 
Inflorescence, 341, etc. 
Infundibidiform, funnel-shaped, 103. 
Innate (sc. anther), 114. 
Inserted, Insertion, refer to the point of 

junction or apparent origin. 
Integument, a coat or covering. 
I demode. 220. 

Interpetiolar, between the petioles. 
Interruptedly pinnate, 302. (Fig. .3.58.) 
Introrse (anthers), turned inward, 114. 
Involucre, Involncel, .347. 
Involute, rolled inward, 256. (Fig. 287.) 
Irregular flowers, 83, 101. 

Jointed, having joints, separable pieces. 
Jugum, a pair; as bijugous. with two pairs 
of leaflets ; trijugous, three pairs. 

Keel, Keeled. (See Carinate.) 
Kidneij-shaped. (See Eeniform, 295.) 
Kingdoms of Nature, 12-14. 

Labellum., the odd petal of an Orchid, 101. 

Labiate, lip-shaped, 103. 

Lacerate, torn irregularly by deep incisiona 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



1G9 



Laciniate, slashed, with deep incisions. 
Lactescent, containing lac, or milk. 
Lacunous, with large depressions or pits. 
Lacustrine, growing in lakes. 
Lamina, the blade of a leaf, 2T1. 
Lanceolate, lance-shaped. (Fig. 317.) 
Laniiginous, woolly, 312. 
Latex, the turbid or milky juice of plants. 
Laticiferous tissue. (See'Cienchyma, 38(5.) 
Latin names of plants, ?5. 2G. 
Layer. (See Stolon, 217.) 
Leaf, 271, etc. ; structure of, 431, etc. 
Leaf-bud, 244, etc. 

Leaflet, the pieces of a compound leaf, 301. 
Leaf-stems, 222. 
Legume., 165. 

Lens, 7. [lens. 

Lenticv.late, shaped like a double convex 
Lihc-.r, the inner bark, 412. 
Lichens, 519. 
Ligneous srjstem, 404. 
lAgulate, strap-shaped, 103. 
Ligule, the stipules of Grasses, 279. 
Liliaceous floiver. lUO. 
Limb, the border, 91. 
Linear, long and narrow, 297. 
Livid, clouded with bluish, brown, and graj'. 
Lobate. lobed. 294. 

Loculicidal, opening into the cell, 148. 
Locusta, a spikelet of the Grasses. 
Lomeat, a jointed legume, 165. 
Lorate, thong-shaped. 
Lunate, crescent-shaped. 
Lyrate, pinnatifid, with the upper lobes 
much larger than the lower, 293. 

Macros (in Greek compounds), long. 
Maculate, spotted or blotched. 
Male (flowers), same as Staminate. 
Marcescent, withering, but persistent, 109. 
Marginal, belongingto the border. 
MarginaAe, iiaving the border dift'erent. 
Medidla, pith. Medullary rays, 416. 
Medullary sheath, 407. [lucid. 315. 

Membranaceous, membranous, thin and ])el- 
Merocarp, one of the carpels of a crcuiocarp 

of an tlmbeilifer. (Fi^. 177.) 
Mlcropyle, 177; same as Foramen. 
Microscope. S. 

Midrib, the central vein of a leaf, 282. 
Miclvein (used in this work), 283. 
Minercd, 13. 

MUriform, formed like a conical cap. 
Monos (in Greek compounds), one only ; as, 
Monadelphous, 120. 
Monandrous, 1-staraened, 118. 
Moniliform (roots), 204. 
Monocarpic herbs, 42. 
Monochlamydeous (flowers), 66. 
Monocoty'ledons, 180, 284. 
MouKcious, 67. 

Monogynous, with one style, 124. 
Monopetaloi. (See Gamopetalse, 513.) 
Monopetrdous. 90, 91. 
Man ophy lions, 1-leaved. 
Monosepalous, 90, 91. 
Monstrous fiowerb', 334. 
Moiphology, 19 ; of the leaf, 271. 
Mucro, a sharp, small, abi'upt point. 
Mucronate. 307. 

Multi (in composition), many. 
Multiad. cut lialf-wa.v into many segments. 
Murlcate, bearing short, hard points. 



Muriform, like a wall of mason-work. 
Muscology, a treatise on Mosses. 
3Iuticous, pointless, not pointed. 
Myceliwn., the thallus of the Fangi, usually 
concealed, 519. 

Xaked seeds, 147. (Fig. 166.) 

Napiform (root), 203. 

Natard, swimming ; under water. 

Naturalized, growing spontaneously but 

not native. 
Ncdural Orders. 499. 
Natural System, 504, 506, etc. 
Nectar, honey. Nectary, 77. 
Nepenthes, 322. (Fig. 3!)1.) [called. 

Nerve, the veins (282) are sometimes so 
Netted or net-veined. (See Reticulate, 284.) 
Neutral fl.oiver, 68. [in Snowdrop. 

Nodding, nutant, the summit bent over, as 
Node, a joint of the stem, 220. 
Nodous, knotted, large-jointed. 
Nodulous (root), 204. 
Nomenclature, 25. 533, &c. 
Normal, according to rule, regular. 
Nuciform. nut-like. 
Nucleus, kernel (sc. ovule), 140, 172. 
Nut. (See Glans, 155.) 

Ob (in composition), denotes inversion; as, 

Obcompressed. flattened back and front. 

Obcordate, 307. Oblanceolate, 290. 

Oblique, unequal-sided, as the leaves of Elm, 

Oblong. 2S9. Obovate, 290. Obtuse, 307. 

Obvolute (in festivation), 258. 

<9("/«/'ea,^slieathing stipules, 279. 

Ochroleilcous. cream-color, pale yellow. 

Octo (,in Greek composition), eight. 

Octandrous, having 8 stamens. " 

Octbgynous, having 8 styles. 

Olfset. a short lateral shoot, 218. 

Oligos (in Greek composition), few ; as, 

Oligandria, with few stamens. 

Olivaceous, olive-green, brownish-green. 

Opaque, dull, not shining. 

Opercular, with a lid. 114. 

Opposite, two at a node, 215, 262. 

Orbicular. Orbiculate. circular, 2S0. 

Orchidaceous, lOl. 

Organography. 19. 

Organic world. 12. 

Orthotropous (ovule), erect, 141. 

Osseous, bonv. as the Peach-stone. 

0ml. 2S<». Ovate, 288. 

Ovccry, 125. 

Ovoid, egg-shaped, as in toiits. 

Ovule, the young seed, 138. 

Paleoi or Pales, 108, 349. 

Paleaceous. chaff"y, having pales. 

Palmi- veined, 285. Palmate, 295. 

Panduriform, ftddle-shaped. 

Paniclc'saO. Paniculate, panicled. 

Papilionaceous, 101. 

Pappus, the calyx of Composites, 104. 

Parallel-veined, 284. 

Pardphyses. jointed threads around the an- 

theridia of Mosses. 
Parasites, 209. 
Parenchyma, 387. 
Parietal, on the wall {paries), 133. 
Parted, deeply divided into parts. 
Patent, wide open. Patulous, half open. 
Pear-shaped, obovoid. larger above. 



170 



INDEX AND GLOsSSAEY. 



Pectinate, combed, liiH^ly pinnatilid. 

Pedate, shaped like a bird's foot, 29(). 

Pedicel^ Pedniicle, 34:1 

Peltate, shield-form, 295. 

Pendent, Pendulous, hanging', drooping. 

Penicillate, -with a tuft of hairs, as if a 

camel's-hair pencil. 
Pente (in Greek composition), five; as. 
PeMameraiis, .5-parted. 
Pentandroiis, with 5 stamens, 118. 
Pepo, a fruit like a melon, IGl. 
Perennial, living several years, 43. 
Perfect floiver, \^) with" both stamen and 

pistil. 
Perfoliate, throi;gh the leaf, 311. 
Peii (in Greek composition), around ; as, 
Perianth, 58, 87 ; forms of. 1)!). 
Pericarp, 140 ; forms of, 1 jO. 
Pericjynium, 107. 
Perigynous, 06, 119. 
Perifipemi; same as Albumen, 179. 
Persistent, remaining long in place, 109. 
Personate, 103. 
Petals, 52 ; forms of, 89. 
Petaliferoi, 511. 
Petaloid, resembling petals. 
Petiole, 274. Petiolate, 271. 
Petiolnle, 276. 
Phcenogamia, 507. 
Pkyllodium (plural Phyllodia), 321. 
Phyllotaxy, leaf-arrangement, 261. 
Physics, 16. 
Physiology, 436. 

Phijtolor/y (Greek, phytos, a plant), 23. 
Pileorhiza, cap of a rootlet, 428. 
Pileus, cap of some Fungals. 
Pilous, with erect, thin hairs, 313. 
Pinnate, 302. Pinuatifid, 203. 
Pistil, 56, 123. 

Pitchers (leaves). (See Ascidia, 322.) 
Pith, 406. Pitted cells, 376, 3i)0. 
Mtted, with depressions or excavations. 
Placenta. 127 ; free axile, 135. 
Plant de.fined. 14. 
Plan of the Flower, 58. 
Pleurtnchyma, 389. 

Plicate, plaited lengthwise as a fan, 254, 340. 
Plamous, feathery. 
Plumide, a little plume, 31. 180. 
Pollen, 111, 121. Pollen-tube. 450. 
Pollinia, masses of pollen, 122. 
Poly (in Greek compounds), many; as, 
Polyadelphous, 120. 

Poly'gamous, with some imperfect flowers. 
Polypetaloi. (See Dialypetalse, 513.) 
Polypetalous, Polysepalous, 90. 
Poine, a fruit like an apple, 162. 
Posterior, next the axis. 
Potato, manner of its growth, 238. 
Precocious, flowering before the leaves. 
Pr defoliation, vernation, 252. 
Preinorse, ending abruptly, 233. 
Press for drying plants, 6. 
Prickles, 403. 

Primine. same as Testa, 173. 
Primordial utricle, 373. 
Prismatic,' prism-shaped, having several 

parallel, longitudinal angles. 
Pj^ocumbent (stem), 212. (Fig. 248.) 
Produced, extended more than usual. 
Proliferous, reproducing; as cymes from 

the midst of a cyme, flowers from the 

midst of a flower. 



Protein, 440. Protoplasm, 380. 
Provinces, 509. 

Pruino'us, powdered, as if frosted, 314. 
Pruriens, causing an itching sensation. 
Pseudo (in Greek composition), spurious. 
Pubescent, downy with short, soft hairs. 
Puberulent, minutely downy. 
Pumilous {pumilus), dwarfed in size. 
PunctaM, seeming as if perforate, ormarKed 

with minute dots. 
Pungent, piercing, sharp-pointed. 
Putamen, the bony nucleus of a drupe. 
Pyramidal, form of a cone or pyramid. 
Pyriforin, of the form of a pear. 
Pyxis, a pericarp with a lid, 163. 

Quadri (in composition), four; as, 
Vuadrifoliate, four-leaved. 
Quadrangular, four-angled. 
Quadrijugate, with four pairs of leaflets. 
Quadrilateral, four-sided. 
buinque (in composition), five. 
buinate, growing in fives, .30(). 
buincuncial, 339. (Fig. 300.) 
Quintuple, five-fold. 

Pace (Latin, sliips), a permanent variety, 

as Red-cabbage. 
Raceme, 358. 

Bachis, axis of the inflorescence, 301, 343. 
Radiate, diverging from a common centre. 
Radiate (in the Composites), the outer row 

of florets ligulate. (Fig. 388.) 
Radiant, outer flowers enlarged (and often 

neutral, Fig. 271) : or (in the Composites), 

all the florets ligulate. 
Radical, from the root, 262. 
Radical (of the flower), 65. 
Radicle, rootlet (of the embryo), 31, 180. 
Ramial (of a branch), 262. 
Raphe (of the ovule or seed), 141. 
Rdphides, 383. 
Rays, 359, 3(52. 

Receptacle, 57. (See Torus.) 
Recurved, bent (not rolled) backward. 
Reflexed, curved backward excessively. 
Refracted, bent back suddenly as if broken. 
Regma, fruit as of Geranium, 168. 
Regular, like parts similar, 60, b. 
Reniform, kidney-shaped, 295. 
Repand (margin). 310. 
Repent, creeping (sc. stems, 232). 
Respiration, 482. 

Resupinate, reversed, upside down. 
ReiiculcUe, netted, 284. 
Retrbrse, backwai'd, downward. 
Retuae (apex), 307. (Fig. 367, c.) 
Rt-mlute, rolled backward, 256. 
Rhizonxa, Rhizome, 230, 233. 
Rhombic, Rhomboidal, in the figure of a 

rhomb, or approaching it. 
Ribs, the chief veins of a leaf, ridges. 
Ringent (corolla), 103. 
Root, 197. Root-stock, 233r. 
Rosaceous (corolla), 100. 
Rostrate, beaked, with a beak. 
Rosulate (leaves), arranged around the base 

of the stem, as the petals of a Rose, 262. 
Rotate, wheel-shaped, 102. 
Rotation, circulation of fluids in the cell. 
Rubicund, blushing, rosy red. 
Rudiment, the beginning of a thing. 
Rugous, wrinkled, 315. 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



171 



Euminated (albumen), full of chinks, as if 

composed of numerous folds. 
Buncinate, hooked backward, 293, 
Runner^ 219. 

Sagittate, arrow-shaped, 291. 

Salver-sliapecL (See Hypocrateriform, 102.) 

Samara., 154. 

Sap, the crude, 472; the true, 474 

Sarcocarp (of the drupe), 15(5. 

Scabrous, roush, 812. 

Scaldriform (cells), ladder-shaped, 378. 

Scales, 319. Scale-stems, 79, 2:30. 

Scandent. climbing. 

Scape, 344. Scarious, 315. 

Scattered, sometimes used for alternate. 

Scorpoid (inflorescence), 365. 

Sc7vt'iculate, pitted, with little depressions. 

Sea-green, light bluish green, glaucescent. 

Secund, all on one side, or turned one way. 

Secundine, same as Tegmen, 172. 

Seed, 172. Seed-coverings, 173. 

Seed, vitality of, 185 ; dispersion of, 186. 

Semi (in composition), half; as, 

Semicordate, half of cordate. 

Semilunar, half-moon shaped. 

Semisagittate, and Semiterete. 

Sejmls, 51. Sepaloid, sepal-like. 

Septum, a partition between two spaces. 

Septicidal (dehiscence), 148. 

Septifragal (dehiscence), 148. 

Sericeous, silky, 312. 

Serotinous, occurring late in the season. 

Serrate, Serrulate, 309. 

Sessile, sitting, not stalked, 125, 271. 

Setce, 106. Setaceous, bristle-form. 

Setous, Setigirous, bearing bi'istles, 313. 

Sheath, Sheathing, as the leaves of the 

Grasses, 275. 
Shrub, 45. 
Silique, Silicle, 166. 

Siliquous, bearing siliques (as the Crucifers) 
Silver-grain (of wood), 417. 
Simple, of one piece, not compound. 
Sinistrorse^ twining from right to left. 
Sinuate, 294. Slips, 218. 
Solitary, growing alone, or singly. 
Solvent axis, 226. 
Sori, patches of fruit in ferns. 
Sorosis, 171. 

Spadiciflbroe, 513. Spadix, 356. 
Spathe, Spathaceous, 346. 
Spatulate (leaf), 290. 
Species, 27, 496. Specific name, 26. 
Specimens (of plants; 2, 5. 
Spike, Spicate, 355. 
Spikelet, a little spike, as in a Grass. 
Spine, a woody thorn, 327. 
Spindle-shaped (root), 203. (Fig. 238.) 
Spiral arrangement (of leaves), 263. 
Spiral cells, or vessels, 377. 
Spongelet, Spongiole, 199. 
Spores, 184. 

Spur, a projecting, slender appendage, 78. 
Squarrous^ spreading \videl3% as the involu- 

cral scales of some Composites. 
Stages of plant life, 31. 
Stamens, 55, 110. Staminate flower, 67. 
Staminodia^ 117. 
Starch, 382. 

Stem, or Ascending Axis, 211. 
Sterile, not bearing seeds, 67. 
Stigmu, StjgimUic, 125, 129. 



Stings, 402. 

Stipe, the stalk of the ovary or ovaries; 

also, the stem of a Mushroom. 
Stipels, Stipeliate, 279. 

Stipules. Stipulate, 272, 277. [Ions. 

Stolon, 217. Stoloniferous, producing sto- 
Slomata, 397, etc. 

Strap-shaped, flat, narrow, and straight. 
Strict, erect and ver}- straight. 
Strigous, vnXh sharp, close, rigid hairs. 
Strobile (fruit), 169. 
Strophiolate, having an appendage (stro- 

phiole or caruncle) about the hilam. 
Style, 125. Styloid, style-like. 
Sub (in composition), 317. 
Sube?vus, corky in texture. 
Sub-kingdoms, 507. 
Suhidate, awl-shaped, 299. 
Succulejit, very juicy and cellular, 315. 
Sucker, 216. 

Sufffutescent, woody at the base only, 
silicate, furrowed. 
Superior, 97, 98. 

Sujyerior calyx., calyx adherent to ovary 
Superior ovary, calyx free fi'om ovary. 
Supervolute, 340. 

Supra-axillary, situated above the axiJ. 
Svpradecompound, very mncli dividea. 
Suspended (ovule), 139. (Fig. 158.) 
Sus2)ensor (of the embryo). (Fig. 523.) 
Sutural (dehiscence), 148. 
Sword-shaped, as the vertical leaves of Iris, 
Syconus, fruit, such as the Fig., 170, 
Symmetry (of the flower), 60, c, 69. 
Syn (in Greek compounds), together, union. 
Syncarpium, 169. 
Syngenesious, 120. 
Synonyms, 538. 
SijsiematAc Botany, 492, etc. 

Taper-pointed. (See Acuminate, 307.) 

Tap-root, 203. 

Tawny, fulvous, dull yellowish brown. 

Taxonomy, the science of classification. 

Tegmen, the inner seed-coat, 140, 172. 

Tendril, 228, 324. 

Teratology, 334. 

Terete, cylindrical, or nearly so. 

Term of plant life, 39, etc. 

Termincd, situated at the end or apex. 

Terminology. See Nomenclature, 533. 

Ternate (leaves), in threes, 303. 

Tessellated, checkered, as a pavement. 

Testa, the outer seed-coat, 140, 172, 173. 

Tetra (in Greek composition), four. 

Tefrady'namous, 119. 

Tetragonal, with four corners. 

Tetrdgyuous., with four pistils. 

Thatlogetis, 420, 516. 

Thallus, the cellular vegetative system of 

the Thallogens. 
Theca, Thecaj, sporangia or spore-cases. 
Thorn, 327. 

Throat., orifice of a monopetalous corolla. 
Thyrse,M^. [312. 

Tomentous, with short, dense, woolly hairs. 
Top-shaped, inversely conical. 
Torus, sanle as Receptacle, 57, 84. 
Trachenchyma, 386, 391. 
Tree. 46. Transpiration, 479. 
Tri (in Greek compounds), three ; as, 
Triadelphous, the stamens in three sets. 
Triandrous, having three stamens. 



172 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



Trigynous, having three styles, 124. 
THcoccous (frnit), with three 1-seeded car- 
pels. 
Tricolored {Mcolor'), witli three colors. 
Trienniah lasting three years. 
Trifid, split half- way into three parts. 
Trifoliate, with three leaflets, 803. 
Trilobate, having three lobes, 296. 
Trimerous, 3-partecl, 65. 
Tripartible, separable into three parts. 
Tripli-veined, 285. (Fig. 319.) 
Trxquetrous, three angled, 258. 339. 
Tripinnate, thrice pinnate, .304. 
Triternate, thrice ternate, 305. 
True sap, 474. 

Truncate, 307. (Fig. 367, d.) 
Trunk (of a tree), 225. 
Tn/ma, fruit, as the hickory-nut, 157. 
Tiibe, 91. Tubular corolla. 102. 
Tuber, 237. Tubercular, 204. 
Tuberculate, covered with v,-arts (tubercles). 
Tumid, swollen or inflated. 
Tunicate, coated, as the bulb, 242. 
Turion, young shoot, as of asparagus 
Typical Floiver,Q(). (Figs. 8-11.) 

Umbel, 359. Umbellet, a partial umbel. 

Umbellate, bearing umbels. 

Umbillcafe, with a sharp depression at end. 

Unaf-med, with no stings, thorns, etc. 

Undershrub, a low shrub, 45. 

Undxdate, wavy, 310. 

Unequally pinnate. 302. 

Unguicutate (petal), having a claw, 8§. 

Uiii (in compounds), one; as, 

Unif dilate, with one leaf or leaflet. 

Uniform, of one form. 

Unilateral, 1-sided. 

Umlocular, 1-celled. 

Univalred, with but one valve. 

tfrceolate, urn-shaped, 102. 

Utricle (fruit), 152. 

Vaffinate, sheathing; the flattened petiole 
involving the stem. 



Valvate, 257, 337. 

yalves,^ Valvular, 114, 148. 

Varieties, 28. 

Vascular tissue, 386. 

Vaulted, arched. 

Ver/eialion, or Physiology of Plant Life, 
436. 

Veins, 282. Voinlets, Yeinulets, 283. 

Venation (of the leaf), 282. 

Ventricous, swelling out on one side. 

Vernal, appearing in the Spring-time 

Vernation (of the leaf-bud), 252. 

Ventral; belonging to the front side, i. e., 
the side toward the axis. 

Verrucous, covered with warts {verruca). 

Versatile (anther), 114. 

Vertex, the summit, same as Apex. 

Vertical, in the direction up and down, or 
parallel with the axis. 

Verticillate, whorled, 215, 262. 

VerticiUaster, 3(56. 

Vespertine, appearing in the evening. 

Vexillary (iestivation). (Fig. 425.) 

VexUlum. banner, 101. (Figs. 59, 60.) 

Villous, with long, weak hairs, 312. 

Vimineous, Avith long flexible shoots, osier- 
like. 

Virgate, twiggy, long, slender. 

Vine, 228. 

Viscid, Viscous, sticky or glutinous. 

Vitality of seeds, 185. 

Vitta, VittiB, the minute oil-tubes in the 
fruit-coat of the Umbelliferie. [gus. 

Volva, membrane enclosing the young Fun- 

Wedge-shaped, tapering to the base. Woody 

plants, 44. 
Whorl, a circle of similar organs. 
Witch-grass, 231. 
Wood, 408. Wood-cells, .376. 

Teasi-planf, Ml. (Fig. 520.) 

Zoology, 17. 
Zoospore. (Fig. 217.) 



THE 



American Botanist 



AND 



Florist. 



PART FOUETH, 



DESCRIPTIVE BOTAM; 



BEESTG 



A SIMPLE ANALYTICAL FLOEA, 



INCLUDING THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED PLANTS 

GROWING IN THE ATLANTIC DIVISION 

OF THE LTNITED STATES. 



BY 

ALPHONSO WOOD, A. M., 

AUTHOR OF THE CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANT, ETC. 



A. S. BAENES & COMPANY, 

NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 

1870. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



§ BOTANICAL TERMS OFTEN RECURRING IN DESCRIPTIONS. 



cu:h. achenia. » 

(Rst. aestivation. 
alter, alternate. 
amplex. amplexicaul. 
anth. anther. 
a^ill. axillary. 
col. calyx. 
caps, capsule. 
cor. corolla. 
cyp. cypsela. 
decid. deciduous. 
diain. diameter. 
ellip. elliptical. 
emarg. emarginate. 
epig. epigynsus. 
/. ox ft. feet. 
fil. filaments. 
Jl. flower ; /*'. flowers. 



fr. fruit. 

gl. glume ; gls. glumes. 

Jid. head ; hds. heads. 

hyp. hypogynous. 

imbr. imbricate. 

inf. inferior. 

invol. involucre. 

irreg. irregular. 

leg. legume. 

If. leaf; Ivs. leaves. 

Ifts. leaflets. 

lotn. loment. 

opp. opposite. 

ova. ovary. 

2Kip. pappus. 

2)ed. peduncle. 

liet. petals. 

■per'ig. perigynous. 



pierig. pengynium. 

pis. pales. 

pn. pinnae. . 

pnl. pinnuhe. 

recep. receptacle. 

reg. regular. 

rliiz. rhizoma. 

rt. root. 

sc. scale, scales. 

sds. seeds. 

seg. segment. 

sep. sepals. 

St. stem. 

sta. or stam. stajiens. 

stig. stigmas. 

sty. styles. 

var. variety 



§ TIMES OF FLOWERING, AND LOCALITIES. 



1. Names of the Months and Seasons are abbreviated in the usual manner, as, Jojsx. 
January; Apr. April; Spr. Spring; Aut. Autumn; Sum. Summer; &c. 

2. The names of States and Territories of the U. S. are abbreviated precisely as in 
other works, thus -.—Ala. Alabama ; ArTc. Arkansas ; Conn. Connecticut, &c. 

3. Sections of States are thus designated ; — N. N. Y. Northern New York ; TF. Pa. 
Western Pennsylvania ; E. Fla. East Florida ; 8. 111. Southern Illinois, &c. 

4. Names of foreign Countries : — Eur. Europe ; Afr. Africa ; -6^. Afr. South Africa ; 
Aust. Australia ; Can. Canada ; Mex. Mexico ; S. Am. South America, &c. 

5. E. East, Eastward, indicates the States of the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to Vir- 
ginia inclusive ; N-E. or N. Eng. denotes the New England States. 

6. M. is used to denote the Middle States ; viz., N. Y., Penn., N. J., and Del. 

7. IT. North, Northw^ard, indicates generally the territory north of 42° N. latitude. 

8. N-W. Northwest, indicates Wis., Minn., and parts of 111. and Mich. 

9. S. South, Southward, is used to indicate the Southern States in general,— all lying 
south of Virginia and Kentucky. 

10. B-W. Southwest, viz., Miss., La., Ark., and perhaps Tennessee and Texas. 

11. W. West, denotes the States Iving due north of Tennessee and Arkansas. 



ABBKEVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



§ SIGNS. 



(i) An annual Herb. 

(2) A biennial Herb. 

If A perennial Herb. 

^) An undershrub, deciduous. 

ly An undershrub, evergreen. 

f) A Shrub, deciduous. 

^ A Shrub, evergreen. 

^ A Tree, deciduous. 

O A Tree, evergreen. 

^ An herbaceous Vine, (1) or ©. 

^ A perennial Vine, 2f. 

"^ Woody Vine, deciduous. 



"^ Woody Vine, evergreen. 
1^, Trailing Herb, (1) or (2). 
[.^ Trailing Herb, n . 
JXC An aquatic Plant. 

§ Flowers perfect. 

$ Flowers staminate. 

S Flowers pistillate. 

8 Monoecious. 

$ ? Dioecious. 

3 $ ? Poljgamoui?. 

Wanting, or none. 

QO Numerous, or indefinite. 



§ A Plant introduced and naturalized ; 1 

t Plant cultivated for ornament ; >-at the end of the description. 

i Plant cultivated for use ; ) 

0= Cotyledons accumbent ; \ 

oil Cotyledons incumbent ; [-used only in the Cruciferse. (Page 38.) 

o)) Cotyledons conduplicate ; ) 

! (Note of exclamation), used technically, denotes certainty. 

? (Note of interrogation), implies doubt or uncertainty. 

f (with or without a period), a foot 

' (a single acute accent), an inch )>■ after a number. 

'^ (a double accent), a line =1-12 of an inch.. 



§ AUTHORS^ NAMES CITED IN THIS WORK. 



Adans. 


Adanson. 


DUl. 


Dillenius. 


A. DC. 


Alphouse De Candolle. 


Desv. 


Desvaux. 


Ait. 


Alton. 


Dougl. 


Douglas. 


AU. 


Allione. 


Ehrh. 


Ehrhart. 


Anders. 


Andersson. 


Ell. 


Elliott. 


Am. 


Arnott. 


Endl. 


Endlicher. 


Atd>. 


Aublet. 


EngeL 


Engeimann. 


Bavt. 


Barton. 


Fisch. 


Fischer. 


Bartl. 


Bartling. 


F. & 31, 


Fischer & Jleyer. 


Beauv. 


Beauvois. 


Frcel. 


Froclich. 


Benth. 


Bentham, 


Goert. 


Gaertner. 


Bernh. 


Bernhardt. 


Gmel. 


Gmelin. 


Bed. 


Berlandier. 


Good. 


Goodenongh. 


Bois. 


Boissier. 


Gr. 


A. Gray. 


Bong. 


Bongard. 


Grev. 


Greville. 


Bork. 


Borkhausen. 


Griseb. 


Grisebach. 


Br. 


Brown. 


Gron. 


Gronovius. 


Bw. 


Bigelow. 


lledio. 


Hedwig. 


Cass. 


Cassini. 


Hoffm. 


Hoffman. 


Cav. 


Cavanilles. 


Hook. 


Hooker (W. J.) 


Cham. 


Chaml^so. 


Hook.f. (JRus) 


Hooker (J. D.) 


Darl. 


Darlington. 


Hornem. 


Ilornemann. 


DC. 


De Candglle. 


Ends. 


Hudson. [Kunth. 


Desf. 


Desfontaines. 


H. B. K. 


Humboldt, Bonpland & 


Dew. 


Dewey. 


Jacq. 


Jacquin, 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



AUTHORS' NAME&-(CoNTiKUED). 



Jus?. 


JUSSIEU. 


Richn. 


Richardson, 


A. Juss. 


Adrien Jussieu. 


Rcem. 


Roemer. 


L. or Lvm. 


LlNN^US. 


Salisb. 


Salisbury. 


Lag. 


Lagasca. 


SchJc. 


Schkuhr. 


Lam. 


Lamarck. 


Schrad. 


Schrader. 


Lamb. 


Lambert. 


Schreb. 


Schreber. 


Ledeb. 


Leclebour. 


Schult. 


Schultes. 


Lehm. 


Lehmann. 


Schio. 


Schweinitz. 


Lesq. 


Lesquereus. 


Scop. 


Scopoli. 


Lestib. 


Lestibudois. 


Ser. 


Seringe. 


rUer. 


L'Heritier. 


Soland. 


Solander. 


Lindl. 


Lindley. 


Spreng. 


Sprengel, 


Mart. 


Martins. 


Sternl. 


Steudel. 


Mich. 


Micheli. 


Sulliv. 


SuUivant. 


MicIiX. ©r Mx. 


Michaux. 


Thunb. 


Thunberg. 


Mx.f. 


Michaux (the younger). 


Torr. 


Torrey. 


Mill. 


Miller. 


T. & G. 


Torrey & Gray, 


MitcJi. 


Mitchell . 


Town. 


Tournefort. 


Mtihl. 


Mnhlenberg. 


Trautv. 


Trautvetter. 


Nees. 


Nees von Esenbeck. 


Trin. 


Trinius. 


Nutt. or if. 


Nuttall. 


Tuclctn. 


Tuckerman. 


Pal. 


Pallas. 


VaUl. 


Vailiant. 


Pav. 


Pa von. 


Vent. 


Ventenat. 


Pers. 


Persoon. 


Vill. 


Villars. 


Ph. 


Piirsh. 


JVahl. 


Wahlenberg. 


PluJc. 


Plnkenet. 


Walp. 


Walpers. 


Plum. 


Plumier. 


Walt. 


Walter. 


Poir. 


Poiret. 


Wangh. 


Wangenheim. 


B.Br. 


Egbert Brown. 


Willd. 


Willdenow, 


Raf. 


Eafinesque. 


With. 


Withering. 


Reichenb. 


Reichenbach. 


Wulf. 


Wulfen. 


Rich. 


Richard. 







ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS, 

Founded on the most obvious or artificial characters : designed as a key for 

the ready determination of any plant, native, or naturalized, or 

cultivated, growing within the limits of this Flora. 



PROVINCES, CLASSES, AND COHORTS. 

Sub-kingdom I. The Flowering Plants . . (See, next, Provinces 1,2).. .PH.ENOGAMIA. 
Sub-kingdom n. The Flowerless Plants . . (See the Provinces 3, 4) ... . CRYPTOGAMIA. 
Province 1. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely 3- 

parted (mostly ^/ and ^). Embryo with 2 or more cotyledons. 

Wood (if any) in annual circles. .(See Classes 1, 2) EXOGENS. 

Province 2. Leaves parallel-veined (rarely netted). Flowers 3- 

parted. Bark, wood, and pith commingled. Embryo with but 

one cotyledon. . (See Classes 3, 4) ENDOGENS. 

Province 3. Stem and leaves distinguishable. .(H) ACEOGENS. 

Province 4. Stem and leaves undistinguishable . . (K.) THALL GENS. 

Class 1. Stigmas present. Seeds enclosed in vessels. .(=^) ANGIOSPEEMS. 

Class 2. Stigmas 0. Seeds naked (Pines, Firs, Cedars, &c.) (**) . . GYMNOSPERMS. 

Class 3. Flowers without glumes. Perianth colored or green. . (t) . .PETALIFER^. 

Class 4. Flowers with green alternate glumes. No perianth.. (tt)..GLIJMIFER^. 

* Cohort 1. Corolla with the petals distinct. . (A) Polypetalaj. 

* Cohort 2. Corolla with the petals united . . (B) Gamopetalae. 

* Cohort 3. Corolla none. Calyx often none . . (C) Apetalse. 

** Cohort 4. The cone-bearing plants (same as Class 2) . . (I>) Conoids. 

t Cohort 5. Fls. on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete. . (E). . .Spadicifloi*a3. 

t Cohort 6. Flowers complete, with a true perianth. . (F) Florideae. 

ft Cohort 7. The Grasses, Grainsi, &c. (same as class A). . (G) . . Oraiuiiioids. 



A. CoHOKT 1. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. 

* Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical. . (12) 

* Herbs with the leaves opposite on the stem. .(9) 

* Shrubs, trees, or nndershrubs. . (2) 

2 Flowers regular or nearly so. . (3) 

2 Flowers irregular (or the fruit a legume) (§ 165). . (r) 

3 Polyandrous,— stamens 3—10 times as many as the petals. .(4) 

3 Oligandrous, — stamene 1—2 times as many as the petals or fewer.. (6) 



b ANALYSIS OF THE NATUEAL ORDERS. 

4 Leaves opposite . . (s) 
4 Leaves alternate. .(5) 

5 Stamens on the torus or the hypogynous corolla. . (t) 
5 Stamens and petals on the calyx tube. . (v) 
6 Ovaries simple, distinct, or one only. Vines or erect shrubs. .(?i;) 
6 Ovary compound, and wholly adherent to the calyx, .{x) 
6 Ovary compound and free from the calyx or nearly so. .(7) 

7 Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number.. (?/) 
7 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a different number.. (8) 
8 Leaves opposite on the stems.. (z) 
8 Leaves alternate, and compound, .(yij) 
8 Leaves alternate and simple. . (zz) 
9 Polyandrous— stamens 3 — 10 times as many as the petals, .(m) 
9 Oligandrous, — stamens 1 — 2 times as many as the petals or fewer. ,(10) 
10 Pistils separate and distinct, few or solitary, simple.. (n) 
10 Pistils united into a compound ovary free from the calyx. . (11) 
10 Pistils united into a compound ovary adherent to the cal3^x..(o) 
11 Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number.. (^) 
11 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a greater number. . {q) 
12 Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume. . (14) 
12 Flowers irregular (rarely regular and the fruit a legume) .. (13) 

13 Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals. . (k) 
13 Stamens few and definite, 4—1-2. .{1} 

14 Stamens (or anthers) 3—10 times as many as the petals, , (15) 
14 Stamens few and definite. Ovary free from the calyx. . (17) 
14 Stamens few and definite. Ovary adherent to the calyx. .(^') 
15 Stamens hypogynous— inserted on the torus. .(16) 
15 Stamens perigynous — inserted on the corolla at the base. . (c) 
15 Stamens perigynous— inserted on the calyx at the base. . (d) 
16 Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles), .(a) 
16 Pistils (and styles if any) completely united.. (J) 
17 Pistils o?ie, or indefinite and distinct, simple.. (€) 
17 Pistils definitely — * 2 united, the short styles combined into one.. {J) 
— * 3 or 4 united, styles or stigmas 3, 4, or 6. . {g) 
— * 5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles. . iji) 
— * 5, united and the styles also combined into one..{i) 

a Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves never peltate Ranunculace^. 1 

a Petals 3 or numerous. Water plants with peltate leaves \ 

b Sepals 4—6, equal. Petals 00, imbricated in the bud. . . ' ^' 

b Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, imbricate. Leaves tubular Sakkaceniace^. 8 

b Sepals 5, unequal. Petals 5, convolute. Flowers of 2 sorts Cistace^. 15 

b Sepals 2, with — bb 5 petals imbricated in the bud PoRTULACcACEiE. 20 

— bb 4 or 8 petals usually crumpled in bud Papaverace^e. 9 

c Filaments united into a tube. Anthers l-celled Malvace^. 23 

d Sepals 2, persistent, capping the lid of the pyxis Portulaccace^. 20 

d Sepals 3—5, valvate in the bud. Pod long, 2-carpelled Tiliace^. 25 

d Sepals ^—5.—dd Petals imbricate in bud. Fruits simple Rosacea. 44 

— dd Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compound Loasace^. 55 

e Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same numbei*. Pistil 1 only. .Berberidace^. 6 

e Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous .Ranunculace^. 1 

/ Stamens 6, tetradynamous. Pod 2-celled. Flowers cruciform Crucifer^. 11 

/ Stamens 4 — 32, not tetradynamous. Pod l-celled Capparidace^. 12 

g Sepals 5, unequal. Flowers perfect, numerous, minute Cistace^. 15 

g Sepals 5, equal. Flowers monoecious. Herbs woolly or scurfy Order 113 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 7 

g Sepals 5, or 3, equal, and the stamens twice as many Gekakiace^. 30 

g^ Sepals 5, and the stamens (anthers) of the same number. . {grj) 

gg Sterile filam. numerous, in several whorls. Climbing.. Passiflorace^. 57 
gg Sterile filaments numerous, in 5 clusters. Herb erect.. Saxifragace^. 45 
gg Sterile filaments 0. .(*) 

* Flowers white, raceraed. Climbing Order 106 

* Flowers yellow. Plants erect TuRNERACEiE. 56 

* FloM'ers cyanic. Herbs stemless Droserace.^. 17 

h Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Styles 5 or 3. Seeds 00 Linages. 28 

Ji Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Styles 5, but the seed 1 Order 83 

h Stamens twice as many as the petals . . {hh) 

hh Stamens 6. Leaves peltate NYMPH^ACEiE. 7 

hh Stamens 6—24, distinct Crassulace^. 46 

hh Stamens 10, united at base Geraniace^. 39 

i Ovary 1-celled. Leaves all radical, spinescent, irritable Droserace^e. 17 

i Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves mostly radical, not dotted Order 73 

i~0vary 3-5-celled. Leaves cauline, pinnate, dotted Rutace^e. 31 

j Style 1, but the carpels as many as the petals (2—6) Onagrace^e. 5^1 

j Styles 3—5, ovary 3-5-celled, 3-5-seeded, wholly adherent ARALiACEiE. 64 

j Styles 3—8, ovary 1-celled, half-adherent. Sepals 2 Portulacaceje. 20 

j Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals.—* Seeds several. . .Saxifragace^. 45 

— * Seeds 2 Umbellifer^e. 63 

k Ovaries many, or few, rarely 1, always simple Ranunculace^. 1 

k Ovary compound, 3-carpelled, open before ripe Resedaceje. 13 

I Sepals (4 or 5) produced into 1 slender spur behind, petals 2 or 5 Geraniace^, 30 

I Sepals 2 (or vanished), petals 4 (2 pairs) with 1 or 2 blunt spurs Fumariacejb. 10 

I Sepals 5, very unequal ; petals 3. Stamens 6 or 8. No spur Polygalace^. 42 

I Sepals and petals each of the same number, \\z...{ll) 

ZM, the flowers slightly irregular. Stamens 6— 32. No spur . . CAPPARiDACEiE. 12 

U 4, the flowers moderately irregular. Stamens 8. A vine Sapindace^. 37 

U 5, with 5 stamens, and generally a blunt spur Violace^. 14 

II 5, w^th 10 or more stamens. No spur. Fruit a legume Leguminos^. 43 

7n Pistils many, entirely distinct, simple Ranunculace^. 1 

m Pistils 3—5, united more or less completely. Hypericace^. 16 

m Pistils 5 — 10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals Ficoide^. 61 

n Pistil solitary, simple. Petals 6 — 9. Stamens 12 — 18 BERBERiDACEiE. 6 

n Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical.. Crassulacb^. 46 

n Pistils 2, consolidated with the 5 stamens. Juice milky Order 100 

o Carpels as many as the sepals . . {nn) 

Carpels fewer in number than the sepals. . {oo) 

nn Anthers opening at the top. Flowers 4-parted Melastomace^. 52 

nn Anthers opening laterally. Styles united into 1 Onagraoe^. 54 

nn Anthers opening laterally. Styles or stigmas distinct.. Halorageje. 48 

00 Each carpel GO-seeded. Styles 2 Saxifragace^. 45 

00 Each carpel 1-seeded. Styles 2 or 3 Araliace^. 64 

00 Each carpel 1-seeded. Style 1 (double) Cornace^e. 05 

p Style 3-cleft at the summit. Flowers 5-parted Portulacace^. 20 

p Style and stigma 1, undivided. Flowers 7-parted Order 81 

q Leaves pinnate, with interpetiolar stipules Zygophyllaoe./E. 29 

q Leaves simple, toothed or lobed. Flowers cruciform. Stamens 6 Crucifer^. 11 

q Leaves simple, toothed or lobed. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10.. Geraniace^e. 30 
q Leaves simple, entire . . {qq) 

qq Petals and stamens on the throat of the calyx LYT.HEACE.a!. 5S 

qq Petals on the torus . . (*) 



8 ANALYSIS OF THE NATUKAL ORDERS. 

* Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical PoLYGALACEyE. 42 

* Flowers regular, 2-(or 3-)partecl throughout ELATiNACEiE. 18 

* Flowers regular, 5-partecl. Leaves puuctate HYPEiiici:cEiE. 10 

* Flowers regular, 5-partecl. Leaf es dotless Caryophyllace^. 19 

r Pistil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens lU— 100 Leguminos^e. 43 

r Pistil compound, viz. .(rr) 

rr 3-carpelled. Flowers perfect. Leaves digitate SAPiNDACEiE. 37 

7'r 3-carpelled. Flowers monoecious. Cultivated BEooNiACEyE. 59 

rr 5-carpelled.— * Stipules present. Cultivated Geraniace^. 30 

— * Stipules none. Native Order 73 

s Stamens on the receptacle, in several sets. Leaves dotted Hypericacejs. 16 

s Stamens on the I'eceptacle, in 1 set. Lvs. fleshy. (S. Fla) . . . Clusia. Guttifer^e. (21) 
Stamens on the calyx, .{ss) 

ss Sepals, petals, and ovaries indefinite , Calycanthace^. 3 

ss Sepals, &c., definite. Leaves dotted, entire Myrtace^. 51 

ss Sepals, &c., definite. Leaves dotless, entire Lythraoe^. 53 

ss Sepals, &c.. definite. Leaves dotless, subdentate SAXiFRAGACEyE. 45 

t Filaments united into 1 set (monadclphous). Petals convolute.. (lO 
i Filaments united into 1 or several sets. Petals imbricate. . (uk) 
< Filaments distinct. .(i'O 

tt Petals 0, valvate, lurid. Erect shrubs Anonace^. 4 

tt Petals 3—9, imbricate. Trees or shrubs Magnoliace^e. 2 

ti Petals 4—8, imbi-icate. Climbing or trailing Menispbrmace^. 5 

tt Petals 4, imbricated. Shrubs, S Capparidace^. 12 

u Anthers 1-celled. Sepals valvate in the bud ; Malvace^. 23 

u Anthers 2-celled. Sepals valvate. Handsome tree Sterculiaceye. 2t 

u Anthers 2-cellcd. Sepals imbricate. AlargetreeinS. Fla. .Canellace^. (22) 
uu Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, jointed to stalk. .Aurantiaceje. 32 
liu Leaves opaque. .(*) 

* Sepals valvate. Flowers small , Tiliace^. 25 

* Sepals imbricate. • Flowers large Camelliace^. 26 

V Style 1, with many stigmas. Green fleshy shrubs Cactace^. 60 

V Styles several or 1, each with 1 stigma. Woody trees or shrubs. . .Eosaceje. 44 

V Style 1, with 1 stigma. Stam. in 5 sets, long, red, very showy. . .Myrtace^e. 51 
w Trailing vines, with crimson fls. Ovaries 00, in a little spike.. .MAGNOLiACEiE. 2 
w Climbing vines, with white-greenish fls. Ova. 2 — 6, capitate. . .Menispermace^e. 5 

70 Erect shrubs, with yellow flowers, 6-parted. Pistil only 1 Berberidace^. 6 

w Erect shrubs (S. Fla.) with yellow fls. Pistils 5, 2-ovuled, 1-sded. . Surianace^. (62) 
to Trees, with greenish fls.,—* and pinnate lvs. Pist. 3-5, l-ovuled..SiMARTJBACEiE. 34 

— * and simple leaves. Follicles 3—5. . .Sterculiace^e. 24 
X Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8. (Fls. red or roseate, drooping). .Oxa graced. 54 
a; Flowers 4-parted. Sta. 8. Fls. light yellow. Coasts, S. Fla. .Rhizoporaceje. (49) 

X Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 4. Flowers whitish, in cymes Cornace^. 65 

X Flowers 5-parted. .(xx) 

XX Ovary 5-carpelled, 5-styled, 5-seeded Araliace^e. 64 

XX Ovary 5-carpelled, l-styled, 1-seeded. S. Fla Combretace^. 50 

XX Ovary 2-4-carpelled, OO-seeded SAXiFRAGACEiE. 45 

y Leaves opposite. Stem climbing with tendrils or radicles . . Vitace^. 41 
y Lvs. alternate. St. erect, or climbing without tendrils. .Rhamnace^. 40 

z Leaves simple. Stamens 5. Carpels 3—5, style 1, short CELASTRAcEiE. 38 

2 Leaves simple. Sta. 10. Carpels and sty. 3. S. Fla.. Byrsonima. Malpighiace^. (39) 

z Leaves pinnate, or palmately lobed. Carpels and styles 2 or 3 Sapindace^. 37 

z Leaves pinnate. .(*) 

* Stamens 10. Small tree with blue flowers. S. Fla Zygophyllace^. 29 

* Stamens 2. Carpels 1 or 2. Style 1 Order 101 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATUllAL OEDEES. 9 

* Stamens 8. Carpel and style 1 , Burserace^. 35 

yy Filaments 10, united into a tube or cup. Flowers in panicles jMeliace^. 27 

yy Filaments 6 — 10, distinct. Flowers small, white, in racemes BuRSERACEiE. 35 

yy Filaments 6 — 10, distinct. Fls. small, white or hoary, paniculate. . Sapindace^. 37 
yy Filaments 5, distinct. .(*) 

* Leaves pellucid-punctate .Rutace^. 31 

* Leaves opaque. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded ANACARDiACEiE. 36 

zz Petals 4, yellow, strap-shaped, appearing in late Autumn Hamamelace^. 47 

zz Petals 4 — 7, cyanic (rarely yellow), rounded or short, .(t) 

+ Stj'le 0, the stigmas 1, 4, or 5, sessile. Drupe 4-6-seeded Order 74 

t Styles (or stigmas) 3, but the drupe only 1-seeded ANACARDiACEiE. 36 

t Styles 3, capsule many-sded, Lvs. minute and scale-form . .Tajiariscineje. 24 his 
t Style l,..(i) 

X Capsule 3-seeded. Seeds with a scarlet aril CELASTRACEiE. 38 

X Caps. 00-seeded. Clusters fragrant. Lvs. evergreen. Cult. ..Pittosporace^. 
X Capsule with few or many seeds. Native shrubs Order 73 



B. Cohort 2. GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS. 

§ Stamens (6 — 00) more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. .(9) 
§ Stamens (2—12) fewer than the corolla lobes or of the same number. . (2) 
2 Ovary inferior, =adherent to the tabe of the calyx. . (3) 
2 Ovary superior,=free from the tube of the calyx. . (4) 
3 Stamens cohering by their anthers . . (c*) 
3 Stamens entirely distinct. .(a?) 

4 Flowers regular and the stamens symmetrical. . (5) 
4 Flowers regular and the stamens reduced to 2 or 4. .(«) 
4 Flowers irregular. Stamens (except in 3 or 4 species) unsymmetrical . .(o) 
5 Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla (and free) . . (e) 
5 Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes (rarely connate) . . (6) 
6 Shrubs, trees, with the carpels or stigmas 3—6. . (/) 
6 Herbs 1-10-carpelled, or shrubs 2-carpelled..(7) 
7 Ovary 1, deeply 4-parted or 4-partible, forming 4 achenia . . ((^) 
7 Ovaries 2, distinct (often covered by the stamens) . .(A) 
7 Ovary 1, compound,—* one-celled.. (Z.-) 

— * two-six-cellcd. .(/?0 
9 Flowers irregular (rarely regular and the fruit a legume). . (a" 
9 Flowers regular and the fruit never a legume (§ 165) . . (b) 

a Flowers 1- or 2-sided, with 1 or 2 blunt spurs. Stamens 6, in 2 sets. . .Order 10 
a Flowers 1-sided, no spur. .(*) 

* Leaves compound. Fruit a legume Order 43 

* Leaves simple. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded Order 42 

* Leaves simple. Fruit 5-celled ERicACEiE. 73 

b Corolla lobes convolute in bud. Stamens 00, united into 1 tube Order 23 

h Corolla lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 00, in 1 or several sets Order 26 

b Corolla lobes imbricate. . {u) 

u Stamens 10—24. Styles 5—12 Order 46 

u Stamens 5—10. Style 1. Capsule 5-celled Ericace^. 73 

u Stamens S — 00. Style 1. Nut 1-5-seeded Sttracace^. 76 

u Stamens 8. Styles i. Berry 8-seeded , Ebenace.e. T, 



10 A2?ALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 

c Flowers in a compact head surrouncled by an involucre Composit.e. 70 

c Flowers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect Lobeliace^. 71 

c Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines Orber 58 

d Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate Campanulace^. 72 

d Leaves alternate. Fls. irregular, 5-parted. ^.Y\3i..Sc(BVola. Goodeniace^. (7H) 

d Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or verticillate Rubiaceje. tj7 

d Leaves opposite. Stipules none. . (v) 

V Stamens 5 — 4. Ovaries 2-5-celled Caprifoliace^. 66 

V Stamens 2—3. Ovaries 1-celled Valerianace^. 68 

V Stamens 4. Flowers capitate Dipsace^. 60 

e Herbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed Plumbaginace^. 83 

e Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds PRiMULACEiE. 81 

e Trees or shrubs. Appendages between the stamens Sapotace>e. 78 

6 Trees or shrubs. No appendages between the stam. S. Fla..MTKSi]srACE^. (79) 

/ Leaves opposite. Style 1. Drupe 4-seeded. Herbs, shrubs.. Verbenace^. 90 

/ Leaves alternate. . {w) 

10 Drupe '1-6-seeded. Shrubs, trees AquiFOLiACEiE. 74 

zf) Drupe 1-seeded. Thorny. S. Fla Ximenia. Olacace^, (80) 

w Capsule 2-5-celled, 00-seeded Ericace^. 73 

g Herbs, with alternate leaves, generally rough-hairy Borraginaceje. 92 

h Stigmas connate. Flower bud convolute Apocynaceje. 99 

h Stigmas connate. Flower bud valvate Asclepiadace^. 100 

h Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow Convolvulace^. 95 

k Ovule solitary. Corolla limb entire Order 103 

k Ovules several. Leaves cleft and lobed Htdrophtllace^. 93 

k Ovules several. Leaves or leaflets entire.. (cc) 

X Flowers not spicate Gentianace^. 97 

CK Flowers spicate ( .„ 

,. , „, ., , c Plantagtnace^. 82 

m Leaves all radical. Flowers spiked . . . ' 

m Leaves opposite. Ovary 2-celled , Loganiacejb. 98 

TTi Leaves alternate.. C?/) 

m Leaves opposite. Ovary 3-celled. Not twining. .1. ..Polemoniace^. 94 

y Ovary 3-celled. Not twining ) 

y Ovary 2-celled. Twining Convolvulace^e. 95 

y Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded. Erect Borraginace^. 92 

y Ovary 2-celled, GO-seeded. — z Styles 2 Htdrophtllace^. 93 

— z Style 1 SoLANACE^. 96 

n Stamens 4. Ova. 4-(rarely 1- or 2-)celled, with as many sds . . Verbenace^.90 

n Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled, forming 1 or 2 seeds Oleace^. 101 

Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia..(p) 

o Ovary entire, 4-ovuled, 4- or fewer-seeded. Leaves opposite.. Verbenace^. 90 

o Ovary entire, 00-ovuled, 00- or several-seeded.. (s) 

p Leaves opposite. Stems square. Stamens 2 — 4 LABiATiE. 91 

i; Leaves alternate. Stems round. Stamens 5 Borraginace^. 92 

s Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged Bignoniace^e. 86 

fi Trees. Seeds not winged Scrophul. 88. Erect shrubs Ericace^. 73 

Herbs. — ss Leafless parasites. Native. Ovary 1-celled Orobanchace^. 85 

— ss Leafy at base or in the water. Flowers spurred. .Lentibulace^. 84 

— 5S Leafy. Flowers large, spurless. Ovary 1-celled... Gesneriace^e. 87 

— ss Leafy. Spurless. Fruit 4- or 5-celled § Bignoniace^. 86 

—ss Leafy. Fruit 2-celled .. (0 '^ 

f Seeds on hooks or cups. Corolla mostly convolute Acakthace^. 89 

t Seeds without hooks. Corolla imbricated in the bud Scrophul ariace^. 88 

t Seeds without hooks. Corolla mostly plicate. Solan ace^. 96 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATUEAL ORDERS. 11 



C. Cohort 3. APETALOUS EXOGEXS. 

^ Plants herbaceous, the flowers not in aments (except Humulus, 115). .(2) 
^ Plants ■wood}'. — shrnbs or trees. . (8) 

2 Flowers with a regular cah-x (or a calyx-like involucre). . (3) 
2 Flowers achlamycieous, — ^neither calyx nor corolla, .{k) 

3 Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobecl, toothed, or entire. .(9) 
3 Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes enclosing it . . (4) 
4 Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, l-ovuled..(<7) 
4 Ovary 1 only, simple or compound. .(5) 
5 Stj'le or stigma 1 only . . (6) 
5 Styles or stigmas 2 — 12. . (7) 

6 Ovary 1-ovuled, bearing btit 1 seed, .(c) 
G Ovary many-ovuled, bearing many seeds, .(d) 
7 Ovary 1-3-ovuled, 1-3-seeded. .(e) 
7 Ovary 4- GO-ovuled, 4- CO-seeded. .(h) 
8 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves opposite.. (/i) 
8 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves alternate. .(10) 
8 Flowers imperfect, the sterile only in aments. .(?;) 
8 Flowers imperfect, both ihe fertile and sterile in aments. .(x) 
9 Stamens 1 — 12, as many or twice as many as the stigmas, .(a) 
9 Stamens 2 — 10, not symmetrical with the 1 or 2 stigmas.. (5) 
10 Style or stigma 1. Fruit 1-seeded. . (11) 
10 Styles or stigmas 2. .(s) 
10 Styles or stigmas 3— 9. . (0 

11 Calyx free from the ovary. . (p) 
11 Calyx adherent to the ovary. .(?') 

a Stigmas and cells of the ovary 1 — 4. Stamens 1 — 8 Order 48 

a Stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. Stamens 6 or 12. . .Aristolochiace.e. 102 

b Styles 2. Ovary many-seeded. Stamens 8—10 Order 45 

b Style 1. Ovary 1- or 2-seeded. Stamens 5 Saxtalace^e. 110 

c Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 1 — 4 Order 4T 

c Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored.. Ntctaginace^e. 101 

c Flowers diclinous. Calyx 4-5-parted, green Urticace.e. 115 

d Stamens 4, opposite to the 4 sepals. Leaves numerous Order 53 

d Stamens 4, opposite to the 4 sepals. Leaves about 6 Order 145 

d Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 sepals Order 81 

d Stamens 00. Leaves large and showy. Cultivated Order 9 

e Fruit 3-(rarely 6-)seeded, with 3 (often cleft) styles Ecthorbiace^. 113 

e Fruit 1-seeded. Stipules sheathing the stems Polygonace j;:. 104 

e Fruit 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded. Stipules none. . (/) 

/ Calyx with scarious bractlets outside Amarantace^e. 107 

/ Calyx naked (double in 1 genus). Lvs. alternate. .CHENoroDiACE.E. 106 

/ Calyx naked. Leaves opposite Order 19 

g Stamens hypogjmous — on the torus Order 1 

g Stamens perigj-nous — on the calyx Order 44 

7i Leaves opposite. Fruit circumscissile, a pyxis Order 61 

h Leaves opposite. Fruit 4-5-valved, a capsule Order 19 

h Leaves alternate . (i) 

i Fruit 5-horned, 5-celled, a capsule Order 46 

i Fruit a llfeshy 4-10-seecLed berry Phytolaccace^. 105 

i Fruit circumscissile, a utricle Amaraxtace^. 107 

k Flowers on a spadix Avith a spathe. Monocotyledong Order 130 

k Flowers in a long naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7 Saururacb.-b. 115 

k Flower? solitary, axillary, minute. Aquatic plants, .(w) 



12 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL OEDERS. 

7)1 Stamen 1, styles 2. Leaves opposite Callitkichace^. lie 

m Stamens 2, styles 2. Leaves alternate, dissected. .PoDOSTEMiACEyE. 117 
m Sta. 12-24, style 1. Lvs. verticillate, dissected.. Ceratophyllace^. 118 

n Fruit a double samara (2-wiuged) Order 37 

n Fruit a single samara (1-winged), or a drupe. Stamens 2 Order 101 

n Fruit not winged,— o 3-seeded. Stamens 4 Euthoebiace^. 113 

— 1-seeded. Stamens 4 or 8. . ., Eleagnace^. 112 

— 1-seeded. Stamens 3. Parasites. .Loranthace^. lOi) 

p Anthers opening by valves. Calyx colored Laxjrace^. 108 

p Anthers opening by slits.— g Calyx colored. Stam. 8. . ..Thymelaceve. Ill 

— q Calyx greenish ; racemed Order 37 

— q Cal. green; spiked. S.Fla..CoMBRETACE^. (50) 

r Ovary and seed only 1, in the juicy drupe. Trees Order 65 

r Ovaries 2 — 4, seed 1. Fruit a drupe or nut. Shrubs. . .Santalace^. 110 

s Stamens numerous Order 47 

s Stamens as mawy as the calyx lobes § 1. URTrcACE^. 114 

t Leaves pinnate. Pistils 5, scarcely nnited Order 31 

t Leaves simple, linear, evergreen. Shrubs heath-like.. Empetrace^. 119 
t Leaves simple, expanded. Fls. 8-parted. Fruit dry. .Euphoebiace^. 113 
t Leaves simple, expanded. Fls. 4- or 5-parted. Fruit fleshy Order 40 

V Nut drupaceous, naked. Leaves pinnate Juglandace^. 121 

V Nut or nuts in a cnp or involucre. Leaves simple Cupulifer^, 122 

X Fruit fleshy, aggregated (sorosis). Juice (or sap) milky. ..§ 2. IJRTicACEiB. 114 
X Fruit dry. Plants with a watery juice or sap. . {y) 

y Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled, woolly Order 65 

y Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celled, 1-seeded Platanace^. 120 

y Aments cylindrical or oblong, .{z) 

z Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. Fruit often winged. .Betulace^. 123 

z Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit often fleshy Myeicace^. 124 

z Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. Seeds comous Sajlicace^. 125 






». Cohort 4. THE CONOIDS, 

* Leaves pinnate. Stem simple, palm-like. Sterile flowers in cones Cycadace^. 126 

* Leaves simple. Stem branching. Fertile flowers in cones Conifers. 127 

* Leaves simple. Stem branching. Fertile flowers solitary Taxace.^. 128 



E. Cohort 5. THE SPADICEOUS ENDOGENS. 

\ Trees or shrubs with palmi-cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, \ YK\jyi.kV¥.M 120 

and a branching " spadix" from a spathe ' 

^ Herbs with simple, rarely temate leaves. Spadix simple. .(2) 

2 Plants frond-like, minute, floating loose on the water Lemnace^. 131 

2 Plants with stem and leaves, rooting and llxed. .(3) 

3 Spadix evident, in a spathe or on a scape Arace^. 130 

3 Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy.. (4) 

4 Flowers with no perianth, densely spicate or capitate Typuace^. 132 

4 Flowers with a perianth or not. Plants submersed Natadace/e. 133 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 13 

F. COHOET 6. FLORIDE^, ok FLOWERING ENDOGENS. 

^ Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head, .(o) 
^ Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, &c. .(2) 
2 Perianth, tube adherent to the ovary wholly or partly. . (4) 
2 Perianth free from the ovary. . (3) 

3 Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medeola, 147) . . (e) 
3 Petals and sepals similarly colored. .(5) 
4 Flowers imperfect {Si or 3 S ? ) . . (a) 
4 Flowers perfect. . (b) 

5 Leaves net-veined, broad. . {k) 
5 Leaves parallel-veined. . (6) 

6 Styles and often the stigmas also united into one. .(/?i) 
6 Styles and stigmas 3, distinct.. (ra) 

a Low aquatic herbs Hydrochakidace^. 135 

a Climbing shrubby vines DioscoRiACEiE. 143 

b Anthers 1 or 2, on the pistil (gynandrous) ORCHiDACEiE. 137 

b Anthers 1 or 5, free from the pistil. Leaves ample Scitajhine^. 138 

b Anthers 3 or G. . (c) 

c Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half free H^MADORACEiE. 141 

c Perianth glabrous outside. . (cl) 

d Anthers 3, opening crosswise, inward Bukmajs^niace^. 130 

d Anthers 3, opening lengthwise, outward Iridace^. 142 

d Anthers 6, opening inward AMAKTLLiDACEiE. 139 

e Pistils 3— 00, distinct, forming achenia in fruit Alismace^. 134 

. Pistils 3 only, more or less united, .{g) 

g Leaves verticillate, in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 3 Trilliace^. 146 

ff Leaves alternate. . (h) 

h Stigmas 3. Plants with dry leaves, often epiphytes Bro3ieliace^. 140 

h Stigmas united into 1 Cosoieltnace^. 151 

Tc Flowers perfect, 4-parted Roxeurghiace^. 145 

h Flowers dioecious, 6-parted Smilace^. 144 

m. Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in one species) \a\a\.czm. 147 

m Flowers colored, irregular or else triandrous PoNTEDERiACEiE. 141) 

m Flowers greenish, glume-like or scarious Juncacejb. 150 

n Leaves rush-like. Ovary of 3 1-seeded carpels ) .Melanthace^. 148 

n Leaves linear, lanceolate, &c. Ovary 6- GO -seeded. . . ' 

Petals yellow, small but showy. Plant acaulescent Xtridace.e. 152 

Petals white, minute, fringed. Pl&nt acaulescent Eriocaxjlonace..e. 154 



G. Cohort T. GRAMINOIDE^, or GRASS-LIKE ENDOGENS. 

*{ Flowers with 6 bracts in 2 whorls (sepals and petals). Culms solid Order 150 

t Flower with a single bract (glume). Culm solid, sheaths entire Cyperace^. 15i 

1 Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Culm hollow. I r^ ^e- 

Sheaths split on one side. Ovary 1-seeded. Styles 2 ) 



H. Province, ACROGENS. 



§ Plants with well-developed foliage. .(•[) 

t Leaves few, mostly ample and from subterranean rhizomes. .(«) 



14 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDEES. 

a Fruit borne on the leaves which are often more or less contracted. . .Filices. 159 
a Fruit borne at the base of the radical, entire or lobed leaves .. MARSiLEACEiE. 156 
*![■ Leaves numerous, small, mostly spirally imbricated on the stem. . {b) 

b Fruit axillary, sessile, opening by a slit Lycopodiace^. 157 

b Fruit mostly terminal and usually stalked, opening by a lid Musci.* 

*|[ Leaves numerous, small, imbricated on the stem in 2 rows. | Hepatic^ * 

§ Plants with the leaves and stem confounded, thallus-like > 

% Plants with verticillate branches instead of leaves, .(c) 

c Fruit in terminal spikes, and of one kind only Equisetace^. 158 

c Fruit lateral, scattered on the branches, and of two kinds Charace^.* 



K. Province, THALLOGENS 

Plants aquatic, with a colored thallus. Fruit immersed in the frond Alo^.* 

Plants on dry rocks, logs, or bark of trees, thalloid or granular Lichens."' 

Plants growing on decaying organisms. Thallus cotton-like, the fruit very | Trrrrjoi * 
different, all without chlorophyll or starch ' 



* These Orders, the lower Cryptogams, are omitted in this work. 



PART FOURTH. 

DESCKIPTIVE BOTANY, OE PHYTOLOGY, 

COMPRISING A TABULAR FLORA OB 

THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 

(wiTHIlSr THE LIMITS STATED IN THE PREFACE). 



Sub-Kingdom, PH^NOGAMIA, the Flowering Plants, hav- 
ing stamens and pistils, producing seeds with an embryo. (For 
sub-kingdom Cryptogamia, see page 360.) 

Province, EXOGEN^, the Dicotyledonous Plants. Stems 
composed of bark, wood, and pith, exogenous (§ 405) in 
growth. Leaves mostly net-veined. Flowers 5-parted or 4- 
parted, rarely in 3s. Embryo with 2 or more opposite 
cotyledons. (Province Endogenge, p. 316.) 

Class I, ANGIOSPERM^. Pistils complete, Avith stigma 
and ovary, the latter enclosing the ovules, and in fruit en- 
closing the seeds. Cotyledons only 2. (Class II, Gym- 
nospermse, p. 311.) 

Cohort 1, DIALYPETALJE, the Polypetalous Exogens. 
Flowers having a double perianth, both calyx and corolla, 
the latter composed of distinct petals. (Cohort 2, p. 144.) 

Order I. RAITUNCULACE^. Crowfoots. 

Herbs (or woody climbers) with a colorless, acrid juice. Leaves mostly 
divided, exstipulate, with half-clasping petioles. Sepals 3-15, green or peta- 
loid. Petals 3-15, distinct, sometimes irregular or none. Stamens hypogy- 
nous, indefinite. Ovaries many or few, distinct, 1 — oo-ovnled. Fimit either 



16 



OuDER 1.— PvAN UNCULACE.E. 



dry aclienia, or follicles, or baccate, 1 — GO-seedecl. Seeds anatropous, em- 
bryo straight in liorny albumen. — Abounding in cool regions. 

illustrated in figs. 33, 39, 83, 84, 109, 127, 132, 159, 155, 15C, 212, 234, etc. 



i 



TRIBES AND GEXERA. 

Sepals valvate in the bud. Aclienia tailed. (Tribe I.) 
Sepals imbricated in the bud. — n Ovaries 1-seeded, acheniate. (2) 
—a Ovaries 2—00 -seeded (3) 
2 Corolla 0, or undistingnishable from the colored calyx. (Tribe II., h) 
2 Corolla and calyx distinct either in color or form. (Tribe III., r) 
3 Sepals as permanent as the stamens. Fruit follicular. (Tribe IV., cZ) 
3 Sepals caducous sooner than the stamens. (Tribe V., g) 
3 Sepals persistent with the follicular fruit. (Tribe VI.) 
I. CLEMATIDE.E.— Petals 0, or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite. 
II. ANEMONE.-E. h Sepals deciduous with the stamens. Stem-leaves opposite. 
6 Sepals deciduous with the stamens. Leaves all radical. 
& Sepals caducous. — Leaves ternately compound. 

— Leaves palmate, simple. Flowers ^ . 
III. RAXUNCULE.,E. c Sepals not appendaged. Petals red or yellow, no scale. 
c Sepals not appendaged. Petals xauthic, a scale at base. 
c Sepals appendaged. Plant minute. Leaves radical. 
IT. IIELLEBORE.E.— (Z Perianth regular, (e) 

e Petals 0. Sepals white. 
e Petals 0. Sepals G-9, yellow, 
e Petals slender, tubular at apex. Roots yellow. 
e Petals miniite, tubular at base, 1-lipped. 
e Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent. 
e Petals small, concave, 2-lobed. Fls. racemed. Rt. yel. 
e Petals larger than the colored sepals, 3-lobed. 
e Petals larger than the colored sepals, spur-like, equal. 
— d Perianth irregular. (/) 

/Upper sepal spurred, containing two spurred petals. 
/ Upper sepal hooded, covering two deformed petals. 
V. CIMICIFUGE.E. g Flowers numerous, in long, spicate racemes. 

(f Flowers many, in short racemes. Fruit baccate. 
f) Flower 1 only. Plant 2-leaved. Berry compound. 
VI. P^EOXLE.— Petals plane, large, showy. Disk sheathing the follicles. 

1. CLEMATIS, L. virgin's bo wee. Calyx ot 4 (4— 9 in the exotics) 
colored sepals, in restivation valvate-induplicate. Petals 0, or if present, 
more like sterile filaments. Stamens shorter than the sepals, the outer or 
all sometimes sterile. Ovaries go in a head. Achenia caudate with the 
lengthened plumous or pubescent styles U . "^ Somewhat woody, climb- 
ing by the clasping petioles. Leaves opposite. Fig. 359. 

SUBGEISTEEA xl^TD SPECIES. 

§ Atragene. Outer stamens petal-like. Lvs. verticillate. Fls. solitaiy. Vine... No. 1 
% Ci,b:matis proper. Petals none. Leaves opposite... (*) 

* Erect herbs. Lvs. simple. Fls. solitary, large, terminal, nodding. May. .Nos. 9-11 

* Climbing. — a Fls. pauicled, white, often diclinous, sepals thin Nos. 2-4 

—a Fls. solitary, nodding,— 6 bell-shaped, pale bluish purple.. .Nos. 5, (> 

— b ovoid, dark purple Nos. 7. 8 

Exotic.—* Flowers in clusters, white. Leaves pinnate Nos. 12, 13 

* Flowers single, large. — x Leaves simple. Sepals 4 Nos. 14, 15 ' 

— X Leaves compoimd. Sepals 4, open Nos. 16. 17 

— X Leaves compound. Sepals 6—'.), open. . .Nos. 18, I'J 



Clematis. 


1 


Anemonk. 


2 


Hepatioa. 


3 


Thalictrum. 


4 


Tr.autvetterij 


. 5 


Adonis. 


6 


Ranunculus. 


7 


Myosurus. 


8 


ISOPYRUJI. 


9 


Caltha. 


10 


COPTIS. 


11 


Trollius. 


12 


Helleborus. 


13 


Zanthorhiza. 


U 


NiGELLA. 


15 


Aquilegia. 


16 


Delphinium. 


17 


ACONITUM. 


18 


CiMICIFUGA. 


19 


ACT^A. 


20 


Hydrastis. 


21 


PiEONIA. 


22 



OitDEii 1.— IIAXAXCULACE.E. 17 

1 C. verticillaris DC. Lvs. in whorls of 4, each temate, and 2 largo purple fls. at 
each node. Highland woods, Me. to Ga., W. to Hlv3\ Mts. 15f. May, June. Rare. 

2 C. VirgiMiaia L. Glabroiis ; Ivs. ternate, Ifts. lobed and cut-dentate ; achenia long, 
plumed, in featheiy tufts. Thickets, Can. to Ga., W. to Mo. 15f. Aug. t 

3 C. Catesbyaiia Ph. Pubescent ; Ivs. biternate, Ifts. ovate, mostly 3-lobed, lobes en- 
tire ; ach. short-plumed ; sep. small, linear-oblong. Coast, S. Car. to Fla. 12f. July. 

4 C. liolosericea Ph. Silky-pubescent : Ivs. ternate, Ifts. lauce-oblong, entire ; fls. in 
small corymbous clusters ; sep. linear ; ach. long-plumed. Carolina. Dioecious. 

5 C. erispa L. Lvs. ternate, pinnate, or decompound, Ifts. varying from ovate to lan- 
ceolate, and linear, acute, thin, smooth ; ach. tails short, pubescent. Va. to Ga. and 
La. Lfts. 3—15. Fls. elegant, 15" long. (.C. Walteri Ph., C. cyliudrica Sims, &c.) 

6 C. reticulata Walt. Lvs. ternate or pinnate, lfts. 3— T, obtuse at each end, at length 
rigid and prominently veined, often lobed ; tails silky. Fla. Sep. 12—15" long. 

7 C. Viorna L. Leather-floicer. Lvs. pinnate, lfts. ovate, acute, smooth; sep. lance- 
ovate, the cuspidate points reflexed; ach. tails long, plumous. Woods, O. to Ga. 
10— 15f. Peduncles with a pair of simple leaves. Summer. Rare. 

8 C Pitcheri T. & G. Leaves pinnate, leaflets coriaceous, roughened with the net- 
ted veins ; sepals lance-ovate ; ach. tails short, pubescent. 111., Iowa, to Ark. 

9 C ocliroleuca Ait. Lvs. silky-pubescent beneath, ovate, entire; sep. silky, yel- 
lowish within ; ach. plumes long, straw-color. % Woods, L. I. to Ga. Eare. If. 

IOC. ovata Ph. Leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath, broad-ovate ; flower on a short 
peduncle, purple ; sepals ovate, pointed. % N. Car. to Fla. 1 — 2f. Leaves entire. 

lie. Baldwinii T. & G. Lvs. oblong to lance-linear, the lower 3-lobed or cleft; 
flower on a long peduncle, purplish. ii Fla. 1— 2f. Plumous tails 2' long. 

12 C. ERECTA. Stem 3f, weak, inclining; lfts. lance-ovate. 2f Europe. August. 

13 C. Flammula. Climbing 12— 20f ; leaflets oval to oblong-linear, often lobed, acute, 
smooth ; clusters terminal, fragrant. From France. Aiigust, September. 

1-1: C. iNTEGRiFOLiA. L^pright ; Ivs. lancc., entire, smooth ; fls. uoddiug, blue. Eur. 2f. 
15 C. ciRRHOSA. Climbing; lvs. ovate, subcordate, toothed ; fls. fragrant, white. Eur. 
1 6 C ViTiCELLA. Lfts. 3—15, ovate or oval, entire; sep. obovate, purp., 15". Eur. Sum. 
17 C. GRAVEOLENS. Lfts. 3 — 5, lanceoIatc, acute ; sep. oblanceolate, yhv., 9''. Thibet. 
ISC. FLORIDA. Lvs. ternate andbiteru. ; sep. ovate, pointed, wh. or purplish. Japan. 

/3. SiEBOLDTii. Fls. 4' broad, creamy-white and purple, double. Splendid. 
19 C. coEKULEA. Lvs. ternate, hairy ; fls. very large ; sep. lance-ovate, blue, &c. Japan. 

|3. AzcREA-GRANDiFLORA. Flowers 5 — "' broad, azure, or lilac-blue. July. 

2. ANEMONE, L. Wind-flower. Involucre remote from the 
flower, of 3 divided leaves, calyx regular, of 3 — 15 colored sepals. Corolla 
0. ' Ovaries oo, free, collected into a roundish or oblong head. Achenia 
with a short, rarely a lengthened beak. Seeds suspended, if Lvs. radi- 
cal. Stem leaves 2 or 3, opposite, forming the involucre. Figs. IIG, 176. 
§ Pulsatilla. Carpels many (50—75), with long plumous tails. One large flower. .No. 1 
§ ANE3I0XANTHEA. Carpels hairy, but neither tailed nor grooved. . .{(t) 

a Pistils many (50—70) in a head, densely matted with wool in fruit. . . (p) 

a Pistils fewer (15 — 20) in a head, merely pubescent in fruit Xos. 2, 3 

b Stem leaves (involucre) sessile, with a single flower Nos. 4 — 6 

b Stem leaves (involucre) petiolate, with 2 or 3 flowers Xos. 7 — 9 

Sy:!^i>es3iox. Carpels few, not caudate, glabrous and grooved No. 10 

Exotic, cultivated species Nos. 11 — 13 

1 A. patens L. /3. J%^iittalliana, Pasqne-Jioiver. Clothed with long silky hairs; 
lvs. man3'-cleft, with linear segments, developed after the large spreading pale-purple 
flower. Dry hills. 111., Wise, to Dak. (Matthews). 1'— If. Sepals 5 or 6, V. April. 

2 A. iiemorosa L. Smooth, 1-flowered ; leaves of the invol. 3, petiolate, 3-5-parted. 
eegm. cleft and lobed. Copses, com., 6 — 9'. Fl. white, purple outside. April, ilay. 



18 Order 1.— RANUNCULACE.E. 

3 A, Peiiiisylvanica L. Ilaivy, 1-, finally 2- or 3-flowerecl ; leaves of the invol. ses- 

sile, large, veiny, 3-parted, acnminate-lobed and toothed. Pi-airics, Can. to Penn., 
W. to the Miss. 12—20'. Flowers pure white. June— August. 

4 A, Caroliiiiaiia Walt. Lvs. 3-parted into cuneate-Iinear, twice trifid segm. ; in 

volucre similarly cleft half-way ; sepals obtuse, 1.5 — 20 ; carpels in an oblong head. 
Car. to 111., and Nebr. 6 — 10'. Flower white-purple, pretty, fragrant. April, May. 

5 A. licteroplsylla Nntt. Lvs. of roundish-oval, crenate segments, invol. linear-cleft 

to the base ; sepals acute, 5—13 ; carpels in a cylindrical head. Ga. to La, and Ark. 
8— It)'. Flower white-green, scentless. March, April. — Varies toward No. 4. 

6 A. parvifiora Mx. Leaves of involucre 2, 3-cleft, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft, cre- 

nate-lobed ; sepals 5 or 6 ; carpels in a globular head. L. Sup., and N. 3—12'. White. 

7 A. niultiflda DC. Bed Anemone. Involucre short-petioled ; lateral peduncles in- 

volucellate ; head of carpels oval. N. Vt. to L. Sup. Rare. Red-white. If. June. 

8 A. Virginiaua L. Invol. long-petioled ; lateral ped. involucellate ; head of carp. 

oblong. Can. to Car. 2— 3f. Fls. white-green, on long stalks. Sepals 5. Jn. — Aug. 

9 A. cylsiidrica Gray, Invol. long-petioled; peduncles all naked, long; head of 

carpels cylindrical. N. H., Mass., to Iowa. Silky pubescent. 2f. White-green, May. 

10 A, tlialictroides L. Rue Anemone. Glabrous, slender; invol. of 2 sessile bi- 
teruate (apparently of 6-petioled ternate) lvs., Ifts. 3-lobed ; fls. umbelled ; sep. 5—10. 
Woods, Can. toGa.,W. to Iowa. G-10'. Root tuberous. Fls. white-purp., 1'. Apr., May. 

11 A. CORONARIA. l^vs. multifid, segm. linear ; sep. G, roundish, close. Levant. May. 

12 A. HORTENSis. Lvs. 3-parted, with cuneate cut-dentate loljes; invol. sessile; sep. 
10—12, oblong. Italy. Varieties are double, semidouble, red, white, blue, &c. May. 

13 A. Jap()nica. Lvs. of the involucre and involucels broadly 3-5-lobed; fls. many, 18" 
broad, white and red ; sepals in 2 rows, roundish, widely spreading. Autumn. 

3. HEPATICA, Dill. Liyeiileaf. Liverwort. Invol. of 3 entire, 
ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calyx, situated a little below the flower. 
Calyx of 5 — petaloid sepals, disposed in 2 or 3 rows. Cor. 0. Aclienia 
awnless. if Lys. all radical, cordate, 3-lobed, thick, evergreen. Flowers 
single, on hairy scapes, appearing in early Spring before the new leaves. 
Figs. 332, 431. Cultivated as a border flower. 

1 H, triloba Chaix. Eound-lobed L. Lvs. with 3 round-obtuse lobes ; bracts of the 

invol. obtuse. Woods, N. Eng. Scapes and leaf-stalks 3 — 4'. Fls. blue, varying to 
white, neat and elegant, becoming double in cultivation. 

2 H. acutiloba DC. Acute-leaved L. Lvs. with 3 acute lobes, bracts of the invol. 

acute. Borders of woods, Vt. to Wis. 4—5'. Flowers violet-blue to rose-purple. 

I 

4. THALIOTRUM, Tourn. Meadow Rue. Calyx colored, of 4—5 

concave, caducous sepals. Petals 0. Filam. dilated upward, longer than 
the sepals. Ov. 4 — 15. Ach. stiped or sessile, ribbed or inflated, short- 
beaked. If Lvs. ternately compounded, with stalked leaflets. Lfts. 3-7- 
lobed. Flowers paniculate, often diclinous, of no beauty. 

* Flowers dioecious, in loose panicles. Styles slender. Achenia sessile or nearly so, 

ovoid, conspicuously angled and grooved Nos. 1 — 3 

* Fls. perfect, few in the corymbed clusters. Sty. short. Ach. long-stipitate No. 4 

1 T, dioicum. L. Slender, glaucous, glabrous (1— 2f ) ; leaves all petiolate (with the 

general petiole) ; fls. in slender panicles, purplish or greenish; fil. capillary, droop- 
ing, achenia about 8. Hilly woods : common. Leaflets thin, 5-7-lobed. April, May. 

2 T. corniiti L. Stouter, tall (3 — 4f ), smoothish ; stem leaves sessile (no common 

petiole) ; lfts. thickish, veiny, with acutish lobes ; anthers on white erect filaments * 
achenia about 12, substipitate. Meadows. Leaflets .3-lobed. July, August. 



Order 1.— RANUNCULx^CE^. 19 

3 T. purpurascens L. Stem tall (3— 6f!), purple; stem leaves sessile, or nearly so, 

Ifts. thick and firm, with rolled edges, pale and often glandular-downy beneath ; anth. 
linear, drooping ; achenia sessile, as long as their stigmas. Hilly. woods. June, July. 

4 T. elavatuna DC. Slender (l—2f) ; Ivs. petiolate, biternate, Ifts. obtusely lobed ; 

ach. curved, 5 — 10, short-pointed, long-stiped. Mts., N. Car. to Ala. White. July. 

5. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fiscli. & Meyer. Sep. 4 or 5, colored, cadu- 
cous. Pet. 0. Filam. petaloid. Ach. 15 — 20 in a head, membranous, m- 
flated, angular, tipped with the short hooked style. U Leaves palmately 
lobed, alternate. Flowers corymbous, white. 

T. palmata F. & M.— Prairies and woods. Can. to Va., W. to the Cascade Mts.! 
3— 5f. Eadical Ivs. large, 5-9-lobed ; stem Ivs. few ; corymb terminal. July, August. 

6. ADONIS, L. Pheasant's-eye. Sepals 5. Petals 5 — 15, the claw 
naked (no scale). Achenia spiked on the torus, ovate, pointed with the 
persistent style. Herbs with dissected leaves, and bright, showy flowers. 

1 A. VEKNALis. Fls. cup-shaped, yellow, of 10— 12 oblong petals. 2: Eur. 6—10'. May. 

2 A. AUTUMNALis. Fls. globular, red, of 5 — 8 concave petals. ©Eur. If. Aug., Sept. 

7. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercups. Sepals 5, ovate. 

Pet. 5 — 10, roundish, shining, each with a honey-scale (Fig. 39) or pore at 

the base inside. Ach, flattened, pointed, crowded in a head. U (T) Leaves 

alternate. Flowers generally yellow. Figs. 39, 83, 84, 109, 118, 159, 212, 

234, 415, 416. 

§ Batrachium. Petals white, with a yellow, naked honey-pore on the claw. Seeds (ache- 
nia) transversely wrinkled. Leaves multifid, in water No. 1 

§ Ranunculus. Petals (yellow) with a honey-scale on the claw of each. . .(*) 

* Achenia rough with points or prickles. Leaves palmate-parted. (T) Nos. 18, 19 

* Achenia smooth, — x numerous, in an oblong head. Wet places Nos. 7 — 9 

— X many, in a rounded head . ..(a) 

a Leaves many-cleft, in thread-like segments, under water No. 2 

a Leaves all undivided, entire or toothed. In wet places. Nos. 3 — (> 

a Lvs., at least the lowest ones, undivided, merely lobed or crenate. . .Nos. 10 — 12 
a Leaves all deeply divided, the lower— y pinnately with stalked Ifts. .Nos. 13—15 

— y palmately with sessile Ifts... Nos. 16, 17 
Exotic, cultivated Nos. 20, 21 

1 R. aquatllis L. /3. trichophyllua Chaix. WJiite Water- C. Leaves all filiformly 

dissected and submersed, u In slow streams. July, Aug. (R. divaricatus Schrank.) 
y. heteroph{fllus DC, Upper leaves floating, 3-5-lobed. Near Boston (Bigelow, 
now lost). In Idaho (Walker). Submersed leaves as in /3. 

2 R. miiltiiidus Ph. Yellow Water- C. Floating or creeping; some of the leaves 

emersed, reniform, 3-5-parted, and cleft. Sepals reflexed ; carpels with a straight 
beak, heads globous. Ponds and muddy shores, 1 — 2 — 3f. Petals 5—8. May, June. 

3 R, Flamniula L. Spearwort. Stem erect from an ascending base ; lvs. alliance- 

shaped, on sheathing petioles; ach. roundish, twice longer than its beak. Can, to 
Car., W. to Oi-eg. 8—16', Lvs, 3—6', Fls, showy. Sum, (R. alismsefolius Geyer.) 

4 R. rei>tans L. Stem creeping, geniculate, rooting, filiform ; nodes 1-flowered ; lvs. 

linear or oblong ; pet. 5— 10, bright. N. Eng. to Oreg. Delicate. Fls. 4", Lvs, 1'. Jl. 

5 R. pusillus Poir. Erect ; lvs. all petiolate, lower ovate, upper lance-linear; pet. 

3 (1—5) short ; stam. 8—10 ; carp, scarcely pointed. N. Y. to Ga., and La. 6—12'. May, 
,6 R. oblong-ifolius Ell. Erect, diffuse ; lvs. lance-ovate and lanceolate, all stalked ' 
pet. 5, stam. 20; carp, pointless,- 111. to Tex. June. 2f. (R. Texensis En'/Zi 



20 Order 1.— RANUNCULACE^. 

7 R. Cymbalai'la Ph. St. filiform, creeping, rooting ; Ivs. reniform-cordate, crenate- 

dentate above ; scapes 1-5-floAvered (2—6') ; petals 5—8, oval ; carpels striate, beak 
short, uncinate. Brackish shores, N. J. to Dak. (Matthews). June. 

8 R. sceleratus Ph. Erect, smooth ; root Ivs. 3-lobed, lower stem Ivs. 3-parted and 

cut-creuate ; fls. small ; carp, pointless. Wet. Can. to Ga. If. Head 3". Jn.— Aug. 

9 R.Peniisylvanicus L. Very hirsute ; leaves ternate, Ifts. subpetiolate, deeply 3- 

lobedandcut; sep. reflesed, longer than the 5 pet. ; carp, beaked. Wet. 2f. Jn.-Aug. 

10 R. abortivus L. Very smooth; root Ivs. roundish cordate, crenate, petiolate ; 
upper leaves in 3 linear segments ; sepals reflexed, longer than the very short petals. 
Woods : common. 8—16'. Flowers very small. Pretty. May, June. 

1 1 R. reciirvatus Poir. Hirsute with thin spreading hairs ; leaves all similarly 3- 
parted, lobes incised ; sepals recurved, longer than the petals ; carpels with a hooked 
beak. Woods. If. Pale green. Flowers small. May— July. 

12 R. rliomboideus Goldie. Hairy, much branched ; root Ivs. rhomboid-ovate, cre- 
nate-dentate, long-stalked ; sep. spreading, shorter than the petals ; achenia smooth, 
with a very short beak. Prairies, HI., Mich., Wis., Can. 6 — 10'. May. 

13 R. fasciculatis Muhl. Early C. Erect; root a fascicle of fleshy fibres ; root 
leaves appearing pinnate ; pednncles terete ; carpels scarcely margined, beak slender. 
Rocky hills. 5—10'. Hairs silky. Flowers 1' broad. April, May. 

1 4 R. repens L. Root fibrous ; later stems creeping, long ; root leaves ternate, with 
stalked leaflets; pedicels furrowed; carpels broadly margined and stout-beaked. 
Moist shades. 1 — 3f. Flowers showy. Hairy or smooth. Very variable. 

1 5 R. bulbosus L. Hairy ; stem erect, bulbous at the base ; root leaves ternate, seg- 
ments petiolate, incised ; ped. furrowed ; sepals reflexed. Fields, N. Eng., N. Y. If. 
May, Jn. The cup-shaped flower, golden-yellow, is larger and handsomer than No. 17. 

1 6 R. palmatus Ell. Erect ; leaves 3-5-cleft, with the sinus at the base closed, seg- 
ments all sessile, cut-dentate, or lobed ; carpels margined and straight-beaked. Fine 
woods, Car. to Fla. If— 18'. Pubescent. Flowers small {!"). April, May. 

1 7 R. acris L. Buttercups. Erect ; leaves deeply trifid, the base segments divari- 
cate, all laciniate and sessile ; pedicels terete ; carpels with a short recurved beak. 
Common in N. Eng. and Can. Hairy. 2f. Flowers large, 1' broad. June — Sept. 

18 R. muricatus L. Glabrous; carpels aculeate, strongly margined, ending in a 
stout recurved beak. Va. to La., also in Cal. If. Leaves lobed and toothed. 

19 R. parviflorus L. Villous; carpels rounded, granulated, tipped with a very 
short beak. Va. to La. 6 — 12^ Flowers small. March, April. 

20 R. AsiATicus. Garden Ranuncidus. Erect ; leaves ternate or biternate, segments 
incised or lobed ; head of carpels cylindric. Levant. If. Flowers variegated end- 
lessly, of every form and hue. Not hardy. 

21 R. ACONiTiFOLius. Branching and many-flowered ; leaves palmately 3-7-parted and 
cut-toothed, the upper sessile, with lance-linear lobes ; calyx appressed ; petals pure 
white. From Europe. A fine old border flower, deep green, the flowers often double. 

8. MYOSURUS, Dill. Mouse-tail. Sep. 5, produced downward at 
base below their insertion. Petals 5, with slender, tubular claws. Sta- 
mens 5 — 30. Achenia spicate on the spindle-shaped torus, (i) Leaves 
linear, entire, radical. Scapes 1-flowered. Fig. 133. 

Ml. itiiuimus L. Low grounds, HI. to La., W. to Oreg. ! A curious little plant, re- 
markable for its tall torus, covered with numerous blunt carpels. Pet. yellow. Apr. 

9. ISOPYRUM, L. False Rue Anemone. Sep. 4, petaloid, decidu- 
ous. Pet. 5, small, tubular, sometimes 0. Follicles 3 or more, subsessile, 
pointed with the style, with 3 or more seeds. Delicate herbs. Leaves ter- 
nately compound, Ifts. 3-3-lobed. Flowers pedunculate, white. Fig. 83. 



Order 1.— RANUNCULACEiE. 21 

I. biternatum T. & G. Glabrous, erect ; stems clustered : pet. ; follicles 3—6, 
strouglj- veined, 2-seeded. n Damp shades, O. to Ark. 4 — 10'. May. Yerj^ pretty. 

10. CALTHA, L. Cowslip. Marsh Marigold. Sepals 5 — 9, peta- 
loid. Petals 0. Follicles 5 — 10, oblong, pointless, spreading, co-seeded. 
U Very glabrous, aquatic. 

C. paltlstris L. Stem hollow, thick; leaves thickish, large, orbicular or reniform, 
crenate or entire ; flowers yellow. Wet mt-adows. If. Flowers IS" broad. May. 

11. COPTIS, Sallsb. Gold-th'read. Sepals 5—7, oblong, concave, 

colored, deciduous. Petals 5 — 7, clavate, tubular at apex. Follicles 5 — 10, 

stipitate, rostrate, divergent, 4-6-seeded. U Low, smooth, with radical 

leaves and flowers on a scape. 

C. trifolia Salisb. Leaves Woliate, leaflets sessile ; scapes 1-flowered ; pet. small and 
stamen-like ; rhizome thread-like, of a golden yellow. Peun. to Can. 3 — i'. Flow- 
ers white, the small yellow petals inconspicuous. Eoot bitter, tonic. 

12. TROLiLIUS, L. Globe-flower. Sep. 5 — 15, petaloid. Pet. 5 — 25, 
small and inconspicuous, linear, tubular at base. Stam. and pistils oo ; 
follicles Gc-secded. U Smooth, with palraately-parted leaves. 

1 T. laxus Salisb. Sepals 5, rounded, spreading; petals shorter than the stamens, 

orange-colored. Swamps, Can. to Peun. and Del. Rare. If. Flowers 18" bioad ; 

sepals yellow, greenish outside. Pods about 10. June. 
5J T. EfROPiEUS. Sepals 15, incurved, concave ; petals 5—10. as long as the stamens. 

From Europe. 2f. Yellow. June, July. Hardy, and very ornamental. 
3 T. AsiATicus. Sepals 10, partly open; petals 10, longer than the stamens. From 

Asia. 2f, with ample foliage and orange-red flowers, varying to yellow. June, July. 

13. HELLEBORUS, L. Hellebore. Sepals 5, mostly greenish, 
persistent. Petals 8 — 10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stigmis 3 — 10, 
orbicular. Follicles oo-seeded. U Leaves coriaceous, palmately or 
pedately divided. Flowers large, nodding. Fig. 494. 

1 H. viridis L. Glabrous ; rt. Ivs. pedate, cauline palmate, sessile ; fls. often in pairs ; 

sepals round-ovate, acute, pale yellowish-green, spreading 1'. From Eur. If. § Apr. 

2 H. NIGER. Christmas Rose. Eoot Ivs. pedate ; scape naked, bracted, 1- or 2-flowered ; 

fls. 2' broad, white, pink, and finally green. In England, it flowers about Christmas. 
If. Leaves thick, evergreen, and shining. March, April. 

14. ZANTHORHIZA, L. Yellow -root. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, of 2 round- 
ish lobes raised on a claw. Stam. and pistils 5 — 10. Ova. 2- or 3-ovuled, 
follicles mostly 1-seeded, seed suspended. \^ Eoots and bark yellow and 
bitter. Leaves pinnate. Racemes axillary. Flowers dark purple. 

Z. apiifolia L"Her. — River banks, N. Y. to Ga. Lvs. clustered at top of the short, 
thick stem ; leaflets 5, sessile, incised ; racemes compound. Fls. 3" broad. Apr. 
/ 

15. NIGELLA, L. Fennel-flower. Sep. 5, petaloid. Pet. 5, 3-cleft. 
Pistils 5, becoming as many follicles which are distinct or united, (i) Lvs. 
1-2-pinnately divided into linear- subulate segments. Fig. 343. 

1 N, Damascena. Bagged Lady. Flowers in a leafy involucre ; cai-pels united into a 

roundish, tumid capsule. From Spain. 2f. Flowers light blue. June— Aug. 

2 N. SATivA. Nutmeg -flower. Hairy; flowers not involucrate ; carpels distinct. Egypt. 



22 Order 1.— RANUNCULACE.E. 

16. AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine. Sepals 5, equal, ovate, spreading, 
colored. Petals 5, all alike, lioru-sliaped, attached by the margin of the 
dilated mouth, produced to a liouey spur behind. Pistils 5, follicles 5, 
many-seeded, if Leaves bi-triternate, leaflets lobed. Flowers large and 
handsome, nodding. April — June. Figs. 127, 155, 156. 

* Flowers scarlet, red, and orange-colored. Spurs of the petals straight Nos. 1—3 

* Flowers blue and white. Spurs straight in No. 4, — incurved in Nos. 5—7 

1 A. Canadensis L. Very smooth,! — 2f; Ifts. 3 — 9, round-wedge-form ; fls. nodding, 

yellow within ; stamens and styles yellow, exserted. Kocky Avoods, and cultivated. 

2 A, Skinneri. Like No. 1, but with larger fls., the spurs and sep. greenish. Mexico. 

3 A, FORMOSA. Sepals and spurs much longer than the petals ; sta. included. Kamt. 

4 A. CCERULEA. Like No. 3, but the fls. all larger, blue and white, 2^' long. R. Mts. 

5 A. VULGARIS. Common C. Spurs little longer than the limb ; stam. scarcely exserted. 

Europe. — Varies to purple, and white ; also with double flowers, — spur within spur. 

6 A. SiBiRicA. Stem smooth, nearly naked, few-flwd., Hf; spur some longer than the 

white-tipped limb ; sepals very obtuse, violet. Very fine and choice like the next. 

7 A. GLANDULosA. Glaudular-hairy above ; stems bracted, 1-2-flwd., If; spurs half as 

long as the snow-Avhite limb ; sepals sky-blue, acute, 1' long. From Siberia. 
/ 

17. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, 

colored, the upper one spurred behind. Petals 4, very unequal, the two 
upper spurred and enclosed in the spurred sepal. Styles and follicles 1 — 5. 
Handsome herbs, with palmately-divided leaves. Flowers of the cyanic 
series, never yellow. Figs. 26, 87, 88, 120. 

§ CoNSOLiDA. Petals united into one piece. Style and follicle 1. ® Nos. 4, 5 

§ Delphinastrum. Pet. 4, distinct. Pistils and follicles 2 — 5, mostly 3. %.. .{a) 

a Species indigenous, Penn., South and West, often cultivated Nos. 1 — 3 

a Species exotic, cultivated, natives of Siberia and California Nos. 6 — 9 

1 D. tricorne Mx. Low (6—12') ; leaf-lobes linear ; raceme few-flwd., loose ; spur 

ascending, straight ; pods recurved. Uplands. Fls. G — 12, blue, white. April, May. 
H D. azureuni Mx. Erect (1 — 2f ) ; leaf-lobes all narrow-linear ; raceme strict; spur 

ascending ; pods erect. Wis. to Ark. Flowers 00, azure, or light blue. May, June. 

3 I>. exaltatism L. Tall (2— 4f) ; leaf-lobes wedge-lanceolate ; rac. strict, 00-flow- 

ered; spur straight ; pods erect. Mich, to Car. Eac. panicled ; fls. purp. -blue. July. 

4 I>. CoHSolida L. Field L. Branching; Ivs. finely cut ; fls. loosely racemed, scat- 

tered ; pod smooth. Fields, gardens. 3— 4f. Fls. blue, variable. Aug., Sept. § Eur. 

5 -D. Ajacis. Rocket L. Subsimple ; leaves finely cut ; flowers many, in crowded ra- 

cemes ; pod pubescent. Alps. 1 — 2f. Flowers pink, rose, white, often double. 

6 D. ELATUM. Bee L. Pubescent, tall (5 — 6f ) ; leaf-segments 5, cuneate, cut-trifid ; rac. 

long; spur curved downward ; petals hairy, resembling a bee inside the floAver. Blue. 
T D. GKANDiFLORTJM. Lvs. 5-7-parted, segm. 3-cleft, linear, distant ; petals shorter than 
the calyx. Stem 2f. FloAvers large, dark or purplish blue, often double. 

8 I>. CHiLANTHUM. Lcaf-lobcs 3 Or 5, oblong, acumiuate ; pods pubescent ; sep. shorter 

than the calyx ; spur decurved. Siberia. 2f. Dark blue. — Var. formosum is very 
beautiful, blooming from July to Nov., the large floAvers light blue, white at centre. 

9 D. cardinale. Glabrous ; lvs. 3-parted, segm. cleft into long acute lobes ; fls. scarlet, 

large ; spur longer than the sepals. California. 1 — 2f. Splendid, but not hardy. 

18. ACONITUM, Tourn. Wolfbane. Monk's-hood. Sep. 5, irreg- 
ular, colored, upper one (helmet) vaulted. Petals 2 (the 3 lower minute or 
0), spurred at apex, on long claws, concealed beneath the helmet. Sty. and 

• pods 3 — 5. IC Lvs. palmate. Fls. racemed or panicled. Poisonous. Fig. 29. 



Order 1.— RANUNCULACE^. 23 

1 A. uncinatum L. Erect, weak (2f) ; leaf-divisions rhomb-lanceolate, cnt-clentate ; 

helmet obtusely conical, erect, short-beaked in front ; flowers blue. Mts., N.Y. to Ga. 
Leaves thick, 4 — 5' wide. Branches divergent. Panicle loose. June, Jul3^ 

2 A. recliiiatUMi Gray. Trailins: (3— 7f j ; leaf-divisions wedge-shaped, cut or lobed ; 

helmet elongated-conical, with a straight beak; flowers white. Mountains, Va. 

3 A. Napeixus. Common Monk' s~liood^ ov Aconite. Smooth and rigidly erect, 3f; Ivs. 

5-parted, and cut into broad-linear segm. channelled above ; fls. densely racemed, dark 
blue (or white in j3. album), the hood broader than high. From Europe. Summer. 

4 A. Anthoka. Erect (1— 2f) ; Ivs. multifid with narrowly linear segm. ; fls. panicled, 

large (as in the others), purple with yellow ; hood rather high-crowned. Europe. 

5 A, Jafokictjm. Smoothish, veiny, 3— 5f ; fls. deep blue, in panicled spikes ; hood or 

helmet very high-crowned and inflated, -with a thickened inflexed spur. Japan. 

6 A. vakiegatxjm. Erect (3 — 4f), very smooth ; leaves with rhomb-ovate divisions ; fls. 
" loosely panicled, blue, edged with white ; helmet crown high, curved forward. Jn. + 

19. OIMIOIFUGA, L. Bugbane. Sepals 4 or 5, caducous. Petals 
slamen-like, 1 — 8, clawed, 2-liorned at apex ; follicles 1 — 8, dry, dehiscent. 
Leaves ternately decompound. Flowers white, in long racemes. 

§ Macrotis. Pistil 1, with a broad stigma and seeds in two rows No. 1 

§ CiMiciFUGA. Pistils 3— S, with a minute stigma, seeds in one row Nos. 2, 3 

1 C. racemofsa Ell. Black Snakeroot. Tall (5 — 8f ); rac. very long (1 — 3f), plume-like 

with its innumerable white stamens. Woods, Can. to Ga. Fetid. July. 

2 C. Americana Mx. Leaves triternate, thin ; racemes slender, panicled ; ovai'ies 

mostly 5, pods obovate, stiped. Mountains, Penn. to N. Car. 3 — 4f. Aug., Sept. 
3C. cordiiolia Ph. Leaves biternate, thick; racemes panicled, slender ; ovaries 2 
or 3 ; pods oblong, sessile. Mountains, N. Car. 3— 4f. , Sept. 

20. ACT.ff3A, L. Bajsteberry. Sep. 4 or 5, caducous. Pet. 4—8, spatu- 
late, long-clawed. Fil. slender. Ov. 1, with a sessile, 2-lobed stigma. Berry 
globous, with a lateral furrow, 1-celled, oo-seeded. % Lvs. ternately divi- 
ded, lifts, ovate, cut-lobed and toothed. Fls. w^hite, in a short raceme. 
A. spicata L. jS. rubra Mx. Kaceme hemispherical ; petals acute ; pedicels slen- 
der; berries red, ovoid-oblong. Woods, Can. to Penn., andW. 1\ — 2f. Lvs. ample. 
Raceme as broad as long. May. These plants are often described as species. 

y. alba Mx. Eaceme oblong ; petals truncate ; berries white, on thick stalks. Can. 
to Ga. Common. White berries sometimes occur with slender pedicels, and 
vice versa. Foliage exactly as in /3. Var. a. is European. 

21. HYDRASTIS, L. Turmeric-root. Sepals 3, petaloid, caducous. 
Pet. 0. Ovaries 12 or more, becoming a baccate fruit, resembling a rasp- 
berry ; acines 1- or 2-seeded. Roots yellow, a tangled mass, sending up a 
single radical leaf and a stem which is 2-leaved and 1-flowered. Fig. 101. 
H. Canadensis L.— Li damp woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. If. Leaves palmately 

3-5-lobed. Flower terminal, reddish-white. Fruit crimson. June, 

22. PffiONIA, L. PiEONY. Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent. Petals 
5. Ovaries 3 — 5, surrounded by an annular disk. Follicles oo-seeded. 
If Root fasciculate. Leaves ternately or pinnately compound. Flowers 
large, terminal, solitary. Figs. 36, 241. 

§ Stems shrubby, perennial. Ovaries and pods 5. China .Nor. 1, 2 

§ Stems herbaceous, annual.— a; Leaflets entire or cut-lobed. Ovaries 2 or 3. .Nos. 3, 4 

—x Leaflets many-cleft. Ovaries 5 Nos. 5, 6 

1 P. MouTAN. Tree Pceony. Ovaries distinct, half enveloped in the disk. 3— 4f, widely 
branching. FloAvers large, double, purple varying to white, June. 



24 Order 2.— MAGNOLIACE^. 

2 P. PAPAVEKACEA. Ovaries closely united into a globous capsule. 3f. Fls. white, 

with a purple centre, 8 — 10' broad, single or double, varying to rose. May, June. 

3 I*. OFFICINALIS. Common Red P. Lfts. lance-ovate, incised : carpels 2, pubescent, 

suberect. Alps. Fls. double, red, rose, pink, flesh-colored, and white. • June. 

4 P. ALBiFLOPvA. Chinese P. Lfts. lance-elliptic, entire ; carpels 2 or 8, recurved, smooth ; 

calyx bracteate. Tartary. Fls. smaller, white, rose, cannine, &c. 

5 P. ANOMALA. Leaf-segments lance-linear ; carp, depressed, smooth ; cal. bracted. 

Siberia. Fls. concave, rose-colored, pink, «&c. May, June. 

6 P. TENUiFOLiA. Fennel P. Segments many linear lobes, very smooth ; carpels downy, 

spreading. Siberia. 2 — 3f. Fls. red, concave, open the first of May. 

Order II. MAGNOLIACE.^. Magnoliads. 

Trees or sJirubs, often aromatic, witli alternate, undivided leaves, and 
regular, polygynous, liypogynous, trimerous, imbricated flowers. Sepals 
and petals in several circles, often similar. Anthers adnate. Ovaries im- 
bricated or verticillate on the enlarged torus, 1 or 2-ovuled. Fruit diy or 
baccate, distinct or coherent into a cone-like head (sorosis). Embryo 
minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. Illust. figs. 274, 278, 331. 

§ WINTERED. Stipules 0. Fls. 5. Carpels arranged in a circle Illicium. 1 

§ MAGNOLIEyE. Stipules caducous. Fls. ». Carpels imbricated. 00 -rowed, (a) 

a Anthers introrse. Leaves folded lengthwise in bud Magxolia. 2 

a Anthers extrorse. Leaves folded crosswise in the bud Liriodendron. 3 

§ SCHIZANDRE^. Stip. 0. Fls. ^$. Carpels in many rows, baccate Schizandka. 4 

/ 

1. ILLICIUM, L. Star Anise. (Lat. ilUcio, to attract; alluding to 
its fragrance.) Sep. 3 — 6, colored. Pet. 6 — 30. Carpels capsular, dry, ar- 
i-anged circularly, each with 1 smooth, shining seed. ^ The smootli Ivs., 
when bruised, exhale the odor of Anise. In wet grounds. May. 

1 LFloridunum Ellis. Lvs. acuminate ; petals 21—30, purple. Fla. to La. 4— 8f. 

2 I. parviflorum Mx. Lvs. acute ; petals 6—12, yellow. Ga. Fla. Fls. smaller. 

\ 

2. MAGNOLIA, L. (Named for Prof. Magnol, a French botanist of 

the 17th century.) Sep. 3. Pet. 6 — 9. Anth. longer than the filaments, 
introrse. Ov. imbricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, becoming in fruit a fleshy, 
cone-like sorosis. Seeds berry-like, suspended from the opening follicles 
by a slender funiculus. ^ and +) , with large fragrant flowers. Lvs. con- 
duplicate in bud, with membranous deciduous stipules. Fig. 331. 

* Leaves cordate or auriculate at the base. Trees Nos. 5, 6, 7 

* Leaves acute at the base, — rusty or glaucous beneath, coriaceous Nos. 1, 2 

— green (not shining) both sides, thin Nos. 3, 4 

Exotic species, cultivated. . . .Nos. 8-10 

1 MT. grandiflora L. Big Laurel. Trees ; lvs. evergreen, rusty-downy beneath ; 

pet. obovate, white. Swampy woods, S. States. 80f. Fls. 9' broad, lvs. 7 x4^ Ma J^ 

2 M. glauca L. White Bay. Shrub or small tree ; lvs. obtuse, glaucous-white be- 

neath ; pet. ovate-roundish, erect. Coast, Ms. to La. 5 — 20f. Fls. 2', cup-shaped, 
strongly fragrant, with white concave petals. Lvs. nearly evergreen. South. May-July. 

3 in. acuminata L. Cucvmber Tree. Lvs. oval, acuminate, scattered; fls. small 

(3— 4'' broad), petals obovate. S. States, rare in N. Y. 70f. The cones of fruit bear 
some resemblance to a small cucumber. May. 



Order 3.— CALYCANTHACE^. 25 

4 M. umbrella Lam. Umbrella Tree. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, whorled at the ends 

of the branches (like an umbrella) ; sep. reflexed : pet. lanceolate, acute. S. States, 
rare in N. Y. and O. 2of. Lvs. and fis. very large. White. May. 

5 M. cordata Mx. Lvs. broadly ovate, subcordate. pubescent beneath ; petals 6 — 9, 

oblong, yellow, with reddish lines. Ga. Car. 40f. Lvs. downy beneath. 

6 M. Fraseri Walt. Lvs. obovate-spatulate, auricled at the narrow base ; pet. 6, pure 

white. Va. Ky. to Fla. -SOf. Fls. 6'. Lvs. If. A slender tree. 

7 in. macroplaylla Mx. Lvs. obovate-spatulate, cordate ; pet. 6, rhomb-ovate, 

white, with a purple base inside. S. States. 2O30f. A small tree, with immense 
lvs. (-2— 3f ) and fls. (petals 8' long). June. 

8 M. coNSPicuA. Yulan. Sep. or very small ; pet. 6—9, erect, of a creamy white, 

appearing before the leaves in early Spring. Lvs. acuminate. 15f. 

9 M. PURPUREA. Sep. 3 ; pet. 6, erect, lilac-purple outside, preceding the obovate lvs., 

which are pointed at both ends. China, 10 — 15f. 

3. LIRIODBNDRON, L. Tulip Tree. Whitewood. {AEipiov, a 
Lily, de'vdpov, a tree.) Sep. S. Pet. 6, in 2 rows, erect. Anth. opening out- 
ward. Carpels 1 or 2-seedecl, imbricated into a cone, indehiscent, sepa- 
rating from each other at maturity. ^ Large, with showy, bell-shaped, 
upright flowers. Lys. 4-lobed, retuse-truncate at apex, induplicate in bud, 
with large, caducous stipules. Figs. 274, 278. 

li. tulipifera L.— A noble tree, beautiful in foliage and flowers ; trunk 5— 8f diameter ; 
l(X)f or more high ; lvs. very smooth ; fls. greenish-yellow, orange within, abounding 
in honey. May, June. 

4. SOHIZANDRA, Mx. (5'^zCoJ, to cut, avdpa, stamens.) Sep. and 

pet. 9 — 12, gradually larger inward. S Stam. 5 — 15, monadelphous, anth. 

cells distinct. $ Carp, go, at first imbricated in a head, in fruit baccate, 

and loosely spicate on the lengthened torus. ^ Lvs. pellucid-punctate, 

deciduous. Fls. solitary. 

S, cocciiiea Mx. Lvs. ovate or oval, pointed ; fls. on slender peduncles, small, red ; 
stam. 5, in the upper fls. chiefly. Berries and torus red. Vine 12f. South. 



Order III. CALYCANTHACE^. Calycanths. 

Shj'ubs with opposite, simple, exstipulate leaves, and axillary, solitary, 
often aromatic tlowers. Sepals and petals Qo-rowed, imbricated on a tubu- 
lar torus, the outer bract-like. Filaments go, inserted on the top of the 
torus, short. Anthers adnate, extrorse. Carpels QO, 1-seeded, distinct, in- 
cluded in the green fleshy torus. Seed erect, without albumen. 

CALYCANTHUS, L. Sweet-scented Shrub, {KdXvc,, calyx, av^o'i, 
flower.) Sep. and pet. oblong, undistinguishable, the inner gradually 
shorter. Stam. apiculate, the outer longer, inner sterile. Fruit, the en- 
larged green torus loosely enclosing few or many achenia. ^ Fls. lurid 
purple, with the fragrance of strawberries. 

1 C. floridns L. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acute or acuminate, scabrous, downy be- 
neath ; fls. on very short axillary branches ; sep. and pet. about 20, near V in length. 
S. States: common in garden?. Lvs. 2— 5'. Shrub 4— Sf. Apr. May. 

2 



26 Order 5.— MENISPERMACEtE. 

2 C. l«evigatus Willd. Lvs. tliin, oval, obtuse or merely acute, nearly glabrous both 

sides ; fls. smaller, sometimes inodorous. Ga. (Feay), Fla. Mar. Apr. 

3 C« glaucus WUld. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, large (4 — T), glaucous beneath ; sep. and 

pet. lance-oblong, V in length. Mt. woods, Ga. to N. Car. 6— 8f. May, June, t 

Order IV. ANONACE^. Anonads. 

Trees or shrubs with naked bnds, entire, alternate lvs. destitute of sti- 
pules. Floicers usually green or brown, axillary, liypogynous, valvate in 
aestivation. Sepals 3, Petals 6, in two circles, sometimes coherent. Sta- 
mens go, with an enlarged connectile, short filament, on a large torus. 
Ovaries several or go, separate or coherent, fleshy or not, in fruit. Em- 
bryo minute in the end of the ruminated albumen. Illust. fig. 314. 

ASIMINA, Adans. Pap aw. Sep. 3. Pet. 6, the outer row larger than 
the inner. Stam. densely packed in a spherical mass. Pistils several, dis- 
tinct, ripening but few, which become large, oblong, pulpy fruits, with 
many flat seeds. Shrubs or small trees, with brownish, axillary, solitary, 
flowers. 

* Flowers appearing before the leaves. Petals purple Nos. 1, 3 

* Flowers appearing with the leaves. Outer petals yellowish. Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. triloba Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oblong, acuminate; pet. dark purple, the outer 

orbicular, 3 or 4 times as long as the sepals ; fruit ovoid-oblong. N. Y., S. and W. 
15— 20f. Lvs. 10', smooth. Fls. V, Mar. Apr. Fr. 3', eatable in Oct. 

2 A. i>arviflora Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oval ; pet. oval, green-purple, twice longer 

than sep. Woods, coastward. Car. to Fla. 2— 3f. Lvs. 5^ Fls. &'. Fr. 1', roundish. 

3 A. grandiflora Dunal. Lvs, obov.-obl. obtuse, grayish-tomentous ; outer pet. very 

large {2' long), yellowish white. Ga. Fla. 2— 3f. Fr. small, obovate. Mar. Apr. 

4 A. pygmaea Dunal. Lvs. coriaceous, evergreen, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 

smooth ; pet. obov.-obl., yellowish and brownish. Ga. Fla. 6 — 12'. Carp. 1'. May. 

Order Y. MENISPERMACE^. Menispermads. 

Shrubs twining or climbing, with alternate, palmate-veined, exstipulate 
leaves. Floicers dioecious, rarely g or $ 5 5 , liypogynous, 3-6-gynous. Se- 
pals and petals similar, in 3 or more circles, imbricated in the bud. Sta- 
mens equal in number to the petals, and opposite to them, or 3 or 4 times 
as many. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved embiyo 
in scanty albumen. Illust. 347. 

$ stamens 12 — 20. Sep. i — 8, nut moon-shaped. Lvs. peltate Menisfekmum. 1 

$ stamens 6. Sep. 6, nut moon-shaped. Lvs. sinuate, 3-lobed Cocculus. 2 

$ Stamens 6. Sep. 6, nut cup-shaped. Lvs. deeply 5-lobed Calycocarpum. S 

1. MENISPERMUM, L. Moon-seed. {MtJvt/, t]iem.oon, dTte pju a y 
seed ; from the crescent form of the seed.) Fls, ? $ . Sep, 4 — 8. Pet. 4 — 8, 
minute, retuse. $ Anth. 12 — 20, 4-celled. $ Ovaries and styles 2 — 4. 
■^ Drupes 1-3-seeded. Seeds lunate and compressed. Fls. white, in axil- 
lary clusters. Fig. 347. 



Order 6.— BERBERIDACE^. 27 

ML. Canadense L. St. climbing ; Ivs. 5-7-angled. or lobed, peltate, the petiole in- 
serted near'the base; rac. compound; petals 6 — 7, smaU. ^ Thickets: common. 
8— 12f. Drupes black, resembling grapes, ripe in Sept. Fls. in July. 

2. COOOULUS, DC. (Diminutive, from Lat. coccum, a beiTy.) Fls. 
? $ . Sep., pet., and stam. 6. Anth. 4-celled. $ Ov. 3 to 6. Drape glo- 
bular-compressed, nut cm-ved as in Menispermum. "^ Fls. in axillai-y 
panicles, small, greenish. 

C, Carollnianus DC— S. El. toFla. 10— 15f. Lvs. ovate or cordate, entire or lobed. 
Drupes red, 1 — 3 together, as large as a pea. June, July. 

3. OALYCOCARPUM, Kutt. Cup-seed. {KaXv!^, a cup, J<ap7t6i, 
frait.) Sep. 6. Pet. 0. $ Stam. 12. Anth. 2-celled. ? Stam. 6, abor- 
tive. Ov. 3. Stig. fimbriate-radiate. Drupe oval, with the putamen 
deeply excavated in front and cup-shaped. "^ Fls. greenish- white, in long 
axillaiy panicles. 

C liyoni Xutt.— Ga. to Ky. Vine 20 — 30f. Lvs. G— 8' diam., lobes acuminate ; drupe 
1', oval, greenish. Fls. small, 2" diameter. June. 

Order VI. BERBERIDACE^. Berberids. 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and with perfect, hypogjnQous, 
regular flowers. Sepals and^e^«?s imbricated in bud, each in one or seve- 
ral rows. Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite to them, rarely 
more. Anthers opening mostly by valves, hinged at top. Pistil 1. Style 
short or none. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds several, albuminous. 
Illust. 49, 91, 92, 189, 364, 403, 426. 

§ Shrubs, with bristly-serrate leaves, yellow flowers and acid berries Berberis. 1 

§ Herbs. — * Anthers opening by 2 valves hingred at the top. . .Ui) 

a Stamens 6. Fruit 2, drupe-like, soon-naked seeds CArLOPHYLLUir. 2 

a Stamens 6. Berry 1-4-seeded. Petals white, larger than sep Diphylleia. 3 

a Stamens 8. Pod opening by a lid. Petals 8 Jeffersoxia. 4 

— "*■ Anthers opening by slits. Stamens 9 — 18 PODOPHYLLUJf. 5 

1. BERBERIS, L. Berberry. (ISTame from the Arabic.) Calyx of 
6 obovate, spreading, colored sepals, with the 3 outer ones smaller. Co- 
rolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with 2 glands at the base of each. Fil. 6, 
flattened. Anth. opening by uplifted valves. Style 0. Berry oblong, 1- 
celled. Seeds 2 or 3. \^ with yellow wood and yellow fls. Figs. 91, 92, 403. 

1 B. vulgaris L. Spines (reduced lvs.) 3-forked ; lvs. simple, serratures terminated 

by soft bristles ; raceme pendulous, many-flowered ; pet. entire ; berries oblong. N. 
States, fi — 9f. Eac. 12-flowered. Berries red, very tart. May, June. 

2 5?. Canadensis Ph. Lvs. repandh'-toothed, teeth with short, soft bristles ; rac. 

few (6-8)-flowered : pet. notched ; berries oval. Mts. Ya. to Ga. 2— 3f. May, June. 

3 B. Aqtiifoltum Ph. Lvs., pinnate; Ifts. 7 — 11, coriaceous, polished, evergreen, 

spinulous-toothed ; clusters erect, crowded. Oregon. 3 — 5f. Berries globular. April. 

2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Mx. Cohosh. (Zr«t;/16?, stem, ^pu/Uok, leaf ; 
the stem. ijppearing as the stalk of the compound leaf.) .Cal. of 6 green 



28 Order 7.— NYMPHJ^ACE^. 

sepals, 3-bracted at base. Cor. of 6 short, gland-like thickened petals, 
opposite the sepals. Stam. 6. Ov. 2-oviiled, becoming a thin pericarp, which 
soon breaks away after flowering, and the 2 round drupe-like seeds ripeu 
naked. l( Glabrous and glaucous, arising from a knotted rhizome. Lvs. 
2 only, 2 and 3-ternate. 

C. tlialictroid.es Mx. Pappoose Boot.— Can. to Car. and Ky. 1— 2if. Lfts. lobcd. 
2 — 3'. Fls. greenish, in a simple terminal panicle. Seeds on thick stipes, blue, as 
large as peas. May. 

3. DIPHYIjLJEjIA, Mx. L%brella-leaf. {Sii, twice, cpvXXov, 
leaf) Calyx of 5 sepals, caducous. Cor. of 6 oval petals larger than the 
sepals. Stam. 6. Ov. eccentric. Stigma subsessile. Berry few-seeded, 
seeds attached laterally below the middle. U Glabrous, arising from a 
thick, horizontal root-stock. Lvs. simple, peltate, 1 or 2 only. 

I>, cymosa Mx.— Mts. Va. to Ga. and Tenn. 1— 2f. Leaf centrally peltate, or if 2, 
alternately reniform-peltate, ample, lobed. Fls. white. June. Berries blue. 
N 

4. JEFFERSONIA, Bart. Twin-leaf. (In honor of President Jef- 

ferson, a patron of science.) Sep. 4. Pet, 8, spreading. Antli. 8, linear. 

Stig. peltate. Caps, obliquely obovate, stiped, circumscissile, opening by a 

lid. If Rhizome and matted fibres blackish. Scape bearing a single flower, 

as tall as the 2-parted or binate leaves. Figs. 49, 189, 364, 426. 

J, dipli^Ila Bart.— N. Y., W. and S. If. Fl. handsome, white. April. A singular 
plant, called Eheumatism Root. The pod has a persistent lid. 

5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May Apple. {Uovi, Ttoddi, foot, cpvXXor, 

leaf) Sep. 3, concave, caducous. Pet. 6 — 9, obovate, concave. Anth. 

9 — 18, linear. Berry large, ovoid, 1-celled, crowned with the solitaiy 

stigma. 1i Barren stems with 1 centrally peltate leaf, flowering stems 

with 2 equal, opposite broad cordate-peltate leaves, and a large white 

flower between. 

P. peltsttum L.— In rich shady soUs. If. Fl. nodding, 2^ May. Fruit the size of a 
plum, with flavor of strawberry. July. Lvs. and roots poisonous. 

Order YII. NYMPH^ACE^. Nymphiads. 

Herlys perennial, aquatic (in deep water), with rhizomes submersed, 
scapes one-flowered (rarely a leafy stem), and leaves peltate or deep-cor- 
date. Flowers regular, showy, hypogynous (rarely epigynous), with im- 
bricated petals and sepals. Carpels 3 — co, distinct or united. Ovules 
parietal, never on the ventral suture. Seeds with the embryo enclosed in 
a sac at the end of copious albumen, or (in Nelumbium) exalbuminous. 
Illust. 202, 407-414, 505, &c. 

§ CABOMBE^E. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Carpels distinct, few-ovuled. Flowers small, (a) 

a Stam. 6. Carpels 3. Submersed leaves dissected Gabomba. 1 

o Stam. 6 — 18. Carpels 6 — Co. Leaves ail peltate Brasknia. 2 

§ NELUMB0NE.(E. Sep. 4 or 5. Pet. and stam. 00. Carp, immersed in the torus, dis- 
tinct, exalbuminous. Fls. very large , . .Kelumbium. 3 



Okder 7.— NYMPH^ACE^. ^ 

5 jryMPHE^. Sep. 4-^. Pet. and stam. 00. Carp, nirited. Fls. large, sbowy. (b) 

6 Pet. (stamen-like) and stam. hj-pogynous. Fls. yello-w Nuphar. 4 

b Pet. petaloid. Stamens epigynous (on the torus raised into a disk). Nymphea, 5 

6 Pet. (petaloid), sep, and stamous epigynous. Lvs. peltate Victoria. 6 

1. BRASZiNIA, Schreb. Water Target. Sep. 3 or 4, colored witli- 
in, persistent. Stam. 12 — 24. Pet. 3 or 4. Carp. 6 — 18, oblong, 2 (or by- 
abortion l)-seeded. if The stems and under surface of the leaves are 
covered with a viscid jelly. Lvs. all floating, entire, elliptical. 

B. peltslta Ph. Pools and muddy shores. The slender ped. and petioles long as the 
depth of the water. Lvs. 2+ x V. Fls. purple, 6''' broad. July. 

2. OABOMBA, Aublet. Sep. 3, petaloid. Pet. 3. Stam. fi. Pistils 3 
(rarely 2 or 4), nearly the length of stamens, and half as long as the petals 
and sepals. Carp, few-seeded, if Lvs. opposite, mostly submersed and 
filiformly dissected. Fls. in the axils of the floating lvs. 

C, Carolini^na Gray. Floating lvs. few and small (Cxi"), immersed Ivg. many. 
Stems branched. Fls. white, 0", strictly trimerous. July, Aug. 

3. NELUMBIUM, Juss. {Neluiribo is the name of the species in 
Ceylon.) Pet. and stam. go, hypogynous, in many rows. Carp, oo, sepa- 
rate, becoming 1-seeded nuts, imbedded in as many cavities on the large, 
obconic, fleshy torus. Seed with large cotyledons, very short radicle and 
no albumen. Rhizome horizontal. Lvs. peltate, emersed. Scape 1-flow- 
ered. There are only 2 species, N. speciosum of E. India, and 

N. luteum L. Petals yellowish ; anth. lengthened beyond the cells to a clavate appen- 
dage. A magnificent aquatic, frequent S. and W. In Sodus Bay, N. Y. (Ilankenson), 
Lyme, Ct., near Philadelphia (Parish). Lvs. erect, round, centrally peltate, 10—18'. 
Fls. several times larger than those of NjTnphaea odorata, Iragrant. Nuts as large as 
acorns. June — Aug. 

4. NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lily. {Neufar is the Arabic 
name.) Sep. 5 or 6, concave. Pet. oo, small, linear, inserted with the oo 
stamens on the torus. Stig. discoid, with prominent rays. Caps, oo-celled, 

00 -seeded, if Lvs. sagittate-cordate at the base, entire at the margin, on 
stout stalks. 

1 N". advena Ait. Lvs. floating or erect, oval ; lobes rounded, petioles half terete ; 

stig. 12-24-rayed ; sep. 6, unequal. Slow streams and muddy pools. Lvs. thick and 
large. Fls. deep yellow (save the 3 outer sep.), 2' diam., globular. June, July. 

2 N. Kalmtana Ait. Lvs. floating and submersed, the latter membranous, reniform- 

cordate ; stig. 8-14-rayed, crenate ; sepals 5, equal. Plant small and delicate. Float- 
ing leaves oval, 1—3' long, the lobes nearly meeting. Flowers about V diam. Sum. 

3 N. sagittifolia Ph. Leaves oblong, sagittate-cordate, obtuse ; sep. 6 ; pet. ; anth. 

subsessile. Slow waters, N. Car. to Ga. Lvs. 10—15'. Fls. 2', globular. June, July. 

5. NYMPHiEA, L. Water-lily. Sepals 4 or 5. Pet. oo, gradually 
passing into stamens, adherent to the ovary. Stamens oo, the outer with 
broad filaments. Stigma surrounded with rays. Seeds oo, arillate. If ^ 
Flowers white, roseate, or blue, very lovely. Figs. 202, 407-414. 

1 N. CCERULEA. Lvs. crenate, lobes partly united, becoming peltate; pet. eky -blue. Egypt. 



BO Order 8.— SAKRACENIACE^ 

2 N. odorata L. Lvs. orbicular, entire, cleft at base to the insertion of the petiole;' 

lis. very fragrant, open from 6 A. m. to 3 p. m. upon the waters surface, white, vary- 
ing to rose-color ; seeds oblong. June — Aug. 

3 N. tuberosa Paine. Lvs. reniform-orbicular, cordate-cleft, If wide ; rhizome bear- 
, ing tjubers, which separate spontaneously ; fls. nearly scentless ; seeds globular. N. Y. 

(Oneida Lake ; Sodus Bay (Hankenson), and westward. Aug. 
■ ' - V 
6. VICTORIA, Lindl. (Kame in lionor of Queen Victoria) Carp. 

immersed in the cup-form torus, united. . Sep. 4. Pet. oo, graduated into 

stamens, as in Nympliaea. Lvs. spiny, floating, strongly veined. 

V. REGiA is the only species, native of the rivers of Trop. Am. ; rarely cultivated. The 
lvs. are several feet in diam. Fls. like immense Water Lilies. 



Order VIII. SARRACENIACE^. Water Pitchers. 

Herbs, aquatic, in bogs, with fibrous roots, perennial, and with the leaves 
all radical, urn-shaped, or trumpet-shaped, and large flowers on scapes. 
Floral envelopes 4—10, imbricated, the outer greenish, sepaloid, Stamens 
GO, hypogynous." ' Carpels united into a several-celled capsule. A cuiious 
family, remarkable for its leaves, which are of that class called ascidia 
(§ 322), holding water. Figs. 392, 393, 394. 

1. SARRACXjNIA, Tourn. Pitcher Plant. (In honor of Dr. Sar- 

razen, of Quebec.) Sep. 5, colored, persistent, subtended by 3 bractlets. 

Pet. 5, incurved, deciduous. Stig. 5, united into a large peltate, persistent 

membrane, covering the ovaiy and stamens. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved. 

Seeds veiy numerous. li Lvs. all radical, urn-shaped or trumpet-shaped, 

with a wing on the front side and a hood (the lamina) at top. Fl. large, 

nodding. 

§ Lamina inflected over the throat of the tube • Nos. 1, 2 

§ Lamina erect or nearly so, the throat open. (*) 

* Leaf-tube pitcher-shaped, with a broad wing No. 3 

* Leaf-tube trumpet-shaped, with a narrow wing No. 4 

1 S, psittacina Mx. Lvs. short, reclined, with a broad semi-ovate wing ; fls. deep. 

purple. Bogs, Fla. Ga. La. If. Tube nearly closed. The leaf resembles a parrot in 
form, hence the specific name. March.' 

2 S. variolaris Mx. Lvs. elongated, suberect, mottled with white on the back ; fls. 

yellow. Bogs, S. Car. to Fla. Lvs. 12—18', scape shorter. 

3 S. purpurea L. Side-saddle Flovjer. Lvs. short, recumbent, inflated most near 

the middle ; lamina broad-cordate. Bogs : common. Scapes 14—20', each bearing a 
large handsome deep-purple flower, in June. 

^. heterophfflla Torr. Fls. greenish yellow. No purple veins in the lvs. Ms. 

y. alata, Fls. large, yellow. Lvs. slender, erect, wing but 6'' broad. La. 1 — 2f. 

4 S. Gronovii Wood. . Tni,mpei-leaf. Lvs. tall, erect, tube gradually enlarged to the 

open throat, wing narrowly linear, lamina roundish, contracted at base. Swampy 
pine-woods, S. States. 2— 3f. Fls. very large, 4—5' broad. 

a. Aava, Foliage yellowish green, fls. yellow. Plant large. 

/3. rubra. Foliage with purple veins, fls. red-purple. Plant smaller. 

8. Jtrummdndii , Lvs. mottled above, with purple vems and white diaphanous 
interstices. Plant very large. Fla. 



Order 9.— PAPAVERACE^. 31 



Order IX. PAPAYERACE^. Poppy-worts. 

Herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves, and generally a milky or colored 
juice. Flowers solitaiy, on long peduncles, never blue, hypogynous, regu- 
lar, ^ or t/. Sepals 2, rarely 3, caducous, and petals 4, rarely 6, all imbri- 
cated. Stamens indefinite, but some multiple of 4. AntJisrs 2-celled, 
innate. Ovaries compound. Style short or 0. Stigmas 2, or if more, stel- 
late upon the flat apex of ovary. Fruit either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal 
placentae, or capsular, with several. Seeds Co, minute. Embryo minute, 
at the base of oily albumen. lUust. 148, 344, 404, 405, 406, 463, 493. 

T Plants with a white juice. Petals i, crumpled in bud Papatee. 6 

T Plants with a watery juice. Calyx a mitre, falling off whole Eschscholtzia. 7 

? Plants with a red juice. Petals 8, plane in the bud Sanguinaria. 1 

T Plants with a yellow juice. Petals crumpled in the bud. (*) 

* Stigmas and placentae 2 only. Capsule long, pod-shaped, (a) - 

* Stigmas and placentae 3, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid, {h) 

a Pod 1-celled, smooth. Lvs. pinnate Chehdoxiujt. 2 

a Pod 2-celled, rough." Lvs. palmate Glaucium. 3 

6 Style distinct, but short Meconopsis. 4 

h Style none, stigma sessile , Argemone. 3 

t No petals. Juice reddish Bocconia. 8 

\ 

1. SANGUINARIA, L. Blood-root. (Latin sa/z^'im, blood ; all its 
parts abound in a red juice.) Sep. 2, caducous. Pet. 8 — 12, in 2 or 3 rows, 
the outer longer. Stam. about 24. Stig. sessile, 1 or 2-lobed. Capsule 
silique-form, oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, many-seeded. 
11 A low, acaulescent plant, with a white flower, and a glaucous, palmate- 
veined leaf Fig. 463. 

S, Canadensis L. An interesting flower, appearing in early Spring : common in tbe" 
woods. 6''. From each bud of the root-stalk there springs a single large, glaucous 
leaf, and a scape with a single flower. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish lobes 
separated by rounded sinuses. Fl. of a quadrangular outline, white, scentless, and of 
short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. 

/3, Leaf not lobed, margin undulate. Bainbridge, Ga., and elsewhere. 

\ './:■'.'. 

2, CHELIDONIUM, L. CELA]ST)mE. {XeXidGoVy the swallow, being 

supposed to flower with the arrival of that bu'd, and to perish with its de- 
parture.) Sep. 2i. Pet. 4, roundish, conti'acted at base. Stam. 24 — 32, 
shorter than the petals. Stig. small, sessile, bifid. Capsule silique-form, 
linear, 2-valved, 1-celled. Seeds crested. 11 Fragile, pale green, with saf- 
fron-yellow juice. Figs. 344, 493. 

C, maljus L. Lvs. pinnate ; Ifts. lobed, segments rounded ; fls. in umbels. By fences, 
roadsides, &c. 1— 2f. Fls. in loose umbels, yellow, very fugacious. May— Oct. 

\ 
-3, G-LAUCIUM, Tourn. . Hoeist Poppy. {TXavKov, glaucous, the 

hue of the foliage.) Sep. 2. Pet. 4. Style none. Stig. 2-lobed. . Pod 2- 

celled, linear, veiy long, rough, (i) or (2) sea-green herbs, with clasping 

leaves, yellow j.uice, and solitary, yellow flowers. 

G. luteiim Scop. Sparingly naturalized near Jhe coast, .from the Potomac southward.. 

2f Lvs. 5-7-lobed. Fls. 2', of short duration. Pods G— 9'. June — Av.^r. 



M Order 9.— PAPAVERACE^. 

4. MECONOPSIS, Viguier. Yellow Poppy. {M^hgdv, a poppy; 
6ipi5, resemblance.) Sep. 2, hirsute. Pet. 4. Style conspicuous. Stig. 
4—6, radiating, convex, free. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, opening by 4 valves. 
U Herbs with a yellow juice, pinnately -^divided leaves, and stems 3-leaved, 
bearing an umbel. 

M. d.ipli;^lla DC. Lvs. sinuately 5-7-lobecl, the cauline but 2, opposite ; fls. few, large 
(20, yellow; pod bristly, oval. Woods, W. States. 12—18^. Pet. orbicular; style 
surpassing the stamens ; pod 3'. May. 

5. ARGEMON£j, L. Prickly Poppy. {"ApyE/uo^, a disease of the 

eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.) Sep. 2 or 3, caducous, 

smaller than the 4 or 6 roundish petals. Stig. sessile, capitate, 4 or 6-rayed. 

Capsule ovoid, prickly, opening at the top by valves, (i) Herbs with 

yellow juice, spinous-pinnatifid leaves, and showy flowers. 

A, Mexicana L. Calyx prickly ; caps, prickly, 6-valvcd ; fls. axillary and terminal, 
2—3' diam., yellow, varying to white. Waste grounds, South. 

6. PAP AVER, L. Poppy. (Celtic, papa, pap, a soporific food for 
children, composed of poppy seeds, &c.) Sep. 2, caducous. Pet. 4. Caps. 
1-celled, opening by pores under the broad, persistent 4-20-rayed stigma. 
Exotic herbs, with white juice, abounding in opium. Fl. buds nodding, 
erect in flower and fruit. Figs. 148, 404-6. 

1 P. soinniferum L. Opinm Poppy. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. clasping, cutr 

dentate ; caps, globous. (T) with large white or purplish flowers, often double. 1^— 3f. 
Extensively cultivated for opium. June, July. §. 

2 P. DUBiUM L. St. hispid with spreading hairs ; lvs. pinnately-parted ; segm. incised; 

sep. hairy ; caps, club-shaped. (T) Fields. 2f. Slender. Fls. light red or scarlet. 
June, July. §. 

3 P. Kh^eas L. St. many-flowered, hairy ; lvs. incisely pinnatifid ; caps, globous. (i) 

Fls. very large, deep scarlet, more or less double. June, July. 

4 P. ORiENTALE L. St. 1-flowered, rough; lvs. scabrous, pinnate, serrate; caps, smooth. 

2f Levant. 3f. Fls. very large, scarlet, too brilliant to be looked upon in the sun. June. 

7. ESCHSOHOIiTZIA, Cham. (Named for EscIischoUz, a German 
botanist well known for his researches in California.) Sep. 2, cohering, 
caducous. Pet. 4. Stam. go, adhering to the claws of the petals. Stig. 
sessile. Caps, pod-shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, many-seeded. (T) Lvs. 
finely pinnatifid, glaucous. The juice, which is colorless, exhales the odor 
of hydrochloric acid. 

1 E, DouGLAsii Hook. St. branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; cal. ovoid, with a very 

short, abrupt acumination ; pet. bright yellow, with an orange spot at base. Cal. Oreg. 
Foliage smooth, abundant, and rich. Fls. 2''— 3' broad. 

2 E. CALrF6RNicA Hook. St. branching, leafy ; torus funnel-form, with a much-dilated 

limb : cal. conic, with a long acumination ; flowers orange-yeUow. Cal. 

8. BOCCONIA, Plum. Sep. 2, colored. Pet. 0. Sty. bifid. Caps. 3- 
valved, 1-3-seeded. it Cult, for the handsome glaucous lvs. Fls. in panicles. 

1 B. coRDATA. Lvs. Toundish, cordate, maiiy-lobed, veiny ; flowers white or yellowish, 

numerous in the ample pyramidal panicle, in Sammei-, From China. Hardy. 

2 Be FKCrfsciacs. L^-s. tMaag, large, ■eimiafe-labea. splendid ; fls. in Spr.irh. "W. Ind. 



Obber 10.— fumariace^. B3 

Order X. FUMARIACE^. Fumeworts. 

Herbs smooth and delicate, with a watery juice. Leaves exstipulate, alter- 
nate, many-cleft. Floicers irregular. Sepals 2, very small. Petals 4, par- 
allel, one or both of the outer saccate, 3 inner cohering at apex. Stamens 
6, diadelphous. Anthers^ 2 outer 1-celled, middle 2-celled. Ovaries supe- 
rior, 1-celled. Fruit a nut 1-2-seeded, or a capsule oo-seeded. Seeds 
shining, arilled. Albumen fleshy. Illust. 61, 252-4. 

* Corolla equally 2 spurred or 2-saccate at base, (a) 

* Corolla unequal, ouly 1 of the petals spurred. (6) 

a Petals slightly united or distiuct, mostly deciduous. Not climbing Dicentra. 1 

a Petals firmly united, persistent. Plants climbing , Adlumia. 2 

b Ovary with several seeds, forming a slender pod > Corydalis. 3 

b Ovary with 1 seed, forming a globular nut Fujlaria. 4 

/ 

1. DICENTRA, Borkh. Ear-drop. Sep. 2, very small, sometimes 
disappearing. The 2 outer petals alike, saccate at base, with spreading 
tips ; the 2 inner alike, spoon-shaped, crested, meeting face to face over 
the stam. and pistil. Fil. flat, in 2 sets, united at top. Stig. 2-crested. Pod 
many-seeded, if Lvs. ternately divided or cleft. Fls. racemed, nodding. 
Delicate and beautiful plants. Figs. 61, 252-4. 

* Herbs native, acaulescent, the sepals small but manifest Nos. 1, 2, 3 

* Herbs exotic, caulescent, the sepals obsolete or wanting No. 4 

1 H, cucullaria DC. White Bar-drop. Root bulb-like ; spurs of the fls. divergent, 

acute, straight ; flower nearly as broad as long. Woods, Can. to Ky. 6 — 10'. Lvs. all 
radical of numerous oblong lineafir segm. The bulb consists of reddish, scale-like 
tubers. Apr. May. 

2 D. Canadensis DC. Squirrel-corn. Root bearing yellow tubers as large as peas ; 

rac. simple ; fls. white, cordate-ovate ; spurs rounded, incurved. Rocky woods, Can. 
to Ky. G— S''. Lvs. as in No. 1. Fls. fragrant. May, Jime. 

3 D. eximia DC. Purple E. Rhizome scaly ; rac. paniculate ; fls. coi'date-oblong, 

rose-purple, spurs blunt, incurved ; sep. ovate, acute ; lvs. triternate, segm. cut into 
oblong, acute lobes. N. Y. to Oreg. ! 10 — 15'. Fls. all summer, t 

4 ©. sPECTABiLis. Bleeding Heart. Stems recurved, branched ; lvs. bitemate, segm. 

2 or 3-lobed ; fls. in spreading racemes, bright purple ; cor. broad, heart-shaped ; sep. 
obsolete. China. Very fine and showy. 

2. ADLUMIA, Raf. MonNTAm Fringe, Sepals 2, minute. Petals 4, 
united into a cellular, monopetalous corolla, persistent, bi-gibbous at base, 
4-lobed at apex. Stara. united in 2 equal sets. Pod 2-valved, many-seedee^. 
(2) ^ Delicate, with tripinnate leaves, and ample pendulous cymes. 

A. clrrhosa, Raf.— Rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. 20f. The leaf-stalks serve for tendrils. 
Leaflets 3-lobed. Flowers pinkish white. June — Aug. 

3. CORYDALIS, DC. Sepals 2, small. Petiils 4. Cerella with a 
single spur at base on the upper side. Capsule silique-form, many-seede^l. 
Seeds crested or arilled. Herbs caulescent, witli multifid leaves. Racemes 
bracted, with cbracteolate pedicels. 

1 C. glauca Ph. Glaucous, erect ; fls. red, yellow at the tip ; pods erect ; lobes of the 
leaflets obtuse, bracts minute, (g) Rocky woods. Can. to N. Car. 1— 4f. Raceme ter- 
minal. Flowers horizontal, spur short, blunt. May, Jane. 



S4 Order 11.— CRUCIFER^. 

2 C aurea Willd. Low, diffuse, finally ascending ; leaf-lobes acute ; rac. opposite the 

Ivs. and tenninal ; fls. secund, bright yellow, spur deflected ; pods pendulous, toru- 
lous; seeds turgid, polished, (i) Rocky shades. 8— 12^ Cor. &'\ Bracts lance- 
ovate. Apr. — July. 

p. macrdntha, Fls. 10''', spur nearly as long as limb ; bracts and leaf-lobes linear. 
Dakota ; sent by Dr. W. Matthews. 

y. Advula, Fls. 3 — 4'^ pale yellow, spur very short, petals pointed. Common. 

3 C montana Engelm. ? Ascending ; rac. terminal ; leaf-lobes obtuse, bracts lance- 

olate ; cor. yellow, spur ascending, nearly as long as limb, lower petal at length pen- 
dent ; pods erect ; seeds lenticular. La. Tex. I 

4. FUMARIA, L. FiranTORY. (Lat. fumus, smoke ; from its disa- 
greeable odor.) Sep. 2, caducous. Pet. 4, unequal, 1 of them spurred at 
the base. Nut ovoid or globous, 1 -seeded, and indehiscent. Lvs. cau- 
line, finely dissected. .. 

F. officinalis L. Diffusely branched, erect ; lvs. bipinnate ; rac. loose ; fls. minute, 
purple at the tip ; calyx serrated ; ped. erect, twice longer than bract ; nut round- 
retuse. (g) Waste grounds, §. If. July, Aug. 



Order XL CRUCIFER^. Crucipers. 

Herbs with a pungent, watery juice, and alternate, exstipulate leaves, 
witli flowers cruciform, tetradynamous, generally in racemes, and bractless. 
Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, with long claws and spreading 
limbs. Stamens 6, the 3 outer opposite ones shorter than the 4 interior. 
Ovary 2-carpelled, 2-celled by a false partition, with parietal placentae. 
Fruit a silique, or silicic, usually 2-celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Seeds 2-rowed 
in each cell, but often so intercalated as to form but 1 row. Embryo with 
the 2 cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. Albumen 0. Illust. 55, 
104, 192, 193, 239, 336, 429, 506. 

• 1 2 3 A large and important Order, difficult of 

analysis. The Genera cannot be well 
distinguished by their flowers, so nearly 
alike are they in all. Their characters 
are taken from the fruit and seeds. Hence 
it is indispensable that specimens for analysis should be in fruit as well as 
in flower. DeCandollc arranged the Genera into Tribes according to tlie 
folding of the cotyledons upon the radicle. This occurs in three different 
modes, as follows : 

Cotyledons incumbent, when they are so bent or folded as to apply the 
back of one of them to the radicle, as in the seed of Capsella, fig. 1. 

Cotyledons accumbent, when they are so turned as to apply their edges 
to the radicle, as seen in the seed of Arabis Canadensis, fig. 2. 

Cotyledons conduplicate, when they are not only incumbent^ as in the 
first case, but also folded on and partly embracing the radicle, as in Mus- 
tard, fig. 3. ... 




OnDEii 11.— CRUCIFER^. 35 

In tlie following table we endeavor to combine with tlie systematic 
arrangement of DeCandolle a more practical artificial metliod : 

* Crucifers native, or cultivated for food. (§) 

* Crucifers exotic, cultivated for ornament or art. (§ §) 
§ Fruit a long pod, silique (§ 16S), opening by 2 valves, (a) 

§ Fruit a short pod, silicle (§ 166), opening by 2 valves, (e) 

§ Fruit a jointed pod, loment, partitioned across Nos. 28, 29 

a Flowers cyanic. — b Seeds arranged in a double row in each cell Nos. 1, 2 

— h Seeds in 1 row. — c Pods sessile on the torus Nos. 3, i, 5 

— c Pods on a slender stipe No. 12 

a Flowers yellow. — d Seeds flat, wing-margined. .'. No. 6 

— d Seeds ovate or oblong Nos. 9, 10, 11 

— d Seeds globular No. 15 

e Flowers bright yellow. Silicle turgid, or slightly flattened Nos. 1, 20, 21 

e Flowers cyanic.^' Silicle turgid, with a broad partition Nos. 19, 22 

—f Silicle flattened parallel with a broad partition Nos. 16, 18 

— / Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow partition Nos. 24, 26 

§ § Fruit a silique or long pod, opening by 2 valves Nos. 7, 8, 1.3, 14 

§ § Fruit a silicle— </ with 1 seed only, and indehiscent No. 27 

—g with 2 or more seeds. — 7i Petals all equal Nos. 16, 17 

— h Petals unequal No. 23 

Tribe I. ARABIDE J3. — Pods mostly elongated. Seed oval or orbicular, more ar less flattened. Co- 
tyledons accumbent (=o). 

1 Seeds small, turgid, in a turgid, oblong or oval pod Nasturtium. 

2 Seeds flattened, in a long, linear pod. Plants very erect Turritis. 

3 Silique lineai-, seeds in 1 row, not bordered. Purple . . . .■ Iodanthus. 

4 Silique linear, each valve with 1 central vein, not opening elastically Arabis. 

5 Silique linear or lanceolate, valves veinless, opening elastically Cardamine. 

6 Silique oblong, flattened, seeds wing-margined. Leaves radical Leavenworthia 

7 Silique long, OC-seeded. Stigmas distinct, 2-horned Matthiola. 

8 Silique long, OO-seeded. Stigmas capitate. Leaves entire. Flowers yellow.. Cheiranthus. 

9 Silique 4-angled, 2-edged, rigid. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid Barbarea. 

Tribe IL SISYMBEIEiE. — Pod elongated. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons incumbent (||o), oblong. 

10 Calyx erect. Pods 4-sided, valves strongly 1-veined, Leaves lanceolate Erysimum. 

11 Calyx half spreading. Pods subterete. Leaves dissected or incised Sisymbrium. 

12 Very smooth herbs, with the white flowers in corymbs. South Warea." 

13 Stigma of 2 converging lobes. Petals entire, oblique. Leaves lanceolate Hespekis. 

14 Stigma lobes connate. Petals pinnatifid, involute in aestivation Sohizopetalon. 

Tribe III. BRASSICE^.— Pods elongated. Seeds globular, (( o . 

15 Pod terete or 4-sided Brassica. 

Tribe IV. ALYSSINE.,E.— Fruit short, septum broad. Seeds in 2 rows. Cotyledons =©. 

16 Silicle mostly orbicular, flattened. Cells 1-4- seeded Alyssu.m. 

17 Silicle very large, orbicular-oval, very flat, stipitate. Cultivated Lukaria. 

" 18 Silicle oblong or elliptical. Seeds C», not margined. Pet. entire or 2-cleft Draba. 

19 Silicle globular or ellipsoid. Seeds few. Flowers white Armoracia. 

20 Silicle globular, inflated, thin, veinless. Flowers yellow Vesicaria. 

Tribe V. CAMELINEJ3.— Pods mostly short. Septum broad. Cotyledons B o. 

21 Silicle obovoid, with ventricous valves, many seeds. Flowers yellow Camelina. 

22 Silicle oval, turgid, few-seeded. Leaves linear, radical. Flowers white Subularia. 

Tribe VI. THLASPIDE^.— Pods short, septum narrow. Cotyledons. accumbent. (23)..Iberis. 
Tribe VII. LEPIDINE^E.— Pods short, septum narrow. Cotyledons incumbent. 

24 Silicle triangular, many-seeded. Flowers white Capsella. 

25 Silicle oval-orbicular, 2-seeded. Flowers white, often incomplete Lepidium. 

26 Silicle didymous, each half 1-seeded. Flowers minute Sknebiera. 

Tribe VIIL ISATIDE^E.— Silicle short, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. (27) Cult... .Isatis. 
Tribe IX. CAKALINE^.— Pod 2-jointed. Cotyls. =o. (28) Fleshy sea-side herbs. ..Cakile. 
Tribe X. RAPHANE^:.— Pod moniliform. Cotyledons ((©.• (29) Leaves lyrate Raphancs., 



36 Order 11.— CRUCIFER^. 

1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Water-cress. (Lat. nasus tortus, nose 
tortured; alluding to the pungent qualities.) Sep. spreading. Siliques 
subterete, turgid, generally curved upward, often shortened to a silicle, 
valves veinless. Seeds small, 00, turgid, generally arranged in a double 
row in each cell (= o ). ^ with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves. . 

* Petals white. Siliques rather long (10— 12'0 No. 1 

* Petals yellow, minute. Siliques shortened (4 — S'''), hut longer than the pedicels, (a) 

* Petals yellow. Siliques or silicles (1 — 6'0, shorter than the pedicels. (&) 

a Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid. Diffusely branched Nos. 2, 3 

a Leaves lyrate, or merely toothed. Stems erect Nos. 4, 5 

b Petals not longer than the calyx, obscure Nos. (5, 7 

b Petals longer than the calyx, bright yellow, the flowers showy Nos. 8, 9 

1 N. officina,lc R. Br. English W. Lvs. pinnate, Ifts. ovate, subcordate, repand ; 

petals white, longer than the calyx, ii Springs, &c. May, June. § t 

2 N. tanacetifoliutn Hook. Upper leaf-segm. confluent, lower distinct, oblong, or 

roundish, sinuate- toothed, teeth obtuse ; pods 4 — 8'^ ped. i as long. @ South. 
/3. obtusum, Lfts. mostly distinct, obtuse, oval. Pods shorter (-3 — 5'0- Miss. R. 

3 N. Walter! Wood. Segments of the leaves all distinct, narrow, with a few linear, 

acute lobes or teeth ; pods linear (S'O, ped. 2—3''. 2; South. 3—5'. March, April. 

4 ]V. limosuiu N. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed, the lower lyrate ; pods elliptic-oblong, 

3 — 4", ped. much shorter. (2) Rivers. La. 10—15'. Fls. minute. Too near the next. 

5 N. sessiliflorum N. Lvs. wedge-obovate, repandly-toothed or subentire ; pods 

linear-oblong, 5 — 6", subsessile. (2) Miss. Riv. Stem erect. Fls. minute. Apr. — June. 

6 N. paliistre DC. Marsh Cress. Glabrous; lvs. pinnately lobed, amplexicaul, lobes 

confluent, dentate ; rt. fusifonn ; pet. as long as the sepals ; silicle spreading, turgid, 
twice longer than wide. 21 Wet places. 1 — 2f. Pod 3". June — Aug. 

7 N. hispidum DC. Villous: lvs. runciuate-pinnatifld, lobes obtusely dentate ; sili- 

cles tumid, ovoid, or globular, the pedicels longer, ascending ; pet. scarcely as long as 
the calyx. (2) Streams, 1— 3f. Pod 1". Ped. 2—3". June— Aug. 

8 N, sylvestre R. Br. Wood Cress. Lvs. pinnately divided, segm. serrate or incised ; 

pods linear, stjde very short, n Meadows, Ms. to Pa. Rare. June, July. § 

9 N. sinuatuiu Nutt. Lvs. pinnatifid, segm. lance-oblong, nearly entire; pods 

oblong, acute, with a slender style. % Rivers, St. Lor is to Oreg. June. 

2. TURRITIS, Dill. Tower Mustard. (Lat. turris, a tower; from 
the strict form of the plants.) Sep. erect, converging. Seeds flattened, 
minute, in 2 rows in each cell of the long, narrowly-linear 2-edged silique ; 
valves plane, 1-veined. Embryo = o . Glabrous and strictly erect, stem- 
leaves sagittate-clasping. (Runs into Arabis.) 

1 T. glabra, L. Fls cream- white, erect; silique long (.3'), strictly erect; stem lvs. 

ovate-lanceolate. (I) Can., rare in N. Eng. 2— 3f. Glaucous. Lvs. entire. July. 

2 T. stricta Graham. Fls. rose-white, erect ; silique long (.3'), erect, finally ascending 

or spreading ; stem lvs. linear-lanceolate. (2) Rocks, N. Y. (rare) to Oreg. 1— 2f. May. 
/3. brachycdrpa, Fls. and siliques spreading, the latter shorter (1'). Westward. 

3. lODANTHUS, T. & G. False Rocket. {Iod87j<^, violet-colored, 
av^o'i, flower.) Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the petals. Si- 
lique linear, terete, veinless. Seeds arranged in a single row in each cell 
(=0). li Glabrous, with violet-purple flowers in panicled racemes. 
Leaves lanceolate. 

I. liesperioides Ton- & Gr. Penn. to El. and Ark. 2 — 3f. Lvs. serrate or the lower 
pinnatifld-lyrate. Pods 15—20", spreading. May, June. (Arabis, Gr.) 



Order 11.— CRUOIFERiE. 37 

4. ARABIS, L. Rock-cress. Sepals mostly erect ; silique linear, com- 
pressed ; valves plane, each witli 1 or 3 longitudinal veins, seeds in a sin- 
gle row in each cell, mostly margined, cotyledons accumbent or oblique. 
Flowers white. Figs. 336, 506. 

* Leaves (all or at least the radical) pinnatifid. Stems clustered Nos. 1, 2, 3 

* Leaver all undivided, toothed or entire, often clasping, .(a) {Exotic. No. 10.) 

a Siliques short (6— la'O and straight. Sds. not winged. Stems clustered. .Nos. 4, 5 
a Siliques longer (1—20, straight or curved. Sds. not winged. St. simple. .Nos. 6, 7 
a Siliques long (3'), curved, pendent. Seeds winged Nos. 8, 9 

1 A. liUdoviciana Meyer. All the leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, smoothish ; stema 

branched at base ; siliques ascending ; seeds bordered, (i) South. 6 — IC. March. 

2 A. lyrata L. Upper leaves smooth, linear, entire; radical leaves lyrately pinnatifid. 

often pilous ; st. branched at base ; pedicels spreading ; siliques erect, seeds not bor- 
dered, obliquely =o.® Hills, Can. to Va. 6—12'. Pods 1^—2'. Pet. Z" long. Apr., May. 

3 A. petraea Lam. Upper leaves linear, entire, minute, radical pinnatifid, very small ; 

stems clustered; pods ascending (1— HO : seeds bordei-ed, =o. n Eocks (Green- 
wich), Ct., Vt., O., Mich. 6 — 12'. Flowers white or roseate. June. 

4 A. Tlialiana L. St. clustered, erect ; Ivs. pilous, oblong, nearly entire ; pet. twice 

longer than calyx ; pods erect, squarish (9") ; seeds obliquely li o. fg) Fields, Vt. to 111. 
and Car. (WayneCo.,N. Y. Hankenson.) 4-12'. Fls. small. May. (Sisymbrium, Gay.) § 

5 A. dentata T. & G. Stems clustered, difl'use ; Ivs. oblong, sharply toothed; petals 

hardly longer than the calyx ; pods spreading. ® N. Y. to Mo. If. Fls. small. May. 

6 A, patens SuU. Erect, pubescent ; cauline leaves coarsely toothed ; siliques spread- 

ing and curved upward, beaked with a distinct style, (i) O. to Tenn. 1 — 2f. May. 

7 A. liirsuta Scop. Erect, hirsute ; radical leaves obiong-ovate, cauline lanceolate, 

sagittate-clasping, entire or toothed ; siliques straight, erect ; style none. @ Can. to 
Ya., and W. 1— 2f. June. 

8 A. laevigata DC. Tall, glaucous, smooth ; stem leaves linear-lanceolate and linear, 

sagittate-clasping, the upper entire : siliques very long, linear, at length spreading 
and pendulous. @ Can. to Tenn., and W. 2f. Pod 3'. May. 
/3. m/wor (Porter). Plant smaller, 10 — 15', with the Ivs. sessile — not clasping. Penn. 

9 A. Canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Tall, pubescent ; stem leaves lanceolate, pointed 

both ways, sessile ; silique sublalcate, veined, pendulous. (5) Rocky hills. 2— 3f. 
Petals small, but twice longer than sepals. Pods 8'. May, June, 

10 A. ALPiNA. Erect, 8 — 12', hoary with stellate hairs ; Ivs. oblong, with slender teeth, 
clasping; fls. showy, pure wh., in many little long-stalked corymbs. Alps. Mar.— May. 

5. OARDAMINE, L. Bitter Cress. Calyx a little spreading. Sil- 
ique linear or lanceolate, with flat, veinless valves narrower than the dis- 
sepiment, and often opening elastically from the base. Stigma entire. 
Seeds not margined, == o . Flowers white or purple. 

§ Dentaria. Pod lance-linear. Rhizome thickish, knotted. Stem with 2 or 3 palmated 
leaves near the middle. Flowers large, corymbed. . .(*) 

* Leaves of the stem subopposite or subverticillate Nos. 1, 2, 3 

* Leaves of the stem alternate Nos. 4, 5 

§ Cardajhine. Pod linear. Root tuberous or fibrous. Leaves alternate. ..yA) 

t Leaves pinnate, with many leaflets Nos. 6, 7 

+ Leaves simple or partly ternato. . .(a) 

a Siliques pointed with a slender style. In low, wet grounds Nos. 8, S 

a Siliques tipped with the sessile stigma. In high mountains Nos. 10, 11 

1 C, dipliylla. Stem 2-leaved ; leaflets subovate ; rhizome continuous, toothed. 
% Damp woods. Can. to Car. If. Leaves 3-parted, nearly opposite. Root-stock 
pungent, aromatic. May. 



38 Order 11.— CRUCIFERvE. 

2 C laciniatai Cauline Ivs. 3, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate or linear-oblong, 

obtu&e, lobed, toothed or entire ; rhizome moniliform. 21 Woods. If. Apr. May. 

3 C. multifida. Cauline Ivs. mostly 3, and verticillate, rarely 3, multifid with nu- 

merous linear lobes ; rhizome tuberous. 24 "Woods, N. Car. to Ala. Rare. Q'. 

4 C. maxima. Stem about 3-leaved (2 to 7) ; Ifts. 3, ovate, toothed or cleft ; rhizome 

moniliform, the tubers toothed. U N. Y. and Penn. Hare. 1 — 2f. May. 

5 C. laeteropli^Ua, Stem about 2-leaved (2 or 3), leaflets 3, lanceolate and nearly 

entire ; root-lvs. of 3 ovate-oblong, toothed, and cut-lobed leaflets ; rhizome monili- 
form, scarcely toothed. 2f Penn. Va. Ky. 6^ Flowers purple. June. 

6 C liirsiita L. Stem (hirsute in Europe) glabrous, erect ; leaves pinnately 5--11- 

foliate, terminal leaflet largest ; flowers (white) small, silique erect, linear or filiform ; 
stigma minute, sessile. (2) Wet. Variable. Stem 3— 12', slender or thick. Leaflets 
obtuse. Pod 1''. March— June. 
/3. sylvdtica. Slender and delicate ; leaflets 1 or 2-toothed ; pods filiform, in- 
curved. Grows in drj^er places. 6'. (C. Virginica Mx.) 

7 C pratensis L. Cuckoo Flower. Stem ascending, simple ; leaves pinnately 7-15- 

foliate ; leaflets petiolate, subentire, lower ones suborbicular, upper linear-lanceolate : 
style distinct. 7i Swamps, N. Y. to Arc. Am, 10—16''. Flowers large. Apr. May. 

8 C rlioml>oidea DC. Stems simple, erect or ascending, tuberiferous at base ; 

siliques linear-lanceolate ; rt. Ivs. roundish, entire, st. Ivs. rhomboidal. 2f May. 8 — 14'. 
/3. purpurea. Slender, erect, few-leaved and purple-flowered. N. Y., O., Wise. 

9 C. rotundifolia Mx. Stems decumbent, branching, finally stoloniferous ; leaves 

all petiolate ; pod linear-subulate ; rt. fibrous, li Cool springs, Pa. to Car. 1 — 2f. May, Jn., 
IOC bellidifolia L. Leaves smooth, orbicular-ovate, nearly entire, petiolate ; cau- 
line entire or 3-lobed ; siliques erect, u White Mts. &c. 1|— 3'. July. 
lie. spatulata Mx. Lvs. hirsute, the radical spatulate, petiolate ; cauline sessile, 
siliques spreading. (1) Mts. of Car. and Ga. Trailing. 6—8'. April. 

6. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. (Named for Dr. Leavenworth, the 
discoverer.) Petals cuiieate, retuse, or truncate. Silique flat, oblong, 
valves indistinctly veined. Seeds in a single row, flattened, wing-mar- 
gined. Embryo nearly straight, curving toward an accumbent form. (2) 
Low, smooth herbs with lyrate-pinnatifid leaves. Pet. yellow at base. 

li. Micliaiixii (and aurea) Torr.— Rocks,Ky.toTex. 2—6'. Lvs. mostly radical. Fls.l — 4. 

7. MATTHIOLA, R. Br. Stock. (In honor of P. A. MattMoU, phy- 
sician to Ferdinand of Austria, and botanic author.) Calyx closed, 2 of 
the sepals gibbous at base. Siliques terete ; stigmas connivant, thickened 
or cornute at the back. Herbaceous or shrubby, oriental plants, clothed 
with a hoary, stellate pubescence. 

1 an, INCANA. Common Stock. Brompton S. July-flower. Erect, branching from the 

woody base ; lvs. lanceolate, entire. (2) u Eur. 2f. Fls. often double, white, purple. 

2 OT. ANNUA. Ten-toeeks Slock. Erect, branched ; lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, toothed. (1) 

S. Eur. 2f. Flowers infinitely various, mostly double. June — Nov. 

8. OHEIRANTHUS, L. Wall-flower. {Xsip, the hand, aV5o5, 
flower.) Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base. Silique terete or 
compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Seeds flat, in a single series, 
often margined. (== o ). Garden perennials, mostly European. Leaves un- 
divided. Fig. 55. 

C. Cheiri, St. somewhat shi'ubby and decumbent at base ; lvs. lanceolate, glabrous ; 
pet. obovate, long-clawed, yellow ; etig. capitate. 2f S. Eur. 2f. June, 



Ordek 11.— CRUCIFER^. 'S9 

V 

9. BARB ARE A, R. Br. Winter-cress. (Dedicated to 8ta. Barbara?) 
Sepals erect. Siliques columnar, 2 or 4-angled, yalves carinate with a mid- 
vein. Seeds in a single row (== o ). Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Fls. yellow. 

1 B. vulgaris R. Br. Upper Ivs. toothed or pinnatifid at base ; siliques obtusely 4- 

anglcd, pointed with the style. @ Brooksides : common. 1— 2f. Racemes dense, 
showy-pauicled. Pod 9'^ May, June. 

2 B. precox E. Br. Scurvy-grass. Upper Ivs. pinnatifid, with the lobes all linear- 

oblong; silique 2-edged. 2j: §:}: South. Pod 2— 3^ May, June. 

10. ERYSIMUM, L. False Wall-flower. {'Epvco, to cure ; from 
its salutary medicinal properties.) Calyx closed. Siliques columnar, 4- 
sided, valves with a strong mid-vein. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a single 
series. Cotyledons oblong, || o . Lvs. narrow, undivided. Fls. yellow. 

1 E. clieirantIioid.es L. Pubescence minute, appressed, branched ; lvs. lanceo- 

late, denticulate, or entire ; fls. small ; siliques short (8— lO'O, on slender, spreading 
pedicels ; stig. small, nearly sessile. (I) Wet grounds. 1— 2f. Eac. long. July.. 

2 E. Arkansanumi N. Yellow Phlox. Simple, scabrous ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, 

remotely dentate ; rac. corymbed at top ; pod long (.30, erect ; stig. capitate, (g) 
Bluffs, O. to Ark. 2— 3f. Flowers large, orange-yellow. June, July. 

3 E. orientale E. Br. Glabrous and glaucous ; radical lvs. obovate, stem lvs. cor- 

date-clasping, obtuse, entire ; fls. white. (T) Near Phila (A. H. Smith). § Eur. 

11. SISYMBRIUM, Allioni. (An ancient Greek name.) Calyx half- 
spreading, equal at base. Petals unguiculate, entire. Silique subterete, 
valves concave, marked lengthwise with 1 — 3 veins. Style very short. 
Seeds in a single series, ovoid, || o , Flowers small, yellow. 

1 S. officinale Scop. Hedge Mustard. Leaves runcinate ; racemes slender, virgate ; 

siliques subulate, erect, closely appressed to the rachis. ® A common weed, with 
branches at right angles. 1— 3f. June— Sept. § 

2 S. Sopliia L. Flixweed. Lvs. bipinnatifld, lobes linear-oblong, acute ; sep. longer 

than pet. ; pod Imear, erect, longer than the spreading pedicel. (T) N. Y. Can. § 

3 S. canesceiis Nutt. Tansey Mustard. Lvs. bipinnatifld, canescent, lobes oblong, 

subdentate, obtuse ; pet. about equalling the calyx ; pod oblong-linear, 3—6'''', ascend- 
ing, shorter (or never longer) than the spreading pedicel. ® U. S. 1— 2f. Mar.— June. 

12. WARE A, K. (Named for Mr. Ware, the discoverer.) Sep. colored, 
ligulate. Pet. with very slender claws. Silique flattened, long and slen- 
der, raised on a slender stipe. Cotyledons oblong, || o . ® Glabrous, 
entire-leaved. Flowers white or purple, in short racemes. Siliques 
curved and declinate. 

1 W, cuneifolia N. Lvs. oblong, obtuse, cunoate at base, and subsessile. Ga. Fla. 

1— 2f. Pet. obovate, white. September. 

2 "W. amplexifolia N. Lvs. oblong-ovate, partly clasping. Sand hills, Fla. 1— 2f. 

Pet. oval, purple. September. 
/ 

13. HESPERIS, L. Rocket. {"E67tEpa, evening, when the flower 

is most fragrant.) Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the petals. Pet. 

bent obliquely, linear or obovate. Silique subterete. Seeds not margined. 

Stig. forked, with the apices converging (f o ). Flowers white or purple. 

H. xnatronsLlis L. Simple, erect ; lvs. lance-ovate, denticulate ; pet. obovate ; pod 
torulous, elongated (30, erect. (2) Shores of L. Erie (Hankenson) and Huron. .§ t 

14 



40 Order 11.— CKUCIFER^. 

14, SCHIZOPETALON, Sims. {'Sxi^oo, to cut, as the petals appear 

to be.) Sep. erect. Pet. pinnately lobecl, involute in the hud. Slliquc 

lineal*, compressed. Stig. lobes erect, connate. Seeds oblong or globular, 

cotyl. twisted (|| o ). (D Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid. Fls. white or purple. 

S. Wai.keki. Stem slcuder, erect, branching, 2f. Lvs. canescent. Fls. racemed. Chili. 
Kaised from seed. Flowers large, curious, soon perishing. 

15, BRASSIOA (and Sinapis) L. Cabbage, Mustard, &c. (The 
ancient names.) Silique long, terete, or 4-sided, pointed with a stout style 
or an ensiform 1-seeded beak. Valves 1-3-veined. Seeds in 1 row, globu- 
lar, ((o. Root lvs. pinnatifid. Rac. elongated. Fls. yellow. Figs. 239, 192, 429. 

§ Sinapis. Sep. spreading. Pet. ovate. Pod with an acute heak Nos. 1, 2, 3 

§ Brassica. Sep. erect. Pet. obovate. Pod squarish, with a blunt style.. .Nos. 4, 5, (i 

1 S. nigra L. Black Mustard. Smooth ; pod I'', smooth, somewhat 4-angled, ap- 

pressed to the rachis, and beaked with a slender, 4-sided style. (I) 3— fif. § 

2 S. arvensis L. Field Mustard. St. and lvs. hairy ; pod H', smooth, many-angled, 

torulous, spreading, thrice longer than the slender ancipital style, (i) § June, July. 

3 S. a.l1>a L. White 3Iiistard. Lvs. smoothish ; siliques hispid, torulous. shorter than 

the ensiform beak ; seeds large, pale yellow. @ Eur. 3— .5f. Pod 4-seeded. 

4 B. campestris L. Cale. Lvs. somewhat fleshy and glaucous, the lower lyrate- 

dentate, subciliate, upper cordate-amplexicaul, acuminate. ® Fields. 2f. July. § 
/3. Rutahag-a, /Swedish 7'urnip. Root tumid, napiform, subglobous, yellowish. X 

5 B.Ra,pa L. Radical lvr>. lyrate, rough, not glaucous, cauline ones incised, upper 

entire, smooth. 
/3. DEPKESSA. Common Turnip. Root depressed, globous or napiform, contracted 
below into a slender radicle. @ Long cultivated for its root, t 

6 B. OLEKACEA L. Cabbage. Lvs. very smooth and glaucous, fleshy, repand-toothed 

or lobed. (2) Europe, on rocky shores, forming no head. 
/5. BULLATA. Savoy Cabbage. Lvs. curled, subcapitate, finally expanding. % 
y. BoTRYTis-CAULiFLoRA. CavUflower. Stem low ; heads thick, compact, tenni- 

nal ; flowers abortive, on short, fleshy peduncles. X 
S. BoTRTTis ASPARAGOiDES. BvoccoH. Stem taller ; heads subramous ; branches 

fleshy at the summit, consisting of clusters of abortive flower-buds. 1;. 
£. CAPiTATA. Head Cabbage. Stem short ; leaves concave, packed in a dense 

head before flowering ; raceme paniculate. $ 

16. ALYSSUM, L. ]VI\dwoe,t. (Gr. a, privative, Xvdda, rage; sup- 
posed by the ancients to allay anger.) Calyx equal at base. Pet. entire : 
some of the stamens with teeth. Silicic orbicular or oval, with valves fiat, 
or convex in the centre. Seeds 1 — 4 in each cell (== o ). Showy European 
herbs, half shrubby at base. 

1 A. maritlmum Lam. Sweet A. Lvs. lance-linear, acute, entire, some hoary; 

pods oval, smooth, 2-seeded ; fls. white, small, sweet, li If. Escaped from gardens. § 

2 A, calycinum. L. Calyx persistent ; lvs. linear-spatuiate, canescent ; pods orbicu- 

lar, lens-shaped, with a thin border, 4-seeded; fls. yellowish. 00 If- Fields: rare. 
Mass. N. Y. (Wayne Co., Hankenson). § 

3 A. SAXATiLE. Bock A. Lvs. lanceolate, entire, downy ; pods round-obovate, 2-seedud ; 

flowers yellow, corymbed, abundant and brilliant. 7i Candia. 9'. April. 

17. liUNARIA, L. Honesty. (Lat. luna, the moon ; from the broad, 
lound silicles.) Sep. somewhat bisaccate at base. Pet. nearly entire. 
Stam. without teeth. Silicle pedicellate, elliptical, or lanceolate, with flat 



Order 11.— CRUCIFER^. 41 

valves ; funiculus adhering to the dissepiment (= o ). European. Leaves 
cordate. Flowers lilac. 

1 li. REDivivA L. Perennial Satin-Jioiver. Lvs. ovate, petiolate, macronately serrate ; 

silicles lanceolate, narrowed at each end. 2f 2 — 3f. June. 

2 li. BIENNIS DC. Honesty. Lvs. with obtuse teeth ; silicles oval, obtuse at both ends. 

(D Flowers large, purple. May, June. 
V 

18. DRABA, L. Whitlow Grass. {ApajSri, acrid, biting ; from the 
taste of the plant.) Calyx equal at base. Pet. equal. Fil. without teeth. 
Silicle oval or oblong, entire, the valves flat or slightly convex, veined. 
Seeds not margined, 3-rowed in each cell (== c ). Flowers white, rarely 
yellow. Plants small. 

§ Erophila. Petals 2-parted No. 1 

%Ti-B.l:&K proper. Petals entire or only emarginate. (a) 

a Style distinct, long or short. Pods twisted when ripe. Perenn . .Nos. 2, 3, 4 
a Style none. Pods straight, plane. Plants annual or bienn. (&) 

h Pedicels as long as or longer than the pods Nos. 5, 6 

h Pedicels shorter than the pods Nos. 7, 8 

1 D. (Er6pliila) verna L. Whitlow Gf'ass. Scape naked ; Ivs. oblong, acute, sub- 

serrate, hairy ; pet. bifid ; stig. sessile ; silicle oval, flat, shorter than the pedicel. (T) 
A little Spring flower, in rocky places. Can. to Va. 1 — 3'. 

2 D. ramosissima Desv. Minutely pubescent, diffuse ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, with 

remote and slender teeth ; rac. panicled ; silicle lanceolate, about the length of the 
pedicel, the style half as long. 21 Va. Ky. 5— 8'. May. 

3 I>. arabisans Mx. Slightly pubescent ; root leaves in tufts, wed»e-lanceolate, 

toothed ; stems leafy, erect, its Ivs. oblong ; silicle glabrous, lance-oblong (6'''), spread- 
ing ; style very short. 2f Lake shores, Vt. N. Y. Mich. 6 — lO''. White. May. 

4 I>. incana L. Hoary pubescent; root leaves in tufts, wedge-lanceolate, slightly 

toothed ; st. nearly naked, branches and ped. very erect ; silicle oblong (5'0, twisted, 
sty. very short. 2; or (2) Mts. N.Vt. and N. 6—8'. Lvs. 6'''. Fls. very small, white. June. 

5 D. nemoralis Ehrh. Pubescecnt, branched; lvs. oval, the cauline lanceolate, 

toothed ; pet. emarginate ; silicles half the length of the spreading pedicels. (2) Mich. 
Mo. 8 — 10'. Flowers small, white or yellowish. May. 

6 I>. bracliycarpa N. Minutely pubescent; lvs. ovate, the cauline oblong; rac. 

00-flowered ; pet. obovate, entire ; silicle as long as the ped. 6-seeded. (1) Mo. and 
South. .3—4'. Pod 2". April. 

7 D, cuiieifolia N. Hirsute, pubescent, branching and leafy below, naked above ; 

lvs. cuneate-oblong, sessile, denticulate ; rac. elongated in fruit ; silicles twice longer 
(4'0 than the pedicels, (i) Ky. to La. 3—8'. March. 

8 D. Caroliniana "Walt. Hispid, branching and leafy below, naked above ; lvs. en- 

tire, obovate and oval ; rac. short ; silicles oblong-linear, longer than the pedicels (S'O- 
(T) K. I. to Ga. and W. 1—3'. Much like No. 7. April— June. 
p. micrdntha, Silicles minutely hispid ; pet. oftfen wanting. (D. micrantha N.) W. 

19. ARMOR ACTA, Rupp. Horse-radish. {Armorica, its native 
countiy, now the province Brittany, France.) Sep. spreading. Pet. entire, 
much exceeding the calyx. Silicles ellipsoid or globular, turgid, 1-celled 
from the incomplete partition. Style distinct. Seeds few (=0). If Lvs. 
oblong, undivided, or the^ lower pinnatifid. Flowers white. 

1 A. riisticana Rupp. Radical lvs. oblong, crenate ; cauline long, lanceolate," in 
cised ; silicle roundish, ellipsoid, much longer than the style. § Eur. 



4:2 Order 11.— CRUCIFER.^. 

2 A, Aiiierica,iia Arn. Aquatic; immersed Ivs. doubly pinnatifld with capillarj' seg 
meiits, emerged, oblong, pinnatifld, serrate or entire ; silicle ovoid, little longer that 
the style. Lakes and rivers. Can. to Ky. July, Aug. 

\ 

20. VE SIC ARIA, Lam. Bladder-pod. (Lat. vesica, a bladder or 

blister ; from tlie inflated silicles.) Pet. entire. Silicle globous or ovoid ; 

inflated valves nerveless, liemispherical or convex. Seeds several in each 

cell, sometinaes margined (= o ). Flowers yellow. 

V, Sliortii T. & G. Lvs. elliptical, sessile, entire ; style twice as long as the globous 
silicle ; seeds 2 — i, not margined, (i) Ky. rare. 

\ 

21. CAMELINA, Crantz. False Flax. {Xaj^iai, dwarf, Xivovy 

flax.) Calyx equal at base. Pet. entire. Silicle obovate or siibglobous, 

with ventricous valves and many-seeded cells. Styles filifonn, persistent. 

Seeds oblong, striate, not margined (| c ). Flowers small, yellow. 

C sativa Crantz. Lvs. lanceolate, sagittate at base, subentire ; silicle obovate-pyri- 
form, margined, tipped with the pointed style. (I) Fields. § Eur. 2f. June. 

\ 

22. SUBULARIA, L. Awlwort. (ISTamed in reference to the linear- 
subulate leaves.) Silicle oval, valves turgid, cells many-seeded. Stigma 
sessile ; cotyledons linear, curved and incumbently folded on themselves, 
(i) Aquatic acaulescent herbs. 

S. aquatica L.— Shores of ponds, Me. N. H. Lvs. all radical, entire, subulate, V. 
Scape 2—3', with a few minute white flowers. July. 

23. IBERIS, L. Candytuft. (Most of the species are natives of 
Iberia, now Spain.) The 2 outside petals larger than the 2 inner. Silicles 
compressed, truncate, emarginate, the cells 1-seeded. Handsome herbs 
from the Old World, pretty in cultivation. Flowers white or purple. 

1 I, xjiiBELLATA. Piivple C. Herbaccous ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, acuminate, the lower 

serrate ; silicles umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. (D Eur. If, Purple. June, July. 

2 I. AMARA. Bitter C. Herbaceous ; lvs. lanceolate, acute ; fls. finally racemed ; sili- 

cles obcordate, narrowly emarginate. (i) Eng. If. White. June, July. 

3 I. ODORATA. Herbaceous ; lvs. linear, toothed, dilated at end ; siiicle round, with 

acute, spreading lobes, (i) Alps. If. Sweet scented. Foliage pretty. July. 

4 I. riNNATA. Lvs. pinnatifld, smooth. ® Eur. If. White, corymbed. 

5 I. SAXATiLis. Shrubby ; lvs. linear, entire. 2| Eur. If. White, corymbed. 

24. CAPSELLA, Yent. (Lat. capsa, a chest or box ; alluding to the 
fiTiit.) Calyx equal at base ; silicles triangular-cuneiform, obcordate, com- 
pressed laterally ; valves carinate, not winged on the back ; septum sub- 
linear ; style short ; seeds oo, oblong, small, I o . Fls. white. A common 
weed. Fig. 193. 

C Bursa-pastoris Msench. Shepherd''s Purse, (i) Grows everywhere. 6' — If— 2f. 
Root lvs. rosulate, cut-lobed ; stem leaves lance-lin. clasping-sagittate ; rac. long. 

25. LEPIDIUM, R. Br. Pepper Grass, {Asnii, a scale; from the 
resemblance of the silicle.) Sepals ovate ; petals ovate, entire ; silicles 
oval-orbicular, emarginate ; septum very narrgw, contrarv to the greatei 



Order 11.— CRUCIFER^. 43 

diameter ; valves carinate, cleliiscent ; cells 1-seeded. Cotyledons |o, often 
=o. Flowers small, white, often incomplete. 

* Stamens only 2. Petals often wanting. Leaves not clasping Nos. 1, 2 

* Stamens 6. Silicles evidently winged Nos. 3, 4 

1 li. Virginicuin L. Tongue-grass. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, the lower incisely ser- 

rate ; pet. 4 ; silicles orbicular, emarginate ; cotyledons = o . (i) Dry places. If. 

2 li. ruderale L. Cauline lvs, incised, those of the branches entire ; pet. none ; pods 

broad-oval, notched, wingless. (T) Dry fields. Kare. 10—15'. Always apetalous. § 

3 li. campestre E. Br. Yellow-seed. Cauline lvs. sagittate-clasping, denticulate; 

silicles ovate, notched, winged, rough, (i) Dry fields. Eare. 6 — 10''. Jn. § Eur. 

4 li. SATIVUM L. Pepper-grass. Lvs. oblong, variously incised and pinnatifid; silicles 

elliptic-ovate, notched and winged. (T) Eur. 2f. A garden salad. July. 

"^ 

26. SIjNEBIBRA, Poir. Carpet Cress. Swixe Cress. (In honor 

of SeneMer, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.) Silicle didjTiious, with 
the partition very narrow ; valves ve'htricous, separating but indehiscent, 
and each 1-seeded, cotyledons incumbently folded on themselves, (i) or 
(2) Prostrate and diffuse, with minute white flowers. 

1 S. didyma Pers. Lvs. pinnate, with pinnatifid segments; silicles rugously reticu- 

lated, notched at the apex. Waste places coastward, Atlantic and Pacific. 

2 S. Coronopus DC. Lvs. pinnate, with the segm. entire, toothed, or pinnatifid ; 

silicles tubercled, not notched at apex. E. Isl. (Eobbins) to Car. Eare. 

27. ISATIS, L. WoAD. (Idd'Coo, to make equal ; supposed to remove 
roughness from the skin.) Silicle elliptical, flat, 1-celled (dissepiment ob- 
literated), 1-seeded, with boat-shaped valves, which are scarcely dehiscent 
(||o). Kone jSTorth American. 

I, TiNCTORiA L. Silicles cuneate, acuminate at base, somewhat epatulate at the end, 
very obtuse, three times as long as broad. (T) Eug. 4f. Yellow. May — July. Culti- 
vated for the dye which is yielded by its leaves. 

28. CAKILE, Tourn. Sea Rocket. (Named from the Arabic.) Sili- 
cle 2-jointed, the upper part ovate or ensiform ; seed in the upper cell erect, 
in the lower pendulous, sometimes abortive, (i) Maritime, fleshy herbs. 
Flowers purple. 

C. maritima Scop. Lvs. oblong, bluntly serrate, obtuse, often lobed ; lower joint of 
silicle clavate, upper ovate-ensiform : racemes spike-like. Coasts, N. States. Pros- 
trate. 6—12'. July, August. 

/ 
. 29. RAPHANUS, L, Radish. {'Pa, quickly, cpaivooj to appear; from 

its rapid growth.) Calyx erect. Pet. obovate, unguiculate. Siliques terete, 

t'orulous, not opening by valves, transversely 2-jointed, joints with 1 or 

severaV cells. Seeds large, subglobous, in a single series ((o. 

1 R. Raphanistrum L. Wild Radish. Lvs. lyrate ; silique monilifonn, 3-8 

seeded, becoming in maturity 1-celled, longer than the style, (x) Fields : rare. 1— 2f. 
Pet. yellow, blanching as they decay. June, July. § Eur. 

2 R. SATivA L. Garden Eadish. Lower lvs. lyrate, petiolate ; sUique 2-3-seeded, acu- 

minate, scarcely longer than the style. ® China. 9 — 4f; Eoot napiform or fusiform, 
red, black, or white. Flowers pink-^vhite, 



44 OiiDKii l;5.— liESEDACE.-E. 

Order XII. CAPPARIDACE.E. Cai>parids. 

Herbs, sJirubs, or even trees, destitute of true stipules. Leaves alternate, 
petiolate. Flowers cruciform, liypogynous. Sepals 4, Petals 4, unguicu- 
late. Stamens 6 — 12, or some uiuitiple of 4, never tetradynamous, on a 
disk or separated from tlie corolla by an internode of the torus. Ovaries 
often stipitate, of .2 united carpels. Style united. Fruit either pod-shaped 
and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds many, reniform. Albu- 
men 0. Embryo curved. Cotyledon foliaceous. 

§ Tribe CAPPARE^93. Shrubs (or trees) with baccate or drupaceous fruit. S. Fla. ..Capparis. 

§ Tribe CLEOME^E. Herbs (or shrubs) with capsular 1-eelled pods, (a) 

a stamens 6, separated from the petals bj' an internode Gtnandropsis. 1 

a Stamens 6, not separated from the petals Cleome. 2 

a Stamens S— 32, free. Torus not developed to an internode Polanisia. 3 

1. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. {O'ynandria, a Linnsean class, oipi?, ap- 
pearance.) Sep. distinct, spreading. Stam. 6, separated from the 4 petals 
by a slender internode of the torus. Pod linear-oblong, raised on a long 
stipe which rises from the top of the torus, (i) Lvs. digitate. Fls. racemed. 

G. pentapliylla DC. Middle lvs. petiolate, 5-foliate, floral and lower ones .3-foliate, 
leaflets obovate, entire, or deuticnlate. Waste grounds, Va. to Ga. 2— 3f. White. § 

\ 

2. CLSOME, L. Spider Flower. Sep. sometimes united at base. 

Pet. 4. Torus not developed between the petals and the stamens, which 
are G — 4. Pod stipitate more or less. Hei'bs or shrubs. Lvs. simple or 
digitate. Flowers racemed or solitary. 

1 C. piiingens L. Stem simple, prickly: Ifts. 5—9, elliptic-lanceolate, acute; flowers 

racemed ; petals on filiform claws, half as long as the stamens. (2) Gardens and fields. 
3 — 4f. Flowers purple, curious. Maj" — Aug. § 

2 C sPECiosissiMA. Stem branched below; Ifts. 5 — 7, lanceolate, acuminate; petals as 

long as their claws, rose-purple. Mexico. 3— 4f. June— Sept. 

3. POLANISIA, Eaf {UoXv, much, avidoi, unequal.) Sep. dis- 
tinct, spreading. Pet. 4, unequal. Stam, 8 — 32, filaments filiform or 
dilated at the summit. Torus not developed, minute. Pods linear. (1) 
Strong-scented herbs, with glandular, viscid hairs, 

1 P. graveolens Eaf. Viscid-pubescent ; lvs. ternate, Ifts. elliptic-oblong ; fls. axil- 

lary, solitary ; stam. 8—12 ; caps, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base. Gravelly 
shores, Vt. to Ark. If. Flowers in leafy racemes, yellowish-white. July. 

2 P. tennifolia T. & G. Viscid-glandular ; Ifts. 3, filiform-linear ; pet. unequal, oval, 

on short claws ; stam. 12—15 ; pod linear. Ga. Fla. 1— 2f. White. 



Order XIII. RESEDACE^. Mignonettes. 

Herbs, with alternate, entire, or pinnate leaves. Stipules minute, gland- 
like. Flowers in racemes, or spikes, small and often fragrant, 4-7-merous, 
unsymmetrical and open in bud. Petals unequal, entire or cleft. Stamens 
8 — 20, inserted im the hypogynous, one-sided glandular disk. OvaH-es ses- 



0«DEii 14— yiOLACE.E. 45 

silc, 3-lobed, 1-cclled, many-seeded. Fruit a capsule, 1-celled, opening 
between the stigmas before maturity. Illust. 40, 165. 

\ 

RSSBDA, L. (Lat. resedo, to calm : tlie plants are said to relieve pain.) 

Sep. 4 — 7. Pet. of an equal number, often cleft. Torus large, fleshy, one- 
sided, bearing the 8 — co stamens. 

1 R. luteola L. Dyer's Weed. Lts. lanceolate, with a tooth, on each side atbase ; 

sepals 4. united below ; petals (greenish-5-ellow) 3-5-cleft. (1) Roadsides, X. Y. 2f. 
Flowers numerous, in a tall raceme. § Eur. 

2 K. ocoKATA L. Migjionette. Lvs. cuneiform, entire or S-lohed ; sepals shorter than 

the T-13-cleft petals. Egypt, if. Fragrant. 

Order XIY. YIOLACE^. Violets. 

Herbs with simple (often cleft) alternate leaves with stipules. Flowers 
irregular, spuiTed, with the sepals, petals, and stamens in o's. Sepals per- 
sistent, slightly united, elongated at base, the 2 lateral interior. Petals 
commonly unequal, the inferior usually spurred at base. Stamens 5, 
usuallj" inserted on the hypogynous disk. Filaments dilated, prolonged 
beyond the anthers. Ovary of 3 united carpels, with 3 parietal placentse. 
Style 1, declinate. Stigma cucullate. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds 
many, with a crustaceous testa and distinct chalaza. Illust. 50, 93, 137, 
302, 515, 522. 

Sepals not auricled at base. Filaments united into a tube Solea. 1 

Sepals more or less auriculate at base. Filaments scarcely cohering Viola. 2 

1. SOLEA, Gingins. Green \iolet. (Dedicated to TF. Sole, an 
English writer on plants.) Sep. nearly equal, not auriculate. Pet. unequal, 
the lowest 2-lo'bed and gibbous at base, the rest emarginate. Stam. united 
into a tube, sheathing the ovary and bearing a gland above the middle. Sds. 
6 — 8, very large. If An erect, leafy plant, ^'ith inconspicuous axillary fls. 

S. coneolor Gingins. Green Violet. — Woods. "\V. N-Y. (Hankenson) to Car. and Tdo. 
1 — 2f. Lvs. large, lanceolate, acuminate. Fls. greenish. Pod 1'. May, June. 

\ 

2. VIOLA, L. YiOLET. Paxsey. (From the Latin.) Sep. 5, unequal, 

auricular at base. Pet. 5, irregular, the broadest spurred at base, the 2 
lateral equal, opposite. Stam. approximate, anthers connate, 2 of them 
with appendages at the back. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, seeds attached to 
the middle of the valves. IC Low, herbaceous plants. Ped. angular, 
solitary, l-flowered, recurved at the summit so as to bear the flowers in 
a resupinate position. Joints of the rliizome often bearing apetalous 
flowers. Figs. 50, 137, &c. 

§ Acaulesceut.— a Petals yellow No. 1 

—a Petals white Kos. 2, .3, 4 

— a Petals blue.— 6 beardless Nos. 5, 6, 7 

—b bearded.— c Lvs. divided Nos. S, 9(3, 9v 

—c Lvs. undivided . . . . i», 10. 11, and the Exot. If) 



46 Order 14— VI0LACEJ5. 

S Caulescent.— <? Petals yellow. Stems leafy at the top only Nob, 12, 13, 14 

—d Petals not quite yellow.— 6 Stipules entire No. 15 

—e Stipules fringe-toothed Nos. 16, 17, 18 

—6 Stip. lyrate-pinnatifid, very large.. Nos. 20-22 

1 V. rotundifolia Mx. Fig. 50. Lvs. smooth, orbicular-ovate, cordate, with the 

sinus closed ; petiole pubescent ; sep. obtuse. Woods, N. E. to Tenn, Mar. — May. 

2 "V, lanceolata L. Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, tapering at base into the long petiole, 

obtusish, subcrenate. Wet meadows. Lvs. 3—5'. Rt. stock creeping. Fls. white. May. 

3 v. primulaefolia L. Lvs. lance-ovate, abruptly contracted at base and decurrent 

on the petiole ; pet. subequal, beardless. Damp soils, Mass. S. and W. White. Ap.May. 

4 V. blanda Willd. Lvs. cordate, roundish, slightly pubescent ; petiole pubescent ; 

petals beardless. Meadows, Can. to Penn. Root creeping. Flowers fragrant. May. 

5 V. palustris L. Lvs. reniform-cordate ; stip. broadly ovate; sep. ovate, obtuse, 

spur very short ; caps, oblong-triangular. White Mts. 'if. Pale blue. June. 

6 V, Sclkirkii Goldie. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, crenately serrate, the sinus deep and 

nearly closed ; spur nearly as long as the petals, thick, very obtuse. Hills, N. Y. to 
Can. and Mich. 2'. Pale blue, with a large blunt spur. May. 

7 V. pedata L. Rt. premorse ; lvs. pedately 5 — 9-parted, segments linear-lanceolate, 

entire ; stig. large, obtusely truncate, scarcely beaked ; spur short, obtuse. Hilly 
woods, 4 — 7'. Smooth and beautiful. Flowers large, violet-blue. April, May. 
^. hicolor. Upper petals violet, the lower pale blue and yellow. Mass. to Ga. 

8 V. delplilnif olia Nutt. Lvs. pedately 7— 9-parted, with linear, 2—3 cleft seg- 

ments all similar ; stig. thick, distinctly beaked. 111. Iowa, Mo. Deep blue. Mar. Apr. 

9 V. cucullata Ait. Lvs. reniform-cordate, cucullate at base, acute, crenate : stip. 

linear ; inferior and lateral petals bearded. Common everywhere. 3 — 12'. Known 
by its broad hooded leaves and blue flowers. Varies much. April, May. 

p. palmata» Lvs. cordate, hastate-lobed, middle lobe largest. Fls. large. South, &c. 

y. septetnloha, Lvs. concave at base, deeply 5—7 lobed, mid. lobe lance. South. 

10 V. villosa Walt. Lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, pubescent, sinus nar- 
row or closed ; pet. bearded ; stig. beaked. Woods, Pa. to Ga. ; com. 2—3'. Apr. 

11 v. saggitata Ait. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, subacute, often in- 
cised at base, serrate-crcnate ; pedicel longer than the leaves ; pet. densely bearded. 
Dry hills. 3—5'. Lvs. varying to triangular-hastate. April— June. 

/3. ovata, Lvs. ovate, incised and decurrent at base. N. J., southward. 

12 "V. liastata Mx. Smooth; st. simple, erect, leafy above; lvs. deltoid-lanceolat« 
or hastate, acute, dentate ; stip. ovate, minute, ciliate-dentate ; lower pet. dilated, 
obscurely 3-lobed ; spur very short. Fla. to Tenn. 6—10'. April, May, 

13 V. tripartita Ell. Hairy. St. simple, erect, leafy above ; lvs. deeply 3-parted, 
lobes lanceolate, dentate ; stip. lanceolate. Upper Ga. If. Yellow. 

14 "V. pubescens Ait. Villous-pubescent ; st. erect, naked below; lvs. broad-cor- 
date, toothed ; stip. ovate, large, subdentate. Dry woods. 5—20'. May, June. 

p. eriocdrpa. Tall, pubescent ; pods woolly. Westward. 

y. scabriusctila. Some scabrous ; sts. decumbent, branched at base. Ct. to Ky. 

15 V. Canadensis L. Smooth ; lvs. cordate, acuminate, serrate ; ped. shorter than 
the leaves ; stip. short, entire. Woods. 8—12'. Leafy all the way. Flowers large, 
subregular, white or light blue. Summer. 

16 V. striata Ait. Smooth, nearly erect; lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, crenate-ser- 
rate ; stip. large, ciliate-dentate, oblong-lanceolate ; spur one-fourth as long as the 
corolla. Wet grounds. 6—12'. St. semi-terete. Flowers cream-white, 

17 V. Miililenbergii Torr. St. weak, assurgent ; lvs. reniform-cordate, upper ones 
rather acuminate ; stip. lanceolate, somewhat fimbriate ; spur half as long as the 
corolla, obtuse. Swamps. 6—8'. Pale purple. May. 

18 V. rostra,ta L. Smooth ; st. terete, diff"use, erect ; lvs. cordate, roundish, serrate, 
upper ones acute ; stip. lanceolate, deeply fringed ; petals bearded ; spur longer than 
the corolla. Moist woods. Can. to Ky. 6—8'. Pale blue. May. 



OiiDER 15.— CISTACE^. 47 

19 V. ODORATA L. Sweety or English Violet. Neapolitan. Stolons creeping; Ivs. cor- 
date, crenate, nearly smooth ; sep. obtuse. Eur. Flowers fragrant, blue, white, &c. 

20 V. tricolor L. Fansey., Heartsease. St. angular, dilTusely branched ; Ivs. oblong- 
ovate, lower ones ovate cordate, deeply crenate ; stipules as large as the leaves ; spur 
short, thick. Gardens. Flowers large, white-yellow-violet to black, in endless variety. 

/3. arv^nsis. Slender, subsimple ; petals scarcely longer than sepals. Fields. 
Perhaps this is the primary form. Abundant in Oregon. 

21 V, GRANDiFLouA L. Stem 3-cornered, procumbent ; leaves crenate, shorter than 
the peduncles, much larger than the stipules ; flowers large, all violet. 

22 V, coKNUTA. Stems 3-cornered, ascending ; Ivs. cordate, crenate ; stip. ciit-toothed ; 
fls. vlolet-purp., the spur subulate, longer than the sepals. From the Pyrenees. Hardy. 



Order XV. CISTACE^. Rock Roses. 

Herbs or low shrubs with simple, entire, opposite (at least the lower) 
leaves, y^iXh. flowers perfect, regular, hypogynons, in one-sided racemes, very 
fugacious. Sepals 5, unequal, persistent. Petals 5 (sometimes 3 or want- 
ing), convolute in bud. Capsules 1-celled, 3-5-valved, with as many parie 
tal placentae. Seeds albuminous. Embryo curved or spiral. 

T Petals 3, linear-lanceolate, small, brown-purple. Stamens 3 — 12 Lechea. 1 

T Petals 5, — a large, yellow, very fugacious, or none. Stamens oo Helianthemum. 2 

— o small, bright yellow. Tufted sbrublets. Stamens 9— 30 Hudsonia. 3 

1, LECHSA, L. PiNWEED. Sep. 5, the 2 outer minute. Pet. 3, lan- 
ceolate, small. Stig. 3, scarcely distinct. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, placentae 
nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1-2-seeded. 1i Often shrubby 
at base, with numerous very small brownish purple flowers. 

1 li. ni£ijor Mx. Hairy ; leaves elliptical, mucronulate ; flowers minute, about as long 

as the pedicels. In dry woods. 1 — 2f, rigid, brittle, purple, much branched. Leaves 
^". Capsules the size of a small pin-head. July, August. 

2 li. minor Lam. Smoothish ; leaves linear, very acute ; flowers small, on pedicels 

which are mostly twice longer. Dry, sandy grounds. Stems 8 — 10', slender, red. 
Leaves 6 — W. Capsules the size of a large pin-head. Summer. 

3 li. tliymifolia Ph. Shrubby; hoary with appressed hairs ; leaves linear and lin- 

ear-oblanceolate, rather acute, often verticillate ; flowers small, on pedicels still' 
shorter. Coasts. Mass. to N. J. If. Very bushy. Capsules size of a pin-head. Sum. 

4 Ij. Nova-Csesarese Austin. Hairs minute, appressed ; Ivs. ellip., 6'^ often opp. ; 

pan. leafy, narrow ; outer sep. lin., longer than the fl. or pedicels, N. J. (Prof. Porter). 

2. HELIANTHEMUM, L. Rock Rose. Sep. 5, the 2 outer smaller. 
Pet. 5, or rarely 3, convolute contrary to the sepals, sometimes 0. Stam. oo. 
Stig. 3, scarcely distinct. Capsules triangular, 3-valved, opening at top. 
Sds. angular. Fls. yellow, often of 2 kinds, the later ones being apetalous. 

§ Flowers of 2 sorts, the later ones apetalous, and -S-lO-androus Nos. 1, 3 

§ Flowers all alike, pentepetalous and polyandrous Nos. .3, 4 

1 H. Caiiadense Mx. Frost Plant. Hoary pubescent .; petaliferous flowers solitary, 

pedicellate, terminal ; apetalous axillary, small, clustered, subsessile ; sepals acute ; 
leaves revolute on the margin, lanceolate, acute. In dry soils, Can. to Va. 8 — 12^ 

2 H. coryml>osuiii Mx. Canescently tomentous ; fls. in crowded, fastigiate cymes, 

the primary ones on elongated, filiform pedicels, and with petals twice longer than the 
calyx ; sep. obtuse ; leaves oblong-lauceolate, margins revolute. Sands, N. J. toFla. If 



48 Okder 16.— hypericace^. 

3 H. Carollnianum Ms. VillouB, simple, erect; lis. all large, petaliferous and sab- 

terminal ; sepals acuminate ; Ivs. oblong-oval, edges denticulate, not revolute. Dry 
woods, South. 8— 12^ April, May. ;. 

4 15. arenicola Chapm. Hoary-tomentous ; Ivs. lancc-oblong, obtuse, small (9'0 ; As. 

few or solitary, pedicellate (T'Oi terminal. Fla. in sand. 3 — H'. Apr. (H. Cana- 
dense, |3. obtusum Wood. Ed. .6tli.) 

3. HUDSONIA, L. (In fionor of William Hudson, author of Flora An- 
glica.) Sep. 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones outside ; pet. 5 ; 
sta. 9 — 30 ; style filiform, straight ; cap. 1-celled, 3-valYed, many-seeded. 
^) with very numerous branches, minute leaves, and small, bright yellow 
flowers. May. 

1 II, tomentosa Nutt. Hoary tomentous ; Ivs. ovate, appressed-imbricate, acute ; 

fls. subsessile ; sep. obtuse. Coasts, Me. to N. J. and Wise. In tufts, 7 — lO''. 

2 H. ericofld.es L. Hoary-pubescent; Ivs. subulate, a little spreading; pedicels ex- 

serted, as long as the calyx ; sep. acutish. Shores, Vt. N. H. to Va. Delicate, 6''. 

3 IBL. montana Nutt. Minutely pubescent; Ivs. filiform-subulate; pedicels longer 

than the flowers; sep. acumifiate, the outer ones longer, subulate. Mts. Car. 5^. 

Order XYL HYPERICACEiE. St. John's worts. 

Herbs or shrubs with opposite, entire, dotted, exstipulate leaves, vni\\floio- 
ers perfect, regular, hypogynous, 4 or 5-merous, cymous and mostly yellow ; 
sepals unequal, persistent ; petals mos.tly oblique or convolute in the bud ; 
stamens few or many, polyadelphous ; antjiers versatile ; ovary compound, 
with styles united or separate, becoming in fruit a 1-celled capsule with 
parietal placentae, or 3 to 5-celled when the dissepiments reach the centre. 
/See^fe.exalbuminous, minute. (lUust. 138, 129, 275.) 

§ Sepals^- Petals 4, oblique, contorted in sestivation, yellow AsCYRtrnr. 1 

§ Sepals 5. Petals 5, — a oblique, contorted in aestivation, yellow .Hypeeicum. 2 

— a equilateral, imbricated in bud, purplish ..Elodea. 3 

1, ASOYRUM, L. St. Peter's Wort, Sep. 4, the two outer usually 
very large and foliaceous; pet. 4, oblique, convolute ; fil. slightly united at 
base into several parcels ; styles 2 — 4, mostly distinct ; cap. 1-celled. ^> 
Lvs. punctate with black dots. Fls. pale jeli^w, 1 or 3 terminating each 
branch. 

The outer pair of sepals— a very large, ovate. Styles 1 or 2 Nos. 1, 2 

— a still larger, orbicular. Styles 3 Nos, 3, 4 

—a small, like the two inner. Styles 3, long, distinct.. . ..No. 5 

1 A. Crux-Andreae L. Branches many, suberect, ancipital above ; lvs. linear-ob- 

long, obtuse ; outer sep. twice longer than the pedicel ; 2 bracteoles a little below the 

flower. Sandy woods, N. J. to Ga. and La. 1— 2f. Lvs. 6—12''''. Jn.— Sep. 

^. ang-tistifhlia, Lvs. smaller (3 — G'O, crowded ; bractlets close to the fl. Car. Ga. 

2 A,' pumilum Mx. Low, trailing at base'; lvs. oval and obovate, obtuse, sessile; 

outer sepals shorter than the slender pedicel, inner sepal ; bracteoles 0. Ga. Fla. 

3 A, staMS Mx. St. erect, ancipital ; lvs. oblong, sessile and half-clasping, obtuse ; 

caps, ovate, acute. Swamps, N. J. to Fla. and La. 1 to 3f. Lvs 10—15'^. Jn.— Aug. 

4 A. amplexicaule Mx. St. erect, terete below ; lvs, broadly ovate, cordate, clasp 

ing ; caps, oblong ; bracteoles 0. Ga. and Fla. 1 to 2f. Lvs. 8—12'''', Apr.— Sep. 

5 A. mlcrosepalum Torr. and Gr. Lvs. oblong-linear, crowded ; sep. much ehorter 

than the obovate,"unequal petals. Bushy, 1— 2f. Lvs. 3— C'', 



Order 16.— HYPERICACE^. 49 

2. HYPERICUM, L. St. Johin's-wort. Sep. 5, connected at base, 
subequal. Pet. 5, oblique, contorted in bud. Stam. mostly oo, generally- 
cohering in 3 — 5 sets (polyadelphous), with no intervening glands. Styles 
3 — 5, distinct or united. Caps. 1-5-celled. Herbs or shrubs. Flowei-s 
cymous, yellow. June — August. Figs. 128, 129, 275. 

% Stamens 25 — 100, more or less united into sets (polyadelphous) ... (a) 
§ Stamens 5 — 15, not at all united. Annuals. Flowers small. ((/) 

a Carpels (and styles) 5 or more. Capsule 5-celled Nos. 1, 2 

a Carpels 3, capsule 3-celled (the placentte meeting). . . (7j) 

a Carpels .3, capsule 1-celled (the placentfe not quite meeting). . .(c) 

b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Lvs. lanceolate or oblanceolate Xos. 3, 4, 5 

b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves linear Nos. 6, 7 

b Herbaceous. Petals sprinkled with black dots ISTos. 8, 9, 10 

c Shrubs. Styles united into 1. ..(d) 

c Half-shrubby. Styles united into 1 . . . (e) 

c Herbaceous. Styles distinct, at least at the top. . . (/) 

d Flowers solitaiy or in 3's, axillary. Stems 2-edged Nob. 11, 12 

d Flowers clustered in a compound terminal cyme ' Nos. 13, 14 

e Flowers in a leafless, stalked cyme. Leaves obtuse Nos. 15, 16 

e Flowers in a leafy (few-leaved) cyme. Leaves acute Nos. -17, 18 

/ Stem and branches 4-cornered or square Nos. 19, 20 

/ Stem and branches terete, not angular Nos. 21, 22 

ff Flowers in corymbous cymes, orange-colored Nos. 23, 24 

g Flowers racemed on the slender branches Nos. 25, 26 

1 H, pyraniidatUTn. Ait. Herbaceous ; lvs. sessile, oblong-ovate, acute ; sty. 5 ; 

placentae retroflexed. 7i O. Pa. to Can. 3— 5f. Flowers very large (20- 

2 H. Kalmianum L. Shrubby ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, very numerous, obtuse ; 

caps. 5-celled, tipped with the 5 styles. Niagara, &c. If. Flowers ¥\ 

3 H. Bucltleyi Curtis. Low, difl'use, shrubby ; lvs. obovate, very obtuse ; fls. soli- 

tary, peduncled ; caps. 3-celled, styles united. Mts. N. Car. to Ga. 8 — 12'. 

4 H. prolificum L. Branches ancipital, smooth; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; 

cymes compound, leafy ; sepals unequal, leafj', ovate, cuspidate. M. Vv'". 3 — 4f. t 
p. densiUbrunt, Branches, lvs. and fls. crowded, and smaller. Lvs. 1^ Fls. 6". South. 

5 H. galioides Lam. Branches erect, terete; lvs. linear-lanceolate; cymules axil- 

lary and terminal, paniculate ; sep. subequal, linear-lanceolate. S. Car. to Fla. 2 — 3f. 

6 H. rosmarinifolium Lam. Erect, sparingly branched : lvs. linear, shorter than 

the intemodes, narrowed to a petiole. South. Handsome. 2f. 

7 H. fasciculatum Lam. Shrub much branched, bushy; lvs. linear, 1^ verj' nar- 

row, longer than the internodes, sessile ; cymules leafy. Pine-barrens, South. 1— 2f. 
^. abbreviattim, Lvs. very short (2— 3'0, tufted in the axils. Car. to Ga. 

8 H. perforatum L. Stem 2-edged, branched ; lvs. with pellucid dots ; sep. lanceo- 

late, half as long as the petals, n Dry pastures. 1— 2f. Lvs. 6—10". Flowfers 1'. 

9 H. corynabosum Muhl. Stems terete, corymbously branched ; lvs. oblong-ovate 

or oval, obtuse, marked with black (as well as pellucid) dots ; sep. ovate, acute (very 
small), i as long as the petals, u Can. to Pa. and Ark. 2f. Lvs. 1 — 2'. Flowers 9''. 

10 M. macnlatiini Wait. Stem terete, corj-mbously branched ; lvs. oblong, thickly 
sprinkled with black dots ; sep. lanceolate. 7f S. Car. to Fla. 2 — 4f. Lvs. 1^ Fls. 10''. 

1 1 H. atrreum Bartram. Branches spreading, ancipital ; lvs. thick, lance-ovate, ob- 
tuse, sessile ; flowers (large) solitary, sessile. Ga. to Ark. 2— 4f. Stamens 500 ! t 

12 H. atnbiguam EU. Branches ancipital; lvs. lance-lmear, thin, acute; fls. soli- 
tary and in y's in the axils of the upper leaves. Ga. 1 — 2f. Flowers 8". 

13 H. myrtifoliuni L. St. terete; lvs. thick, ovate, or oblong, cordate-clasping; 
fle. in a leafy compound fastigiate cyme, the dichotomal sessile. Cra. Fla. 1— 2f. 

3 



50 Order 17.— DROSERACE^. 

14 H. cistlfoUum Lam. St. 2-winged, subsimple ; Ivs. liuear-oWong, obtuse, ses- 
sile ; flowers in a leafless, compound cyme. Ga. to Fla. and La. (No. 6, p. ?) 

15 Ho nudifloruiBi Mx. St. and branches 4-angled and vvdnged ; Ivs. ovate-lanceo- 
late or oblong, obtuse, sessile ; cyme leafless, pednncled ; sep. linear ; capsule almost 
3-celled. if Wet. Penn. to La. and Ga. 1— 2f. Leaves 2\ thin. 

16 H. sphaerocarpon. Ms. St. obscurely 4-sided ; Ivs. linear-oblong, obtuse, with 
a minute callous tip ; sep. ovate, mucronate ; caps, globular, if Rivers, W. If. Fls. T\ 

IT H. adpressum Bart. St. 2-wiuged above; Ivs. linear-oblong, half erect; cymes 
few-leaved ; petals obovate. ii E. I. to Ark. 

18 H, dolabriforme Vent. St. scarcely 2-edged above; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 
spreading ; fls. in a leafy, fastigiate cyme ; pet. very oblique (dolabriform). 7i Ky.Tenn. 

19 H. angulosum Mx. Herb smooth ; st. acutely 4-corncred; Ivs. oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute ; cymes leafless ; style distinct, thrice longer than the ov. Ti N. J. to Fla. 

20 H, ellipticnm Hook. Herb smooth ; st. quadrangular, simple ; Ivs. elliptical, ob- 
tuse, somewhat clasping, pellucid-punctate ; cyme pedunculate ; sep. unequal ; style 
united to near the summit, as long as the ovary. 7i Can. to Pa. If. Flowers G^\ 

21 H. graveolens BuckleJ^ Stem terete, smooth; leaves oblong-ovate, clasping; 
sepals and petals narrow ; styles 3. li High Mts., N. Car. Strong-scented. 

22 H. pilosum Walt. Eough-downy; stem simple, terete, virgatc ; Ivs. ovate-lance- 
olate, appressed, clasping, acute ; styles distinct, (i) Pine-barrens, South. 1 — 2f. 

23 H. mutlluin L. Stem square, branched ; Ivs. ovate, 5-veined, clasping, obtuse ; 
cymes leafy ; pet. shorter (1") than sep. ; sta. 6—12. (T) Damp sandy soils. 3—9'. Com. 

/3. ffytnndnthum. Strict, simple or branched, cy. only bracted. Del., Penn. (Porter). 

24 H. Canadense L. Stem quadrangvilar, branched ; Ivs. linear, attenuated to the 
base, with pellucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse ; petals shorter than the 
lanceolate, acute sepals ; stamens 5 — 10. (i) Wet sandy soils. Capsule red. 6 — 12'. 

25 H. Sarotlira Mx. Stem and branches filiform, erect, and parallel; Ivs. very mi- 
nute, subulate ; flowers sessile ; stam. 5 — 10. (i) Sandy soils. 4 — 12'. Fls. minute, 

26 H. Drumniondii T. & G. Branches alternate ; Ivs. linear, very narrow ; flow- 
ers pedicellate ; stamens 10—20. (T) Dry. 111. and South. If. Leaves 6". 

\ 
3. EIjODEA, Adams. {'EXaoSyj^i, marshy; from the habit.) Sep. 5, 

equal. Pet. 5, equilateral, imhricated in bud. Stam. 9 (rarely moi-e), tria- 
delphous, the sets alternating with 3 orange-colored glands. Styles 3, dis- 
tinct. Capsule 3-celled. if Herbs with pellucid-punctate leaves, the axils 
leafless. Flowers dull orange-purple. July — Sept. 

1 E. Vlrginica Nutt. Stem erect, somewhat compressed, subsimple ; leaves oblong, 

amplexicaul : stamens united below the middle, with 3 in each set. Swamps. If. 

2 E. petiolata Ph. Leaves oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole ; flowers mostly 

in o's, axillary, nearly sessile ; filaments united above the middle ; caps, oblong, much 
longer than the sepals. Swamps, S. States, N. to N. J. Flowers smaller (4"). 

Order XYII. DROSERACE^. Suisdews. 

Herbs growing in bogs, often covered with glandular hairs, with leaves 
alternate or all radical, mostly cu'cinate (rolled from top to base) in verna- 
tion. Flowers regular, hypogynous, 5-merous, the Sepals^ Petals, and Sta- 
mens persistent (withering). Ovaries compound, 1-celled, with the Styles 
and Stigmas variously parted, cleft, or united. Seeds go in the capsule, 
albuminous. Embryo minute. 

• stamens 5. Styles distinct. Seeds on the valves of the capsule Dkost.r.\. J 

• Stamens 10— 15. Styles united. Seeds all at thfr base of the cell.. DioNy?:A. 3 



Order 18.— ELATINACE^. 51 



V 



1. DROSSRA, L. Sundew. {/JpodoS, dew ; from the dew-like se- 
cretion.) Sep. 5, united at base, persistent. Pet. 5. Stam. 5. Sty. 3 — 5, 
each 2-parted, the halves entire or many-cleft. Caps. 3-o-valved, 1-celled, 
many-seeded. (2) or U Small marsh herbs. Lvs. covered with reddish, 
glandular hairs, secreting a viscid fluid. Flowers in a raceme on a slender 
scape which is at first coiled, uncoiling as the flowers open. 

" * Scapes 4 — 6 times as long as the spreading leaves Nos, 1-3 

* Scapes 1 — 2 times as long as the ascending leaves Nos. 4-6 

1 D. rotundlfolia L. Lvs. orbicular, abruptly contracted into the hairy petiole ; fls. 

white. (2) A curious little plant, in bogs and muddy shores. Scapes 6 — 9', 6-9-flow- 
ered. Leaves 1—2', glistening as with dew-drops. June — Aug. 

2 D. capilla.ris Poir. Lvs. obovate, cuneiform at base, the petioles naked ; flowers 

purple ; scape erect. (2) Marshes, S. Car. to Fla. Scapes 3 — 12', 6-12-flowered. May. 

3 D. "brevifolia Ph. Lvs. cuneiform-spatulate, forming a small, dense tuft (l-' diam.) ; 

petioles very short, hairy ; flowers few, rose-colored. (2) N. Car. to Fla. 2—5'. 

4 I>. longifolia L. Lvs. spatulate-oblong or obovate, ascending, alternate, tapering 

at base into a long, smooth petiole ; scape declined at base ; pet. wh. 7l 4-T'. Lvs. 2-3'. 

5 D. linearis Goldie. Lvs. linear, obtuse ; petioles elongated, naked, erect ; scapes 

few-flowered, about the length of the leaves (3') ; calyx glabrous, much shorter than 
the oval capsule ; seeds oval, smooth. 7i Borders of lakes, North. White. 

6 D. filiformis Eaf. Lvs. filiform, very long, erect ; scape nearly simple, longer than 

the leaves, many-flowered; petals obovate, erosely denticulate, longer than the glan- 
dular calyx ; style 2-parted to the base, u "Wet sand. If. Purple. 

2, DIONJEA, L. Yentjs' Fly-trap. (One of the names of Venus.) 

Stam. 10 — 15. Sty. united into 1, the stigmas many-cleft. Caps, breaking 

irregularly in opening, 1-celled. Seeds many, in the bottom of the cell. 

U Glabrous herbs. Lvs, all radical, sensitive, closing convulsively when 

touched. Scape umbelled. 

"D. mnscipula Ell.— A very curious plant. Sandy bogs in Car. Lvs. rosulate, lamina 
roundish, spinulose on the margins and upper surface, instantly closing upon insects 
and other objects which light upon it. Scape 6 — 12', with an umbel of 8 — 10 white 
flowers. April, May. t 



Order XYIII. ELATINACE^. Water Peppers. 

Herbs small, annual, with opposite leaves and membranous stipules. 
Flowers minute, axillary. Sepals 2 — 5, distinct or slightly coherent at base, 
persistent. Petals hypogynous, as many as the sepals. Stamens twice as 
many as the petals, anthers introrse. Ovaries 2-6-celled. Stigmas 2 — 6, capi- 
tate ; placenta in the axis. Fruit capsular. Seeds numerous, exalbuminous. 

ELATINE, L. Mud Purslane. Fls. 2-, 3-, or 4-parted, symmetrical, 
all the parts distinct except the united ovaries. Stig. sessile. ^ Very small 
plants growing in mud, with minute, axillary, sessile flowers. 

1 E. Americana Am. Stems creeping, difi"use, in patches ; branches ascending 1—2' ; 

leaves wedge-obovate, 2", obtuse ; flowers 2-parted, rarely 3-parted ; seeds 6—8. 

2 E. Clintoniana (Peck). Stems erect, 4", in very dense tufts, from matted roots ; 

lvs. spatulate, i" ; fls. 2-parted ; seeds slightly curved. Sand Lake, N. Y. (C. H. Peck). 



52 Ordek 19.— caryophyllace^. 

Order XIX. CARYOPHYLLACExE. Pinkworts. 

Herbs with swollen joints, opposite, entire leaves, and regular %/ (rarely 
\/) flowers. Sepals persistent. Petals often unguiculate, or bifid, or 0. 
Stamens distinct, twice as many as the sepals, or fewer. Torus often some 
developed, separating the whorls. Styles 2 — 5, ovary 1. M'uit a 1-5-celled, 
1 - oo-seeded pod. opening by teeth or valves. Embryo curved around tlie 
albumen. Figs. 6, 41, 44, 45, 56, 131, 276, 330, 456. 

§ Stipules present, dry (0 in No. 17). Calyx open. Petals sessile, minute, or 0. Tribe III. . .(7i) 
§ Stipules 0. — a Calyx a tube including the long claws of the petals. Pod 00-seeded. TribeI...(c) 
— a Calyx open. Petals sessile (rarely in No. 10). Pod 3- 00-seeded. Tribe II... (e) 
— a Calyx open, white. Petals 0. Styles 3. Pod 3-celled. Tribe IV... Mollugo. 18 

I. SILENE.^. — c Calyx with scale-like bractlets at base. Styles 2 Diantuus. 1 

— c Calyx bractless. — d Styles 2 Saponaria, 2, or Gypsophila, 2^- 

— d Styles 3. Pod 6-toothed when open Silene. 3 

— d styles 5. Pod 10-toothed or 5-valved Lychnis. 4 

II. ALSINE.iE. — e Petals erose-denticulate at the end. Styles 3 Holosteum. 5 

— e Petals 2-parted (sometimes wanting in No. 7). . .(/) 

/ styles 5. Capsule opening at the top by 10 teeth, Cerastium. 6 

/ Styles 3. Capsule opening to the base by half-valves Stellaria. 7 

— e Petals entire (often wanting in No. 9)... (.7) 

.7 Styles 3, or if 5, opposite to the sepals. (No. 6 or) Arenaria. 8 

g Styles 4, opposite to the 4 sepals. Stamens 4 Mcenchia. 9 

g Styles 4 or 5, and alternate with the sepals Sagina. 10 

m. ILLECEBRE.iE.— A Styles or stigmas 3-^5. Pod several-seeded. Pet. colored... (7.) 

7c Leaves opposite.—? Flowers axillary, solitary Spergularia. 11 

—7 Flowers in terminal clusters Stipulicida. 12 

/.; Leaves whorled.— m Styles 5, pod 5-valved Spergula. 13 

— m Styles 3, pod 3-valved Polycarpon. 14 

— h Styles or stigmas 2 or 1. Utricle 1-seeded. ..(n) 

n Sepals distinct or nearly so, greenish Paronychia. 15 

n Sepals united into a tube below, white above Syphonychia. 16 

ji Sepals united into an urn below, green above Scleranthus. 17 

1. DIANTHUS, L. Pink, Calyx tube cylindrical, striated, with 2 or 
more pairs of imbricated scales or bracteoles at base. Pet. 5, with long 
claws, limb irregularly notched. Stam. 10, styles 2, recurved. Capsule 
cylindrical, 1-celled, 4-valved at top. Beautiful Oriental plants, every- 
where cultivated. Figs. 6, 131, 276. 

§ Bracts loug-pointed, equallinf? the calyx tube (dry, obtuse, No. 2) Nos. 1 — 4 

§ Bracts mucb shorter than the calyx tube Nos. 5 — 7 

1 D. Armeria L. Wild Pink. Leaves linear-subulate, hairy ; flowers aggregated, 

fascicled ; bracteoles erect, lance-subulate. (I) Sandy fields, E. 1— 2f. Flowers 
small (6" broad), pink-red sprinkled with white. August. § Europe. 

2 U. prolifer L. Slender, strict, smooth ; Ivs. linear, erect, 1 — 2' ; bracts dry, ovate, 

covering the calyx and pod ; pet. small, pink ; fl. mostly but 1, Penn. (Porter). § Eur. 

3 I>. BABBATUS. Swect- William, or Bunch P. Leaves lanceolate ; flowers in dense 

cymes ; bracteoles erect, ovate-subulate. % Europe. IK- Eed-white. May — July. 

4 D. Chinensis. Leaves lance-linear; flowers solitary; bracteoles spreading, linear. 

(2) China. If. Evergreen, not glaucous. Flowers large, variegated. 

5 I>. CARTOPHYLLUS. Camation P. Glaucous ; leaves linear ; flowers solitary ; bract- 

lets very short, ovate ; petals very broad, crenate. if England. 2— 3f. Fragrant. 

6 I>. PLUMARius. Pheasanfs Eye. Glaucous ; flowers solitary ; bracts ovate, acute ; 

petals many-cleft, hairy at throat. 'K Europe. White-purple. June— August. 

7 I>» SUPERBUS. Leaves linear-subulate, green ; cymes fastigiate ; bracts ovate, mu- 

cronate ; petals pinnatifid-fringed. 2| Europe. White-roseate. July, August. 



OiiDEii 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 50 

2, SAPONARIA, L. Soapwort. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without 
bractlets. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsules ob- 
long, 1-celled. Flowers in cymous panicles. July, August. Fig. 45. 

§ Calyx tube oblong, neither angled nor veined. (Saponaria.) No. 1 

§ Calyx tube ovoid, 5-angled, at length 5- winged, very smooth. (Vaccakia.). . .No. 2 

1 S. oilicina,lis L. Bouncing Bet. Lvs. lanceolate ; pet. crowned, if 2f. White. § 

2 S. Vaccaria L. Lvs. lance-ovate : lis. cymous, pale red. ®lf. Waste grounds, § 

21. GYPSOPHILA, L. Gypsum Pink. Sepals half united into a 
bell-form calyx. Pet. scarcely clawed. Caps, globular, 1-celled, 4-valved. 
— Neat, free-flowering exotics. Flowers panicled. June — Sept. Europe. 

1 G, ELEGAi^s. Lvs. lance., thick; pan. loose, forked; pet. notched, wh. or pink. If. (i) 

2 O. MURALis. Low, diffuse, with linear Its. and a profusion of pinkish small fls. (I) 6'. 

3 G-. PANicuLATA. Tall ; lvs. lance-lin. ; fis. minute, numerous, white, in filiform pan. 2f 

4 G. Steveni. Lvs. lance-lin., keeled; fls. white, in corymbs, fine for bouquets. 7i 2f. 

3. SILENE, L. Casipion. Catch-fly. {Silenus was a drunken god 
of the Greeks, covered with slayer as these plants are with a viscid secre- 
tion.) Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at the base, 5-toothed ; pet. 
5, unguiculate, often crowned with scales at the mouth, 2 or many-cleft, or 
entire ; sta. 10 ; styles 3 ; capsule 3-celled, opening at top by 6 teeth, many- 
seeded. Figs. 41, 56, 330. 

§ Acaulescent, low, tufted. Petals crowned. Perennial No. 1 

§ Caulescent.— Petals fringe-cleft, white or rose-color, crownless. Perennial. Nos. 2 — 4 

— Petals bifid or entire. — Calyx inflated, veiny. Perennial Nos. 5, 6 

— Calyx close on the pod. (*) 

* Flowers spicate, alternate. Upper leaves linear, lower spat. Annual. . .Nos. 7, 8 

* Fls. not spicate.— Petals pale, closed in sunshine. Upper lvs. linear. . .Nos. 9, 10 

—Petals red, purple, &c.,— bifid Nos. 11, 13 

—entire Nos. 13—15 

1 S. acatills L. Moss Campion. Low, moss-like ; lvs. linear (6^0 ; ped. solitary, short, 

1-fld. ; calyx bell-shaped ; pet. obcordate, crowned. 2; White Mts. 1 — 3'. Purp. Jl. 

2 S. stella.ta Ait. Erect, pubescent ; lvs. in whorls of 4's, oval-lanceolate, acuminate; 

cal. loose and inflated ; pet. fimbriate. 2; Can. to Car. and W. 2— 3f. White. July. 

3 S. ovata Ph. Erect, puberulent; lvs. opposite, lance-ovate, acuminate; cal. ovate, 

not inflated ; pet. raany-cleft, crownless. u Car. Ga. 3f. White. July. 

4 S. Baldwinli Nutt. Weak, hairy ; lvs. obovate-spatulate ; calyx not inflated ; pet. 

cuneiform, divaricately fimbriate, if Ga. Fla. If, Fls. 2', roseate. April. 

5 S. nivea DC. Minutely puberulent, erect, subsimple ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acu- 

minate ; fls. few, solitary, leafy ; cal. inflated ; pet. 2-cleft, with a small bifid crown ; 
caps, shorter than its stipe, li Penn. to 111. Rare. 2f. Fls. few, white. July. 

6 S. mfla.ta Smith. Bladder Campion. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate; 

fls. in cymous, leafless panicles, drooping ; cal. ovoid-globular, much inflated ; caps, 
on a short stype. n Fields. 2f. White. July. § 

7 S. quinquevM.ln.era, L. Villous; spike somewhat one-sided; cal. very villous; 

pet. roundish, entire, crowned. @ S. Car. If. Pet. crimson, with a pale border. § 

8 S. noctsirna L. Lvs. pubescent; fls. small, appressed to the stem in a dense l-sided 

spike ; cal. cylindrical, smoothish ; pet. narrow, 2-parted. (T) Ct. to Pa. Rare. 2f. Jl. § 

9 S. Antirrliina L. Snap-dragon Caicli-fiy. Sticky in spots; lvs. lanceolate, acute; 

fls. few, on slender branches; cal. ovoid ; pet. emarginate. ©Waste pi. l^f. Fls. r. 
/3. linhria. Very slender ; lvs. aU linear ; cal. globular. Ga. and Fla. 

10 S. noctiflorsl L. Viscid-pubescent; lower lvs. spatulate ; cal. cj'^lindrical, teetb 
Hibulate, very long ; petals 2-parted. (T) Cult, grounds. Flowers large, white. § 



54 Order 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE.^. 

lis. Virginica L. Slender, erect, branching; root-lvg. spatulate, caiiline oblong- 
lauceolate ; flowers large, cymous, cal. large, clavate ; pet. bifid, broad, crowned, if 
Woods, Pa. to Til. and S. 1— 2f. Red. June. 

12 S, rotundilolia Nutt. Decumbent, branching; Ivs. thin, roundish-oval; fls. sol 
itary, very large ; calyx cylindric-campanulate ; petals bifid and toothed, deep scarlet, 
crowned, n Rocks, W. States. Rare. June— August. 

13 S. regia Sims. Splendid Catch-fly. Scabrous, somewhat viscid; st. rigid, erect; 
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; cyme paniculate ; pet. oblanceolate, entire, erose at the end ; 
sta. and stig. exserted. 2; O. to 111. and S. 3— 4f. Bright scarlet. June, July. 

1 4: S. Pennsylvanica Mx. ^yild Pink. St. clustered, low, ascending ; Ivs. spatu- 
late or cuneate, of the stem lanceolate ; cyme few-flowered ;. pet. slightly emarginate, 
subcrenate. u Dry soils, N. Eng., S. and W. 6—10'. Fls. pink-red. June, 

1 5 S, Armeria L. Garden Catch-fly. Very smooth, glaucous ; st. branching, glu- 
tinous below each node ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; flowers in flat cymes ; pet. obcordate, 
crowned ; cal. clavate, 10-striate. (i) 12—18'. July, September, t § 

4. LYCHNIS, L. {Avx^o'i, a lamp; from fancied resemblance or use.) 
Cal. tube bractless, 10-veined, limb 5-lobed. Pet. 5, entire. or cleft, often 
crowned. Stam. 10. Styles 5. Caps, more or less 5-celled at base, open- 
ing by 5 or 10 teeth. Handsome exotics, cultivated or §. 

§ Agrostemma. Calyx limb of 5 leafy, deciduous lobes exceeding the petals No. 1 

§ Lychnis 2»'C7;e?'. Calyx limb of 5 persistent lobes shorter than the petals. . .(a) 

a Fls. dioecious. Petals 2-lobed, white or purplish. Escaped from culture No. 2 

a Fls. all perfect.— 6 Petals 2-lobed or entire Nos. 3, 4 

—b Petals 4-parted or laciniate Nos. 5, 6 

1 li, Gitliago Lam. Corn Cockle. St. forked ; Ivs. linear, hairy ; fls. few, large, dull 

purple ; seeds large, blackish. (T) Fields. 2 — 3f. A handsome weed. July. § 

2 1j. diwrna L. Stem forked and panicled ; fls. f, ?; pet. half-2-cleft ; pod ovoid or 

subglobous. @ Rare in cultivated grounds. 2f. June — August. § Eur. 

3 li. coRONARiA DC. 31ullei7i Pink. Pose Campion. Villous; stem dichotomous ; ped. 

long, 1-flowered ; petals broad, entire. % Italy. 2f. Purple, &c. 

4 li. Chalcedonica L. Scarlet Lychnis ov Sweet William. Smoothish ; fls. fasciculate ; 

calyx cylindric-clavate, ribbed ; petals 2-lobed. u Russia. 2f. Scarlet. 

5 Ii. Floscucult L. Bagged Pobin. Fls. fascicled; cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed ; pot. 

in 4 deep, linear segments. 2f Europe. 1— 2f. Flowers pink. 

6 li* CORONATA L. Chinese Lychnis. Fls. terminal and axillary, 1 — 3 ; calyx rounded, 

clavate, ribbed ; petals laciniate. li. 1— 2f. Flowers large, red, &c. 

5. HOLOSTEUM, L. ( OXoi, all, o6r£ov, bone ; by autiplirasis, as 

the plant is no bone, but soft.) Sep. 5. Pet. 5, erose-denticulate at the end. 

Stam. 3 — 5, rarely 10. Styles 3. Caps. 1-celled, QO-seeded, opening by 6 

teeth. Fls. white, in an umbel. 

H, umbellatum L. Lvs. smooth and glaucous, oblong, sessile ; ped. long, terminal, 
viscid, pedicels reflexed after flowering. (1) Fields : rare. C. § Eur. 

6. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. {Ke'pa?, a horn; 
from the resemblance of the capsule.) Sep. 5, ovate, acute. Pet. 5, 2-cleft 
or lobed. Stam. 10, rarely few^er. Styles 5, opposite to the sepals. Cap- 
sule cylindrical or ovoid, elongated, opening at top by 10 teeth, co-seeded. 
Flowers cymous, white. Fig. 44. 

§ Petals about as long as the sepals Nos. 1, 2 

§, Petals much longer than the sepals Nos, 3, 4, 5 



Okder 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 55 

1 C. vulgatum L, Hairy, caespitous ; Ivs. obovate or ovate, obtuse, attenuated at 

base ; fls. in subcapitate clusters ; sop. acute, longer than the pedicels ; stam. often 5. 
(i) Fields and waste grounds. 6—12''. June— Aug. § 

2 C. viscosum L. Hairy, viscid, spreading; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute ; fls. 

in loose cymes ; sep. obtuse, scarious on the margin and apex, shorter than the pedi- 
cels, n Fields and waste grounds. 5 — 9'. Plant gi-eener. June— Aug. 

3 C. arvense L. Pubescent ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute ; cyme on a long, terminal 

peduncle, 4-flowered ; petals more than twice longer than the calyx ; capsule scarcely 
exceeding the sepals. U Rocky hills. 4 — W. May— Aug. 

4 C. oblougifolium Torr. Villous, viscid above ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate ; flowers 

numerous, in a spreading cyme ; pet. twice as long as the sepals ; capsule about twice 
as Jong as the calyx, u Rocky places. Rare. 6 — 10'. Fls. large. April— June. 

5 C. nutans Raf. Yiscid-pubescent, erect; Ivs. lanceolate; fls. many, diff'usely cy- 

mous, on long, filiform, nodding pedicels ; pet. nearly twice as long as the calyx ; cap- 
sule a little curved, nearly thrice as long. ® Low grounds. 8 — 12'. May. 

7. STELLARIA, L. Star Chickweed. (Lat. siella, a star; from 

the stellate or star-like flowers.) Sep. 5, connected at base. Pet. 5, 2-parted, 

rarely 0. Stam. 10, rarely fewer. Styles 3, sometimes 4. Caps, ovoid, 1- 

celled, valves as many as styles, 2-parted at top. Sds. many. Small herbs in 

moist, sbady places. Fls. in forked cymes or axillary, small, wh. Fig. 456. 

§ Stems haiiy mostly in lines, leafy to the top. Leaves broad Nos. 1, 2, 3 

§ Stems all glabrous, — a leafy to the top. Petals sometimes wanting Nos. 4, 5, 6 

—a leafless above, with scarions bracts Nos. 7, 8, 9 

1 S. media Smith. Lvs. ovate ; st. procumbent, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line ; 

pet. shorter than the sep. ; stam. 3 to 5 or 10. ® A common weed. April — Nov. 

2 S. prostrata Baldw. Lvs. ovate, the lower on long petioles ; sts. procumbent, pu- 

bescent ; fls. on long pedicels ; pet. longer than sepals ; stam. 7. (i) Ga. Fla. Mar. Ap. 

3 S. piibera Michx. Stem ascending, pubescent in 1 lateral or 2 opposite lines ; lvs. 

oblong, acute, sessile ; pet. longer than the white-edged sep. u Pa. S. and W. Apr. Jn. 

4 S. uniflora Walt. Smooth, erect from a prostrate base : lvs. linear-subtilate, remote ; 

ped. long, 1-flwd. ; pet. obcordate, twice longer than cal. (2) Swamps, S. 10 — 12'. May. 

5 S. borealis Bw. Smooth,weak ; lvs. veinless, lance-oblong; ped. at length axillary, 

1-flwd. ; pet. 2-parted (often 0), as long as calyx, ii Wet shades, N. Eng. to Wis. 6—15'. 

6 S. crassifolia Ehrh. Sts. weak ; lvs. linear-oblong, thickish ; pet. longer than the 

cal., or ; sds. roughened. Wet rocky places, Ky. and N. (Sagina fontinalis Sh.& Pet.) 

7 S. nliginosa Murr. Decumbent; lvs. lauce-oval and oblong, veiny ; cymes lateral, 

sessile, leafless ; sep.3-veined, as long as the bifid pet. if. Springs, Md. toN. H., and W. 

8 S, longipes Goldie. Smooth and shining ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, broadest at base ; 

ped. erect, filiform, cymous ; sep, with membranous margins, shorter than the petals. 
U Me. to Mich, and N. June, 

9 S. long'ifolia Muhl, Lvs. linear ; cyme terminal, naked, at length lateral, the pedi- 

cels spreading ; petals longer than the calyx. 21 Common. July. 

\ 

8. ARSNARIA, L. Sandwoiit. (Lat. arena, sand, in wliich most 

species grow.) Sep. 5, spreading. Pet. 5, entire, or notched, rarely 0. 
Stam. 10, rarely fewer. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite to as many 
sepals. Capsule 1-celled, oo-seeded, opening by valves or half-valves. 
Slender herbs, mostly tufted, with white flowers. (The following sections 
have sometimes been regarded as genera.) 

§ Arenaria. Caps, splitting into 6 half- valves. Lvs. acute. Seeds naked Noe. 1, 2 

§ McERi.vGiA. Caps, as above. Lvs. and sep. obtuse. Sds. strophiolate No. 3 



56 Order 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

§ IIoNKENTA. Caps. Splitting into 3 (—5) valves. Disk large, 10-lobed No. 11 

§ Alsine. Capsule splitting into 3 entire valves. Disk inconspicuous . . (a) 

a Sepals 3 or o-veined, acute, or acuminate Nos. 4, 5, 6 

a Sepals veinless, obtuse.— & Leaves rigid, subulate, imbricated No. 7 

— b Leaves soft, opposite, spreading Nos. 8, 9, 10 

1 A. serpyllifolia L. St. dichotomous, spreading; Ivs. ovate, acute, subciliate ; 

pet. shorter than the acute sep. ; pod ovate. ©Sandy pi. 2 — 5'. Lvs. 2— 3'^ Jn.-Ang. § 

2 A. diffusa Ell. St. long, diffuse ; Ivs. lance-ovate, acute at both ends ; ped. 1-flwd. ; 

pet. oval, much shorter than the calyx, or 0. 2i Moist woods, S. 2 — 5f. Apr. June. 

3 A. lateriflora L. Upright, slightly pubescent ; Ivs. oval, obtuse; ped. lateral, 2 to 

3-flwd. ; seeds (strophiolate) appendaged at the hilum. if Damp shades, N. 6 — 10^ Jn. 

4 A. i)atula Mx. Sts. divaricately branched, very slender; Ivs. linear-filiform, obtuse ; 

petals emarginate. (i) Cliffs, Va. and Ky. 6 — 10'. June — July. 

5 A. Pitclieri T. & G. Erect, fastigiately branched, almost glabrous ; Ivs. linear, ob- 

tuse, flat ; pet. entire, twice as long as the 5-veined sepals. (T) Tenn. and W. 3— fr'. 

6 A. stricta Mx. Glabrous, diffuse ; st. branched from the base ; Ivs. subulate-linear, 

rigid, so fascicled in the axils as to appear whorled ; cymes few-flowered, with spread- 
ing branches, if Sterile grounds. 8 — 10'. May, June. 

7 A. squarrosa Mx. Csespitous ; stem few-flowered ; lower leaves squarrous-imbri- 

cate, crowded, upper ones few, all subulate, channelled, smooth ; petals obovate, 3 
times longer than the sepals, u Barrens, L. I. to Ga. 6—10'. April— Aug. 

8 A. Greeiilandica Spr. Csespitous ; sts. numerous, filiform ; Ivs. linear, flat, spread- 

ing; ped. 1-flwd.. elongated, divaricate. 2f HighMts. N. 3'. Fls. 8", numerous. Jl.Aug. 

9 A. brevifolia N. Erect (not tufted), few-leaved ; stems many, filiform ; Ivs. minute, 

few, remote, ovate-subulate ; sepals oblong. (I) Rocks, Ga. 2 — 4'. May. 

10 A. glaljra Mx. Csespitous, glabrous ; sts. filiform ; Ivs. linear setaceous, spread- 
ing; sep. oval, veinless, half as long as the petals, of Mts. S. 4 — G'. Fls. 6". July. 

11 A. peploides L. Sts. creeping, Avith upright branches, tufted ; Ivs. ovate, fleshy, 
half-clasping; fls. small, the veinless sepals exceeding the petals, u Coast. If. May. 

9. MCENCHIA, Elirli. (Dedicated to Mmnch, a German botanist.) Sep. 

4, as long as the 4 entire petals and opposite to the 4 styles. Stam. 4. Caps. 

ovoid, not exceeding the calyx, opening by 8 teeth, oo-seeded. (i) Low, 

smooth, glaucous. Flowers white. 

M, quaternella Ehrh. — Dry places, Md. Stems simple, 2 — 3', with 1 or 2 flowers. 
Leaves lance-linear, acute. Apr. May. § Eur. (Sagina erecta L.) 
/ 

10. SAGINA, L. Pearl WORT. (Lat. sagina, food or nourishment ; 

badly applied to these minute plants.) Sep. 4 or 5. Pet. 4 or 5, entire, 
often 0. Stam. as many or twice as many as the sepals. Styles 4 or 5, al- 
ievnate with the sepals, but the valves of the pod are opposite. Diminutive 
herbs with linear leaves and small white flowers. 

* Petals 0, or 4, and much shorter than the 4 sepals. Stam. 4 Nos. 1, 2 

* Petals 5, equalling or much exceeding the 5 sepals. Stam. 10 Nos. 3, 4 

1 S. prociiini"bens L. Procumbent, glabrous ; pet. about half as long as the roundish, 

obtuse sepals, sometimes ; Ivs. linear-filiform, n. Damp, N. 3 — 4'. June. 

2 S. apetala L. Erect, puberulent ; pet. very minute, or none ; sep. oblong, acute ; 

Ivs. linear-subulate. (T) Sandy, N. Y., N. J. and "W. Stems filiform, 2 — 4'. May, Jn. 

3 S. siilmlata Wimmer. Smooth or puberulent, tufted ; Ivs. filiform-linear, mucro- 

nate, shorter than the erect ped. ; pet. 5, as long as the ovate, obtuse sep., rarely 0. @ 
Sandy, S. 2— G'. Lvs. 6". March, AprU. (S. Elliottii Fenzl.) 

4 S. nodosa Fenzl. Tufted, ascending, glabrous; lvs. subulate, the upper very short 

and fascicled ; pet. much longer than the sepals, if Sandy shores, N, < 



OiiDER 19.— CARYOPHYLLACEJE. 57 

11. SPERGULARIA, Pers. Sand Spurry. (Name derived from 
Spergula.) Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire. Stam. 2 — 10. Styles 3. Caps. 3-valved, 

c»-seeded. — Herbs low, spreading, with narrow opposite leaves and sca- 
rions stipules. Flowers red or rose-colored. 

1 S, rubra Presl. Decumbent, divaricately branched, slender; stip. triangular-acu- 

minate ; Ivs. linear ; sep. lanceolate, with scarious margins ; pet. as long, pink-red ; 
seeds rough, marginless. % Sandy, near the coast. 3—6'. May— October. 

2 S. marina. Plant thick and fleshy ; caps, a third longer than the calyx, with the 

seeds nearly smooth and mostly margined. Otherwise like No. 1, and pei-haps not 
distinct. U Salt marshes. May— October. (Arenaria, L.) 

12. STIPULIOIDA, Michx. (Lat. stipula, cmdo; tlie stipules being 
much cleft.) Sep. with scarious margins. Pet. 5, as long as the sepals, en- 
tire. Stig. 3, subsessile. Caps, subglobous, 3-valved, few-seeded, (i) A 
slender, tufted, dichotomously branched herb, almost leafless, with the 
small flowers in terminal cymules. 

S. setacea Mx.— Dry sand, Ga. Fla. Stems almost setaceous, 6— lO'. Joints distant, 
with a fringe of leaves and stipules Y^. Eoot leaves roundish, V\ Fls. reddish. May. 

13. SPERGULA, L. Spurry. (Lat. spergo, to scatter ; from the dis- 
persion of the seeds.) Sep, 5. Pet, 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. 
Caps, ovate, 5-valved, seeds go. Embr3''o coiled into a ring. (T) Herbs 
with fls, in loose cymes. Leaves verticillate.- Stipules scarious. 

S. arvensis L. Lvs. filiform ; ped. reflexed in fruit ; sds. reniform, angular, rough. 
Cultivated grounds. 1— 2f. Lvs. 1—2'', many in a whorl. May— August, § 

14. POLYOARPON, L. All-seed. {UoXvi, much, naprto^, fruit; 
the pods are many.) Sepals 5, carinate. Pet. 5, emarginate. Stam. 3 — 5. 
Style short, 3-cleft. Caps. 3-valved, ® Low, diffuse, with whorled lvs. 
P. tetrax>liylluiti. L, Lvs. spatalate or oval, tapering to a petiole, some of them in 

whorls of 4; stam. 3. Around Charleston, S. Car, 3—6'. Lvs. 3— 5'^ Fls. minute. § 

15. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Kailwort. (Uapa, with ovv^, the 

nail; ^. e., the whitlow; supposed cure for.) Sep. 5, linear-oblong, conni- 

vent, mucronate or awned near the apex. Pet. or sterile filaments very 

narrow and scale-like, or none, Stam. 2, 3, or 5. Stig. 2, with the styles 

more or less united into 1. Utricle 1-seeded. Low herbs dichotomously 

branched, with scarious, silvery stips., and at least the lower lvs. opposite. 

§ Paronychia. Sepals evidently awned at apex. Lvs. linear and subulate Nos. 1, 2 

§ Antchia (Mx. partly). Sep. merely mucronate at apex. Lvs. lanceolate to oval.(*) 

* Stems procumbent, diflfuse on the ground. Stamens 5 Nos. 3, 4 

* Stems erect, with diffusely ascending branches. Stamens 2 or 3 Nos. 5, 6 

1 P. dicliotoina Nutt. Glabrous, densely branched ; lvs. acerose, mucronate; bracts 

like the leaves ; cymes fastigiate, with no central flower ; sepals 3-veined, cuspidate. 
Ti Rocks, Va. to Car. and Ark. 6-12^ Lvs. V. July— November. 

2 P. argyrccoma Nutt. Pubescent, tufted, decumbent ; lvs. linear, acute ; cymes 

glomerate, terminal ; fls. enveloped in dry, silvery bracts ; sep. hairy, 1-veined, seta- 
ceously cuspidate. 2f Mts. N. H. Va. to Ga. 4—10'. Lvs. 6—10'''. July. 

3 P. lierniarioid.es Nutt. Scabrous, diffusely branched; lvs. oval or oblong, mu- 

cronate ; the ramial alternate. Fls. sessile in the axils of the leaves ; sep. 3-veined, 
merely mucronate. u Sand, S. Small, flat. Lvs. 1—3". July— October. 



58 Okder 20.— PORTULACACE^E. 



4 P. Baldvvinii Cliapm. Diffusely branched, procumbent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 

very acute, all opposite ; flowers longer than the setaceous stipules, mostly terminal, 
stalked ; stam. 5. (T) Dry fields, Fla. Ga. 6—10'. Lvs. few. July— Oct. 

5 P. Canadensis, Stem er6ct, slender, pubescent, many times forked, with slender 

or capillary branches ; lvs. lanceolate, the ramial alternate ; style none ; utricle equal- 
ling the sepals. (T) "Woody hills. 
/3. puniila. Dwarf (2 — 4'), tufted ; fls. closely sessile ; style as long as ovary, forked 
at apex. Dry hills, Md. (Mr. Shriver.) 

16. SIPHONYCHIA, Torr. and Gr. (:S/^&3k, a tube; that is,Anychia 
with a tubular calyx.) Sep. linear, petaloid above, coherent into a tube 
below, unarmed. Pet. 5 setj© alternate with the stamens on the throat of 
the calyx. Style filiform, minutely bifid ; utric\e included, (i) Diffuse and 
widely spreading. Fls. in glomerate, terminal cymes, white. Jn. — Oct. 

§ Calyx tube bristly with hooked hairs. Stems prostrate, diffuse Nos. 1, 2 

§ Calyx smooth or merely pubescent. Stems erect ISTos. 3, 4 

1 S. Americana T. & G. Sts. pubescent in lines ; lvs. lanceolate; sep. rounded, in- 

curved at apex ; fls. solitary and clustered. ® S. Car. to Fla. 1 — 2f. Lvs. small. 

2 S. diffusa Chapm. Pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate, obtuse ; sep. linear, mucronate ; fls. 

in dense cymes. (T) Pine-barrens, Fla. If. 

3 S. erecta Chapm. Sts. smooth, rigidly erect, subsimple ; lvs. linear ; sep. lanceolate, 

tube smooth, furrowed, u Sands, Fla. 6—12'. 

4 S. Kugelii Chapm. Erect, dichotomous, pubescent ; lvs. oblanceolate ; sep. conspic- 

uously mucronate, the tube hairy. ® E. Fla. If. (Paronychia, Shutt.) 

17. SCLERANTHUS, L. Knawel. CSHXt/poi, hard, av^oi; the 

calyx hardens in fruit.) Sep. 5, united below into a tube contracted at the 

orifice. Pet. 0. Sta. 10, rarely 5 or 2. Styles 2, distinct. Utricle very 

smooth, enclosed in the hardened calyx tube, (i) A prostrate, diff'use little 

weed, exstipulate. 

S, a.nnnus L. Dry fields and roadsides, N. and M. 3—6'. Lvs. linear, acute, short, 
partially united at their bases. Fls. very small, green, in axillary fascicles. July. 

18. MOLLUGO, L. Carpet-weed. Calyx of 5 sepals, inferior, united 
at base, colored inside. Cor. 0. Sta. 5, sometimes 3 or 10. Fil. setaceous, 
shorter than and opposite to the sepals. Anth. simple. Caps. 3-celled, 3 
valved, many-seeded. Seeds reniform, Lvs. at length apparently verticil- 
late, being clustered in the axils. 

M. verticillata L. Lvs. cuneiform, acute; st. prostrate, branched; pedicels 1-flow- 
ered, subumbellate ; sta. mostly but 3. (T) Dry fields. 6—10'. White, 

Order XX. PORTULACACE^. Purslanes. 

Herbs succulent or fleshy, with entire leaves, no stipules, and regular 
flowers. Sepals 2, united at base. Petals 5, more or less imbricated. Sta- 
mens variable in number, but opposite the petals when as many. Ovaries 
free, 1-celled. Styles several, stigmatous along the inner surface. Fruit a 
pyxis, dehiscing by a lid, or a capsule, loculicidal, with as many valves as 
stigmas. Seeds with a coiled embryo. 



1 



Okdek 23.— MALVACE^. 59 

* Stamens 8—20, perigynous. Capsule opening by a lid (a pyxis) Portdlaca. 1 

* Stamens 10 — 30, hypngjTious Capsule opening by valves Talinuat. 2 

* Stamens 5, each on the base of a petal. Capsule S-valved Claytonia. 3 

* Stamens 4 — 15. Capsule 3-vaIved. Leaves alternate Calandrixia. 4 

1. PORTULAOA, Toiirn. Purslanes. Sep. 2, tlie upper portion 
deciduous. Pet. 5 (4 to 6), equal. Stam. 8 — 20. Style 3-6-parted. Pyxis 
opeuing near the middle, GO-seeded. Low, fleshy herbs. 

1 I», oleracea L. Stems reddish, prostrate ; leaves cnneate. (i) Cultivated grounds, 

especially gardens. If. Plant very smooth, succulent. FIs. small, yellow. June— Aug. 

2 P. GRANDiFLOKA. Upright ; Ivs. linear, acute ; fls. large, rose-pui-ple. (i) S. Am. 8'. 

3 P. GiLLESii. Upright ; Ivs. short, terete, blunt ; fls. large, deep purple. ® S. Am. 

\ 

2. TALINUM, Adans. Sep. 2, ovate, deciduous. Pet. 5, sessile, in- 
serted with the 10 — 20 stamens into the torus. Style tilfid. Caps. 3-valved, 

oo-seeded. — Herbs fleshy, smooth. 

T. teretifolium L. Stem short, thick, with crowded linear Ivs. at the ends of the 
short branches, with long (60 terminal, naked peduncles, bearing a cyme of purple, 
ephemeral flowers, u Eocks, Penn. to Ga. June — Aug. 
/ 

3. CLAYTONIA, L. Spring Beauty. (In memory of John Clayton, 

one of the earliest botanists of Virginia.) Sep. 2, ovate or roundish. Pet. 
5, emargined or obtuse. Stam. 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Stig. 
3-cleft. Caps. 3-valved, 2-o-seeded. — Small, fleshy, early flowering plants, 
arising from a small tuber. (Stem with 2 opposite leaves.) 

1 C Caroliiiia.ua Mx. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; sep. and pet. obtuse, ic Moist woods. 

Stem 3', bearing 2 (rarely 3 or 4) leaves ; root leaves few ; fls. white, with purple lines. 

2 C. Virginica L. Lvs. linear or lance-hnear; sepals rather acute ; petals obovate, 

mostly emarginate or retuse ; ped. slender, nodding, i; In low, moist grounds, more 
common than the first, the 2 opposite leaves 3—5' long. Flowers roseate. 

4. OALANDRINIA, H. B. K. {Calandrini was an Italian botanist.) 
Sep. 2. Pet. 3 — 5. Stam. 4 — 15, mostly hypogynous. Style short, stig. 3. 
Caps. 3-valved. — Herbs of Chili and California, smooth, with alternate 
leaves and purple flowers. 

1 C. GKANDiTLORA. Leaves rhombold ; raceme terminal. % Chili. If. Fls. near 2'. 

2 C. SPEciosA. Leaves linear-spatulate ; flowers axillary. (D Cal. W. Fls. 1' broad. 

Order XXIII. MALVACE^. Mallows. 

Herls or slirvhs with alternate, stipulate leaves and regular flowers, with 
5 sepals united at base, valvate in the bud, often subtended by an involucel; 
5 petals hypogynous, convolute in the bud, with the stamens ao monadel- 
phous, hypogynous, and 1-celled reniform anthers. Pistils several, dis- 
tinct, or united, and stigmas various. Fruit a several-celled capsule, or a 
collection of 1-seeded indehiscent carpels. Seeds with little or no albumen^ 
and a curved embryo. 

§ Calyx naked, i. e., having no involncel. (V) 
g Cnl5rx involucellate. — Carpels (and styles) more than 5. (a) 
—Carpels 3 to 5 only,- 1-seeded. (c) 

—Z— CX-seeded. (<i) 



60 Order 23.— MALYACE^. 

a Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded Alth^a. 1 

a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Stigmas linear Malva. 2 

a Involucel of 3 united bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded Lavatera. 3 

a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded Modiola. 4 

a Involucels (of 2 or 3 distinct bractlets). Carpels 1-seeded. Stig. capitate Malvastucm. 5 

b Flowers dioecious. Stigmas 10, linear Nap^a. 6 

5 Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or more, 1-seeded , Sida. 7 

5 Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or many, 3 to 9-seeded Abutilon. 8 

c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, baccate, united Malta viscus. 9 

c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, dry, distinct Pavonia. 10 

c Stigmas 5. Carpels 5, dry, united into apod Kosteletzkta. 11 

d Involucre of many bractlets. Calyx regular Hibiscus. 12 

d Involucre of 3 incisely-toothed bractlets Gossyfiujt. 13 

\ 

1. ALTH^^A, L. Marsh Mallow. {"JA^gd, to cure; the mucilagi- 
nous root is liigMy esteemed in medicine.) Calyx surrounded at base by a 
6-9-cleft involucel. Styles oo, with linear stigmas. Carpels oo, 1-seeded, 
indehiscent, arranged circularly, and at matuiity separating from the axis. 

1 A. officinalis L. Lvs. eoft-downy on both sides, cordate-ovate, dentate, somewhat 

3-lobed ; ped. much shorter than the leaves, axillary, many-flowered, u Salt marshes, 
North. 3f. Flowers large, pale purple. Sept. § Eur. 

2 A. rosea Cav. EbUy/iock. St. erect, hairy ; lvs. cordate, 5-7-angled, rugous ; fls. ax- 

illary, sessile, (g) Gardens, often sowing itself. 6f. Flowers of all colors. § 

2. MALVA, L. Mallow. {MaXaxr}, soft; on account of the soft 
mucilaginous properties.) Calyx 5-cleft, the involucel 3-leaved. Pet. 
obcordate or truncate. Styles oo, with linear stigmas. Carpels oo, 1- 
celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly, and at maturity sepa- 
rating from the axis. 

* Leaves triangular-hastate, crenate, scabrous. Carpels acute No. 1 

* Leaves orbicular, with 5 — 7 angular lobes. Carpels obtuse Nos. 2 — 4 

* Leaves palmately 5-7-parted Nos. 5—7 

1 M. triangulata Lav. Eough-hairy ; lvs. triang.-hastate, crenate ; the lower cor- 

date ; panicle many-flowered ; carp. 10 — 15, slightly beaked, at length 2-valved. u Dry 
prairies, W. and S. 2— 3f. Petals l'', purple. July, Aug. (Callirrhoe triang. Gr.) 

2 M. rotundlfolia L. Low Mallow. St. prostrate ; lvs. obtusely 5-lobed ; cor. pale, 

twice as long as the calyx. U Waste grounds. If. June, July. § Eur. 

3 OT. sylvestris L. High Mallow. St. erect ; lvs. 5-7-lobed, lobes rather acute ; pet. 

purple, 3 times longer than sepals. (2) Waysides. 3f. June, July. § Eur. 

4 M. cvispa L. St. erect ; lvs. angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth ; fls. axillaiy, 

sessile, white. ® Gardens and waste grounds. 5f. June— Aug. § Syria. 

5 M» moscliata L. Musk Mallow. Erect ; radical lvs. reniform, incised, cauline 5- 

parted, the segments linear-cuneiform, incisely lobed ; peduncles shoi-ter than the 
leaves, n Gardens and waysides, 2f. Flowers large, roseate. July. § Eur. 

6 M. A'lcea L. Erect ; rt. lvs. angular ; st. lvs. 5-lobed, the lobes merely incised ; stem 

and calyx velvety. Of Escaped from gardens : rare. 3f. Fls. purple. July, t § Enr. 

7 M. Papaver Cav. Po2'>py Mallow. Lvs. 3-5-parted, segm. oblong or linear, entire 

or toothed ; fls. on very long peduncles ; bracteoles 1—3, subulate, n Open woods, 
South. 12—18'. Flowers bright red. May, June. (Callirrhoe Papaver Gr.) 

3. LAVATERA, L. (Named m honor of the two Lavaters, physicians 
of Zurich.) Calyx subtended by an involucel of 3 united bracteoles. 
Stigmas oo, filiform. Carpels oo, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged 

circularly as in Malva. 

l(, TRiMESTRis. Annual; lvs. roundish-cordate, the upper angular ; fls. large, red, soli- 
tary. Europe. 2f. The flowers vary to white. July, Aug. 



Order 23.— MALVACE^. 61 

4. MOmOLA, Mosnch. (Lat. modiolus^ a certain measure ; from the 
fancied reseml)lance of the fruit to a basket.) Calj'x 5-cleft, with an in- 
vohicel of 3 hractlets at base. Stigmas 15 — 20, capitate. Carpels same num- 
ber, 2-secdecl, transversely 2-celled, 2-valYed. (X(D Prostrate, with cleft 
leaves and small flowers. 

M. xnultifida Moench. Lvs. roundish, cordate, .3 — 5 cleft; segm. cut-tootlied ; pad. 
soon longer than the petioles, u Car. Ga. and W. 1— 2f. Fls. 6'', red. July, Aug. 

5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. (Name altered from Malxa.) Involucel 
of 1 — 3 leaves, or 0. Styles 5 — 20. Stigmas capitate. Carp. 5 — oc , often 
beaked or awned, each 1-seeded. 

1 I?J. aiigtiStntn Gr. Branched, erect, hairy; lvs. lanceolate, with bristle-form stip. ; 
invol. bristleform ; carps. 5, dehiscent, (i) S. Car. Ga. If. Fls. yellow. (Sida, Ph.) 

2 M. tricuspida-tum Gr. Shrubby ; rough-hirsute ; lvs. ov.-oblong ; stip. lanceo- 
late ; invol. S-leaved; carp. 10 — 12, 3-awned at apex, u S. Fla. If. Yellow. 

6. NAP.SIA, Clayt. {Nditrj, a wooded valley between mountains, 

where Clayton discovered the plant.) Involucel none. Calyx 5-toothed ; 

fls. dioecious. Styles 6 — 8, with filiform stigmas. Carpels as many, 1-seeded, 

indehiscent, beakless, circularly arranged, if Tall, with large, palmately 

divided leaves and small white flowers in leafy panicles. 

N. dloica L.—Eocky thickets, Pa. Ya. to 111. Stem weak. 4 — 6f. Leaf segm. 5 — 11, 
lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. Flowers 4 — o". August. 

7. SIDA, L. Involucel 0. Fls. perfect. Calyx 5-cleft. Styles 5 or 
more, with the stigmas capitate or truncate. Carp. 5 — oo, 1-seeded, finally 
separable. Herbs or shrubs, mostly tomentous. 

* Leaves palmately parted. Flowers rose-white. Carpels beaked Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves undivided. Flowers red or yellow.— a Cai-pels 5 or 7 . . / Nos. 3, 4 

—a Carpels 10—12 Nos. 5—8 

\ 

1 S. Napjea Cav. Nearly glabrous; lvs. palmately 5-lobed, lobes oblong, acuminate, 

coarsely-toothed ; ped. many-flowered ; carpels 10, acuminate-beaked. U Woods, 
Penn. to Va. 3f. Fls. 8'^. White. July. 

2 S. alcaeoides Mx. Strigous-pubescent ; lvs. palmately 5-7-parted, the segments 
laciniate ; fls. corj'mbed, terminal ; carp. 10, acute. % In barren oaklands, Tenn. Ky. 
1 — 2f. Fls. nearly as large as in the Musk Mallow. (Callirrhoe alcaeoides Gr.) 

3 S. spiuosa L. St. rigid ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, with, a spinous tubercle at 
the base of the petiole ; stip. setaceous, shorter than the petioles or axillary pediui- 
cles ; carp. 5, birostrate. (2) Sandy, M. and W. 8 — 16'. Yellow. July. § 

4 S. ciliaris Cav. St. prostrate ; lvs. elliptical, obtuse ; stip. setaceous, and calyx 
ciliate ; carp. 7, tipped with 2 spines ; fls. red. li S. Fla. 

5 S. stipiilata, Cav. Smoothish ; leaves rhombic-lanceolate, dentate ; stip. subulate, 
longer than the petioles, persistent ; carpels 10 — 12, pointed witb 2 short spines. % 
Sandy soils, S. 18'. Pet. 5", yellow. July. (S. hispida C-B.) 

6 S. Ellicttii Torr. & Gr. Lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse at base ; ped. 1-flowered, a little 
longer than the petioles '; caps, truncate, u Sandy soils, S. 3f. Yellow. 

7 S. rliombifolia L. Leaves rhombic-oblong, serrate, cuneate and entire at base ; 
ped. much longer than the petioles ; caps. 2-beaked. (T) S. Car. to Fla. 2f. Yellow. 

8. ABUTILON, Dill. Indi.in Mallow. Calyx 5-cleft, without an in- 
volucel, often angular. Styles 5 to 20, with capitate stigs. Carps, as many, 
arranged circular]}'-, each 1-celled, 3 to 6-sceded, and opening l)y 2 valves. 



62 Order 23.— MALVACEAE. « 

§ Herbaceous. Lvs. ovate, crenate, acuminate, velvety. Fls. erect Nos. 1, 2 

§ Shrub. Leaves 3-5-acuminate-lobed. Fls. pendulous No. 3 

1 A. Avicennae Gsert. Tomentous ; Ive. roundish, cordate ; ped. shorter than the long 

petiole ; carp, about 15, inflated, 2-beaked, 8-seeded. (i) Waste places. 3f. Yel. Jl. § 

2 A. HulseaiiUMi Torr. Pilous-hispid: lvs. roundish; ped. 3-5-flo\vered ; carpels 

about 12; fls. near 2' broad, light purple. Fla. Lvs. small, whitish beneath. 

3 A. STRIATUM. Tassel-Tree. Shrub \\'ith maple-like lvs. and tasselform fls., the column 

exserted. Greenhouse. 5 — lOf. Orange-red, scarlet-veined. Brazil. 

4 A. VEXiLLARiuM. Shrub with long, slender, drooping branches ; leaves lance-ovate, 

coi'date, crenate-serrate ; flowers droop on filiform stalks, cylindric ; calyx scarlet, 
corolla golden yellow, column exserted. Greenhouse. Flowers all Winter. 

9. MALVAvisCUS Drummondii. Glue Mallow. Shrub 4f, with 
showy, erect, axillary scarlet flowers. luvolucel of many bractlets. Pet. erect. Styles 
10, with capitate stigmas. Fruit fleshy. Leaves roundish, cordate, angularly 3-lobed, 
coarsely crenate-toothed. Column long-exserted. § About N. Orleans. 

10. PAVONIA, L. (Latin pavo, peacock ; suggested by tlie colors.) 

Involucel of 5 or more bracteoles. Calyx 5-cleft. Carpels 5, half as many 

as the branches of the style, l-seecled. Stig. capitate. Fruit dry. 5 

P. liecontii T. & G. Shrubby; lvs. sagittate-oblong, obtuse, hoary-tomentous be- 
neath ; bractlets 5 ; carpels blunt, rugous. 5f. Ga. (Mr. Jones), rare. Fls. 18'' diam,, 
rose-white, with a deep purple centre. (P. Jouesii C-B.) 

11. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (In honor of KosieletzJcy, a German bot- 
anist.) Calyx, involucel, styles, &c., as in Hibiscus. Fruit a 5-celled, de- 
pressed capsule, with a single seed in each cell. 

K., Virginica Presl. Lvs. acuminate, cordate, ovate, dentate, upper and lower ones 
undivided, middle 3-lobed ; ped. axillary, and in terminal racemes ; fls. nodding, pis- 
tils declinate. u Marshes, L. I. to Ga. 3f. Fls. 2y, rose-red. Aug. 

12. HIBISCUS, L. Calyx 5-cleft, subtended by an involucel of many 
bractlets. Column long with the stamens lateral and the 5 stigmas capitate. 
Fruit a 5-celled capsule, loculicidal, the valves bearing the partitions in the 
middle. Seeds 3 or many in each cell. 5 if Flowers large and showy. 
Plants often cultivated. 

§ Hibiscus 2Jro2Jer. Calyx equally 5-cleft or toothed, persistent. . . (a) 

% Abelmoschus. Calyx tube in flowering split down to the base on one side. .Nos. 12, 13 

a Shrubs and trees. Leaves undivided, ovate, &c. Stip. persistent Nos. 9— 11 

a Herbs. — b Calyx, «fec., tomentous. Lvs. undivided, angularly lobed Nos. 1, 2, 3 

—6 Calyx, &c., hispid. Leaves palmately divided Nos. 4, 5 

— b Calyx, &c., glabrous. — c Leaves strongly 3-5-lobed Nos. G, 7 

— c Leaves ovate, undivided No. 8 

1 H. lUEosclieiitos L. Simple, erect, hoary-tomentous ; lvs. ovate, obtusely dentate, 
some 3-Iobed ; ped. long, often cohering with the petiole ; pod and seeds smooth ; 
sepals abruptly pointed. Brackish marshes. 4 — Of. Fls. C/ diam., roseate. Aug. 
p. Havescens, Fls. larger (pet. 4' long), of a light sulphur-yellow, with a purple 
centre. Marshes, Indiana to Fla. (H. incanus Wendl.) 

3 H, grandiflorus Mx. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, repand-dentate, downy both sides, 

hoary beneath ; pods densely hirsute. S. andW. 5 — 7f. Pet. 4|-'', flesh-color. Jl.-Oct, 

4 H. aculeatus Walt. Prickly-hispid ; lvs. 3-5-lobed, repaud-toothed ; bractlets of 

the involucel linear, forked at the end ; eep. red-veined. S. 3— 5f. Fls. 4^', y-p. Jn. + 



OiiDER 24.— TAMARISCINE^. 63 

5 H. Trionum L. FIower-of-an-Hour. Hispid ; leaves 3-partecl, middle segments 

long, all siuuatc-lobed ; bractlets entire ; calyx inflated, membranoiiK ; flowers yel- 
lowisn, dark-brown centre, ephemeral, numerous. Fields and gardens. § Italy. 

6 H. militairis Cav. Glabrous ; leaves hastately 3-lobed, lobes acuminate, serrate ; 

corolla tubular-campanulate ; capsules smooth, ovoid-acuminate ; seeds hairy. 2t 
Penn., S. and W. 4f. Petals flesh-color, purple at base, 3'. July, August. 

7 H. coccineus Walt. Very smooth ; Ivs. palmate, 5-parted, lobes lanceolate, acu- 

minate ; corolla expanding ; caps, ovoid. U South. 6f. Flowers 6', scarlet. July, Aug. 

8 H. Carolinianus Muhl. Smooth ; Ivs. cordate, ovate, acuminate ; ped. free from 

petiole ; pet. downy inside, purple, 4'; pod globular. U Wilmington IsL, Ga. (Elliott). 

9 H. Syriacus L. Althcea. Tree Hibiscus. Lvs. ovate, cuneiform at base, 3-lobed, 

dontate ; ped. scarcely longer than petiole. Fls. wh.-purp. or roseate. 8— lof. § Syria. 

10 H. Floridanus Shutt. . Hispid; lvs. ovate-cordate, obtuse, small; fls. pendulous 
on long peduncles, scarlet or crimson ; stamens exserted. S. Fla. 4— 5f. Fls. V. 

11 H. RosA-SiNENSis. Chinese H. Shrub with very smooth ovate pointed lvs. coarsely 
dentate at end ; fls. very large, dark red, varying to bufi", yellow, striped, and double. 

12 H. ESCULENTUS. Okrtt. Lvs. cordate, 5-lobed, obtuse, dentate ; petiole longer than the 
fl. ; involucel about 5-leaved, caducous. (J) 5f. Cult, for its large, mucilaginous pods. 

1 3 H. Matstihot. Lvs. divided into 5 — 7 linear, pointed, few-toothed lobes ; bractlets 
of the involucel 5 — 7, persistent. 71 China. 4f. Fls. sulph. -yellow, purp. centre. Jl. + 

13. GOSSYPIUM, L. Cotton Plant. Calyx obtusely 5-tootlied, 
suiTouncled by an involucel of 3 cordate leaves, deeply and incisely toothed. 
Stamens very numerous, lateral. Stigmas 3, rarely 5, clavate. Seeds Qo, 
Involved in cotton. Flowers yellow. Fig. 201. 

1 G. HERBACEUM. Leavcs 3-5-lobed, with a Single glaud below, lobes mucrouatc ; seeds 

brownish, cotton white. (D of. Cultivated South. Yellow. 

2 G. Barbadense. Sea Island C. Leaves with 3 glands on the mid-vein below; seeds 
black, cotton white, long and silky, (g) Coasts, South. Planted in Autumn. 

Order XXIV. STERCULIACE^E. Silk Cottons. 

Large trees or shrubs with simple or compound leaves, with flowers 
similar to those of the Mallow, except that the anthers are 2-celled and 
turned outward. Fruit capsular, of 3, rarely 5 carpels. 

* Involucel 0. Petals 0. Carpels 5. Stamens 10— 20, all fertile, monadelplious. .Sterculia. 

* Involucel 0. Petals 5, long-clawed. Carpels 5. Fertile stamens 5. S. Fla. .Ayenia j5«si/?.i. 

* Involucel 3-leaved. Petals 5. Carpel 1. Stamens 5, all fertile. S. Fla Walthkria .^niertViwa. 

\ 

1. STEROULIA, L. Calyx 5-lobed, sub-coriaceous. Stam. monadel- 

phous, united into a short, sessile cup. Anth. adnate, 10, 15, or 20. Carp. 

5, distinct, follicular, 1-celled, 1 - oo-seeded. — Trees with axillary panicles 

or racemes. 

S. PLATANiFOLXA L. Lcaves cordate at base, palmately 3-5-lobed, smooth ; calyx rotate, 
reflexed, greenish, in clusters. Cultivated South. 30f. Japan. A handsome tree. 

Order XXIV. his. TAMARISCINEJE. Tamarisks. 

Shrubs or herbs with minute, scale-like leaves, dense slender racemes of 
small 4-5-parted flowers. Stamens definite, hypogynous. Styles 3. Capsules 3* 
valved, 1-celled, oo-seeded. ASfeif'ff.s with a coma. Albumen 0. Embi^yo strn.\ght 



C)4 Ommn 2(5.— CAMELLIACE.E. 

V 

TAMARIX Gallica. Characters mainly as given in the Order. Pet. 
and sta. 5. A beautiful shrub, lOf, with viro:ate branches, bearing numerous exceedingly 
delicate racemes of flesh-colored fls. Lve. lance-subulate, clasping. Eur. Nearly hardy 

Ordeh XXy. TILIACE^. Lindenblooms. 

Trees or shrubs (rarely Jiei'bs) with simple, stipulate, alternate, dentate 
leaves, Tvith floicers axillary, hypogynous, usually perfect and pol3'-adel- 
phous ; with the sepals 4 or 5, deciduous, valvate in bud, the petals 4 or 5, 
imbricated. Stamens oo, with 2-ceiled, versatile anthers. Ovary of 2 — 10 
united carpels^ and a compound style. Fruit dry or succulent, many-celled, 
or 1-celled by abortion. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

1. CORCHORUS, L. Sep. and pet. 4 or 5. Stam. oo, rarely as few 

as the petals. Style veiy short, deciduous, stig. 2 to 5. Caps, roundish or 

siliquose, 2-5-celled, many-seeded. 5 Flowers yellow. 

C siliquosus L. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, equally serrate, 4 times longer 
than the petioles ; caps, siliquose, linear, 2-valved. La. to Fla. Flowers 4-mcrou3. 

2. TILIA, L. Linden or Levie Tree. Calyx of 5, united sepals, 
colored. Cor. of 5, oblong, obtuse petals, crenate at apex. Stam. oo, 
somewhat polj'adelphous, each set (in the K. American species) with a 
petaloid scale (staminodium) attached at base. Ov. superior, 5-celled, 
2-o\Taled. Caps, globous, by abortion 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. "5 Lvs. cor- 
date. Fls. cymous, cream- white, with the peduncle adnate to the vein of 
a large leaf-like bract. 

§ Staminodia 5, petaloid, opposite the petals. Leaves mucronate-serrate Nos. 1, 2 

§ Staminodia none. Stamens scarcely cohering No. 3 

1 T. Americana L. Bass-wood. Lvs. broad cordate, unequal at base, acuminate, 

coriaceous, smooth, and green on both sides ; pet. truncate or obtuse at apex ; sty. as 
long as the petals. Woods, N. and M. States. TOf. June. Timber valuable. 
i3. Wdlierf. Lvs. pubescent (but green) beneath. A large tree. Va. to Fla. 

2 T. lieteropliylla Vent. White Bass-ivood. Lvs. obliquely subcordate, scarcely 

acuminate, white and velvety beneath, shining, and dark green above ; pet. obtuse, 
crenulate ; sty. hairy at base, longer than the petals. River banks, W. 40f. 
/3. alba, Lvs. whitish and minutely tomentous beneath, serratures fine and long- 
mucronate. Ky. and South along the mountains. 80f. 

3 T. EuB0P.^A L. Lime Tire. Lvs. suborbicular, obliquely cordate, abruptly acumi- 

nate, serrulate, twice as long as the petioles, glabrous except a woolly tuft in the 
axils of the veins beneath. Parks. 40f. t Eur. 

Order XXVI. CAMELLIACE^. Camellias or Teaworts. 

Ti^ees or shrubs with alternate, simple, feather-veined, exstipulate leaves. 
Floicers regular, polyandrous, hypogynous, cyanic, with sepals and petals. 
imbricated, the former often unequal in size. Stamens more or less cohe- 
rent at base into one, three, or five sets. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds few, with 
little or no albumen. Cotyledons large. 

§ Calyx of many imbricated sepals. Stamens moiiadelphous Camellia. 1 

§ Calyx simple. — Stamens united at the base into one set Stuartia. 2 

— Stamens in 5 sets, adhering to the base of the petals Gokdonia. 3 



Order 27.— MELIACE^E. 65 

V 

1. CAMELLIA, L. Tea Rose. Tea, Sepals many, imbricated, tlie 
inner ones larger. Fil. go, shorter than the corolla, united at base, some 
of the interior free. Styles united. Stigmas 3 — 5, acute. ^ +) 

1 C. Japonica L. Jcqmn Rose. Leaves ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, glabrous and 

shining ; flowers terminal, solitary ; petals obovate ; stamens 50 (mostly transformed 
to petals) ; stigmas 5-cleft. Tree in Japan, here a beautiful greenhouse shrub. 

2 C (Thea) Bohea. Shrub 4f ; Ivs. elliptic-oblong, acute, some rugous, twice as long as 

broad ; flowers axillary, v/hite. Cultivated throughout China and Japan — rarely here. 

3 C. (Thea) viridis. fihrub 4f ; Ivs. lance-oblong, thrice longer than broad, flat, acute ; 

fls. white, 1' broad. China. The leaf of these shrubs, variously cured, is the Bo/iea, 
BiacJc, Green, or Imperial Tea. 

2. STUARTIA, Catesby. Sepals 5 (or 6), ovate or lanceolate. Petals 
5 (or 6), obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous at base. Capsules 
5-celled, 5- or 10-seeded, seeds ascending. J) Leaves large, deciduous ; 
flowers showy, fragrant, axillary, nearly sessile. 

% Stvahtia i)?vper. Styles united. Capsule globous. Seeds lenticular No. 1 

§ Malachodendron. Styles distinct. Capsule ovoid. Seeds margined No. 2 

1 S» Virginica Cav. Leaves oval, acuminate, thin, serrulate, downy beneath ; sepals 

roundish : pet. white ; fil. purple, anth. blue. Va. toFla. and La. 6 — 12f. Apr., May. 

2 S, pentagyna L'Her. Leaves ovate, acuminate ; sep. lanceolate : one pet. smaller 

than the othei's, all cream-white ; capsules 5-augled. Ky. to Ga. 10— 15f. June, Jl, 

3. GORDONIA, Ellis. Loblolly Bay. Sepals 5, roundish, strongly 

imbricated. Pet. 5. Sta. 5-adelphous, one set adhering to each petal at 

base. Styles united into one. Caps, woody, 5-celled. Seeds 2 or more in 

each cell, pendulous. ^ With large, white, axillary, pedunculate flowers. 

§ GoR'DONiA pj'oper. Stam. inserted on a 5-lobed cup, as short as the style No. 1 

§ Franklinia. Stam. inserted on the pet. at base, longer than the style No. 2 

1 G, HiasianSliiis L. Leaves coriaceous, perennial, glabrous, shining on both sides, 

lance-oblong; peduncles half as long as the Ivs. ; fls. 3'. S. 70f. July, August. 

2 G. i>ul)esceiis L'Her. Leaves thin, serrate, deciduous, oblong-cuneiform, shining 

above, canescent beneath ; fls. on short peduncles ; sep. and pet. silky. S. 30f. May. + 

Order XXVII. MELIACE^. 

Trees or shrubs with exstipulate, often pinnate leaves. Flowers 4r-5-me- 
rous. Stamens 6 — 10, coherent into a tube, with sessile anthers. Disk hy- 
pogynous, sometimes cup-like ; style 1. Ovary compound, several-celled, 
cells 1 — 2-6-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or dry, often 1-celled by abortion. Seeds 
winged or wingless. 

§ MELIE/E. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. Seeds wingless, few (in a fleshy drupe) Melia. 1 

§ SWIETENIE/E. Cells of ovary man3'-ovuled. Seeds winged, many in the capsule. .Swietenia. 2 

1. MELIA, L. Pride op India. {MeXi, honey ; the name was first 

applied to the Manna Ash.) Sep. small, 5, united. Pet. spreading. Sta. 

tube 10-cleft at summit, with 10 anthers in the throat. Ovary 5-celled, 10- 

ovuled. Style deciduous. Drupe with a o-ceUed, bony nut, cells 1-seeded. 

^ With bipinnate Ivs. and panicles of delicate flowers. 

M. AzEDARACH L. Lvs. deciduous, glabrous, Ifts. obliquely lance-ovate, acuminate, ser- 
rate. S. States. 30— 40f. Fol. light ; fls. lilac ; drupes as large as cherries, t W. Ind. 



66 Order 29.— ZYGOPHYLLACE^E. 

2. SWIETENIA Mahogoni, L. Mahogany Tree. A large and 

beautiful tree £jrowin<? in South Florida, Mexico, and the Isthmus. 80— lOOf. The reddish- 
brown ornamental wood i8 well known. Lvs. smooth, abruptly pinnate, with 6 — 10 lance- 
ovate Ifts. Fls. small, j-ellowish, in panicles, 5-parted. Pod size of a goose-eg?, 00-eeeded. 

Order XXYIII. LINAGES. Flaxworts. 

Herbs with entire, simple leaves, and no stipules; -w'lih. flowers regular, 
symmetrical, and perfect, 5-(rarely 3 or 4)-parted. Calyx strongly imbri- 
cated in the bud, corolla contorted. Stamens definite, hypogynous, alter- 
nate with the petals. Styles distinct, with capitate stigmas, and each cell 
of the capsule more or less divided by a false dissepiment into two 1-seeded 
compartments. Seeds with little or no albumen, attached to axile pla- 
centce. Figs. 10, 11, 130, 136, 469. 

LINUM, L. Flax. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5, the latter 

rarely 3. Gaps. 6-10-celled. Seeds 10, suspended, mucilaginous. Herbs 

with a bark of strong fibres, and simple, sessile leaves. 

Flowers yellow, small (2—7" broad). Species (i), native. June — August. . .{a) 
a Sepals entire, 1-veined, as long as the depressed or globous capsule... Nos. 1 — 4 
a Sepals glandular-fringed, longer than the globular-ovoid capsule Nos. 5, 6 

* Flowers blue, large (1' broad). In fields and gardens Nos. 7, 8 

* Flowers large, showy, red or yellow. Garden exotics Nos. 9, 10 

1 li. Virginian uni L. Sts. teretish, erect, corymbous above, branches short, spread- 

ing, terete ; lvs. oblong to lanceolate, mostly scattered ; fls. 4-5' broad ; caps, depressed, 
styles distinct. Woods and hills. 2f. Prof. Porter distinguishes No. 2 from this. 

2 li. striatum Walt. St. striate, often clustered ; branches short, ascending, sharply 

about 4-angled ; lvs. lance-oblong, the lower mostly opp. Fls. and fr. as in No. 1 . Com. 

3 li. simplex Wood. Stem single, terete, corymbed at top, branches subterete ; leaves 

linear-subulate, erect, scattered ; caps, globular ; sty. distinct ; fls. 3", few. S-W. 18'. 

4 Tut difiTiisum Wood. Stems very slender, ascending, with long, filiform, diffuse, an- 

gular branches ; lvs. veiny, lance., spreading, fM-2" ; fls. 2" broad ; pod depressed. W. 

5 li. sulcatum Eiddell. St. and branches sulcate, strict, erect ; lvs. lin., erect ; sep. 3- 

veined, acuminate ; sty. united below. Conn, to 111., and S. 1 — l^f. (L. rigidum C-B.) 

6 Ij. rigidum Ph. Stems low and branches rigidly erect, augular-sulcate ; lvs. linear- 

subulate, erect ; sepals lance-linear, twice longer than the pod. Iowa, Min., and W. 

7 li. usitatissimum: L. Common Flax, (i) Leaves lance-linear; panicle corymbous; 

flowers axillary ; petals crenate. 2f. The strong bark yields linen. § Europe. 

8 li. PEKENNE L. u Leaves linear ; flowers supra-axillary and terminal ; petals retuse, 

light blue. California ! and Europe. Flowers numerous and showy. 

9 li. GRAND IFLORUM. Leaves lance-elliptical ; flowers red ; Styles 5. N.Africa. 10'. 

10 li. TKiGTNUM. Leaves elliptical ; flowers yellow ; Styles 3. E.India. If. 

Order XXIX. ZYGOPHYLLACE.^. Beai? Gapers. 

Herhs^ shrubs, or trees, with leaves opposite, mostly pinnate (not dotted) 
and stipulate. Floicers 4- or o-merous, corolla imbricate or convolute in 
bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, hypogynous, distinct, each often 
with a scale. Ovary compound ; style and stigma 1 • fruit and seeds as in 
Linacese. 



Order 30.— GERANIACE.E. 67 

Herbs. Disk annular, 10-Iobed. Fruit of 5 — 12 indehiscent carpels Tkibulus. 1 

Trees. Disk inconspicuous. Fruit of 2 — 5 dehiscent, 1-seeded carpels Guiacum. 2 

1. TRIBULUS, L. Sep. and pet. 5, imbricated. Stam. 10, the 5 al- 
ternate with the petals placed inside of hypogynous glands. Ov. sessile, 
cells 1-5-seeded, separating into niitlers. — Loosely branched, prostrate 
iierbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Flowers soiitarj^ (yellow). 

1 T. (Kallstrcemia) maxinsus L. Lfts. 3 or 4 pairs. ol:)long or o^al, oblique, the ter- 

minal pair lari^est ; nutlets 10, tubercled, 1-seeded. Ga. Fla. 1— 2f. 

2 T. cistoid.es L. Lfts. 5— 8 pairs, linear-lanceolate, subequal; ped. elongated, with 

one large flower ; nutlets 5, spin}-, 2-5-seeded. Fla. 2f. 

2. GUIACUBI, Plum. Lignu^i-Yit^. Sep. and pet. 4 or 5, decidu- 
ous, imbricated. Stam. 8 — 10. Ovary stipitate, 2-5-celled, cells many-ovuled, 
in fi'uit 1-seeded. ^ +> Wood hard and resinous. Lvs. abruptly pinnate. 
Ped. in pairs, between the stipules, 1-flowered. 

G. sanctnin L. Branches jointed : lfts. 3 or 4 pairs, oblong, oblique, entire, mucro- 
nate ; ped. short ; pet. obtuse, blue. S. Fla. 20f. Bark white. 

Order XXX. GERAXIACEtE. Gera^'ia. 

Herbs or shrubs with perfect, hy^DogATious, sjanmetrical and regular, or 
irregular, 3-5-merous flowers. Stamens as many or twice as many as the 
sepals, often some of them abortive or rudimentary. Carpels as manj'- as 
the sepals, 1-few-seeded, mostly separating from the persistent axis at ma- 
turity. — A large and rather incongruous order, as now constituted (bj' Ben- 
tham and Hooker), including the following tribes, heretofore regarded as 
orders. Figs. 27, 28, 172, 243, 265, 270, Slo^ 350, 497. 

§ Flowers regular. — a Styles 5. Ca.rpels several-seeded. Tribe I. 

— a Style 1. — h Sepr.ls valrate. Fruit beakless. Tjubk II. 
— h Sepals imbricate. Fruit beaked. Tribf. TIT. 
§ Flowers irregrilar. — c Petals perigynous. Stamens 7 or 8. Tridk IV. 

— c Petals hypogynous. Stamens 5. short. Tribe V. 

I. OXALIDE.E. Symmetrical. Stamens 10 -f-. Petals convolute. Pod 5-celled Oxalis. 1 

II. LIMXAXTHE^E.— Symmetrical. Stamens (10 in Li3IXA>'thes, No. 3) 6 in Fl(Eukea- j 

III. GERANIEx'E.— Stamens IO4.. 5 often sterile. Glands between the petals. Fruit a regma. .(e) 

e Stamens 10. all antheriferous. Tail of carpels beardless Geraxitm. i 

e Stamens 5 antheriferous. Tail of the carpels bearded Erodium. 4 

IV. PELARGOXIE.E.— Sepals spurred behind. Glands 0. Stamens declined. .(/) 

/ Spur adnate to the pedicel. Fruit rostrate,— a regnia Pelargonium, o 

/■ Spur free. Fruit not beaked. Carpels 1-seeded, separating Trop-EOLum. 6 

V. BALSAMINE/E.— Sepals spurred behind. Pod opening elastically Impatiexs. 7 

1. OXALIS, L. Wood Sorrel. ('Ocu?, acid: the herbage is sour.) 
Sep. 5, distinct or united at base. Pet. contorted, much longer than the 
calyx. Sty. 5, capitate. Caps, oblong or subglobous. Carp. 5, 1 to seve- 
ral-seeded. Mostly 21, with palmately trifoliate leaves and inversely 
heart-shaped leaflets. Figs. 265, 270, 497. 

1 O. Acetosella L. Acaulescent ; scape longer than the leaves, 1-flowered; leafleta 
broad-obcordate with rounded lobes ; stj'les as long as the inner stamens ; root den- 
tate, scaly, y Woods, Can. and N. States. 6'. Flowers white-purple. June. 



68 OiiDEK 30.— GERANIACEiE. 

2 O. violacea L. -Bulbous at base, acaulescent ; scape umbelliferous ; flowers nod- 

ding ; tips of the calyx fleshy ; styles shorter than the outer stamens. 2; An elegant 
species in rocky woods. 5 — 8'. Flowers violet-purple. May. 

3 O, stricta L. Caulescent ; st. branching ; ped. nmbellifcrous, longer than the peti- 

oles ; style as long as the inner stamens ; flowers yellow. ©Fields. 3 — 9'. Common. 

4 O. FLAVA. Scapes B'', 1-flowered ; leaflets 6—10, linear ; petals yellow, 1' long. S. Afr. 

5 O. ROSEA. Stem erect, 8' ; Ifts. 3, obcordate ; pet. roseate, 1', toothed ; fls. many. Chili. 

6 O. VERSICOLOR. St. 3' ; Ifts. 3, linear, emarginate ; pet. crimson-striped outside. S. Afr. 

/ 

2. FLCERKEA, Willd. False Mermaid. Sep. 3, longer than the 3 

petals. Glands 3. Stam. 6. Ovaries 8, tul)erculate. Style 2-cleft. Fruit 
separating into 3 aclienia. (1) Small aquatics, with pinnately-divided leaves. 

F. proserpinacoitles Lindl. — By streams and lakes, Vt. to Penn., and W. 6—10'. 

Prostrate ; Ivs. alteniate ; If segm. 3 — 5 ; pet. white, shorter than the sepals ; ach. 1 — 3. 

3. LIMNANTHES, Br. Sepals 5, valvate. Pet. 5, convolute, with 5 

glands. Stamens 10. Style 1. Ovary deeply 5-lobed, separating 5 ache- 

nia in fruit. — Herbs with pinnate leaves and cut-lobed leaflets. Summer. 

li, DouGLAsii. Stems low, diftuse, with numerous axillary flowers 1' broad ; petals wedge- 
oblong, yellow, edged with white, notched at the end. California. 
/ 

4. GERANIUM, L. Crane's Bill. Sep. and pet. 5, regular. Stam. 

10, all perfect, the 5 alternate ones longer, and each with a gland at its 
base. Fruit at length separating from the axis into achenia, and up- 
lifted on the smooth curving styles. — Herbs. Ped. l-3-flo\vered. Fig. 172. 

* Petals entire, twice as long as the awned sepals, purplish Nos. 1, 2 

* Petals emarg. or 2-lobed, not longer than the Sep., roseate. May — Aug. . .Nos. 3 — 6 

European perennials, cultivated, hardy, ornamental No. 7 

1 Cr. maculatum L. Stem erect, angular, dichotomous, retrorselj'-pubescent ; leaves 

palmately .3-5-lobed, lobes cuneiform and entire at base, incisely serrate above, radi- 
cal ones on long petioles, u Woods. 2f. Flowers 1', purple. April — June. 

2 G. Robertia.il tirai L. Ilefb Robert. Stems weak, reddish, di3"use, hairy ; leaves 

pinnately 2-parted to the base, the segments piauatifid, and the pinnie incisely tooth- 
ed ; capsule rugous, seeds smooth. (5) Eocky places, Can. to Va. 1 — 2f. Jn. — Aug. 

3 CJ-. Caroliiiiauiim L. Erect, at length difl'use, hairy ; leaves .5-T-parted ; segm. 3- 

lobed, lobes entire or incised ; ped. short, clustered at the ends of branchlets ; sepals 
awned ; fruit hairy ; seeds ohficurely reticulated. ® Hills, dry or rocky. -J— 2f. 

4 G. dissectuin L. Difl'use, pubescent ; Ivs. 5- or T-parted, segm. linear, many-cleft; 

seeds stronghj reticulated. (1) Fields : rare. 6 — 12'. Fruit some hairy. § Europe. 

5 G. piisilliiiM L. Procumbent, puberulent ; Ivs. round-reniform, 7-parted, segments 

3-cleft ; sepals awnless ; seeds smooth. (T) Waste grounds, N. Y., Mass. If. § Eur. 

6 G. coluinibliiiitisi L. Slender, decumbent, with long, filiform flower-stalks ; sep. 

awned, enlarged after flowering ; fr. glab. ; Ivs. and sd. as in No. 4. Penn. (Porter). § 

7 G. SANGtriNETJM. Ercct, diffuse ; leaf-lobes 3-cleft. linear ; ped. 1-flowered ; flowers red, 

large. /3. Lancastriense is prostrate, with smaller (1') purple flowers, very elegant. 
\ 

5. ERODIUM, L'Her. Heron's Bill. Sep. and pet. 5, regular. Stam. 

10, tlie 5 shorter ones sterile. Styles in fruit spirally twisted and bearded. 

E. ciCHtariuni Sm. Diffuse, hairy ; leaves pinnately divided, segments sessile, pin- 
natifld, incised, acute ; ped. several-flowered ; petals equal, red. ® Lake shores, N. 
Y. : rare. In California it is one of the chief forage plants. May, June. § Europe. 

6. PBLARGONIUMj L'Her. Stork's Bill. Geranium. Sepals 5, 



Order 30.— GERANIACE^. 69 

the upper one ending in a nectariferous tube extending down the pedicel. 
Petals 5, irregular, longer than the sepals. Filaments 10, 3 or 5 of 
them sterile. }j or herbs. A large and ornamental genus, chiefly S. Afi'i- 
can, everywhere cultivated. Lower leaves (in plants raised from the seed) 
opposite, upper alternate. Figs. 248, 350. 

§ Filaments 10, the alternate ones bearing anthers. Upper petals larger Nos. 1, 2 

§ Filaments 10, of which 7 bear anthers, and 3 are sterile. . . (a) 

a The 2 upper petals smaller, all scarlet, 1-colored. Shrubby Nos. 3—5 

a Petals nearly equal in size, mostly variegated. . . (p) 

J Stemless. Root tuberous. Leaves laciniate, Flowers brown Nos. 0, 7 

b Stems shrubby.— c Lvs. cordate, palmate, lobed. Flowers small Nos. 8, 9 

—€ Lvs. peltate or cordate, 5-lobed, smooth No. 10 

a Two upper petals longer and broader. Stems shrubby. . . (d) 

d Flowers white, the 2 upper petals striped with red Nos. 11, 12 

d Flowers pui-ple. — e Leaves undivided Nos. 13, 14 

— e Leaves divided below the middle Nos. 15 — 17 

1 P. TKicoLOR. Lvs. lanceolate, cut-dentate ; 3 lower pet. white, 2 upper purp.-blk. 18'. Of 

2 P. CORIANDRIFOLIUM. Lvs. bipinuate ; pet. whitc. Upper purp. -veined. Very large. If. (2) 

3 P. zoNAXE. Ilorse-slioe G. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, slightly lobed, toothed, zoned ; stem 

fleshy, shrubby ; petals cuneiform ; flowers nmbelled. 2 — 3f. Numerous varieties. 
j8. MARGINATUM. Silvcr-cdgcd ; the leaves bordered with white. 

4 P. iNQUiNANs. Lvs. round, reniform, scarcely lobed, crenate viscid ; pet. obov. 2 — 3f. 

5 P. FoTHERGiLLii. Lvs. Tcuifm. , 5-lobed, crenate, zoned ; stip. toothed, ciliate ; pet. obov. 

6 P. TLAVUM. Carrot-leamd Geranium. Lf. lobes many, lin., hairy: fls. brownish-yell. 

7 P. TRisTE. Mourtiing Ger. Lf. lobes lin., acute ; pet. dark-green, obi., obovate. If. 

8 P. FRAGRANS. Nutmeg G. Branches thick velvety, lvs. very soft ; stip. subulate. Fls.w. 

9 P. ALCHEMiLLOiDES. Villous ; Ivs. 5-lobed ; peduncle few-flowered; fls. pink-colored. 

10 P. PELTATtTM. Ivy-Uaxcd G. Br. fleshy ; lvs. more or less peltate ; fls. purplish. 

11 P. GLAUCUM. Glabrous, glaucous; lvs. lanceolate, entire; ped. 1-2-flowered. 3f. 

12 P. GKANDiFLORUM. Glab., glaucous ; lvs. o-lobed, toothed at end ; fls. very large. 3f. 

13 P. BETULiNUM. SmootMsh ; lvs. ovate, unequally serrate : ped. 2-4-flwd. Pale. 3f. 

1 4 P. Watsonh. Lvs. orbicular, cordate, some lobed, dentate ; fls. large, varieg. 3f. 

1 5 P. graveolens. JRose Ger. Lvs. palmately 7-lobed ; lobes toothed, revolute, very 
rough at the edge ; umbels many-flowered, capitate. 3f. Very fragrant. 

16 P. RADULA. Lvs. palmate, rough, lobes narrow, rolled at edge, pinuatifid with linear 
segments ; umbels few-flowered. 3f. Fragrance mint-like. 

1 7 P. QUERCiFOLiuM. Hispid ; lvs'. sinnate-pinnatifid, often spotted, cordate at base. 3f. 

7. TROP.ffilOLUM, L. Indian Cress. Nasturtion. Fls. irregular. 
Sep. 5, produced behind into a free spur. Pet. 5, the 2 upper exterior, dif- 
ferent from the 3 lower. Stamens 8, free, unequal, perfect. Style 1. Ov. 
3-celled, in fruit separating from the short axis into 8 hardened achenia. 
^> Leaves alternate. Stipule 0. Flowers showy. S. Am. 

1 T. MA.TUS L. Nast'urtion. Lvs. peltate, roundish, repand on the margin ; pet. obtuse, 

the 3 lower fringed and long-clawed at base. Flowers orange, scarlet, crimson, &c. 

2 T. MINUS. Smaller, erect ; petals pointed, yellow to white, or variegated. Peru. 

3 T. LoBBiANUM. Leaves peltate, reniform, wavy, fixed near the base ; petals a'enate, 

rounded, the 2 lower fringe-toothed, all shades of red. Columbia. 

4 T. PEREGRiNUM. Canary Bird. Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed, lobes toothed ; spur hooked; 

petals light yellow, 2 of them large and much lobed. A tall climber. 

8, IMPATIENSj L. Touch-me-not. Sepals colored, 4 (the upper 
one double), the lowest saccate and spurred. Petals apparently 2, each 
of them 2-lobed (double). Stamens 5, short, the anthers cohering at 



70 Order 31.— KUTACE.E. 

apex ; caps, often 1-celled by the obliteration of the dissepiments, 5-valved, 
bursting elastically. — Sts. smooth, succulent, tender, subpellucid, with tu- 
mid joints. Lys. simple, alternate, serrate. Figs. 27, 28, 315. 

1 I, pa.Ilida Nutt. Lvs. oblong-ovate ; peel. 2-4-flowerecl, elongated ; lower gibbous 

sepals dilated-conical, broader than long, with a very short, recurved spur ; fls. pale 
yellow, sparingly dotted. ® Wet shades. 3 — 4f. Aug. 

2 1. f ulva Nutt. Lvs. rhombic ovate ; pod. 2-4-flowered, short ; lower gibbous sepal 

acutely conical, longer than broad, with an elongated, closely reflexed spur; fls. deep 
orange, spotted. ® Damp grounds. 2 — 3f. July. 

3 I. BALSAMiNA L. Bolsambie. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate ; ped. 

clustered ; spur shorter than the flower, (i) E. India. Fls. large, white and red. 

Order XXXI. RUTACE^. Rueworts. 

Herbs or generally sJinibs or trees, with the exstipulate leaves dotted with 
transparent glands containing aromatic or acrid oil. Flowers regular, 3-5- 
merous, hjqiogynous, x^erfect or polygamous. Stamens as many or twice as 
many as the sepals. Pistils 2 — 5, separate or united, styles united. Fruit 
capsular or separating into its component, 1-2-seeded caryels. 

§ RUTE-E. Flowers perfect. (Herbs. Stamens 10.). .(a) 

a Petals equal, concave. Capsule 5-lobed Ruta. 1 

a Petals unequal, clawed. Capsules separable Dictamnus. 2 

§ ZANTHOXYLE^. Flowers i ^ $■ (Trees, shrubs) .. (6) 

b Pistils 3—5, separate below. Stamens 3 — 6 Zanthoxylum. 3 

b Pistils 2, united. Samara 2-seeded Ptelea. 4 

1. RUTA, L. Rue. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, united at base. Petals 4 or 
5, concave, obovate, distinct, torus surrounded by 10 nectariferous pores. 
Stamens 10. Capsule lobed, 11 b > mostly European. 

IS. GRAVEOLENS L. Common Bue. Suffruticous, nearly glabrous ; leaves 2 — 3 pinnately 
divided, segm. oblong, obtuse, terminal ones obovate-cuneate, all entire or irregularly 
cleft ; fls. terminal, corymbous ; pet. entire. 3f. Greenish. 

2. DICTAMNUS, L. Fraxinella. Calyx of 5, deciduous sepals ; 
petals 5, unguiculate, unequal ; filaments 10, declinate, with glandular 
dots ; capsules 5, slightly united. 2|: Native of Germany. 

©, ALEUS Willd. St. simple ; lvs. pinnate, the rachis more or less winged ; fls. in a large, 
terminal, erect panicle. — In gardens. 1 — 2f. Fls. showy. 
/3. RUBRA. Fls. purple ; rachis of the leaves winged. 

3. ZANTHOXYLUM, L. Prickly Ash. {^"^av^di, yellowy ^vXov, 
wood.) Sepals 4 or 5, rarely obsolete. Petals 4 or 5. Sta. as many as the 
petals in $, , rudimentary in ? . Pistils 3 to 5, distinct below, with cohe- 
rent styles, in fruit crustaceous, 2-valved, 1 or 2-seeded. J) ^ With sharp 
prickles, pinnate leaves, and small, greenish flowers. 

1 Z. Americaniiin Mill. Prickly; Ifts. 9 — 11, ovate, sessile, equal at base; umbels 

axillary ; sep. obsolete, pet. 5. Woods. 10 — 12f. Flowers before leaves. April. 

2 Z. Carolinia.num Lam. Prickly ; Ifts. 7 — 13, fulcate-lanceolate, very inequilat- 

eral, petiolulate ; panicles terminal ; sep. minute ; bark warted around the prickles. 
S. States. Tree, 20— 40f. Bark intensely pungent to the taste. May. 



Order 34.— SIMARUBACE^E. 71 

p. fruticbsum. Shrub; Ivs. ovate-oblong, scarcely pointed ; ovaries 2. S. 
3 Z, Floridanum N. Satin-wood. Unarmed ; Ifts. 5—7, ? ovate-lanceolate, i el- 
liptical, obtuse ; fls. minute ; carp. 1 — 2, 1-seeded, obovoid. S. Fla, 

4. PTELEA, L. Shrub Trefoil. {TLreXia, the elm-tree ; from tlie 
resemblance of the fruits.) ? 5 5 . Sepals 3 to 6, mostly 4, much shorter 
than the spreading petals. 5 Stamens longer than the petals and alternate 
with them, very short and imperfect in ? . Ovary of 2 united carpels. Stig. 
2. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded samarse, with a broad, orbicular margin. ^ Lvs. 
3-5-foliate. Fls. cymous. 

1 P. trifolmta L. Lvs. 3-foliate, Ifts. sessile, ovate, short-acuminate, lateral ones in- 

equilateral, terminal ones cuneate at base; cymes corymbous; stam. mostly 4 ; style 
short. Kocky places, N. Y. S. and W. 6— Sf. Fls. white, odorous. June. 
/3. mollis. Young branches, petioles and leaves beneath, soft-downy and hoary. S. 

2 P. Baldwinii T. & G. Lvs. glabrous, very small ; Ifts. sessile, oval, obtuse ; stam. 

4 ; stig. sessile. E. Fla. If. Branches numerous and scraggy. Lvs. V. 

Order XXXII. AURANTIACE^. Orangeworts. 

Trees or shrubs^ glabrous, abounding in little transparent receptacles of 
volatile oil, with leaves alternate, 1-3-foliate or pinnate. Flowers regular, 3- 
5-merous. Stamens with flat filaments, distinct or cohering in one or sev- 
eral sets. Ovary compounded of several united carpels. Style 1. Fruit 
(hesperidium) many-celled, pulpy, covered with a thick rind. Albumen 0. 
Cotyledon thick. Figs. 37, 363. 

CITRUS, L. {Kirpior, the citron ; the fruit of one of the species.) 
Sepals and petals in 5's. Anthers 20, or some other and higher multiple of 
5, versatile, the connectile articulated to the filament. Filaments dilated at 
base, polyadelphous. Berry 9-18-celled. 5 b -^ noble E. Indian genus. 
Lvs. 1-foliate, entire, evergreen. Petiole often winged. 

1 C. vulgaris Eisso. Bitter Orange. Petiole winged ; lvs. elliptical, acute, crenu- 

late ; stam. 20 ; fruit globular, with a thin rind and bitter pulp. S. Fla. 15 — 20f. § Asia. 

2 C AuRANTiuM. Sweet Orange. Petiole scarcely winged ; 1ft. oblong, acute, crenu- 

late ; sta. 20 ; fr. globous, with a thin rind and sweet pulp. 30f. 

3 C LiMETTA. Lime. Petioles not at aU winged; 1ft. ovate-orbicular, serrate; stam. 

30 ; fr. globous, with a sweet pulp, and a protuberance at top. 15f. 

4 C LiMONUM. Lemon. Petioles somewhat winged ; sta. 35 ; fr. oblong-spheroid, 

M'ith a thin rind and very acid pulp. 20f. Fr. yellow. 

5 C. DECUMANA. ShaddocJc. Petioles broadly winged ; 1ft. obtuse, emarginate ; fr. 

very large, Avith a thick rind, 15f. Fruit green-yeUow. ^' diam. 

Order XXXIY. SIMARUBACE^. Quassiaworts. 

Trees or shrubs with bitter bark, alternate, exstipulate, pinnate leaves, 
and small, diclinous, regular, hypogynous 3-5-merous flowers. Stamens 
>s many or twice as many as the petals., inserted- on the hypogynous disk. 
Styles 2 — 5. Ovaries 2-5-lobed or carpelled. Fruit 1 — 5 one-seeded 
drupes or samaras. 



72 , Order 36.— ANACARDIACE^. 

§ Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers dicEcious. Styles united. Fruit baccate Simiruba. 1 

§ Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers polygamous. Styles distinct. Fruit a samara Ailanthus. 2 

\ 

1. SIMARUBA, Aubl. Quassia. (Its name in Guiana.) 5 +> 

S. glauca DC. Leaflets 4—8, alternate, entire, obtuse, coriaceous. S. Fla. Tree, 40f. 

2. AIIiANTHUS, Desf. Chinese " Tree-of-Heaven." {Ailanio, its 
name in China.) 2 ^ $ Sep. 5. Pet. 5. $ Stam. 2—3. Ov. 3—5. Sty. 
lateral. Fr. 1-celled, 1-seeded samaras, with oblong margins. $ Stam. 10. 

? Ovaries, styles, and samaroe as in 5 . ^J) Oriental, with odd-pinnate 
leaves. Flowers in panicles. 

A. GLANDULosA Desf. Lfts. glabrous, 21 — 41, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
with 1 or 2 obtuse, glandular teeth each side at base, terminal one long-petiolate. 
Parks, &c. 40— 60f. Flowers greenish, ill-scented. June. 

Order XXXV. BURSERACEtE. Burserids. 

Trees and shrulys abounding in balsam or resin, with exstipulate, com- 
pound, dotted leaves, and small, regular, racemed or panicled flowers. 
Calyx 3-5-cleft. Petals 3 — 5. Stamens twice as many. Ovaries free, 1-5- 
celled. Stigmas 2-5-lobed, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit drupaceous, inde- 
hiscent, rarely capsular. Seeds pendulous, exalbuminous. 

^ Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Stamens 8, hypogynous. Leaves opposite Amyris. 1 

* Flowers polygamous, 4 and 6-parted. Stamens 8 — 10 ; disk crenate. Leaves alternate Bursera. 2 

1. AMYRIS, L. Balm-of-Gilead. {Mvppa, myrrh; from its per- 
fumed gum.) 5 J) Flowers in panicles, white. 

A. Floridana N. Torch-wood. Shrub ; Ivs. opposite, trifoliate, on short petioles ; 
lfts. ovate, obtuse, entire, petiolulate ; drupes small, globular. E. Fla. 

2. BURSERA, L. (To JoacMn Burser, an Italian botanist.) J) 

B. gummifera Jacq. Lfts. 3 — 9, petiolulate, ovate, acum., entire ; fls. racemed. Fla. 

Order XXXVI. AKACARDIACE^. Sumacs. 

Trees or shrubs with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or even milky juice. 
Leaves alternate, simple, or ternate, or unequally pinnate, without pellucid 
dots. Flowers with bracts, commonly dioecious, small. Sepals 3 — 5, united 
at base, persistent. Petals of the same number (sometimes 0), imbricated. 
Stamens as many as petals, alternate with them, perigynous. Ovary 1- 
celled, free. Ovule 1. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry or drupe, usually the 
latter, and 1-seeded. Albumen 0. 

RHUS, L. Sumac. (The ancient name, from Celtic, rhudd^ red ?) 
Calyx of 5 sepals united at base. Pet. -and stam. 5. Sty. 3. Stig. capi- 
tate. Fruit a small, 1-seeded, subglobous, dry drupe. — Small trees or 
shrubs. Leaves alternate, mostly compound. Flowers often, by abor- 
tion, imperfect, greenish. 



OnDEii 37.— SAPINDACE^. 73 

§ Leaves simple. Flowers perfect (or all abortive in cultivation) Nos. 10, 11 

§ Leaves compound. Flowers dioecious. A tree. South Florida No. 9 

§ Leaves compound. Flowers polygamous., .(a) 

a Flowers in clustered spikes irreceding the trifoliate leaves No. 8 

a Flowers in axillary panicles, vMh the 3-13-foliate Ivs. Poisonous Nos. 5 — 7 

a Flowers in terminal thyrses, ■with the 9-31-foliate leaves ... (6) 

h Common petiole winged between the leaflets No. 4 

6 Common petiole not winged Nos. 1 — 3 

1 K. gla.bi*a L. Lvs. and branches glabrous ; Ifts. 11 — 31, lanceolate, acuminate, 

acutely serrate, whitish beneath ; fr. red, with crimson hairs. Thickets and pastures. 
6 — 15f. The fruit hairs are extremely acid, and dye red. June, July. 

2 It. typliina L. Branches and petioles densely villous ; Ifts. 11—31, oblong-lanceo- 

late, acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath ; fruit red, with crimson hairs. 

Rocky soils. 10— 20f. Branches thick, straggling. Drupes acid. Wood yellow. June. 

^. laciniata, Lfts. irregularly gashed ; panicles leafy. Hanover, N. H. (^zcartZ.) 

3 R. pitmila Mx. Procumbent, villous-pnbescent ; Ifcs. 9 — 13, oval or oblong, coarsely 

toothed ; drupes red, silky pubescent. N. Car. to Ga. Branches If high. 

4 R. copallina L. Mountain Sumac. Branches and petioles pubescent ; lfts. 9—21, 

oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, unequal at base, common rachis winged ; fls. in dense 
panicles ; drupes red, hairy. Eocky hills. 2 — 8f. Thyrse sessile. July. 
6 R, venenata DC. Poison Sumac. Dog-wood. Very glabrous ; lfts. 7— 13, oval, ab- 
ruptly acuminate, very entire ; panicles loose, axillary, pedunculate ; drupes greenish- 
yellow, smooth. Swamps. 10 — luf. Flowers green. Very poisonous. June. 

6 R. Toxicodendron L. Poison Oak. Poison Ivy. Erect, or decumbent; lvs. pu- 

bescent ; lfts. 3, broadly oval, acuminate, angular, or sinuate-dentate ; drupes smooth, 
roundish. Thickets, Can. to Ga. Perhaps runs into the next. June. 

7 R. radicans L. Climbing Ivy. Stems climbing by means of innumerable radi- 

cating tendrils ; leaflets ovate, smooth, entire. Ascending trees, 20— 50f. Drupes 
dull white. Stems 1 — 2' in thickness. June. 

8 R. aromatica Ait. Sweet Sum,ac. Lfts. sessile, incisely crenate, pubescent be- 

neath, lateral ones ovate, terminal one rhomboid ; fls. in close aments, preceding the 
leaves ; drupe globous, villous. Copses. 2 — 6f. Flowers yellowish. May. 

9 R. Metopiuni L. Lfts. 3—7, smooth, entire, ovate, acumin. ; drupes smooth. 30f. 

10 R. cotinoides N. Smooth; lvs. oval, obtuse, entire, acute at base, thin, long- 
stalked ; fls. minute, in loose, erect panicles ; drupes smooth. Mts. Car. to Ark. 

1 1 R. CoTiNUS. Ve7ietian Sumac. Smolce-tree. Lvs. obovate, entire, thick ; flowers 
mostly abortive, pedicels diffusely branched and hairy. Italy. 

Order XXXVII. SAPINDACE^. Mapleworts. 

Trees, shrubs, or rarely lierhs, with simple or compound, alternate or 
opposite leaves. Flowers mostly unsymmetrical, often irregular, 4 or 5- 
merous, with the sepals and j:>ete?s both imbricated in the bud, with the 
stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a hypogj'-nous or perigynous disk. Ovary 2 or 
3-celled, and lobed with 1 or 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. Embryo 
mostly curved or convoluted, with little or no albumen. Figs. 100, 224, 
230, 236, 237, 308, 312, 444, 515. 

I. ACERINEjE. — Leaves opposite. Flowers regular, diclinous. Fruit a double samara... (a) 

a Disk annular. Petals 4 or 5 or 0. Leaves simple, lobed Acer. 1 

a Disk obsolete. Petals none. Leaves pinnately compound Negundo. 2 

II. STAPnYLE.(E. — Leaves opposite. Flowers regular, perfect. Stamens 6 Staphylea. 3 

III. HIPPOCASTANE.iE.— Leaves opposite. Flowers Irregular. Stamens 7 jEsCulus. 4 

IV. SAPINDE^. — Leaves alternate. Flowers,polj'gHnio-dioecions.. .('>) 

4 



74 Okder 37.— SAPINDACE^. 

b Petals 5, regular. Ovules solitary. Fruit baccate. Trees Sapindos. i 

6 Petals 5 or 4, regular. Ovules 2 or 3 in each cell. Trees. South Florida Htfelate. 

& Petals 4, irregular. Trees. Kcelreuteria, No. 7 Vines Cardiospermum. € 

i Petals 0. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsules ■winged. Shrub. South Fla Dodon^a. 

1. ACER. Maple. (Tlie ancient ■ name, meaning sharp, vigorous.) 
Fls. polj^gamous. Cal 5 (4-9)-cleft. Cor. 5 (4-9)-peta]led or 0. Stam. 8 
(4 — 12). Sty, 2. Samarse 2-winged, united at base, by abortion 1-seeded. 
Leaves simple, palmately 5 (rarely 3-9)-lobed. 

§ Flowers in dense, umbellate clusters, appearing before the leaves, Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers in pendulous corj-nibs, yellowish, appearing ivith the leaves Nos. 3, 4 

§ Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing afte)' the leaves. . .(a) 

a Shrubs or small trees, native. Leaves 3-lobed Nos. 5, 6 

a Large trees, exotic, cultivated. Leaves 5-7-lobed Nos, 7, 8 

1 A, rubriim L. Heel Maple. Swamp Maple. Lvs. cordate, acutely and incisely 

toothed, the sinuses acute, glaucous beneath ; ped. elongated in frait ; pet. linear- 
oblong ; ovaries and fruit smooth. Swamps. 30 — 80f. Flowers red. April. 
|3. tridens, Lvs. 3-lobed, rounded at base ; flowers yellowish. N. J. to La. 20f. 

2 A. dasycarpuin Ehrh. White Maple. Lvs. truncated at base, unequally and in- 

cisely toothed, Avith obtuse sinuses, white and smooth beneath ; fls. greenish, with 
downy ovaries ; petals ; fruit divergent. Woods. 50f. Mar. April. 

3 A, saccliarlnuiii L. Sugar Maple. IiOcJc Maple. Lvs. subcordate at base, acu- 

minate, remotely toothed, with rounded and shallow sinuses, glaucous beneath ; fls. 
pedunculate, pendulous. Rocky hills, N. 40 — 70f. A noble tree. 

4 A, nigrum Ms. Black Maple. Sugar Tree. Lvs. cordate, with the sinus closed, 

lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate, paler beneath, with the veins beneath and the peti- 
oles pubescent ; flowers on long, slender pedicels. Vt. to Lid. 30— 70f. April. 

5 A, PennsylvaniouBn L. Striped' Maple. WMstle-wood. Lvs. with 3 acuminate 

lobes, rounded at base, sharply denticulate, smooth ; rac. simple, pendulous. Can. to 
Ga. and Ky. 10— 15f. Bark striped, green and black. May. 

6 A. spica.tum. Lam. Mountain Maple-bush. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, acute, dentate, pubes- 

cent beneath ; racemes erect, compound. Woody hills. 5 — 8f. Flowers greenish. 

7 A. Psecdo-Platanus L. Sijcamoi^e. Lvs. cordate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, lobea 

acute, unequally dentate ; raceme pendulous ; fruit smooth. Europe. 40f. 

8 A. MACKOPHTLLLTU Ph., with large, very deeply 5-lobed leaves, nodding racemes, and 

hispid fruit. Oregon. 30 — oOf. 

2. NBGUNDO, Moench. Box Eldek. Ash Maple. Flowers ? $. 
C'orolla ; ? flowers racemed, $ fascicled. Calyx, stamens, and fruit as 
in the last genus. Leaves compound, pinnately 3-5-foliate. 

N, aceroid.es Moench. Lfts. ovate, acuminate, remotely and unequally dentate ; ?rac. 
long and pendulous ; fruit oblong, with large wings dilated upward. A handsome 
tree, 20— 40f. N. Y. to Car. and Cal. ! April. 
\ 

3. STAPHYIiBA, L. Bladder-nut. (A Greek word, meaning a 

cluster of grapes ; from the form of the fructification.) Pis. g . Calyx of 5, 
colored, pei^sistent sepals. Pet. and sta. 5. Styles 3. Caps. 2 — 3, membra- 
nous and inflated, slightly cohering. Seeds not arilled. ;^ With opposite, 
3-7-foliate lvs. and caducous stipules. Fig. 444. 

S. trifolia L. Lfts. 3, ovate, acuminate, serrate ; fls. in drooping cymous panicles, 
white ; pet. ciliate at base. Can. to Car. and Tenn. 6 — lOf. Caps, large. May. 

4. .fflSOULUS, L. Horse Chest^-ut. Buckeye. Calyx o-toothed ; 



Order 38.— CELASTRACE^. 75 

cor. irregular, 4 or 5-petalled. ; sta. 7 (6 to 8), distinct, unequal. Style fili- 
form, ov. 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit coriaceous, 2-3-valved, 
containing but one or yeiy few large, smooth seeds. Cotyledons thick, 
bulky, inseparable. ^ ^ With opposite, digitate, 5-7-foliate leaves. Fls. 
paniculate, terminal. Fig. 100. 

§ Pavia. Fruit smooth. Petals 4, erect, the two upper clawed. Buckeye. .Nos. 1—3 
§ ^SCTJLTJS proper. Fruit prickly. Petals 4 or 5, spreading Nos. 4, 5 

1 JE, Pa, via L. Lfts. 5 — 7, shining, oblong-lanceolate ; cuneate at base, short-acumi- 

nate, finely serrate ; fls. red, very irregular in a lax, thyrsoid raceme ; pet. as long as 
stamens ; cal. half as long as the two shorter petals. S. 3— lOf. Mar. April. 

2 JE, parviflora Walt. Lfts. 5 — 7, obovate, acuminate, serrate, velvety canescent be- 

neath ; petals 4 white, somewhat similar and spreading, thrice shorter than the capil- 
larj' stamens. S. 2 — 9f. Fls. very numerous. 

3 ^. flava Ait. /Sweet Buckeye. Lfts. 5 — 7, oblong or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, ser- 

rulate, pubescent beneath ; fls. in thyrsoid, pubescent panicles ; pet. very unequal, 
longer than the stamens. W. and S. 6 — 70f. Yellowish. April, May. 

4 JE, glabra WUld. Ohio Buckeye. Lfts. 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate or ser- 

rulate ; fls. in lax thyrsoid panicles ; pet. 4, half as long as the stamens. Kiver banks, 
W. Tree 20 — 40f, ill-scented, with small, yellowish flowers. June. 

5 -^. HrppocASTANuai L. Iloi'se Clustnut. Lvs. of 7 obovate lfts. ; pet. 5, spreading; 

fruit prickly. Tartary. A noble tree, in parks, &c. June. 
/ 

5. SAPINDUS, L. Soap-berry. (That is, by syncope, Saipo Indicus, 

Indian soap.) Sep. 4 or 5. Pet. as many, or one less by abortion, append- 
aged inside with a gland, scale, or beard. Sta. 8 — 10. Stig. 3. Fruit 3, 
connate, globular, fleshy carpels, often by abortion 2 or 1, Seed large, 
solitary. ^ Lvs. alternate, pinnate, exstipulate. 

S. marginatus Willd. Common petioles wingless ; lfts. 9—18, ovate-lanceolate, long- 
pointed, very inequilateral, short-stalked, entire, glabrous, shining above; flowers in 
white, dense panicles. Ga. to Ark. 20 — 40f. Fruit globular. 

6. OARDIOSPERMUM, L. Heart-seed. {Kapdm, heart, dTtepjua, 

seed.) Sep. 4, two of them smaller. Pet. unequal, each with a scale at base. 

Sta. 8. Style 3-fid. Caps, membranous, inflated. ^ Leaves bitemate. 

Pedicels changed to tendrils. 

€. Maliacafeum L. Lfts. ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed and dentate ; fr. pyrlform- 
globous, large, bladder-like. Banks of streams, S. and "W". 4 — 6f. July. § 

7. KCELREUTERIA, Lam. (To J. G. Kolilreuter, a Eussian botanist 
and author, 1755.) Sep. 5. Pet. 4, irregular. Sta. 8. Sty. exserted. Caps, 
inflated, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. ^ Lvs. alternate, pinnate, lfts. about 13, 
cut-serrate. Flowers yellow, in large panicles. 

K.. PANicuLATA.— China. 20 — 30f. Odd leaflet cut-lobed. A curious tree. 

Order XXXVIIL CELASTRACE^. Staff Trees. 
Shrubs with simple leaves alternate or opposite, with flowers small, regu- 
lar, 4 or 5-merous, perigynous, sepals and petals both imbricated in aestiva- 
tion, stamens alternate with the petals, and inserted on a disk which fills 
the bottom of the calyx. Carpels 2 — 5, styUs united. Fruit free from the 
calyx, with 2 — 5 cells. Seeds arilled, few, albuminous. 



76 Order 40.— RHAMNACE^. 

* Leaves alternate.— a Capsule dehiscent. Cells 2-ovuled. Vine Celastrds. 1 

— a Capsule dehi.scent. Cells 1-ovuled. Erect. S. Fla Mattenus. 

— a Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Erect. S. Fla Schaefferia. 

* Leaves opposite.—?* Capsule 3-5-celled. Cells 2-ovuled Euonymus. 2 

— b Drupel-celled, l-seeded (ovary 2-4-celled.) S. Fla ...Myginda. 

1, CELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. Fls. often imperfect. Sep. and pet. 
5. Disk 5-lobecl, bearing the 5 stamens on its edge. Caps, subglobous, or 3- 
angled, 3-celled. Seeds witli an arillus, 1 or 2 in each cell. "^ With alter- 
nate, deciduous Ivs. and minute, deciduous stipules. 

C scandens L. St. twining; Ivs. oblong, acuminate, serrate; rac. terminal; flowers 
dioecious. Woods. 20 — 40f. Arilled seeds scarlet, persistent in winter. June. 

2. EUONYMUS, Tourn. Burthng Bush. (Eu, good, 6Vo/<a:, name.) 
n. perfect ; calyx flat, of 5 (sometimes 4 or 6) united sepals. Corolla flat, 
inserted on the outer margin of the broad disk. Stamens 5, with short fila- 
ments. Caps, colored, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds wholly invested 
with a scarlet aril. +) "^ Lvs. opposite, serrate. Flowers purple. 

1 E. atropxirpureus Jacq. Lvs. elliptic-ovate, petiolate, acuminate, finely serrate, 

puberulent beneath ; ped. compressed, many-flowered ; fls. usually 4-merous ; capsule 
smooth, lobed. Woods. 4— lOf. Fruit crimson. June. Varieties in cultivation have 
orange-red or even whitish fruit. 

2 E. Americanus L. Branches 4-angled ; lvs. oval and elliptic-lanceolate, acumi- 

nate, acute, or obtuse, smooth, subsessile ; ped. round, about 3-flowered; fls. mostly 
pentamerous ; caps, warty. Woods. 2 — 5f. Fruit dark red. June. 

/3. obovhtus. Trailing; lvs. obovate, obtusish, petiolate. Ohio, &c. 

y. ang-tistif alius. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, inequilateral, acute at each end. South. 

3 E. EuROP^EUs, has smooth, shining, lance-oblong, serrate leaves, the flattened ped. 

3-flowered ; fls, 4-partcd. Europe. Not hardy North. 

Order XL. EHAMNACE^E. Buckthorns. 

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny, with simple, alternate, stipulate leaves, 
■with floi€ers regular, sometimes apetalous or otherwise imperfect ; with the 
stamens perigynous, as many (4 or 5) as the valvate sepals, alternate with 
them, and opposite to the petals when they are present. Bisk perigynous. 
Capsule or drupe with one albuminous seed in each cell. 

* Leaves opposite or subopposite, with opposite branches. . .a 

a Flowers small, in axillary clusters or umbels. S. Fla Scutia. 

a Flowers minute, spicate, in terminal panicles Sageretia. I 

* Leaves alternate. — h Shrubs climbing by twining. Petals sessile Berchemia. 2 

— b Shrubs climbing by tendrils. Pet. short Gouania. 3 

* Leaves alternate. — c Clusters of (white) flowers terminal. Pet. unguiculate Csanothus. 4 

— c Clusters axillary. Pet. 4, 5, or 0, on the margin of disk Rhamnus. 5 

— e Clusters axillary. Pet. 5, under the 5-lobed disk. S. Fla Colubeina. 

1. SAGERETIA, Brongn. (Named for M. Sageret, a Frenct florist 
and veg. physiologist.) Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, cucuUate. Sta. 5. Ovary 
immersed in the entire disk, with a 3-lobed stigma. Drupe 3-celled. ^ 
With slender branches. Fls. in rigid, interrupted spikes. 
S. Michauxii Brongn. Branches at length spiny ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, sub- 
sessile, shining, subentire. Sandy coasts. Car. to Fla. Trailing, 6— lof. October. 



Order 41.— VITACE^. 77 

2. BERCHEMIA, Necker. Supple Jack. Cal3^x 5-parted. Pet. 5, 
convolute, enclosing the 5 stamens. Ovary half immersed in the disk, but 
free from it, 2-celled. Style bifid. Drupe oblong, with a bony, 2-celled 
nut, +) "b Unarmed. Lvs. pinnate- veined. Panicles terminal, small, 

B. volu"biIis DC. Climhing, glabrous ; lvs. ovate, straight-veined, repandly serrate ; 
drupe dark purple. Damp soils, S. Stem supple, 10— 20f. May, June. 

4. CEANOTHUS, L. Jersey Tea. Red-root. Calyx tubular-cam- 
panulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, saccate, arched, with long claws. Sta. mostly 
exserted. Style 3-cleft. Capsule obtusely triangular, 3-celled, 3-seeded, 
surrounded at base by the persistent tube of the calyx. }j +) Thornless. 
Fls. small, aggregated at the end of the branches. 

1 C Americanus L. Leaves oblong-ovate, or ovate, serrate, 3-velned ; flowering 

brandies leafy or leafless, elongated. Dry woods. 2 — 4f. June. 

2 C ova.lis Bw. Lvs. oval-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, with glandular serratures, 

3-veined, veins pubescent beneath ; thyi'se corymbous, abbreviated. Yt. to Mich. 
2 — 3f. Less common than No. 1. Lvs. smooth, shining. May. 

3 C. mlcropliyllus Mx. Diffusely branched, branches very slender ; leaves minute, 

obovate, rigid, glabrous, strigous beneath. Pine-barrens, S. 1— 2f. April. 
/3. serpyllif'olius. Very slender ; branches filiform ; lvs. oval (2— 3'^ long). S. 

5. RHAMNUSj L. Buckthorn. (The Greek name.) Calyx urceo- 
late, 4 or 5-cleft. Pet. 4 or 5, notched, lobed, or entire, or sometimes want- 
ing, Ov. free, not immersed in the thin torus, 2-4-celled. Styles 2 — 4, 
more or less united. Drupe containing 2 — 4 cartilaginous nuts. ;^ Lvs. 
alternate, rarely opposite. Fls. in axillary clusters. 

§ Flowers tetramerous. Leaves with arcuate veinlcts Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers pentamerous. Leaves with the A^einlets nearly straight Nos. 3, 4 

1 K, catliarticus L. Thorny; lvs. ovate, denticulate-serrate; fls. fascicled: poly- 

gamo-dioecious, mostly tetrandrous ; sty. 4, at apex distinct and recurved : fr. globu- 
lar, 4-seeded. Hedges, rarely wild. 10— 15f. Drupes black, cathartic. May +. §Eur. 

2 K. laii.ceola.tus Ph. Thornless ; lvs. lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, the 

earlier ones obtuse ; fls. 1 — 3 together ; pet. 4, minute ; sty. 2 at apex, distinct ; drupe 
2-seeded. Pa. to Iowa (Colman). Eare. 4— Sf. May. 

3 R. alnifolius L'Her. Unarmed ; lvs. oval, acute, serrate ; ped. aggregate, l-flow- 

ered ; fls. mostly pentandrous andapetalous ; sep. acute ; styles 3, united, verj- short; 
fruit 3-seeded. Pa. to Can. 2 — 4f. June. 

4 IS.. Carolinia.nu§ Walt. Unarmed ; leaves oblong-oval, serrulate, acute, paler be- 

neath ; fls. perfect, in short, axillary umbels, petals minute; stigmas 3; fr. 3-seeded. 
River banks, Ya. to Fla. 7 — 15f. Jime. 

Order XLI. YITACE^, Vines, 

Shrubs with a watery juice, tumid nodes, and usually climbing by ten- 
drils. Flowers small, regular, racemous, often polygamous or dioecious.. 
Calyx minute, truncated, the limb obsolete or 5-toothed. Petals hypogy- 
nous, valvate in cestivation, as many as and opposite to the stamens. 
Stamens inserted on the disk which surrounds the 2-celled, l-styled ovary. 
Fruit a beny, usually 4-seeded. Sseds bony. Albumen hard. Figs. 187, 250. 

VITISj L. Grape-vines. (Celtic gv^yd, a tree or shrub.) Petals 4 or 



78 Order 42.— POLYGALACE^. 

5, decidnoiis, cohering at the top, or distinct and spreading. Ovaries 
2-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Fruit a globular berry, 1-4-seeded. "^ Lvs. sim- 
ple or compound. Ped. opposite the lvs. often changed to tendrils. Fls. 
small, clustered. 

§ ViTis ^rc»2?er. Petals cohering at the top, and felling without expanding. . .a 
% Cissus. Petals free, expanding before falling. Tendrils coiling, or 0. . .6 

§ Ampelopsis. Petals free, expanding. Tendrils with an adhesive foot No. 9 

a Leaves beneath clothed with a whitish or rusty wool Nos. 1, 2, 8 

a Leaves glabrous except the veins, and green both sides Nos. 4, 5, 10 

h Leaves simple, angular or entire No. 6 

h Leaves pinnately compound Nos. 7, 8 

1 V, laljrusea L. Fox Grape. Isabella., Catawba. Leaves broad-cordate, angnlar- 

lobed, hoary tomentous beneath ; berries large. Woods. 30— SOf. Fr. p. gr. or amb. 

2 V. aestivalis L. Lvs. broadly cordate, o-5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely den- 

tate, M-ith scattered ferruginous hairs beneath ; fertile racemes long, panicled, berries 
small. Shady banks. Fruit deep blue, small, ripe in September. 

3 V. Caribsea DC. Hoary ; lvs. round-cordate, 3-lobed or entire, smooth above. Fla. 

4 V. cordlfolia Mx. Frost Grape. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally 

toothed, smooth, or pubescent beneath the veins and petioles ; rac. loose, many-fiwd.; 
berries small. River banks. 10— 20f. Fruit blackish, ripe in November. 

5 V, vulpiiia L. Muscadine. Saqwernong. Lvs. (small) cordate, slightly 3-angled 

or lobed, shining on both sides, coarsely toothed, the teeth not acuminate ; rac. com- 
posed of many capitate umbels. Va. to Fla. Fruit large, purple, few. 

6 V, indivisa "Willd. Lvs. simple, cordate or truncate at the base, often angular- 

lobed ; flowers 5-merous ; berry 1 or 2-seeded. Swamps, S. Fruit small (2'0. 

7 v. "bipinn^ta T. & G. Lvs. bipinnate, Ifts. incisely serrate, glabrous ; flowers 5- 

mcrous. S. States along i-ivers. Fruit small, black. No tendrils. 

8 V. iiicisa N. Lvs. .3-foliate, thick; Ifts. 2-3-lobed ; berry 1-seeded. Fla. to La. 

9 V. quiiiquefolia Lam. Virginia Creeper. Lvs. digitate, Ifts. 5, oblong, acumi- 

nate, dentate ; berries dark blue, smaller than peas, acid. Woods, thickets. 20— 40f. 

10 V. vixiFERA L. European Wine-grape. Lvs. cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, glabrous; 
flowers all perfect. Europe. Many varieties. 

Order XLII. POLYGALACE^. Milkworts. 

Herbs or shriibs, with the leaves mostly simple and witliout stipules. 
Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical, hypogynous, perfect. Sejmls 5, unequal, 
distinct, some or all of them colored. Petals 3, often 5, and 2 of them 
scale-like. Stamens 4 to 8, distinct, or cohering in a tube which is split on 
the upper side. Ovary superior, compound, with suspended ovules, united 
styles and stigmas. Fruit a 2-seeded pod. Seeds pendulous, with or with- 
out a caruncle and albumen. 

Sepals 5, unequal, 2 larger, wing-shaped, petaloid. Petals 3. Stamens 8 Poltgala. J 

Sepals 5, nearly equal. 3 of the 5 petals long-clawed. Stamens 4 Krameria. 2 

1. POLYGALA, Tourn. Milkwort. {TloXvi, much, ydXaj milk; 
said to favor the lacteal secretions of animals.) Fls. very irregular. Sep. 
5, 2 of them, wing-shaped and petaloid. Pet. 3, cohering by their claws to 
the filaments, lower one carinate and often crested on the back. Stam. 6 
or 8, filaments united into a split tube. Antli. 1-celled. Cnps. obcordate, 



Okder 42.— POLYGALACE^. 79 

2-celled, 3-seeded, loculicidal. Sd. appendaged with a various caruncle at 
the hihim. Mostly herbs, bitter, and with simple leaves. Flowers often 
of two forms, the subterranean apetalous. 

* Leaves alternate.— a Fls. purple, solitaiy, 2—4. Perennial No. 1 

—a Fls. purple, racemed, many. Biennial Nos. 2, 3 

— a Fls. white. Spike slender. Seeds hairj\ Perennial Nos. 4, 5 

—a Fls. purple. Spike capitaie.— Caruncle double Nos. 6—8 

— Car. appears simple. (T). . .Nos. 9 — 11 

—a Fls. xanthic.— 6 Spikes solitary, large. Biennial Nos. 1"2, 13 

—b Spikes GO, corymbed, small. Bien Nos. 14, 15 

* Lvs. vertic. on the stem.— c Spikes acute, slender. Fls. greenish-white. . .Nos. 16, 17, 18 

c Spikes obtuse, thick. . (Shrubs, t. No. 22—25) . . Nos. 19, 20, 21 

1 P. paucifolia L. St. simple, erect, naked below ; lvs. ovate, acute, smooth ; ter- 

minal fls. large, crested, radical ones apetalous. if Woods. 3 — 4-'. Flowers few, 
large (lO'O, very showy. May, June. 

2 P. grandiflora Walt. Ascending, pubescent ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate to lance-linear, 

acute ; fls. distant, pendulous after blooming, wings large, roundish, covering the fruit, 
keel as long as the wings (3'0, crestless. (§) ? Dry soils, S. 9— 12^ May — Aug. 

3 P. polygama Walt. Sts. simple, numerous, glabrous ; lvs. linear-oblong, mucro- 

nate, obtuse ; fls. racemed, short-pedicelled, those of the stem winged, those of the 
root wingless ; keel cristate. (2) Fields. 6—12''. Rac. showy. Fls. 2'^ June, July. 

4 P. Senega L. Seneca Snalce-root. St. erect, smooth, simple, leafy ; lvs. lanceolate, 

tapering at each end ; fls. slightly crested, in a terminal spike-form, slender raceme. 
2: Woods, W. States, rare in E. 8—14'. Spike 1—2'. Leaves 1—2'. July. 
/3. latifolia. Leaves ovate, acuminate at each end. Leaves 2— 3^ Lad. 

5 P. alba N. St. angular, branched above ; lvs. linear; spike lance-linear, pointed, on 

a long stalk, if Ala.to La. 6 — 12''. Spikes 1 — 3'. 

6 P. setaicea Mx. Sts. filiform, simple, apparently leafless (lvs. minute, deltoid-acum.); 

spike (small) oblong, acute ; wings short-pointed, shorter than the petals ; caruncle 
enclosing the short stipe of the hairy seed, ii South. If. Leaves 1". June. 

7 P. incarnata L. Glaucous ; st. erect, slender, mostly simple ; lvs. few, scattered, 

linear-subulate; spike oblong; wings lanceolate, cuspidate; claws of the petals 
united into a long, cleft tube ; seed very hairy. (1) N. J. to Fla. 1— 2f. June. 

8 P. Cliapmanii T. & G. Very slender, simple, or nearly so ; lvs. linear-subulate ; 

spike loose, roundish-oblong, rather acute ; wings obovate, slightly clawed; caruncle 
lateral on the thin-haired seed. (1) South. If. 

9 P. Nuttallii T. & G. St. erect, somewhat fastigiate ; lvs. linear; spikes acute, 

roundish-oblong, dense ; wings elliptical, attenuate at base ; crest minute ; carimcle 
notched, lateral on the thick seed-stipe, (i) Mass., R. I., to La. 6—10'. August. 

10 P. fastigiata Nutt. Slender and much branched above ; lvs. linear; spikes round- 
ish, loose-flowered ; wings ovate-oblong, distinctly clawed ; caruncle broad, nearly 
embracing the small seed-stipe (immature). (1) N. J. to Fla. 8 — 12'. July-i- . 

11 P. saiiguiinea L. St. branching at top ; lvs. linear and lance-linear; spikes ob- 
long, obtuse, dense ; wings oval or ovate, obtuse, subsessile ; caruncle mostly simple, 
nearly as long as the hairy seed. (I) Wet grounds. 10'. Leaves 1''. July-H. 

1 2 P. lutea L. St. mostly simple ; root leaves spatulate, obtuse, attenuate at base ; 
cauline ones lanceolate, acute ; rac. ovate-globous, obtuse, dense ; fls. pedicellate ; 
wings ovate, mucronate, keel with a minute crest. @ Sands, N. J. to Fla. If. June +. 

13 P. nana DC. Low, ascending; lvs. obovate and spatulate, mostly radical ; heads 
ovate, becoming oblong, dense ; wings lance-ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, twice longer 
than the slightly-crested keel. (2) Pine woods, S. 4'. April, May. 

14 P. ramosa Ell. Erect, corymbously branched above ; spikes loose, oblong, nume- 
rous, forming dense, level-topped cymes ; radical lvs. few, spatulate, cauline oblong- 
linear; seed oval, caruncled. (2) Swamps, Del. to Fla. If. June. 



80 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

1 5 p. cymosa Walt. Tall, corymbously branched at top ; Ivs. mostly radical, linear, 

pointed, crowded ; stem Ivs. very few, linear-subulate ; racemes spike-like, forming a 
dense, fastigiate cjTne ; seed globular, naked. @ Swamps, S. 2— 5f. June-t-. 

16 P. verticillata L. St. branched above, erect; Ivs. linear, verticillate both on 
the stem and opposite branches ; fls. crested ; calycine wings roundish ; seed oblong, 
smooth, caruncle hardly half as long. ® Dry hills. 6— 8'. July-i-. 

p. amb^g-ua. Branches and upper Ivs. alternate ; spikes long; fls. scattered. 

1 7 P. Boyltinii T. & G. Sts. erect from an ascending base, simple ; Ivs. obovate 
and lanceolate ; spike slender, pointed, dense ; caruncle two-thirds the length of the 
very hairy seed. U South. 12—18'. June— Aug. 

18 P. leptostaeliys Shuttl. Sts. filiform, strict; Ivs. setaceous, in 4's or 5's, re- 
mote ; spikes linear ; seed smooth. ® ^^Y sands, Fla. If. Greenish. 

19 P. Hoolceri T. & G. Sts. weak, 4-angled; Ivs. in 4's, linear ; spikes lance-ovate, 
pointed. Pine woods, Fla. to Tex. If. Flowers pale red. 

20 P. cruciata L. St. erect, winged at the angles, fastigiate ; Ivs. in 4' s, linear-ob- 
long, punctate ; spikes ovate, dense, obtuse, subsessile ; caruncle as long as the ovoid 
smooth seed. (D Wet grounds. 3 — 12'. July, Aug. 

(3. cuspidata, Lvs. linear; heads squarrous with the wing-cusps. South. 

21 P. l>revifolia Nutt. Slender, branched above; lvs. linear, short, remote, in4's, or 
on the branches scattered ; spike oblong, dense, obtuse, on long peduncles ; wings 
ovate-lanceolate, acute ; seed just as in No. 20. ® N. Y. to Fla. If. August. 

22 P. sPECiosA. Shrub 6f ; lvs. cuneate-oblong, alternate ; fls. purple, in terminal rac. 
S3 P. MTKTiroLTA. Shrub 3 — 4f ; lvs. oblong-obovate, altern. ; fls. pui'ple, in lateral rac. 

24 P. opposiTiFOLiA. Shrub 3f ; lvs. opp., sessile, cordate, smooth ; fls. roseate, large. 

25 P. liATiFOLiA. Shrub 3f ; lvs. opposite, ovate, glaucous, downy beneath ; fls. purple. 

\ 
2. KRAMERIA, L. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 collateral ovules. Seed 

with no caruncle and no albumen. }j Racemes terminal. 

K. lanceolata Torr. Prostrate ; lvs. lance-lin., acute, longer thaa ped. ; fr. spiny. Fla 

Order XLIII. LEGUMINOS^. LEGUMmous Plants. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, usually compound, margins en- 
tire. Stipules 2, at the tumid base of the petiole. SUpels commonly 2. Se- 
pals 5, more or less united, often unequal, the odd one always anterior. 
Petals 5, either papilionaceous or regular, perigj'-nous, the odd one (when 
present) posterior. Stamens diadelphous, monadelphous, or distinct. An- 
thers versatile. Ovaries superior, single, and simple. Style and stigma 
simple. Fruit a legume, either continuous (1-celled), or (a loment) jointed 
into 1-seeded cells. Seeds solitary or several, destitute of albumen. Figs. 
59, 60, 102, 157, 190-1, 203-4, 214, 233, 308, 354-6, 361-2, 397, 401-2, 480." 

A vast and important order, containing 400 genera and 6,500 species, of 
which 850 are native in the United States. 

I. MIMOSE^E. Corolla regular, valvate in bud. Stamens exserted, hypogynous. Lvs. bipinnate. ..(J) 

II. C^ESALPIXE^. Corolla irregular, upper petal interior in bud. Stamens 5 — 10, perigynou.s. ..(§§) 

III. PAPILIONACEiE. Corolla papilionaceous, upper petal (the banner) larger and exterior. ..(*} 

* Stamens 10, all distinct to the base. Plants erect. (Tribe PoDALyKiE^)...(i) 

* Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. . .(**) 

** Leaves cirrhous, ending with a tendril. Stamens 9 and 1. Vines. (Tribe Vicie..i;)...(2) 

** No tendrils. Pod a loment (§ 165), or rarely 1-seeded. Lvs. pinnate. (Tr. Hedysare^). . .(3) 

** No tendrils. Pod a legume (§ 165), rarely 1-seeded. . .(***) 

*** Erect (or if prostrate, with palmately 3-foliate leaves). (Tribe LoxEiE). . .(4) 

*** Tvyining or trailing vines, with pinnately compound leaves. (Tribe PaA?Koi,Ei5:)...(5) 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^E. 81 

§ Pods flat, composed of 1 or more l-seeded joints. Petals united. Stamens4— 10. .Mimosa. 1 

8 Pods continuous, — »i prickly, l-sided and -l-valved. Petals united. Sta. 8 — 10. .Schraxkia. 2 

— OT. smooth, — ?i Petals distinct. Pod linear. Stamenso or 10. .Desmaxthus. 3 

— n Petals distinct. Pod oblong. Stamens 10 Neptuxia. i 

— ?i Petals united. Trees, shrubs. Sta. 00, inonadeL.ALBizziA. 5 

— n Petals distinct, ylw. Shrubs. Stamens CO ..Acacia. (5a) 58 

§§ Flowers perfect, red or yellow, showy. Trees or shrubs. Lts. bipinnate. .Poixciaxa.(9 a) 59 

§§ Flowers perfect, red or rose-colored. Trees with simple broad leaves Cercis. 9 

§§ Flowers perfect, yellow (in our species). Herbs with pinnate leaves Cassi.4.. 8 

§§ Flowers imperfect, greenish. — Trees thornless, with bipinnate leaves Gymxocladus. 6 

— Trees thorny. Lvs. pinnate and bipinnate, . .Gleditsghia. 7 

1. Podaltrej:. — c Trees. Leaves pinnate. Pod flat and thin. ., Cladastris. 10 

— c Trees or shrubs. Lvs. temate. ..Calhstachys, 60, or pinnate in. .Sophora (10 17) 61 

— c Shrubs in the greenhouse, with simple, spiny-toothed leaves Chorizema. (10 b) 62 

— c Herbs.— j5 Pod inflated, stipitate. Leaves 1-3-foliate Baptisia. 11 

—p Pod flattened, sessile. Leaves 3-foliate Thermopsis. 12 

2. ViCiE^. — cZ Erect. Tendrils obsolete. Fls. white, with a black spot on each wing. .Faba. 13 

— d Climbing. — g Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-seeded Cicer. 14 

— g Lfts. entire. — ?• Sty. grooved on the back. Sds. 3 — 9glob..PisuM. 15 

— ?■ Sty. flattened on the bk. Sds. 3-9, flatfish. Lathyrcs. 16 

— r Stj^ flattish. Seeds 1 or 2, lens-shaped Lexs. (17 a) 64 

— r Style filiform. Seeds 2 — 7, roundish Vicia. 17 

3. Hedysare^. — e Fls. yellow. — s Leaves palniately4-foliate. Stam. mnnadelphous. .Zorxia. 18 

— s Leaves pinnate, 7-49-foliate. Stam. diadelplious. .^Eschyxo5iexe.19 
— s Lvs. pinnately 3-7-foliate. Stam. monadelphous. .Chap.'maxia. 20 
— s Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Pod slender at base.. .Stylosaxthes.2I 
— s Leaves pinnately 4-foliate. Pod gibbous at base. .Arachis. 22 

e Fls. cyanic. — it Lvs. pinnate, 5-21-foliate. — t umbels pedunculate. . .Coroxill.a. 23 

— I rac. pedunculate Hedysarum. 24 

— u Lvs. pin. 3-foliate. — t stipellate. Pod 3-7-jointed. . .Desiiodiuji. 25 
— < exstipellate. Pod 1-jointed. .Lespedeza. 26 

4. LOTE.S: — (including Gexiste^e, Gen. 27 — 30, Trifolie.e, 31—34, an-d G.A.LEGE.i;, 35—18). 

/ Leaves wanting ; if present, simple. Flowers yellow Spartium. 27 

/ Leaves present, simple. Flowers 3ellow. — c Keel oblong, straight Gexista. 28 

— V Keel falcate, poiTited Crotalaria. 29 

/ Leaves palmately 5-15-foliate (rarely simple). (Genus 35, or) LupixtjS. 30 

/ Leaves palmately 3-foliate. — ic Sraail tree with yellow hanging racemes Labcrxum. 31 

— ic Shrubs. Fls. j'lw., axil. Some of the lvs. simple. .Cytisus. (31 a) 65 
— if Herbs with straight, small pods. Fls. capitate. ..TRiFOLitrii. 32 

/ Lvs. pinnately 3-foliate. — x Pods curved or spn-al. Fls. in spikes, heads, &c Medicago. 33 

— X Pods long and long-pointed. Flowers axillarJ^ .Trigoxella, (33 a) 65 
— X Pods 1-2-seeded. Rac. (red. Gen. 50) white or yellow. .Melilotus. 34 
— a; Pod l-seeded. — .y Fls. yellow. Lvs. resinous dotted.. (Genus 48 

— y Fls. C3'anic. — z Lvs. dark-dotted.. .Psoralea. 35 

— z Lvs. not dotted (In Genus 26 

/ Lvs. pinnate, with no odd leaflet.— * 15 to 25 pairs. Tall. Fls. yellow. S Sesbaxia. 36 

— *lto6pairs. Flowers purple. Cult Orobus. (13a)63 

/ Lvs. odd-pinnate,— /i dotted with dark glands. — 7^ Shrub. Fls. spicate Amorpha. 37 

— A- Herbs 10-androus Dalea. 38 

— 7,; Herb 5-androus Petalostemox.39 

— 7t dotless. — {Herbs. Style glabrous. Pod partly 2-celled. . .Astragalus. 40 

-i Herbs. Style hairy. Pod 1-celled Tkphrosia. 41 

— I Herbs. Style glabrous. Pod 1-celled Ixdigofera. 42 

— i Trees or shrubs. Flowers white or roseate Robix'ia. 43 

— i Shrubs with yellow flowers Colutea. 44 

— i Shrubs with scarlet flowers Cliaxthus.(44 a) 67 

t. Phaseole^.— 17 Lvs. pinnate, 5-15-foliate. — m Tine shrubby. Keel falcate Wistaria. 45 

— m Herbs. Keel (straight, Gen. 41) spiral. .Apios. 46 

—<) Leaves pinnately 3-(rarely l)-foiiate. . .(n) 

n Flowers yellow. Legumes 5-seeded YiGXA. 47 

n Flowers yellow. Legumes 1-2-seeded , Rhyncosia. 48 

»i Flowers cyanic. . .(*) 



82 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

* Keel with stamens and style spirally twisted. Bushy or twining Phaskolus. 49 

* Keel straight or merely incurved. . .(o) 

o Shrubby at base. Flowers and seeds scarlet. Wings and keel very short. S. .Erythrina. 50 

o Herbs. — x Calyx ebracteolate. Style beardless. Petals suberect, pale Amfhicarp^ea. 51 

— X Calyx 2-bracteolatc,—.v 4-cleft. Style beardless. Fls. pale Galactia. 52 

— 1/ 4-toothed. Style bearded at top. . Dolichos. 63 

— y 5-cleft, long. Style bearded inside Clitoria. 54 

— >/ 5-cleft, short. Style bearded at top Centrosema. 55 

— y 5-lobed. Style beardless. Cultivated. ..Kennedya. 56 
— y 4-toothed. Style beardless. Cult Hardenbbrgia.57 

1. MIMOSA, L. Sensitive Plant. {Mifj.o<i, a buffoon: the leaves 
seem sporting with the hand that touches them.) Fls. ? g 5 . 2 Calyx 
valvate, 5-toothecl. Cor. 0, or 5-toothecl. Stam. 4 — 15. Legume separated 
into 1-seeded joints. $ Like the perfect, but without ovaries or fruit, if 5 
Tropical. Leaves bipinnate. 

1 M". strigillosa T. & G. Nearly unarmed, prostrate, diiiuse, strigous ; stip. ovate ; 

petioles and peduncles very long ; pinnee 4 to 6 pairs ; Ifts. 10 to 15 pairs, oblong-linear ; 
heads oblong, n Fla. to La. Flowers rose-color. 

2 M. PUDicA L. St. prickly, more or less hispid; Ivs. digitate-pinnate, pinnae 4, of many 

(30 or more) pairs of linear leaflets. Brazil. If. Leaflets Z". 

2. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitr^e Brier. (In honor of Francis de 
Paula Sclirank, a German botanist.) Fls. y S . Cal. minute, 5-toothed. 
Pet. imited into a funnel-shaped, 5-cleft corolla. Stam. 8 — 10. Pod long 
and narrow, echinate, dry, 1-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded, if Prickly. 
St. procumbent. Lvs. sensitive, bipinnate. Fls. in spherical hds., purplish. 

S. uncinata Willd. St. angled, grooved; pinnae 6 to 8 pairs; Ifts. numerous, minute, 
elliptic-oblong or linear ; heads axillary, 1 to 2 together, on peduncles shorter than 
the leaves. S, States. 2— 4f. Leaflets %". May— July. 

3. DESMANTHUS, Willd. {Asdi^nj, a bundle, crVj&o?, flower.) Cal. 

valvate, 5-toothed. Pet. 5, distinct. Stam. 5 or 10, distinct. Pod dry, flat, 

2-valved, 4-6-seeded, smooth, if 5 With bipinnate lvs. and white fls. in 

axillary, pedunculate heads. Petioles with 1 or more glands. 

I>, 'bracliylo'bus Benth. Erect, smoothish ; pinnae 6 to 1.3 pairs ; Ifts. minute, 20 to 
30 pairs ; stam. 5 ; pods short r, 2-4-seeded. 2; 111. to La. 2f. June— Aug. 

4. NEPTUNEA, Lour. Anthers 10, crowned with a stipitate gland. 
Pod oblong, oblique, deflexed on the stipe, 2-valved. Otlierwise as in 

Desmanthus. 

N. lutea Benth. Sts. ascending, strigous ; pinnae 4—5 pairs ; Ifts. linear-oblong, ciliate, 
crowded ; ped. longer than the leaves ; pod 5-8-seeded. if Prairies, Fla. to La. The 
leaves similar to those of Mimosa. Flowers yellow. Pods stiped. (Acacia lutea C-B.) 

5. ALBIZZIA, Durazz. Calyx 4- or 5-toothed. Petals united into a 
funnel-form corolla. Stamens 00, monadelphous at base, very long. Pod 
linear and flat, jointless, dry, 2-valved, many-seeded. ^ t) Tropical, with 
the leaves twice pinnate. Flowers in dense heads or spikes, roseate or 
white, polygamous. 

A. JuLiBRASSiN. Silk Tree. Tree about 20f, glabrous, thornless ; pinnse 8—12 pairs, 
each with 20—30 pairs of halved leaflets (being one-sided), acute ; heads peduncu- 
late, forming a terminal panicle ; corollas white, with the innumerable long silky 
stamens purplish; pods some contracted between the seeds. Very ornamental, 
hardy South, sparingly naturalized in the Gulf State?. 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOSJS. 83 

6. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Coffee Tree, {rvjuvoi, naked, nXado?, 
a slioot ; for its coarse, naked shoots iu winter.) Fls. s $ . Cal. tubular, 
5-cleft, equal. Pet. 5, inserted into tlie summit of the tube, s Stam. 10, 
distinct. ? Style 1. Leg. 1-celled, oblong, very large, pulpy within. ^ 
Unarmed, with unequally bipinnate Ivs. Lfts. ovate, acuminata. Fig. 480. 

G. Canadensis Lam.— Woods, N. Y. to 111. and Tenn. 50f. Eac. greenish ; seeds 
round, polished, brown, very hard, i' diam. May — July. 

7. GLEBITSOHIA, L. Honey Locust. (To John G. Gleditsch, a 
botanical writer, Leipzig.) Fls, $53. Sep. equal, 3 — 5, united at base. 
Pet. 3 — 5. Stam. 3 — 5, distinct, opposite the sepals. Style short. Legume 
continuous, compressed, often intercepted between the seeds by a sweet 
pulp. ^ With branched spines. Lvs, abruptly pinnate and bipinnate, 
often in the same specimen. Fls. small, green, racemous. Figs. 36.2, 401. 

1 G. triacantliiis L. Branches armed with stout, triple, or multiplex spines ; lfts, 

alternate, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse ; leg. linear-oblong, compressed, many-seeded. 
Pa. to Mo. and La. 40— 70f. Wood very heavy. Pods 8—18', May— July. 

2 G. monosperma Walt. Water Locust. Spines few, mostly simple ; lfts. ovate- 

oblong ; pod broadly oval, without pulp, 1-seeded. Swamps, S. 30f. 

8. CASSIA, L. Senna. (Hebrew Katzioth) Sep. 5, scarcely united 
at base, nearly equal. Pet. 5, unequal, but not papilionaceous. Stam. dis- 
tinct, 10, or by abortion fewer, antli. opening by terminal pores, the three 
upper often sterile. Pod many-seeded, 1-celled or many-celled transverse- 
ly. ^ +) or herbs. Lvs. abruptly pinnate. Fls. mostly yellow. Fig. 357. 

§ Stam. 5 or 10, all perfect. Sep. acute. Lfts. small. Stip. persistent Nos. 1, 2 

§ Stam. 10, the 3 upper abortive. Sep, obtuse. Lfts. large. Stip. deciduous .. (a) 

a Gland on the petiole at or near the base Nos. 3, 4 

a Gland on the rachis between the two lowest leaflets Nos. 5, 6 

1 C. Cliamce crista L. Sensitive Pea. Lfts, 8—12 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mn- 

cronate ; fls, large, pedicellate, 2 or 4 in each fascicle ; anth. 10, unequal, all fertile. 
(I) Dry soils, 12 — IS', Flowers large, 2 petals spotted. August. 

2 C. nictitans L. Wild Sensitive Plant. Lfts, 6 — 15 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, 

mucronate, sessile ; fls, small, 2 or 3 in each subsessile fascicle ; stam, 5, subequal, 
(D Sandy soils. If. Flowers small {Z"), pale yellow. July, 

3 C. OTarilandica L. American Senna. Lfts. G— 9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mncro- 

nate, an obovoid gland near the base of the common petiole ; fls. racemed ; pod curved, 
12-20-seeded. 7i Stony places. 4— 5f. Flowers showy. August. 

4 C. occidentalis L. Lfts. 3—6 pairs, ovate or lance-ovate, sharply acuminate ; fls. 

in short racemes ; pod nearly straight, 25-40-seeded, ® Va, to Ga, 5— 6f, July, § 

5 C ototusifolia L, Lfts. about 6, obovate, obtuse; pod long (60 and narrow, re- 

curved, 20-40-seeded ; seeds longitudinal, (i) Dry soil, S. 1 — 4f, July, Aug. 

6 C. melanocarpa Vegel. Shrubby; lfts. 2—3 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 

coriaceous ; rac. as long as the leaves. Ga, § 

9. CEROIS, L. Judas-tree. Red-bud, Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 
scarcely papilionaceous, distinct, wings longer than the banner and smaller 
than the keel petals. Stamens 10, distinct. Pod compressed. Seeds obo- 
vate, ^ Leaves simple, appearing after the roseate flowers. Fig, 308. 

1 €, SiLiQUASTRXiM. Lvs, round-reniform ; flowers more open than in No, 2. Eur. 20f. 



84 Okdeh 43.— LEGUMINOS.^. 

2 C Canadensis L. Lvs. broadly ov:it"-cordatc. jicumiiiate, villous on the veins be- 
neath. Mid. and W. States. 20— 30f. Flower? covering the brauchlets. April. 

10. CliADASTRIS, Eaf. Yellow-wood. Cal. 5-t.ootliecl, teeth short, 

obtuse. Pet. of nearly equal length, those of the keel disthict and straioht 

like the wings. Vex. large, roundish, refiexed. Stam. 10, distinct. Fil. 

glabrous, incurved. Leg. flat and thin, short-stiped, 5 or 6-seeded. ^ With 

yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and pendulous clusters of white flowers. 

C. tinctoria Kaf.— Hills, Ky. and Tenn. 20— 40f. Lfts. 7—11, oval, pointed, 3' ; rac. 
6 — 10', resembling Robinia. April, May. 

11. BAFTISIA, Vent. Wild Indigo. {BaTtroo, to dye ; a use to 
which some species are applied.) Cal. 4-5-cleft half way, persistent. Pet. 
of about equal length, those of the keel nearly distinct and straight. Vex. 
orbicular, emarginate. Stam. 10, distinct, deciduous. Pod inflated, stipi- 
tate, many (or by abortion few) -seeded. U Lvs. palmately 3-fol. or simple. 

§ Leaves simple. Flowers yellow Nos. 1, 2 

§ Leaves 3- foliate. — Flowers blue, in few elongated racemes No. 3 

— Flowers white, in few elongated racemes . . (a) 
— Flowers yellow, solitary or in short racemes. .(6) 

a Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles. Hairy. Cream-white Nos. 4, 5 

a Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles. Glabrous Nos. 6, 7 

b Pedicels not longer than the calyx. Drying dark Nos. 8—10 

b Pedicels much longer than the calyx. Drying bright Nos. 11 — 13 

1 B. perfoliata R. Br. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. large, oval-orbicular, perfoliate ; 

fls. solitary, axillary. Pine woods, S. Car. Ga. 1— 2f. Pod inflated. May — July. 

2 B. siniplieifolia Croom. Lvs. broadly ovate, obtuse, sessile ; rac. terminal, elonga- 

ted, many-flowered. Quincy, Fla. 2— 3f. Pod ovate. 6'''. June. 

3 B. australis R. Br. Petioles short; lfts. obovate or oblong, obtuse; stip. lanceo- 

late ; rac. long, erect ; pod oblong-oval. Ohio River and S. 2— 3f. Flowers large 
and showy, indigo blue. June — Aug. 

4 B. leucoplioea Nutt. Lfts. oblanceolate, varying to obovate ; stip. triangular- 

ovate ; rac. nodding, the many flowers turned to the upper side on their long pedi- 
cels ; pod ovoid, inflated. Prairies, W. and S. 2 — 3f. Flowers large. April. 

5 B. villosa Ell. Lfts. lance-oblong, or oblanceolate ; stip. lance-linear, persistent; 

rac. long, declining ; bracts mimite, deciduous ; ped. not secund ; leg. oblong. N. Car. 
to Ga. : rare. 2 — 3f. Plant of rough aspect, as well as No. 4. June, July. 

6 B. Icucantlia T. & G. Lvs. petiolate ; lfts. cuneiform-obovate, obtuse ; stip. lance- 

linear, about as long as petioles ; rac. elongated, erect ; bracts caducous ; pod inflated, 
stipitate. Prairies, &c. W. and S. 2— 3f. Flowers large. May— July. 

7 B. all>a R.Br. Fastigiate-branched above ; petioles slender; lfts. elliptic-oblanceo- 

late, acute at base ; stip. and bracts minute, caducous ; rac. erect or nodding, on a 
long peduncle. In rich soils, Va. to Fla. 2— 3f. March, April. 

8 B. lanceolata Ell. Much branched, bushy ; lvs. subsessile ; lfts. narrowly elliptic 

to oblanceolate, obtuse, petiolulate ; fls. axUlary, subsolitary, short-pedicelled ; pod 
ovate-globous. Pine woods, S. l|-f. Flowers large, dull yellow. April, May. 
/3. stricta. Erect, strict ; lfts. obovate, very obtuse ; rac. few-flwd,, termin. La. Fla. 

9 B. tinctoria R. Br. Glabrous, branching; lvs. subsessile; lfts. small, roundish- 

obovate, acute at base, very obtuse at apex ; stip. setaceous, caducous ; rac. loose, 
terminal ; pod subglobous. Dry woods. 2f, bushy. Pod size of a pea. July — Sept. 

10 So micropliylla N. Smooth, bushy; lvs. small, 2-3-foliate below, simple, ses- 
sile above; stip. and bracts large, persistent; fls. small, axillarj^ and in termmal ra- 
cemes. S. Car. to Fla. 2— 3f. (B. stipulacea Ravenel.) 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^E. 85 

11 B. liccontii T. & G. Pubescent; Ivs. short-petioled ; Ifts. obovate-oblong ; pedi- 
cels with 2 bractiets ; bracts persistent; pod short-stiped ; branches, stipules, and 
racemes as in No. 9. Ga. Fla. 2f. May. 

12 B. Serenae Curtis. Smooth, diffuse ; Ifts. oblong-obovate, cuneate ; fls. in terminal 
racemes, the central longest. S. Car. 1 — 2f. Pod oblong. 

13 B. megacarpa Chapm. Glabrous, slender; Ivs. petioled; Ifts. oval; rac. short 
and short-stalked ; stip. and bracts minute, caducous ; fls. nodding ; pod large, globu- 
lar, and much inflated. Ga. Fla. : rare. 2— 3f. Pods l^-'. 

12. THERMOPSIS, R Br. (Named for its resemblance to the Egyp- 
tian Lupine — L. Thermis.) Vex. rouudisli, sides reflexed. Sta. persistent. 
Pod subsessile, linear-oblong, many-seeded. U Rhizome creeping, stems 
witli sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 3-foliate. Flowers large, yellow. 

1 T. mollis M. A. Curtis. Pubescent, diffusely branched ; Ifts. obovate-oblong ; stip. 

leafy, as long as the petioles ; ped. shorter than calyx. Woods, N. Car. 2f. April. 

2 T. fraxiuitolia Curt. Smoothisli, slender, branching; petioles longer than the 

stipules; Ifts. wedge-oblong; ped. as long as the flower. Mts. Tenn. Car. 2f. May. 

3 T. Caroliniaiia Curt. St. stout, simple; petioles as long as the ovate clasping 

stipules ; Ifts. obl.-obov. ; fls. on short ped. with decid. bracts. Mts. N. Car. 4f. June. 

13. FAB A, Moench. Coffee Bean. Fls. as in Yicia. Seeds oblong, 

with a long scar (hilum) on the narrower end, and leathery, tumid legumes. 

(i) Lvs. equally pinnate, with the tendril obsolete (in the following species). 

Peduncle shorter than the flowers. 

Ft VULGARIS Moench. St. rigidly erect, with very short axillary racemes ; Ifts. 2—4, oval, 
entire ; stipules semisagittate Gardens. From Egypt. 2— 3f. Glaucous. 

14. CICSR ARiETiNUM, the Chick Pea, rarely cultivated, may be 
known by its serrated leaflets, a character quite strange in this Order. 

15. PISUM, L. Pea. (Celtic 2^^^, Lat. pisum, Eng. pea, Fr. pois.) 
Style dilated above, grooved on the back, villous and stigmatic on the in- 
ner side. Otherwise as in Lathyrus. @ Figs. 59, 60, 190. 

P. SATIVUM L. Lfts. ovate, entire, usually 4 ; stip. ovate, semicordate at base, crenate ; 
ped. several-floAvered. Nativity unknown. Many varieties. 

16. LATHYRUS, L. Calyx campanulate, the two upper sepals short- 
est. Stam. diadelphous (9 and 1). Style flat, dilated above, ascending, 
bent at a right angle with the ovary, pubescent or villous along the inner 
side next the free stamen. Pod oblong, several-seeded. ^ ^ Leaves 
abruptly pinnate, of 1 to several pairs of leaflets. Petioles produced into 
tendrils. Pods axillary. Fig. 397. 

* Native. — a Leaflets a single pair. Southern No. 1 

— a Leaflets commonly 3 pairs. Perennial Nos. 2, 3, 4 

— a Leaflets commonly 5 pairs. Perennial Nos. 5, 6 

* Exotic— & Leaflets a single pair Nos. 7 — 9 

— b Leaflets 3 to G pairs. (Species of Orobus) Nos. 10 — 12 

1 li. pusillus Ell. St. winged ; lfts. 2, linear-lanceolate, acute at each end ; stip. con- 

spicuous, lance-falcate, half-sagittate ; ped. long. S. Car. to La. Purple. May. 

2 t. ocUroleucus Hook. St. slender; lfts. broadly ovate ; stip. semicordate, large; 

ped. 7-10-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; fls, cream-white. Shades, N. 3f. June. 



86 Oedeh 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

3 li. paluistris L. St. winged; stip. semisagittate, mucronate ; Ifts. 2 or 3 pairs, 

lance-linear or oblong, mucronate ; ped. 3-5-iiowered, equalling the leaves. Wet 
thickets, N. Eng. to Oreg. 1 — 2f. Blue-purple. June— July. 

4 Jj, niyrtifolius Muhl. St. slender, 4-angled ; Ifts. elliptic-ohlong, obtuse; stip. 

ovate, entire ; ped. longer than Ivs., 5-flwd. N. E. to Va. and Ind. 2-4f. Palepurp. Jl. 

5 li. "veiiosus Muhl. St. 4-angled; stip. semisagittate, lanceolate, very small; ped. 

8-16-fiowered, shorter than the leaves ; Ifts. 4 — 7 pairs, somewhat alternate, obtusish, 
mucronate. Shady banks. 2— 3f. Flowers large, purple. June, July. 

6 Ij. inaritinaus Bw. Beach Fea. St. 4-angled, compressed; petioles flat above; 

stip. cordate-hastate, nearly as large as the 8—12 ovate leaflets ; ped. many-flowered. 
Sandy shores, N. Y. to Oreg. 1 — 2f. Leaves pale green. Flowers blue. May, June. 

7 1(. LATiFOLius. Eterlasting Pea. Ped. many-flowered; Ifts. 2, lanceolate, inter- 

nodes membranous-winged. 7i Eur. 6f. Flowers large, pink. July, Aug. 

8 li. ODORATUs. Sweet Pea. Ped. 2-flowered ; Ifts. 2, ovate-oblong; leg. hirsute. (T) 

Sicily. Flowers very large, fragrant, red-white. June. 

9 li. SATivus. Cliick Pea. Ped. l-flowered ; Ifts. 2—4 ; leg. ovate, compressed, with 

2 winged margins at the back. ® S. Eur. An unhealthy food. 

10 li. VERNUS. Lfts. 6, ovate, acuminate; fls. red-purple-blue. Europe. If. April. 

11 li. NIGER. Lfts. 12, ovate-oblong ; fls. dark purple. Europe. 3f. July. 

12 li. ATROPURPUREA. Lfts. linear, 3 pairs, acutc ; fls. dark purple, Algiers. If. May. 

/ 

17. VIOIA, L. Vetch. (Celtic gwig., whence Gr. fiiniov, Lat. wa«, Fr. 

viesce., and Eng. vetcli.) Style filiform, bent at right angles with the ovary, 
villous beneath the stigma on the outside (next the keel). Otherwise 
nearly as m Lathyrus. 

* Peduncles 1-2-flowered, shorter (in flower) than the leaves Nos. 1—3 

* Peduncles 3-20-flowered. — a Leaflets 3—6, very narrow !Mo. 4 

—a Leaflets 8— 20.— 6 Stipules long-toothed No. 5 

— & Stipules entire Nos. 6— 8 

1 v. sativa L. Vetch. Tares. Fls. solitary or in pairs, subsessile ; lfts, 10—12, ob- 

long-obovate, often linear, retuse, mucronate ; pod linear, erect, 4-8-seeded. ©Fields. 
2— 3f. Fls. 6'^ pale purple. June. § Eur. 

2 V. tetrasperm a Loisel. Ped. 1-2-flowered, in fl. shorter (in fr. longer) than the 

Ivs. ; pod 4-seeded ; lfts. 4—6, small, linear, obtuse. Fields, Can. to Penn. St. very 
slender, 1— 2f. Fls. bluish-white. Pod h". July. 

3 "V. micrantlia N. Lfts. 4—6, linear, acute, obtuse or retuse ; fls. mostly solitary, 

minute, pale ; pod 1', sabre-shaped, erect, 6-10-seeded ; seeds black. S. 2 — 3f. 

4 V. acutifolia Ell. Leaflets 3— G, linear, acute; stip. lance-linear; tendrils mostly 

simple ; rac. 3-9-flowered, longer than the leaves. Ga. Fla. 2— 4f. Whitish. 

5 "V. Americana Muhl. Ped. 4-8-flowered, shorter than the Ivs. ; stip. semisagit- 

tate, deeply dentate ; lfts. 10 — 14, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse ; pod oblong-linear, com- 
pressed, reticulated. N. Y. westward. 1— -3f. Blue-purple. May. 

6 "V. Caroliniana Walt. Pedicel 6-12-flowered, rather shorter than the leaves ; fls. 

loose ; calyx teeth very short ; stip. lance-linear ; lfts. 8-12, linear-oblong or linear, 

smoothish ; pod oblong. Woods and banks. 4— 6f. Pale purple. May. 
"7 V. Cracca L. Tufted Vetch. Fls. imbricated, 12—20 or more iu the raceme ; lfts. 

12 — 24, oblong, puberulent ; stip. semisagittate, linear-subulate, entire. Thickets. 

2— 3f. Flowers blue-purple, ^". July. 
8 V. liirsuta Koch. Hairy ; lfts. 8—20, linear, truncate, mucronate ; ped, 3-6-flwd., 

shorter than leaves ; leg. hirsute, 2-seeded. Fields. 1— 3f. June. § 

18. ZORNIA, Gmel. (For Jolm Zorne, M. D., of Bavaria.) Calyx bila- 
biate, upper lip obtuse, emarginate, lower 3-cleft. Yex. orbicular, with the 
sides revolute. Sta, monadelphous, the alternate anthers different. Pod 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOSyE. 87 

compressed, of 2 — 5 roundish joints. U Lvs. palmately 2-4-f()liate ^vitli 

sagittate stip., which are enlarged above and supply the place of bracts. 

Z. tetrapliylla Mx. Lfts. 4 ; stip. or bracts oval, acute : pod aculeate, about .3-jointed. 
U X. Car. to Fla. and Tex. 1— 2f. Deep yellow. Pods adhesive. June— Aug. 

19. .^SCHYNOMENE, L. {Ai6xvvouai, to be modest ; alluding to 
its sensitive property.) Calyx bilabiate, bibracteolate ; upper lip bifid, lower 
trifid. Yex. roundish. Stamens diadelphous, 5 in each set. Pod exserted, 
composed of several truncated, separable, 1-seeded joints. — Lvs. odd-pin- 
nate. Stip. semisagittate. Rac. axillary (j^ellow). August. 

1 ^, liispida Willd. Erect, scabrous ; lfts. very smooth, 27— 37, oblong-linear, ob- 

tuse ; rac. 3-5-flowered ; pod 6-9-jointed. (i) Marshes, Pa. and S. 2 — .3f. 

2 iE. viscidula Mx. Slender, procumbent, viscidly pubescent : lfts. 7 — 11, obovate ; 

ped. filiform, 1 or 2-fio\vered ; pod 2 or 3-joiiited. (Tj Sandy fields, S. 

20. OHAPMANIA, T. & G. (To A. W. Chapman, M. D., author of 
" Flora of the Southern States.") Fls. nearly as in Stylosanthes. Cor. in- 
serted on the throat of the calyx. Keel 2-cleft at apex. Anth. alike, ob- 
long. Leg. hispid, 1-2-jointed. — A viscid-hirsute branching herb. Leaves 
pinnately 3-7-foliate. Fls. small, yellow, in terminal racemes. 

C. Floridana T. & G.— E. Fla. 2— 3f. Lfts. oblong. 

21. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. {:SrvXoi, a style, av^oc.) Fls. of 
two kinds. $ Calyx bibracteolate at base, the tube very long and slender, 
with the corolla inserted on its throat. Yex. very broad. Sta. 10, mona- 
delphous. Ov. sterile, with a very long style. ? Cal. and corolla 0. Ov. 
between 2 bracteoles. Leg. 1-2-jointed, uncinate with the short, persistent 
style. — Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. 

S. ela.tior Swartz. Pencil Flower. St. pubescent on one side ; lfts, lanceolate, smooth, 
acute ; spikes 3-4-flowered ; lonient 1-seeded (lower joint abortive). 2f Dry, gravelly 
woods. Long Isl. to Fla. If. Fls. yellow. July, August. 

22. ARACHIS, Willd. Peanut. (Lat. aracos, used by Pliny to 
designate some subterranean plant.) Calyx bilabiate. Cor. resupinate. 
St. monadelphous. Pod gibbous at base, coriaceous, veiny, turgid, and in- 
dehiscent, the joints not separating. — S. American herbs, with equally pin- 
nate leaves and yellow flowers. 

A. liypogaea Willd. Leaflets 2 pairs, oval or roundish, cuneate at base ; stip. entire, 
lance-subulate, as long as the leaflets ; fruit subtei-ranean. Cult. South. 
/ 

23. CORONILLA, L. (Lat. corona, a crown ; from the inflorescence.) 

Calyx bilabiate. Petals unguiculate. Loment somewhat terete, jointed. 
Seeds mostl}^ cylindrical. ;^ U Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. in simple, 
pedunculate umbels, rose-colored. 

1 C. EMERUs. Scorpion Senna. St. woody, angular; ped. about 3-flowered; claws of 

the petals thrice longer than the calyx. France. 3f. May. 

2 C. VARiA. Herbaceous ; lfts. 11—19, oblong ; ped. 10-15-flwd. Eur. 2 — 4f. Jl.— Sept. 

24. HEDYSARUM. L. {'H8vi, sweet, apQo/.ia, smell.) Calyx cleft 
into 5 linear-subnlate, subequal segments. Keel obliquely ti'uncate, longer 



88 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS/E. 

than the wings. Sta. diadelphoiis (9 and 1), and, with the style, abruptly 
bent near the summit. Pod (loment) of several 1-seeded joints connected 
by their middle. If Leaves unequally pinnate. 

H. borea,ie N. Erect; Ifts. 13—21, oblong; stip. united, sheathing ; flowers deflexed, 
spiked on the long peduncle, violet-purple ; pod of 1 — 4 lens-shaped, veiny joints. 
Rocks, Willoughby Lake, Vt. and N. 1— 2f. Flowers large. June, July. 

25. DESMODIUM, DC. Bush Trefoil. Calyx more or less bila- 
biate. Yex. roundish, keel obtuse. Sta. diadelphous (9 and 1) sometimes 
monadelphous. Pod (loment) compressed, jointed, constricted most on the 
lower (dorsal) suture, the joints 1-seeded, separable, mostly aculeate and 
adhesive. U b Lf^aves pinnately trifoliate. Flowers in racemes or often 
large, loose panicles, purplish, in Summer. Figs. 191, 355. 

§ Legumes distinctly stiped, the stipes about as long as the joints. . . (a) 

a Stems prostrate, creeping. Leaflets round or oval Nos. 1 — 2^ 

a Stems erect. Leaflets broadly ovate, or (in No. 6) narrowly. . .(b) 

b Calyx teeth shorter than the tube Nos. 3—5 

b Calyx teeth longer than the tube, — upper one notched. . .Nos. 6 — 8 

— upper one entire No. 9 

§ Legumes subsessile, the stipes, if any, not exceeding the calyx. . .(c) 
c Bi-acts large, covering the flower buds, caducous. . .(d) 
c Bracts inconspicuous, smaller than the flower buds., .(e) 

d Stipules large (0 — fl" long), ovate-lanceolate Nos. 10, 11 

d Stipules quite small, subulate Nos. 12, 13 

e Leaflets large (2—3' by 1—2'), oblong-ovate... Nos. 14, 15 

e Leaflets small, orbicular or oval Nos. 16 — 18 

e Leaflets long, linear. . .No. 19. Lfts. oblong.t. . .No. 20 

1 D. rotundifolium DC. Plant prostrate, downy; leaflets suborbicular ; bracts 

and stipules broadly ovate, acuminate ; racemes few-flowered ; loment constricted on 
both margins nearly alike. Rocky woods. 2 — 3f. Purplish. August. 

2 I>. oclirolewcum Curt. Plant decumbent, smoothish ; lfts. ovate, rarely single ; stip. 

ovate, pointed ; raceme long, fls. white ; loment twisted. Woods, Md. & S. (Porter). 

3 J>, niidiflorum DC. Lfts. roundish ovate, bluntly acuminate, slightly glaucous 

beneath ; scape radical, panicled, smooth ; joints of the loment obtusely triangular. 
"Woods, com. St. If, scape 2— 3f, with many SLiall purple flowers. 

4 I>, acumina-tum DC. Plant erect, simple, pubescent, leafy only at top ; leaflets 

ovate, long-acuminate, the odd one round- rhomboidal ; pan. terminal, on a very long 
peduncle. Woods, com. 8— 12', the panicle 2— 3f. Fls. small, flesh-color. Pod 3-jointed. 

5 U. pauciflorimi DC. St. assurgent, leafy all the way, retrorsely hairy ; lfts. thin, 

obliquely ovate, acutish, teiiLinal one rlio.rril""-^iclal ; rac. terminal, the flowers few, in 
pairs ; petals all distinct, spreading. Woods, N. Y. to 111. and La. If. W^hitish. 

6 D. panicul^tum DC. Erect, slender, nearly glabrous ; lfts. oblong-lanceolate, 

obtuse ; stip. subulate, deciduous ; fls. on slender pedicels in panicled racemes ; lo- 
ment of about 3 tnangular joints. Woods, common, 2 — 3f. Purple. 

7 H, viridifloriim. Beck. Densely pubescent ; lfts. ovate, scabrous aoove, whitened 

beneath ; stip. lance-ovate, acuminate ; pan. naked, very long ; pod of 3 or 4 triangu- 
lar joints. Alluvion, N. Y. and S. 3— 4f, rigid. Violet, fading to green. 

8 I>. lEevigatuiBi DC. Glabrous, or nearly so ; lfts. ovate; panicle subsimple, pedi- 

cels slender, in pairs. Woods, N. J., and S. 2— 3f. Purple. 
|3. monoph^llum. Dwarf, simple; lower Ivs. 1-foUate. Uxbridge, Ms. If. (Ricard.) 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS.^. 89 

9 I>. glabelliim DC. St. smoothisli; Ifts. ovate, small, rou2:li-pubescent on both 

sides : pocl of 3 or 4 triangular, minutely hispid joints. Shades, Car. 

10 B. cuspidituin. T. & G. Smooth; Ifts. obiong-oval, or ovate, sharply acumi- 
nate ; bracts deciduous, ovate, acuminate ; joints of the loment suboval. Woods. 
3— 5f. Stipules and bracts ^". Flowers 8'^, purple. 

11 U. canescens DC. St. striate, scabrous ; Ifts. ovate, rather obtuse, scabrous on 
the upper surface, soft-villous beneath; pan. densely canesceut, naked; joints of the 
loment 4, obliquely oval, hispid. Woods. 3f. 

12 X>. Canadense DC. St. pubescent; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, nearly 
smooth; stip. filiform; bracts ovate, long-acuminate; joints of the loment obtusely 
triangular, hispid. Woods, Can. to Pa. and W. 3f. Flowers S", purple. 

13 1>. sessllifolium T. & G. St. tomentous-pubescent ; Ivs. sessile; Ifts. linear or 
linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, scabrous above, softly tomentous beneath; stip. 
subulate ; pod of 2 — 3 semiorbicular joints. Woods, W. 2— 3f. Fls. small, crowded. 

14 I>. ESillenii Darl. Branching, hairy ; Ifts. oblong, villous beneath ; stip. subulate ; 
rac. panicled; joints of the loment 3, rhomboidal, reticulate, a little hairy, connected 
by a narrow neck. Moist soils, N. and W. 2— 3f. Purple. 

15 B. rigidum DC. Scabrous, pubescent; Ifts. ovate-oblong, obtuse; petioles 
short, hairy ; stip. ovate-acuminate, ciliate, caducous ; leg. with 2 — 4 obliquely obovate 
joints. Hills and woods, Mass. to La. 2 — 3f. (D. Floridanum Chapm.) 

16 I>. ciliare DC. Erect, slender, scabrous-pubescent; Ivs. crowded, on short, hairy 
petioles ; Ifts. small, ovate, ciliate on the margin ; joints of the short-stiped loment 2 
or 3. Woods. 2f. Purple. 

1 7 B. Marilandicum Boott. Erect, slender, nearly smooth ; Ifts. ovate, obtuse, 
subcordare at base, the lateral ones as long as the petioles ; loment stipe as long as 
the calyx, joints 1 or 2. Woods. 2 — 3f. Violet. 

18 I>. liiiea-tuiii DC. Slender, reclining; st. finely striate with colored lines; Ifts. 
small, roundish oval, smoothish, green both sides ; pod quite sessile in the calyx, 
joints about 2. Dry woods. 2 or 3f. 

19 I>. stF£ct«m DC. Slender, nearly glabrous ; Ivs. petiolate ; Ifts. linear, elongated ; 
pan. few-flowered ; pod hispid, incurved, of 1—3 Innately triangular joints, with a fili- 
form isthmus. Pine woods, N. J. and S. 3f. 

20 I>. GTEANS. Moving-plant. Lateral Ifts. very small ; pods pendttlons. From Bengal. 
Wonderful for the leaves, which in warm v,eather are always in motion. 

26. IiESPEDEZA, Mx. Bush Clover. Calyx 5-parted, bibractco- 
late, segments nearly equal. Keel of the corolla very obtuse, on slender 
claws. Pod (loment) lenticular, compressed, small, unarmed, indeliiscent, 
1 -seeded, u Leaves palmately trifoliate, reticulately veined. Summer. 

§ Fls. all complete. Calyx villous, long. Cor. whitish with a ptirple spot Nos. 1, 2 

§ Fls. partly apetalous. Calyx short. Corolla violet. — a Stems upright Kos. 3, 4 

— a Stems prostrate No. 5 

1 li, capita.ta Mx. Busli Clover. Lfts. elliptical to linear, silky beneath ; stip. subu- 

late ; fascicles of flowers ovate, subcapitate, shorter than the leaves, axillary ; loments 
hairy, shorter than the villous calyx. Dry soils. Can. to Car. 2 — 4f. 

2 li. Iiii'ta Ell. Stem villous; lfts. roundish oval, pubescent beneath; rac. capitate, 

axillary, oblong, longer than the leaves ; corolla and pod about as long as the calyx. 
Dry woods. 2— 4f. Flowers reddish-white. 

3 Ij. Steiivl Nutt. Branched and bushy, tomentous or pubescent; lfts. oval-obovate 

or roundish, longer than the petiole ; rac. axillary, capitate or loose ; pod villous- 
pubesceut. Dry soils, Mass. to Ga. 2f. Variable. 

4 li. violacea Pers. Erect or difl"use, sparingly pubescent ; lfts. oval, varying to ob- 

long and linear, obtuse, mttcronate, as long as the petioles ; rac. axillary, few-flow 
ered. the apetalous^nes generally below. Dry woods. Leaflets 1'. 



90 Order 43.~LEGUM1N0S.E. 

/3. sesstliHora, Flowers many, in clusters shorter than the leaves. 

Y. reticulata » Leaflets linear, rigid ; flowers in short fascicles. Erect. 

6. «Iivcrg-cns, Leaflets ovate ; upper peduncle longer than the leaves. 
5 li. proeumil>e«.s Mx. St. prostrate, diffuse, tomentous-pubescent ; Ifts. oval or 
obovate-elliptical, smooth above, on very short petioles ; ped. filiform, few-flowered ; 
pod roundish. Dry soils. Leaflets 5—9'''. Ped. 2—5'. 

/3. repeiis. Nearly smooth and very slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical. 

y. Feaisana, Decumbent ; leaflets obovate ; upper ped. apetalous. South. 

27. SPARTIUM, L. Common Broom, {^itdprov, a rope ; formerly 

made of the Broom.) Calyx spatlie-like, split behind, teeth very short. 

Keel incurved, acuminate, longer than the wings. Otherwise like Genista. 

S. scoPAKiUM. — Shrub native of Spain, 6f, with rush-like erect branches often leafless. 
Leaves simple (if any), oblong. Flowers showy, yellow or white. 

28. GENISTA, L. Dyer's Broom. Woad-waxen. (Celtic (jen, Fr. 

genet ; a small shrub.) Calyx with the upper lip 2-parted and the lower 

3-tootlied. Yex. oblong. Keel oblong, scarcely including the stamens 

and style. Stigma involute. Stamens monadelphous. 5 With simple 

leaves and yellow flowers. 

G. tinctoria L. Branches round, striate, unarmed, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, smooth ; 
pod smooth. Dry hills, Mass. N. Y. If. August. § Europe. 

29. CROTALARIA, L. Rattle-pod. {KporaXov, a rattle ; from 
the rattling of the loose seeds in the horny pod.) Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat 
bilabiate. Vex. cordate, large. Keel acuminate. Stam. 10, monadelphous. 
Filamentous sheath cleft on the upper side. Pod pedicellate, turgid. — 
Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. simple or palmately compound. Flowers yellow. 

1 C sagitta.lis L. Annual, erect, branching, hairy ; lvs. lance-oval to lance-linear ; 

stip. acuminate, decurrent; rac. 3-flowered, opposite to the leaves; cor. shorter than 
the calyx. Sandy fields. 6—12'. Cor. small. July. 

2 C. ova,lis Ph. Perennial, hairy, difi'use; lvs. oval and elliptic; stip. small or mi- 

nute, partly decurrent ; pedicels long, 3-6-flowered ; corolla longer than the calyx. 
Sandy woods, S. 4 — 12'. Flowers showy. April, May. 

3 C Purshii DC. Perennial; slender, assurgent, nearly smooth; lvs. oblong-linear 

or linear, subsessile ; stip. narrowly decurrent through the whole internode ; pedicels 
5-7-flowercd ; corolla as long as the calyx. Damp shades, S. 1— l^f. 

\ 

30. LUPINUS, Tourn. Lupike. (Lat. lupus, wolfish as a weed?) 

Cal. deeply bilabiate ; upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed. Wings 
united at the summit. Keel falcate, acuminate, Stam. monadelphous, the 
sheath entire. Anth, alternately oblong and globous. Pod compressed, 
(i)lC ^) Leaves palmately 5-15-foliate, rarely unifoliate. Raceme terminal. 

1 li. villosiis Willd. Unifoliate, densely silky-tamcntous ; sts. decumbent-assurgent ; 

lvs. large, elliptic-oblong, long-petioled ; rac. terminal, long, dense-flwd. Pine woods, 
S. 1 — 2f. Flowers roseate, with a purple spot. Pods very woolly. April— June. 

2 li. diffusus N. Diffusely branched from the base ; lvs. oyal-oblong, obtuse, soft- 

silky, on short petioles ; pods very silky. Sands, S. Blue-purple. April. 

3 li. perennis L. Minutely i)ubescent, 5-7-foliate ; Ifts. oblanceolate, mucronate; (Is. 

alternate ; calyx without appendages, upper lip emarginate, lower entire. Sandy hills. 
If. Flowers blue, varying to white. May, June. Cultivated.^ 



Okdek 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 91 

4 li. POLTPHYLLUS. Lfts. 11—15, lanccolate ; calyx lips subentire. Greg. 3f. Purp.-wh. 

5 Ij. Nootkatensts. Villous; Ifts. 5—9, obloug ; cal. lips siibentire. N.W. Coast. 2f. Pur. 

6 li. Haktwesii. Hairy ; Ifts. 7—9, obi. obtuse ; stip. and bracts setaceous. Mex. Blue. 

7 li. YAKUTS. Small and delicate ; calyx appendaged, lips 2-fid and 3-fid. Blue. 

31. LABURNUM, Bentli. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, upper lip 2-, 
lower 3-tootlied. Vex. ovate, erect, as long as the straight wings. Fil. 
diaclelphous (9 and 1). Leg. continuous, tapering to the base, several- 
seeded. '^ ^ Leaves palmately trifoliate. Flowers mostly yellow. 

1 Li. VULGARE L. Golden Chain. Arborescent; Ifts. oblong-ovate, acute at base, acu- 

minate; raceme elongated (If), pendulous ; legume hirsute. Europe. 15f. 

2 li. ALPiNUM L. Arborescent; Ifts. oblong-ovate, ronnded at base; raceme long, sim- 

ple, pendulous ; legume glabrous. Alps. 30f. 

32. TRIFOLIUM, Tourn. Clo\^k. (7/jz<pt;AAor (three-leaved); Lat. 
trifolium ; Fr. trejie ; Eng. trefoil.) Calyx 5-toothed. Pet. united at the 
base, withering. Yex. rellexed. Alge oblong, shorter than the vexillum. 
Carina shorter than the alae. Stam. 10, diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume 
mostlj^ indehiscent, covered by and scarcely longer than the calyx, 1-4- 
seeded. Seeds roundish. — Herbs. Leaves palmately trifoliate. Leaflets 
with sti'aight veinlets. Flowers in heads or spikes. Figs. 233, 354. 

§ Flowers yellow, in small, dense, roundish heads. Legume 1-seeded Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers cyanic,— c pedicellate, finally deflexed. . .{a) 
—c subsessile, never deflexed. . .{b^ 

a Heads small, on stalks some ten times longer. Legume 4-seeded Nos. 3, 4 

a Heads lai-ge, on stalks two or three times longer Nos. 5, fi 

b Calyx teeth plumose, longer than the whitish corolla No. 7 

b Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla Nos. 8 — 10 

1 T. procttmljens L. YMoiu Clover. St. procumbent or ascending; Ifts. denticu- 

late, terminal one stalked ; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the 
petioles; heads small, subglabous ; style short, fi) Dry soils, N. H. to Ya. 1— 2f. Jn. 

2 T. agrarium L. St. ascending or erect ; Ifts. denticulate, all subsessile ; stipules 

linear-lanceolate, cohering with and longer than the petiole ; heads ovoid-elliptic ; 
style equalling the pod. (T) Dry fields, N. II. to Va. If. July. 

3 T. Carolinianuni Mx. Slender, diftuse; Ifts. cuneate-obovate, the middle cue 

obcordate ; stip. ovate-acuminate, foliaceous ; cal. teeth thrice longer than its tube. 
(x) Fields, S. 

4 T. repens L. White Clover. Shamrock. St. creeping, diffuse ; Ifts. obcordate, den- 

ticulate ; stip. narrow, scarious ; cal. teeth shorter than the tube. 7i Pastures, &c. 

5 T. reflexum L. Buffalo Clover. Pubescent ; ascending or procumbent ; Ifts. obo- 

vate, serrulate ; stip. leafy, semicordate ; cal. teeth nearly as long as the corolla ; leg. 
4-seeded. @ Prairies, W. and S. 8—16'. April— June. 

6 T. stolon iferum Muhl. Glabrous, creeping; Ifts. broadly obcordate, denticulate ; 

stip. leafy, ovate-lanceolate ; cal. teeth not half the length of the corolla ; legume 
2-seeded. W. States. 6— 12^ May, June. 
T T, arvense L. Hds. cylindrical, very hairy ; cal. teeth setaceous, longer than the cor. ; 
leaflets^narrow-obovate. @ Dry, sandy fields. 5— lO''. June — Aug. § Eur. 

8 T. pratense L. Red Clover. Ascending, thinly hirsute ; Ifts. spotted, oval, entire ; 

stip. ovate, cuspidate-acuminate; heads sessile; lower tooth of the cal. longer than 
the four others which are equal. % Fields and meadows. 2f. 

9 T. mediuiti L. Zig-zag Clover. St. suberect, branching, flexuous, nearly gla- 

brous ; Ifts. not spotted, oblong, subentire ; stip. lanceolate, acuminate ; heads ovoid- 
glohous, pedunculate; cal, teeth setaceous, hairy. U Hills. N. § Eur. 



92 OiiDEK 43.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

10 T. iJscAiJNATtrM. Bt. erect, flexuousi; Ifts. round-ovate, obtuse or obcorcliite, vil- 
lous ; spike dense, oblong, pedunculate. Italy. 2f. Eed. 

33. MEDIO AGO, L. Medick. Calyx 5-cleft. Cor. deciduons. Vex. 
free and remote from the keel. Leg. variously curved, or spirally coiled or 
twisted. — Lvs. pinnately 3-foliate, denticulate. European. 

* Pods smooth Nos. 1, 2, 3. * * Pods spiny Nos. 4, 5, 6. 

1 M. lupuliiia, L. Nojie-such. Procumbent, pubescent; Ifts. wedge-obovate ; fl?. 

yellow; pod renifonn, 1-seeded. @ Waste grounds. 6 — 20'. May— July. § 

2 OT. sativa L. Lucerne. Erect, glabrous ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate ; stip. lance-linear; 

fls. violet-purple, large ; pod spiral. 2[ Fields : rare. 2— 3f. June, July. § 

3 M. scutella.ta L. Snails. Lfts. elliptical and obovate ; ped. l-3-flo\vered, shorter 

than the leaf; pod coiled like a snail-shell. Gardens. July. § 

4 M. deiiticiila,ta Willd. Lfts. obovate ; stip. bristly-gashed ; ped. with 1—3 yellow 

flowers ; pod loosely spiral, border doubly echinate. ®1 — 2f. June. § 

5 M. maculata Willd. Lfts. obcordate, with a purple spot ; ped. 2-3-flowered ; pod 

compactly spiral, outer edge grooved and doubly spiny. ® § 

6 M. intertexta L. Hedgehog. Lfts. rhomboidal ; stip. gashed ; pod spirally coiled 

in 5 or 6 turns, bordered with bristly prickles. Earc. § 

34. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Melilot. Legume ovoid, wrinkled, longer 
than the calj^x, 1-2-seeded. Fls. as in Trifolium. (i) (§) Leaves pinnately 
trifoliate, leaflets toothed. Flowers in racemes. June, July. 

1 M, officinalis Willd. Fls. yellow ; lfts. obovate-oblong, obtuse ; stem erect, with 

spreading branches. Alluvion. ,3f. Raceme slender, one-sided. § 

2 M. alba Lam. Sweet-scented Clover. Fls. white ; lfts. ovate-oblong, truncate, niu- 

cronate ; vex. longer than the other petals. Fields. 4 — Of. 

^\ 

35. FSORALEA. Cal. 5-cleft, campanulate. Segm. acuminate, lower 

one longest. Stam. diadelphous, rarely somewhat monadelphous. Pod as 
long as the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent. % 5 Often glandular-dotted. 
Stip. cohering with the base of the petiole. Flowers cyanic. 

* Leaves, at least the upper ones, 1-foliate, lowest 3-foliate Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves all pinnately 3-foliate Nos. 3, 4, 5 

* Leaves pinnately 19-21 -foliate No. 6 

* Leaves palmately 3-7-foliate.— a Silky or smooth. Fls. loosely spicatc. . .Nos. 7, 8, 9 

—a Villous. Flowers densely capitate Nos. 10, 11 

1 P. caiiescens Ms. Bushy, downy-canescent ; lower lvs. paMately 3-foliate; lfts. 

roundish obovate, dotted, upper simple. Woods, S. 2f. 

2 P. virga.ta N. Yirgate, smoothish ; lowest lvs. pinnately 3-foliate ; lfts. linear or 

oblong, often all simple ; spikes rather dense. Ga. 2f. 

3 P. stipulata T. & G. Smoothish ; lfts. elliptic-ovate, obtuse ; stipules large, ovate ; 

ped. as long as the leaves ; spikes capitate. Falls of Ohio, Ky. 

4 P. mililotoid.es Mx. Smoothish; lfts. lauce-oblong, obtuse; stip. lanceolate; 

ped. much longer than the leaves. Dry soils, S. and W. 2f. 

5 P. Onobrycliis N. Pubescent; lfts. ovate, acuminate; stipules filiform; ped. 

long, with slender spikes. Thickets, W. 3— 5f. June, July. 

6 P. multijuga Ell. Lfts. numerous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; spikes oblong; 

calyx villous, with long teeth. Upper country. Car. Ga. 

7 P. JLupiiiellus Mx. Slender, glabrous ; lfts. 5— 7, linear-filiform; rac. elongated; 

fls. violet ; pod S-shaped. Woods, S. 2f. May. June. 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 93 

8 P. floribiiuda N. Canescent; Ifts. 3, rarely 5. dotted, oWong to linear; rac. slen- 

der; ped. as iong at> the flowers (3") ; pod smooth. 111. and W. 3f. Jviwe. 

9 P. argoplaylla Ph. Erect, silky-white; Ifrs. elliptic, obtnsc-, ,5. rarely 3; ped. much 

longer than the Lave? ; tls. whorled. Wis. to Dakota (Matthews.) 

10 1*. subacaitlis T. & G. Nearly stemless, hirsute; Ivs. T-foliate on very long 
petioles; Ifts. obovate-ohlong ; ped. long, rigid ; cal. teeth obtuse. Tenn. April. 

1 1 P. esculenta Ph. Erect, rigid, diffuse, white-haired ; Ifts. 5, oblanceolate ; peti- 
oles long, ped. longer (30 ; head oblong; sep. and bracts long, pointed. Minn, to Da- 
kota (Matthews, Colman.) If. Tubers farinaceous. 

36. SESBANIA, Pers. Calyx bell-sliapecL Yex. spreading or re- 
flexed. Keel incurved, with long claws. Leg. linear or oblong, oc- or 
few-seeded. Seeds transverse. — Lvs. abruptly pinnate, with many leaflets. 
Raceme axillary, loose (yellowish). Fig. 356. 

1 S. macrocarpa Muhl. Tall, glabrous; H'ts. oblong-linear, 20—30; pod linear, 

long, jointed, many-seeded. (I) Damp, S. .3 — 9f. Pods If. Aug. — Oct. 

2 S. i>latyca,rpa Pers. Tall, glabrous; Ifts. as above; pod oblong-elliptic, valves 

double, the inner membranous, 2-seeded. ® S. lUf. Aug. (Glottidium Flor. DC.) 

37. AMORPHA, L. Lead Plant. Calyx 5-cleft. Vex. concave, 
imguiculate, erect. Wings and keel none. Stam. exserted. Leg. oblong, 
somewhat curved at the point, scabrous with glandular points, 1 or 2- 
seeded. 5 '^ American. Lvs. unequally pinnate, punctate. Fls. bluish- 
white, small, in virgate racemes. 

* Leaves stalked (lowest leaflets remote from base). Legume 2-seeded No. 1 

* Leaves sessile or nearly so. Lfts. 10—20 pairs. Legume 1-seeded Nos. 2, 3 

r A, I'ruticosa L. Scarcely pubescent ; lfts. 9—19, oval, obtuse (!') ; cal. teeth short, 

obtuse, the lowest pointed. W. and S. to Rocky Mts. 0— Kif. May, June. 

2 A. Iierbikcea Walt. Pubescent or not : lfts. 41— .jl, oblong, obtuse (7") ; cal. teeth 

subequal, villous, upper obtuse, lower acute. South. 2— 4f. June. July. 

3 A. caiitsccus N. Villous-canescent ; li'ts. small (4'''), crowded, ovate-oblong; vex. 

bright blue ; calyx teeth equal, acute. Wis. to Ga. and W. 2-4f. July, Aug. 

38. DALEIA, L. Calyx subequaily cleft or toothed. Pet. unguiculate, 
claws of the wings and keel adnate to the staminate tube half way up. 
Vex. free, the limb cordate. Sta. 10, united into a cleft tube. Ov. 2-ovuled. 
Pod enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Glandular-punctate. 
Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stipels 0. Stip. minute, setaceous. Spikes mostly dense. 

D, alopecuroides Willd. Glabrous and much branched; lfts. 8—14 pairs, linear- 
oval, obtuse or refuse, punctate beneath ; spike pedunculate, oblong-cylindric, silky- 
villous. (Dill, to Ala. and W. 2f. Flowers white and violet. August. 

39. PETALOSTEMON, Mx. Calyx 5-toothed, nearly equal. Pet. 5, 
on filiform claws, 4 of them nearly equal, alternate wdth the stamens and 
united with the staminate tube. Stam. 5, monadelphous, tube cleft. Leg. 
1-seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx, if Leaves unequally pinnate, 
exstipellate. Flowers in dense, pedunculate, oblong spikes or heads. 

§ KuHNiSTERA Lam. Heads corymbed, each with an involucre of scales ; calyx teeth 
long, plumous, pappus-like, setaceous No. 5 

§ Petalostemon ^??'Ojo<;r. Spikes solitary, not involucrate. Calyxteeth short. ..(a) 

a Bracts awn-pointed, longer than the calyx. West Nos. 1, 2 

a Bracts not awned, short, acu te or obtuse. Soiith Nos. 3, 4 



94 Order 43.— LEGUMIXOS^E. 

1 P. caudidiim Mx. Glabrous, erect; Ifts. 7— 9, all sessile, linear-lanceolate, mu- 

cronate, glandular beneath; spikes on long peduncles; bracts longer than the white 
petals. Dry prairies, S. and W. Slender, yf. Leaflets 1\ July. 

2 P. violaceum Mx. Minutely pubescent, erect; Ifts. 5, linear, glandular beneath ; 

spikes pedunculate ; bracts shorter than the violet petals. Prairies, West. 2f. Leaf- 
lets y. Heads V long, brilliant. July, Aug. 

3 P. carneum Mx. Glabrous, erect ; Ifts. 5—7, lance-linear ; spikes oblong, pedun- 

culate ; bracts obovate ; pet. oblong. Ga. and Fla. Slender. 1 — 2f. Eose-wh. Aug. 

4 P. gracile Nutt. Glabrous, decumbent at base; Ifts. 7,* lance-linear ; spikes some- 

what sessile ; bracts acute ; petals ovate. Pine woods, Fla. and W. 1— 2f. White. 

5 P. coryiubosum Mx. St. corymbously branched ; spikes capitate, sessile ; bracts 

broad, colored, the outer leaf-bearing ; Ifts. linear, 5—7. South. 2f. White. Sept. 

40. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk Yetch. Calyx 5-tootliecT. Pet. elon- 
gated, erect, clawed. Yex. narrow, equalling or exceeding the obtuse ke^"" 
Stam. diadelplious (9 and 1). Legume mostly turgid, 2-valved, 1-celled, or 
2-celled partly or completely by the intrusion of the sutures. ISeeds 1 — oo, 
funiculus slender, if chiefly. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in 
spHves or racemes. (Licluding Phaca, L.) 

§ Legume abruptly stipitate, oblong, straight-pubescent. Nos. 1, 2 

§ Legume sessile in the calj'x.— a Fls. white or yellowish. . .(6) 

—a Fls. blue or tipped with blue . . . (c) 

b Legume straight, ovoid-oblong, smooth, dry, turgid Nos. 3, 4 

b Legume curved, oblong, woolly or veiny, dry, flattened Nos. 5, 6 

c Legume curved, crescent-shaped, 1-celled, smooth No. 7 

c Legume globular, fleshy ; when dry splitting into two Nos. 8, 9 

1 A, Robbinsii Oakes. Erect; Ifts. 5—11, elliptical; cor. Avhite, twice longer than 

the calyx ; pod puberulent, 1-celled. Rocky shores, Yt. Rare. 8 — 14'. Cor. white, 
5". May, June. 

2 A. alpinus L. Diff'use ; Ifts. 13—21, ovate; cor. blue above, thrice longer than the 

calyx ; pod pubescent with black hairs, 2-celled. Mts. Vt. Me. Can. June, July. 

3 A. Canadensis L. Canescent, tall ; Ifts. 21 — 31, elliptical ; bracts as long as the 

calyx ; fls. greenish ; pod 2-celled. Banks. 2 — 3f. Pod 6". July, August. 

4 A. Cooperi Gray. Smoothish ; Ifts. 13—27, elliptical ; rac. exceeding the leaves ; fls. 

white ; pod inflated, 1-celled, roundish-ovate, with a deep groove at the ventral su- 
ture. Banks, N. Y. and W. 1— 2f. June, July. (Phaca neglecta T. & G.) 

5 A, glaber Mx. Erect, smoothish ; Ifts. 15 — 23, lance-oblong or linear ; spikes loose; 

pod smooth, flattened, 2-celled. Pine woods, S. 1 — 2f. Flowers greenish. July. 

6 A, villosus Mx. Low, villous ; Ifts. 9—15, oblong-oval; rac. ovoid, dense; pod 3- 

angled, 1-celled, clothed with long hairs. Dry, S. 3—6'. Fls. dull yellow. Mar. Apr. 

7 A. obcordatus Ell. Low, assurgcnt, smoothish ; Ifts. 7—12 .pairs, 4.'\ oblong to 

obovate. cordate at apex ; ped. as long as the leaves, 8-15-flowered ; pod deflexed, in- 
curved, pointed. 111. to Ga. 6—10'. April— June. (A. distortus T. & G.) 

8 A. caryocarpus Ker. Low, difl'use, whitish, downy or nearly smooth; leaves 

stalked; Ifts. 15—21, obovate; ped. longer; fls. 8—10'', capitate; pod as large as a 
grape, smoothish, eatable. 111. W. and S. May. (A. Mexicana DC.) 

9 A. Plattensis N. Yillous, diff'use ; Ifts. 8—12 pairs, oblong ; stip. lanceolate ; rac. 

capitate ; pod ovoid, villous. Gravel, 111. Tenn. and W. May. 

41. TEPHROSIA, L. Goat's Rue. Cat-gut. Calyx with 5, nearly 
equal, subulate teeth. Bracteolcs 0. Vex. large, orbicular. Keel obtuse, 
cohering with the wings. Sta. diadelphous (in the following species) or 
inonadelplious. Legume linear, much compressed, many-seeded. If Lvs. 
unequally pinnate. Leaflets mucronate. Flowers white-purple. 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 95 

§ Flowers large (9—10''' long) in a leafy terminal cluster. Lfts. 15—27 No. 1 

§ FIs. small, spicate, on long peduncles.— a Lfts. 9—17, Pods downy Nos. 2, 3, 4 

— a Lfts. 5—9. Pods smoothish Nos. 5, 6 

1 T. Virginica Pers. Erect, villous ; lfts. oblong ; fls. subsessile, axillary and termi- 

nal, variegated with, white, rose, and purple ; pod villous. Dry. 1 — 2f. July. 

2 T. spica.ta T & G. Rusty-villous, diflfuse ; lfts. oval-oblong, obtuse or retuse ; ped. 

very long ; calyx teeth longer than tube. S. 1 — 3f. July. 

3 T. liispidula Ph. Minutely hispid or pubescent, slender, decumbent; lfts. ellip- 

tic-oblong, acute ; cal. teeth not longer than tube. S. 1 — 2f. May — July. 

4 T. ambigua M. A. Curt. Smoothish, decumbent ; Ifls. 7 — 15, oblong-oblanceolate, 

truncate, brownish beneath ; ped. angular, 2-3-fiowered, as long as the leaves : calyx 
teeth shorter than tube. S. If. June, July. 

5 T. gracilis Wood. Slender, diffuse, subglabrous ; Ivs. stalked ; lfts. oblong-obovate, 

emarginate ; ped. twice longer than the leaves : fls. on slender pedicels ; cal. teeth very 
short ; pod smooth. Fla. to La. 6—12'. 

6 T. chrysopliylla Ph. Prostrate, rust-pubescent ; Ivs. sessile ; lfts. round-obovate, 

acutish, wavy, j-ellowish ; pcdunc. much longer than the leaves ; calyx teeth subulate. 
Dry woods, Ga. Fla. to Tex. 10—20'. May— July. 

V , 

42. INDIGOFERA, L. Indigo-plant. Calyx with 5 acute seg- 
ments. Yex. roundish, emarginate. Keel spurred each side, at length 
reflexed. Legume 2-Yalved, 1 to oo-seeded. 5 if Stip. small, distinct from 
the petiole. Leaves odd-pinnate. Legume pendulous. 

§ Racemes longer than the leaves. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse Nos. 1, 2 

§ Racemes shorter than the leaves. Leaflets oval. Naturalized South Nos. 3, 4 

1 I, Caroliniana Walt. Erect, branched ; lfts. 11—15, petiolulate ; fls. yellowish- 

brown ; pod oblong, veiny, rugous, 2-seeded. Sandy woods, S. 3 — 7f. July— Sep. 

2 I. leptosepala N. Decumbent, strigous ; lfts. 7 — 9, subsessile ; calyx teeth subu- 

late ; fls. pale-scarlet ; pod linear, 6-9-seeded. Ga. Fla. to Ark. 2— 3f. 

3 I. TiNCTORiA L. Erect ; lfts. 9—11 ; pod terete, torulous, curved. Waste pi. § E. Lid. 

4 I. Akil L. Erect • lfts. 7 — 11 ; pod flattened, even, with thick edges. Waste. § W. Ind. 

43. ROBINIA, L. Locust. Calyx 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments more 
or less coherent. Yex. large. Alse obtuse. Sta. diadelphous (9 and 1). 
Style bearded inside. Legume compressed, elongated, many-seeded. "^ t) 
With stipular spines. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Fls. showy, in axillary ra- 
cemes. Fragrant. Fig. 402. 

1 R. Pseudaca-cia L. Common Locust. Branches armed with spines : lfts. ovate 

and oblong-ovate ; rac. pendulous, white, smooth, as well as the pods. Penu. S. and 
W. Introduced everj'where. 30 — 80f. Wood verj' durable. April, May. 

2 R.. viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust. Spines very short ; branchlets, petioles, and 

pods glandular-viscid ; lfts. ovate ; rac. crowded, erect, roseate. Mts. S. 40f. Ap. Jn. t 

3 it. hispida L. Bose Acacia. Spines almost wanting, shrub mostly hispid ; rac. 

loose, mostly pendulous ; fls. large, rose-red. Mts. S. 3— Sf. Maj% June. + 

V 

44. COLUTEA, L. Bladder Senna. Calyx 5-toothed. Yex. with 
2 callosities, expanded, larger than the obtuse carina. Stig. lateral, mider 
the hooked summit of the style, which is longitudinally bearded on the 
back side. Legume inflated, scarious. +> Leaves odd-pinnate. 

C ARCORESCENS L. Lfts. eUiptical, retuse ; vex. shortly gibbous behind. Mt. Vesuvius, 
8— 12f. Leaflets about 9. Flowers large, yellow. June- -Aug. 



96 Ordeh 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

45. WISTARIA, Nutt. Cal. bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, the lower 
one 3 subequal teeth. Vex. with 2 callosities ascending tlie claw and 
separating above. Wings and keel falcate, the former adhering at top. 
Legume torulous. Seeds many, reniform. "b Leaves odd-pinnate. Ra- 
ceme large, with large, colored bracts. Flowers lilac-purple. 

1 "W, frutesceiLS DC. Pubescent Mhen young, at length glabrous ; Ifts. 9—13, ovate 

or elliptic-lanceolate, acute ; raceme densely 00-flowerecl ; calyx teeth obtuse ; ovary 
glabrous. Swamps, S. 15— 30f. Woody. April, May. 

2 W. CONSEQUANA Benth. Pubescent; Ifts. 9—13, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 

nate ; raceme loose, pendulous, If long ; calyx teeth acuminate. China. April. 

46. APIOS, L. Ground Nut. Calyx obscurely bilabiate, the upper 

lip of 2 veiy short, rounded teeth, the 2 lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the 

lower one acute and elongated. Keel falcate, pushing back the broad, 

plicate vex. at top. ^) Glabrous. Root bearing edible tubers. Leaves 

pinnately 5-7-foliate. 

A. tuberosa Ph. St. twining; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate; rac. shorter than the Ivs. Thick- 
ets and shady woods. 2— Sf. Rac. 1 — 3' long. Fls. brownish-purple. Handsome. Jl.Aug. 

47. VIGNA, Savi. (To Dominic Vigna^ commentator on Theophras- 
tus.) Calyx of 4 lobes, the upper twice broader, the lower longer. Vex. 
broad, with 2 callosities near the base of the limb. Keel not twisted. 
Stigma lateral. Legume terete. ^ Leaves pinnately trifoliate. 

V, liirsitta. Feay. Plant hirsute, the stem retrorscly so ; cal. with 1 bractlet at base; 
segm. all acute, the lower acuminate ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, pointed. Marshes, S. Car. 
Fla. to La. 6— lOf. Flowers pale yellow, (j". Pod 2', 4-C-seeded. July— Sept. 

48. RHYNCHOSIA, DC. Calyx somewhat bilabiate, or 4-parted, with 

the upper segment 2-cleft. Vex. without callosities. Keel falcate. Style 

glabrous. Legume oblique, short, compressed, 1-2-seeded. Seeds carun- 

culate. li Ip Leaves resinous-dotted beneath, pinnately 3-foliate, sometimes 

reduced to a single leaflet. Flowers yellow. 

§ Phaseoloidb^. Twining. Paceme long, GO-flowered. Calyx teeth short No. 1 

§ Akcyphtllum. Low. or twining. Flowers in fascicles or short racemes. 

Calyx teeth leafy, as long as the corolla Nos. 2, 3, 4 

§ Orthodanum. Erect. Ped. 1-flowered, axillary. Calyx teeth subulate No. 5 

1 R. minima DC. Scrambling ; Ifts. thin, rhomboidal ; rac. with about 12 remote, re- 

flexed fls. ; pod torulous, iS" long. Banks, S. Car. to Fla. and La. 3 — of, delicate, 

2 R. simplicifolia (Ell.) Low, erect, pubescent; Ivs. reduced to a single leaflet, or- 

bicular or reniform. obtuse. Sandy woods, S. 1 — Z'. Leaves lY- April, May. 

3 18.. vol ii "bills Wood. Twining, pubescent; Ivs. 3-fol. ; Ifts. oval or orbicular; rac. 

3-10-flwd. ; calyx teeth ovate, cuspidate. Dry woods, S. 3 — 4f. Lfts. l'. June, July. 

4 U. erecta Wood. Tall, velvety pubescent; Ivs. 3-foliate; lfts. oval, acute; sepals 

scarcely united, lance-ovate to linear. Dry. Md. to Fla. 2 — 5f. June — Aug. 

5 M, g-alactoides Chapm. St. erect, rigid, branched; lfts. small, elliptic or oval, 

margins revolute ; ped. half as long as the flowers. Ala. Fla. 2— 3f. 

49. PHASEOLUS, L. Kidney-bean. Cal. upper lip 2-toothed, lower 
8-toothed. Keel with the stamens and style spirally twisted. Leg. com- 



Order 43.— LEGUlVimOS^. 97 

pressed and falcate, or cylindric, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, reni- 
form. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Leaflets stipellate. Figs. 157, 203-4, 214. 

§ Flowers arranged in racemes. Legume falcate, July— Sept No. 1 

§ Flowers few, capitate on long stalks. Legume straight, linear Nos. 2 — 4 

Exotic. — a Stems climbing Nos. 5, 6, 7 

— a Stem erect, bushy No. 8 

1 P. pereanis "Walt. Wild Bean Tine. Twining, pubescent ; rac. paniculate, mostly 

in pairs, axillary ; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, 3-veinecl ; leg. pendulous, falcate, broad- 
mucrouate. Dry woods : common. 4 — Tf. Pod 2'. 

2 P. diversifolius Pers. St. prostrate, scabrous ; Ifts. angular, 2-3-lobed or entire ; 

ped. longer than leaf; pod pubescent, broadly-linear, cylindric. (2) Sandy shores. 3 — 5f. 

3 P. Iielvolus L. St. slender; Ifts. between oblong-ovate and lance-ovate, not lobed; 

ped. slender, several times longer than the leaves ; pod straight, cj^lindric, 8-10- 
seedcd. li Sandy fields. 3— 5f. 

4 P. pauciflorus Benth. Stem slender, retrorsely hirsute; Ifts, linear-oblong, not 

lobed, as long as the petiole, hirsute ; pod hirsute, 5-8-seeded, Prairies, 111. (Mead) 
and W. ^— 4f. 

5 P. VULGARIS. Lfts. ovate, acuminate; rac. solitary; pod pendulous, long-pointed; 

seed reniform, variously colored. (\) E. Ind. Flowers white. 3^f. 

6 P. LUNATUS. Lima B. Lfts. ovate-deltoid ; pod broad, flat, falcate, with large, flat, 

white seeds ; flowers whitish. (1) E. Ind. 6 — 12f. 

7 P. MULTiFLoRus. ScarUl Pole B. Lfts. ovate, acute; rac. as long as the Ivs. ; fls. 

scarlet ; pod pendulous, seeds reniform. (1) S. Am. 6 — lOf. 

8 P. NANUS. Bush B. Lfts. broad-ovate, acute ; pod torulous ; flowers and seeds 

white. (T) India. If. There are many varieties. 

50. ERYTHRINA, L. Calyx truncate or lobed. Vex. long, lanceolate, 
"with no callosities. Wings and keel much smaller, Stam. straight, nearly 
as long as the vexillum. Style glabrous. Legume torulous, ^ t) ^ Often 
prickly. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Flowers racemed. 

1 E. herbacea L. Glabrous; lfts. rhombic-hastate, with 3 rounded, shallow lobes; 

petioles with here and there a small hooked prickle ; rac. terminal ; flowers slender, 
deep scarlet, 2'. Eich soils, S. Ehizome thick. 3 — 4f. April. 

2 E. Crista-galli. Shrub or tree ; lfts. ovate or elliptical, with hooked prickles be- 

neath ; banner recurved ; fls. scarlet, in large racemes. Planted South. 

51. AMPHICARPiEA, Ell. Pea-vine. Calyx with 4 or 5 nearly 
equal segments. Pet oblong. Vex. with the sides appressed. Stig. capi- 
tate. Ovary on a sheathed stipe. Leg. flat, 2-4-seeded. (1) Slender, 
twining. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. The upper flowers complete, but 
usually barren, the lower apetalous and fruitful. 

1 A, monoica Nutt. St. retrorsely pubescent; lfts. ovate, thin; cauline racemes 

pendulous ; cal. segm. very short ; bracts minute. Woods. 4 — 8f. Very slender. 
Flowers pale purple. Upper pods 4-seeded, lower 1-seeded. July — Sept. 

2 A, Pitcheri T. & G. Stem rusty-vihous ; lfts. rhomboid-ovate; rac. erect, often 

branched ; bracts broad, conspicuous. N. Orleans and W. Seeds blackish, 

52. GALACTIA, L, Cal. bibracteolate, 4-cleft, the segments of nearly 
equal length, upper one broadest, entire. Pet, oblong. Vex. broadest and 
incumbent Keel petals slightly cohering at top. Legume many-seeded. 
■^ ^ [^ Lvs. pinnately compound. Rac. axillary. Fls. purplish- Aug. Sept 

5 



98 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

§ Leaves pinnate, 7-9-foliate. Sts. prostrate, twining. Lvs. coriaceous No. 1 

§ Leaves piunately .3-foliate, Sts. prostrate, twining. Pods 12—18" long. . .Nos. 2 — 4 
§ Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Sts. erect or ascending. Petioles longer than Ifts. .Nos. 5, 6 

1 G. dliottii N. Lfts. elliptic-oblong, obtnse; ped. longer than the lvs., few-flwd. at 

the top ; upper sep. (double) broad-ovate. Ti Ga. Fla. .3— Tf. Rose-white. May, Jn. 

2 G. glabella Mx. St. nearly glabrous ; lfts. elliptic-oblong, emarginate at each end, 

shining above, a little hairy beneath ; rac. pedunculate, about the length of the leaves ; 
flowers 6", pedicellate. 2i. Arid soils, N. J. to Fla. 2— 4f. Kose-purple. 

3 G. mollis Mx. St. softly pubescent ; lfts. oval, obtuse, nearly smooth above, softly 

villous and Avhitish beneath ; rac. longer than the leaves, pedunculate, fasciculate ; fls. 
4'^, on very short pedicels ; pod villous, if Dry soils, Md. to Ga. 2 — 4f. 
/3. niicroph//Ua, Lfts. small (4 — 6'0, oval ; fls. solitary, and nearly sessile in the 
upper axils ; pods 5 or 6-seeded. Ga. Fla. (Miss S. Keen.) 
•4 G, pilosa N. St. pubescent or smoothish ; lfts. thin, oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse or 
retuse at both ends ; rac. very slender, twice or thrice longer than the leaves, with 
scattered, distant flowers. 7i Dry soils, S. 3 — 7f. Leaflets 1—2'. Flowers 4'-'. 

5 G. l>racliypoda T. & G. Slender, branching ; lfts. oblong, odd one petiolulate ; 

rac. stalked, shorter than the leaves. 21 Sandy woods, W. Fla. 2 — 3f, ascending. 

6 G. sessiliflora T. & G. St. simple, flexuous ; lfts. oblong-linear, odd one subses- 

sile ; rac. very short, sessile. Sandy woods, S. 1— 2f. Lfts. l-*— 20''. Pod erect. 

53. DOLIOHOS, L. Calyx 4-lobed, tlie upper lobe 2-tootlied or entire. 
Vex. with 2 or 4 callosities at the base of the limb. The free stamen spm*- 
red at base. Legume flattened with a few oval, flattened seeds. ^> Leaves 
pinnately 3-foliate. 

1 I>. multiflorus T. & G. Lfts. ample, orbicular, acute, thin, pubescent ; racemes 

equalling the petioles, densely 00-flwd. at the top of the stout peduncle ; calyx upper 
lip entire ; pod 4-5-seeded. if Banks, Ga. to La. 

2 I>. Halei Wood. Lfts. ample, round-ovate, acuminate ; petioles 3 times longer than 

the feAv-(3-S)-flwd., stalked raceme ; pod broad, 2-3-seeded, the point incurved. % N. 
Orleans and W. (Dr. J. Hale.) Pod 2'. 

3 I>. SESQUiPEDALis. Pods smootli, subterete, very long (If). W. Ind. + South. 

4 I>. Cat-iang. Pods linear, erect, twin at top of the long ped. E. Ind. t South. 

54. CLITORIA5 L. Calyx bibracteolate, o-toothed, segm. acuminate. 
Vex. large, spreading, roundish, emarginate, not spurred. Keel smaller 
than the wings, acute, on long claws. Legume linear-oblong, torulous, 
several-seeded, b Leaves pinnately 3-5-foliate. Flowers very large, soli- 
tary, or several together. 

C Mariana L. Glabrous : Ifts. 3, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, lateral ones 
petiolulate ; ped. short. 1-3-flwd. ; bracteoles and bracts very short ; pod 3-4-seeded. 
7i Drj' soils, N. J. to Fla. 1— 3f. Flowers pale purple. July, Aug. 

55. OBNTROSEMA, DC. Sep. lance-linear, slightly united, the lower 
longest and with 2 broad bractlets. Vex. very large, with a short spur 
on the back near the base. Keel and stamens much shorter, incurved. 
Legume long, linear, margined and long-pointed. ^ Leaves pinnately 3- 
foliate. Flowers very large, purple. 

C Virginiana Benth. St. very slender ; lfts. oblong-ovate to oblong-linear, firm, very 
veiny, the veins incurved ; ped. 1-4-riowered, bractlets larger (not longer) than the 
calyx ; pod veined along the margin. 2( Dry soils, S. 2 — 5f. July, August. 



Order 43.— LEGUMIKOS^. 99 



^ 



56. KENNED YA, Vent. Two upper lobes of calyx half-united. Ban- 
mr broad, spreading, keel as long as the Tvings, incurved. Legume linear. 
^ Australian twiners with brilliant flowers in clusters. Leaves 3-nate. 

1 K. C031PTONIANA. Smoothis^h ; Ifts. 3. ovate, retuee, veiny ; peduncle bearing an 

erect raceme of many bright blue flower-?, very ornamental in the conservator3^ 12f. 

2 K.. KTJBictTNDA. Hairy; iff?, ovdte : ped.3 flwd., fls. dark-red or crimson, to scarlet. 5f. 

\ 

57. HARDENBBRGIA, Benth. Two upper teeth of calyx united. 

Banner broad, spreading, keel much shorter than wings. Legume linear, 
"b Australian. Flowers in racemes, very delicate. Leaflet mostly but 1. 
tl. MONOPHYLLA. Plant very smooth ; 1ft. lance-ovate ; rac. erect ; fls. blue-purple. lOf. 

58. ACACIA, Xecker. Calyx valvate, 4- or o-toothed. Pet. 4 or 5, 
^mall, distinct or nearly so. Sta. numerous, distinct. Legume not jointed, 
dry, 2-valved, oo-seeded. Beautiful trees or shrubs, native of warm cli- 
mates. Lvs. twice pinnate, or reduced to phyllodia (^ 321). Fls. yellow 
or yellowish, in spikes or heads, very numerous and showy. 

§ Leaves bipinnate. Flowers collected in heads or spikes Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Leaves abortive— reduced to flattened petioles (phyllodia) with their edges 

vertical. Flowers yellow, — x in globular, solitary heads Nos. 4, 5 

— X in globular, racemed heads Nos. 6, 7 

— X in cylindrical spikes Nos. 8 — 11 

1 A. Faruesiaaa L. Sponge Tree. Tree armed with straight stipular spines: lvs. 
with 4 — S pairs of pimiie. leaflets 15 — 20 pairs, oblong, crowded ; ped. 2 or 3 together. 
Naturalized along the Gulf. Fla. to N. Orleans. Pods 2—3' long. (Vachellia, C-B.) 
% A. ALCicAxs. Shrub from Mexico, 5f, with stipular spines, silvery-pubescent ; leaves 
with 8 or 9 pairs of piniiie, lea.lets 10 — 30 pairs, linear-oblong, glabrous ; flowers 
white, the heads in axillary racemes. 2—5 together. 

3 A. DEALBATA. Shrub thoruless. 5f, from N.Holland, all velvety-pubescent; pinnae 

>5 pairs, leaflets 3^—35 pairs, linear, crowded; heads in axillary racemes. 

4 A. juxiPERiNA. Shrub from N. Holland, spinescent ; phyllodia linear-subulate, pun- 

gent; branches terete, hairy or downy : heads solitary ; petals 5. 

5 A. AP.JiATA. Shrub 5— 8f. downy or hairy, with spinescent stipules ; phyllodia half- 

oblong-ovate, entire. 1-veined ; heads solitary ; pods A^elvety. N.Holland. 

6 A. VESTiTA. Shrub (if, clothed with a soft down; leaves (phyllodia) halved, elliptic- 

oblanceolate ; heads loosely racemed along the ped., one being terminal. N. Holland. 

7 A. cuxTPviFORJiis. Shrub 5f, smooth and glaucous; leaves curved, triangular-lanceo- 

late, coriaceous; heads in racemes, pauicled at the end of the branches. 

8 A. TERTiciLiATA. Shrub bushy, leafy, with the phyllodia and leaf-like stipules crowded 

and irregularlj" whorled; spikes oblong, solitary, axillarj-. New Holland. 

9 A. LONGiroLiA. Shrub of, unarmed, with the phj-llodia long, linear-lanceolate, 3- 

veined at base, veiny above ; spikes axillarj-, in pairs ; flowers 4-parted. N. S. Wales. 

10 A. LINEARIS. Shrub 5f, unarmed, with phyllodia very long (?') and narrowly lin- 
ear, 1-veined ; spikes axillarj% many, often branched ; calyx 4-parted. 

11 A. FLOKEBUNDA. Shrub or small tree, 6 — lOf; phyllodia linear-lanceolate, attenuate 
both ways. 3-5-voined ; spikes simple, axillary, solitary ; calyx 4-toothed. N. Holland. 

/ 

59. POINCIANA, L. Sepals 5, united just at base. Petals broad, un- 

guiculate, spreading. Stam. 10, very long, decurved with the slender style. 

Legume flat. +> Tropical. Leaflets very many, no odd one. Fls. large. 

1 P. PULCHERRraA. Shrub prickly (used in the W. Ind. for hedges, hence called Flower- 
fencf') ; leaflets oval-oblong ; fis. %' broad, orange, with crimson filaments 2' long. lOf. 



100 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

2 P. GiLLESii. From S. Am. Thornless; Ifts. veiy small; fls. 2', ylw., the pet. subequal, 

subscssile, glandular-ciliate at apex. [one spotted. From jNladagascar. lOf. 

3 P, KEGiA, lia< crim.-on flowers 3' broad, the petals long-clawed, crenate-edged, upper 

/ 

60. OALLISTACHYS, Vent. Calyx 2-lipped. Banner erect, keel and 

wings deflexed. Stam. 10, separate, as in Baptisia. Style incurved. Pod 
woody before ripening, many-seeded. 5 From New Holland. Leaves 
8-foliate but sessile. Flowers yellow, in a terminal cluster. 

1 €. LANCEOLATA. ilauy, half-shrubby ; leaflets lanceolate, apparently it'/iorfec? in 3' s. 

2 C. OVATA. Pubescent ; leaves ovate, acute ; spike short and broad, mauy-flowered. 

\ 

61. SOPHORA, L. Keel obtuse, not shorter than the wings or round- 
ish banner. Pod stipitate, many-seeded, moniliform, indehiscent. Seeds 
globular. ^ 5 Leaves odd-pinnate. Panicles terminal. 

1 S. tomentosa L. Shrub 4— 6f, hoary-tomentons ; Ifts. about 13, oblong, thick ; fls. 

in long racemes, yellow, handsome ; calyx obscurely 5-toothed ; pod 6'. Coast, Fla. 

2 S. Japonica. Tree 30 — 40f, from Japan, hardy from Philadelphia south. Leaflets 

about 13, smooth ; panicles large, erect, open, white, in July and August. 

62. CHOROZEMA ilicifolta. Shrub from K. Holland, 3f, bushy, 
with thick spincscent, holly-like, simple leaves, and a prolusion of deep orange or scarlet 
racemes. Calyx 2-lipped. Keel shorter than the wings. Pod inflated, many-seeded. 

63. OROBUS, Toarn. Bitter Vetch. Calyx obtuse at base, deeper 
clett on upper side. Cor. long, keel incurved, shorter than wings or banner. 
Sly. terete, downy above, if Lfts. 2 — 12, racliis ending in a short point. 

1 O. viiUNUs. Lfts. 6, ovate, pointed; stip. i-sagit., entire ; fls. blue and purp. Apr. If. 

2 O. NIGER. Branched, 3f ; lfts. 12, ovate to oblong; flowers dark purple. June — Aug. 

3 O. atropuepukeus. Leaflets G, linear ; flowers dark purple, in long 1-sided racemes. 

64. LENS ESCULENTA. Lentil. Herb cultivated for food at the East 
since the times of Esau, seldom seen here. Stem weak. If. Leaves of many pairs of ob- 
long leaflets, ending in a branched tendril. Kaceme of 2 or 3 pale flowers succeeded by a 
short broad pod. Seed exactly lens-shaped, givin-g the name. (I) 

/ 

65. CYTISUS, L. Cal. 2-lipped, with 5 teeth, keel obtuse, straightish. 

Style incurved or at length involute. Seeds with a scale at the hilum 

(strophiolate). 5 Leaves of 3 leaflets, the upper becoming simple. 

C 6C0PARIUS. Scotch Broom. Shrub with smooth angular, virgate branches ; lfts. oblong: 
pedicels solitary, axillary ; flowers yellow, showy ; pods hairy at edge. Europe. 

66. TRIGONELIiA Fcenum-Gr^cum. Fenugreek. Herb from Eu- 
rope, in gardens. Cult, for its strong-scented herbage. 2f. Lfts. 3, cuneate at base. Fie. 
axillary, sessile, small, white. Pods linear, long, slightly falcate at point, 2 or 3 together. 

67. CLIANTHUS, Soland. Cal. bell-form, 5-cleft. Banner lance-ovate, 
acuminate, reflexed, keel boat-shaped, decurved, as long as the banner, 
longer than the narrow wings. Pod oblong, inflated. +> From New 
Zealand. Leaves odd pinnate. Flowers large and splendid. 

1 C. PUNicEus. Shrub smoothish, 4f; leaflets about IT, oblong, retuse, alternate; 

flowers 3' wide, crimson-red, in dense hanging racemes of superb appearance. 

2 C. Dampierii. Shrub hairy, 4f; leaflets about 17, oval, acute; flowers very lar^e, 

scarlet, M'ith a black prominence at the base of the banner. Flowers freely. 



Ordek 44.— rosacea, 101 

Order XLIV. ROSACEA. Roseworts. 
Herbs, sJinibs, or trees, Adtli alternate, stipulate leaves and regular flow- 
ers. Sepals 5, rarely fewer, united, often re-enforced by as many bractlets. 
Petals 5, rarely 0, distinct, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx tube. 
Stamens oo, rarely few, distinct, inserted with the petals (perigynous). 
Ovaries 1, 2, 5, or go, distinct, or often coherent with each other, or im- 
mersed in the tube of the calyx. FrvM a drupe, or achenia, or a dry or 
juicy etoerio (| 158), or pome. Seeds 1 or few in each carpel, anatropous, 
exalbuminous. Embryo straight. Figs. 5, 35, 38, 117, 139, 158, 183-5, 188, 
197, 244, 251, 285, 297, 300-1, 307, 358, 365-6, 400, 428. 

A Ovary superior, and the fruit not enclosed in the tube of the calyx. ..{a) 
A Ovary inferior, and the fruit enclosed in the calii-x tube. , .(//i) 

a Carpel 1, forming a drupe in fruit. Calyx deciduous. Trees or shrubs. . .(b) 

a Carpels 2 — 00 . Calyx persistent, bractless. Shrubs or herbs. . .(c) 

a Carpels 4 — 00. Calyx persistent, with 5 bractlets added. Herbs mostly. . .(/) 

/> Tribe I. CHRYSOBALANE^.— Style lateral. Ovules 2, ascending Chrysobalanus. 1 

h Tribe II. AMYGDALE.E.— Style terminal. Ovules 2, pendulous I'ruiXUS. 2 

c Tribe III. SPIR^E^.— Carpels 2— S, several-seeded follicles in fruit... (^0 

d Petals obovate, equal, imbricate in the bud Spiraea. 3 

d Petals lance-linear, convolute in the bud Gillenxa. 4 

c Tribe IV. EUBE^E. — Carpels 2— 00, 1-seeded drupes or achenia {<i) 

e Shrubs unarmed. Carpels 5 — 8. Petals 5 (or GO ), yellow Kerria. 5 

e Shrubs unarmed. Carpels 2 — i. Petals 0. Calyx leafy Neviusia. 6 

e Shrubs prickly. Carpels 00 , drupaceous and juicy Rubus. 7 

e Herbs not prickly. Carpels 5—10 (2 — 6 in No. 12), dry Dalibarda. 8 

/ Tribe V. FRAGARIDE^E.— Carpels 4— 00, 1-seeded achenia in fruit... (9) 

q Style persistent on the drj- achenia. — h Petals 8 or 9 Dryas. 9 

—h Petals 5 Geum. 10 

g Style deciduous. — h Torus pulpy, globular, red Fragaria. 11 

— h Torus spongy or dry.— ? Bractlets minute or Waldsteinia. 12 

—I Bractlets 5 Potentilla. 13 

m Tribe VI. SANGUISORBE^.— Carpels 1—3, acheniate. Petals or 5. . . {n) 

n Stamens 1 — 4. Style lateral. Flowers apetalous, scattered Alchemilla. 14 

n Stamens 4 — 00 . Style terminal. Flowers apetalous, spicate Poterium. 15 

n Stamens 10 — 15. Styles 2. Petals 5, yellow Agrimonia. 16 

m Tribe VII. ROSE^E.— Carpels 00, 1-seeded, free in the calyx tube Rosa. 17 

m Tribe VIII. POME.(E.— Carpels 2—5, consolidated with the calyx tube. . .(o) 

o Petals oblong-spatulate. Carpels half-2-celled Amelanchiek. 18 

o Petals roundish.— p Carpels 1-seeded CRAXiEGUS. 19 

— p Carpels 2-seeded Pyrus. 20 

—p Carpels 00 -seeded Cydonia. 21 

1. CHRYSOBALANUS, L. Cocoa Plum. Calyx 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Sta. 

about 20, in a single series. Ov. solitary, sessile, the style arising from the 

base. Ovules 2, collateral. Drupe 1-seeded, with thin pulp. 5 With 

entire, veiny leaves, minute stipules, and terminal panicles. 

C. o"bloiigifolius Mx. Lvs. oblong, vaiyiiig to oblanceolate, subsessile, pedicels and 
calyx tomentous-hoary ; filaments and ovary glabrous ; drupe as large as a plum. 
Pine-barrens, Ga. Ala. Fla. 8 — 12f. Leaves shining. Flowers small, white. 

2, PRUNUS, Tourn. Plum, &c. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube bell-shaped 
or cup-shaped, deciduous. Pet. 5, spreading. Sta. 15 — 30. Ov. solitary, 
with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony nucleus. ^ +) Fruit 
mostly edible. Fls. white or purplish. Figs. 51, 119-21, 124-5, 158, 285, 297. 



102- OiiDER 44.— KOSACE.^. 

§ Prunus. Drupe smooth, more or less glaucous with a bloom. Stone smooth, more 
or less flattened. Leaves mostly convolute (rolled) in vernation. Plums. . .(a) 

a Umbels 2-5-flowered. Leaves conspicuously acuminate No. 1 

a Umbels 2-5-flowered. Leaves acute or obtuse Nos. 2, 3, 4 

a Umbels 1-2-flowered. Leaves acute, obovate, or oval Nos. 5, 6 

§ Cerasus. Drupe smooth, without bloom. Stone smooth, globular. 
Leaves conduplicate (folded §254) in vernation. Cherries. . . (&) 

h Flowers in lateral leafless umbels. Drupes small. Native Nos. 7, 8 

h Flowers in lateral leafless umbels. Drupes large. Exotic Nos. 9, 10 

h Flowers in racemes— c terminating the leafy branches Nos. 11, 13 

— c in the axils of the evergreen leaves No. 13 

§ Armeniaca. Drupe soft-velvety. Stone smooth, compressed. Lvs. 

convolute in bud, expanding after the flowers. Apricots Nos. 14, 15 

§ Amygdalus. Drupe toraentous or smooth. Stone rugous-furrowed, 
compressed. Leaves conduplicate in vernation. . .{d) 

d Fruit Avith a soft juicy pulp. Small trees. Peach, &c No. 16 

d Fruit with a hard dry pulp. Trees or low shrubs. Almond. . .Nos, 17, 18, 19 

1 P. Americana Marsh. lied Phnn. Yelloiv Plum. Somewhat thorny ; lvs. oblong- 

oval and obovate, abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate ; drupes roundish 
oval, reddish orange, with a tough skin. Low woods. 10— 15f. May. t 

2 P. maritinia Wang. Beach Phnn. Lvs. oval or obovate, slightly acuminate, 

sharply serrate ; petioles with 2 glands; umbels few-flowered; ped. short, pubescent; 
fruit nearly round. Sea beach, Me. to Ya. 3— 4f. Fruit size of a grape. May. 

3 P. umbellata Ell. Lvs. lanceolate or lance-oval, acute or barely acuminate, ob- 

scurely serrulate ; petioles glandlcss ; umbels 3-5-flowered, precocious ; fruit oval, 
small, glaucous, red. Dry soils. South. 10— 15f. Fruit pleasant. May. 

4 P. Cliicasa Mx. Chickasaw Plum. Branches spinous ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate or 

oblanceolate, glandular serrulate, not at all acuminate; pedicels short, smooth ; drupe 
globons. Thickets, South. 6 — 12f. Fruit red or yellowish. April. 
i> P. spinosa L. /3. insititia, Bullace Plum. Branches thorny ; lvs. pubescent 
beneath ; obovate-elliptical, varying to ovate, sharply and doubly dentate ; umbels 
1-2-flowered ; fruit globular, black, glaucous. Roadsides. 15— 2Gf. § 

5 P. DOMESTICAL. Common Garden Plum. Damson Plum. Branches unarmed; lvs. 

oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly t^olitary ; drupe globous, oval, ovoid, 
and obovoid. Long cultivated. 15f. Italy. 
1 P. pumila L. Sand Cherry. Lvs. oblanceolate or obovate, acute, subserrato, 
smooth, paler beneath; umbels few-flowered, sessile ; drupe ovoid. Shrub trailing in 
sandy soils. 1 — 2f. Fruit small, dark red, pleasant. May. 

8 P. Pennsylvanica L. Wild Red Cherry. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, finely 

serrate, thin, smooth ; umbels corymbous, with elongated pedicels ; drupe small, 
ovoid-subglobous. Woods, N. 25f. Bark red-brown. May. 

9 P. Avium L. Ox-heart. English Cherry. Branches erect or ascending ; Ivs.oblong- 

obovate, acuminate, hairy beneath ; umbels sessile, with rather long pedicels; drupe 
ovoid-globous, subcordate at base. Gardens, parks. 30— 50f. t 

10 P. Cerasus L. Sour Cherry. Large Ped. Morello., &c. Branches spreading; lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, narrowed at base, nearly smooth ; fls. with short pedi- 
cels ; drupes globous. Tree 15 — 20f. t 

IIP. serotina Ehr. Black or Wild Cherry. Lvs. firm, oval-oblong or elliptic, acu- 
minate, smooth, shining above, unequally glandular-serrate ; petioles with 2 — 4 glands ; 
raceme long ; drupes black. Woods. 50 — 80f Bark black. May. 

1 2 P. Virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Lvs. smooth, oval or obovate, short-pointed, 
thin, not shining, with sharp, subulate serratures, veins bearded at base; petioles 
with 2 glands ; raceme short. Thickets. 5— 20f.- Fruit blackish, astringent. May. 

I 3 P. Caroliniana Ait. Cherry Laurel. Lvs. oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate, on 
short petioles, entire, coriaceous ; fls. small, in numerous, dense racemes shorter than 
the leaves ; drupes persistent, poisonous. Banks, S. 30— 50f. ApviJ. t 



Order 44.— ROSACE^.. 103 

1 4 P. Aemeniaca Willd. Apricot. Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, subcordate at base, 
denticulate ; stlp. palmate ; fls. sessile, subsolitaiy ; drupe large, subglobous. From 
Armenia. 10— 15f. Fruit purple-yellow, 1— 2'. 

1 5 P. DASTCARPA Ehrh. Black Apricot. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate ; peti- 
oles with 1 or 2 glands : fls. pedicellate ; drupe subglobous. From Siberia. 10 — 15f. 
Fruit dark purple, in July. Flowers white, April. 

1 6 P. YULGAKis Mill. Peach. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with all the serrature? acute ; 
fls. solitary, subsessile, preceding the leaves ; drupe tomentons. Persia. 8— 15f. Fls. 
rose-color, with the odor of prussic acid. Fruit yellow-purple. 
j3. L^vis. Nectarine. Drupes glabrous, yellow, purple, red, large. 

1 7 P. COMMUNIS. Almond. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with the lower serratures glandu- 
lar ; flowers sessile, in pairs. Barbaiy. 15f. Varies with flowers double. 

1 8 P. NANA. Dwarf single-flotvering Almond. Lvs. ovate, attenuate at base, simply 
and finely serrate ; flowers subsessile. Russia. 3f. May, June. 

19 P. LANCEOLATA. Dwarf doubU-fiowering Almond. Lvs. lanceolate, doubly serrate ; 
fls. pedicellate, covering the stems. China. 2— 3f. Eoseate. (Amygd. pumila. Ait.) 

\ 

3. SPIR.SIA, L. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Pet. 5, roundish. Stam. 

10 — 50, exserted. Carp, distinct, 3 — 12, follicular, 1-celled, 1-2-yalved, 
1-10-seeded. Styles terminal, +) if Branches and leaves alternate. Flow- 
ers white or rose-colored. Fig. 244. 

§ Shrubs, with stipulate, simple, lobed leaves. Carpels inflated No. 1 

§ Shrubs, with stipulate, pinnate leaves. Carpels 5, united. Exotic No. 2 

§ Shrubs, without stipules. Leaves simple. Ovaries distinct., .(a) 

a Flowers in umbels or corymbs.— J Corymb compound, terminal. Mts No. 3 

— 6 Clusters many. Gardens. Exotic. .Nos. 4 — 7 

a Flowers in a terminal panicle, — c roseate-purple Nos. 8, 9 

— c white, rarely blush-colored Nos. 10 — 12 

§ Herbs, without stipules. Leaves tripinnate. Ovaries 5, drooping No. 13 

§ Herbs, stipulate. Leaves pinnately divided. — d Flowers rose-purple No. 14 

— d Flowers white Nos. 15 — 17 

1 §. opulifolia L. Ninehark. Lvs. roundish, 3-lobed, doubly sen-ate ; fls. white, in 

pedunculate corymbs ; carp. 8—5. By streams. Rare. 4f. June. 

2 S. soREiFOLiA. Lvs. odd-piunatc ; Ifts. lanceolate, acuminate, doubly serrate, termi- 

nal one lobed; fls. white, in terminal panicles. Siberia. 6f. May. 

3 S. corynibosa Raf. Lvs. ovate, cut-serrate above, whitish beneath ; fls. innumer- 

able, white or roseate, in a dense, level-topped corymb ; styles and carpels generally 3. 
Penn. Ky. and S. 1— 2f. May, June. 

4 S. HYPERiciFOLiA. St. Petef s Wreath. Lvs. obovate-oblong, subentire ; fls. in many 

lateral clusters, on short branches, white, mostly double. Europe. 3f. May. 

5 S. PRUNTFOLiA. Branches virgate ; lvs. ovate, petiolate, serrate, 5-veined, silky be- 

neath ; fls. in 3's— 5's (very double), white. Japan. Beautiful. 

6 S, Reevesiana. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, 3-lobed or pinnatifld, glaucous beneath ; rac. 

capitate, pedunculate, often forming long wreaths. June. 

7 S, TRiLOBATA. Lv?. roundish, lobed. crenate, veiny: fls. corymbed. Alps. 

8 S. toinentosa L. Ilardhack. Rusty tomentous ; lvs. lance-ovate, smoothish above, 

serrate ; rac. short, dense, aggregated into a dense thyrse-like, terminal panicle ; carp. 
5. Pastures, thickets. Common. 2 — 3f. July, Aug. t 

9 S, DouGLASii. Much like No. 8, but larger, smoother, and with redder fls. Oregon. 

10 S. salicifolia L. Nearly smooth ; lvs. lanceolate to oblanceolate, serrate; rac. 
panicled, dense or lax, white, often with a blush ; carp. 5. Meadows, thickets. Com- 
mon. Stem purplish. 3 — 4f. Stam. conspicuous as in other species. July, t 

IIS. ARi^FOLiA. Lvs. elliptic-oblong, crenately lobed and toothed ; fls. innumerable, 
in large, terminal panicles, white. Oreg. 6— 12f. Stems virgate. June. July. 

5"^ 



104 Order 44.— ROSACEA. 

12 S. LAEVIGATA. Lv!?. obovate-oblong, very smooth and entire, sessile. Siberia. 

13 S. Ar uncus L. GoaVs Beard. Lvs. tripinnate ; Ifts. oblong- lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, straight-veined, doubly serrate, odd ones lance-ovate ; pan. large, of numeroua 
slender racemes ; carpels 3—5, glabrous, V. Mts. N. Y. to Ga. 3— 5f. July. 

14 S. lobAta L. Queen-of-the-PraiHe. Lvs. pinnatiM, the term, lobe largest, ped- 
ately T-9-parted, lobes all doubly serrate ; stip. reniform ; panicle large, roseate, ex- 
ceedingly delicate; carpels 0—8. Low prairies, W. & S. 4— Sf. June, July, t 

1 5 S. Ulmaria. Double Meadotv-svjeet. Lvs. interruptedly pinnate, white-downy be- 
neath ; Iffs. lance-ovate, the terminal one large, palmately 3-5-lobed. Eur. July. 

16 S. FiLiPENDULA. Pride-of-t he- Meadow. Lfts. 9—21, pinnatifid-serrate, minute ones 
between; stip. clasping, large ; corymbs lax; sep. rellexed. Europe. Root tuberous. 

1 7 S. Japonica. Lvs. biternate ; lfts. oblong, acuminate, cordate, their stalks bearded 
at base ; panicle terminal ; flowers with 10 stamens and 2 styles, pure white. 3— 4f. 

4. GIIjLENIA, Moench. Indian Physic. Calyx tiibular-campanu- 
late, contracted at tlie orifice, o-cleft. Pet. 5, linear-lanceolate, long. Sta. 
10 — 15, very short. Carpels 5, connate at base. Styles terminal. Follicles 
2-valved, 2-4-seeded. if "With trifoliate, doubly-serrate leaves. 

1 Cr. trifolia,ta Moench. Lfts. ovate-oblong, acuminate ; stip. linear-setaceous, entire; 

fls. on long pedicels, in pedunculate, corymbous panicles. In woods, W. N. Y. to Ga. 
2 — 3f. Flowers axillary and terminal, rose-white, li' broad. June, July. 

2 G. stipiila-cea Nutt. Bowman's Boot. Lvs. lanceolate, deeply incised ; radical 

leaves pinnatifid ; stipules leafy, ovate, doubly incised, clasping ; flowers large, in 
loose panicles. W. N. Y. to Ala. Flowers rose-color. June. 
/ 

5. K£]RRIA, DC. Calyx of 5, acuminate, nearly distinct sepals. Cor. 

of 5 petals. Ov. 5 — 8, smooth, globous, ovules solitary. Sty. filiform, 
Ach. globous. ^5 Stems virgate. Lvs. simple, ovate, acuminate, doubly 
serrate, with stipules. Flowers terminal on the branches, solitary or few 
together, orange yellow. 
K, Jap6nica. Japan Globe-Jlower.— Gardens. 5— 8f. Flowers double. 

6. NEVIUSIA, Gray. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes leafy, cut-serrate, 
persistent. Cor. 0. Sta. oo, filiform. Ov. 2 — 4, 1-ovuled. Ach. drupa- 
ceous. 5 Lvs. simple, ovate, petiolate. Stipules subulate, free. Flowers 
terminal, numerous, showy. 

N. Alabamensis Gr.— Tuscaloosa, Ala. (Rev. R. D. Nevius.) 2— 3f. 

7. RUBUS, L. Bramble. Calyx spreading, 5-parted. Pet. 5, decidu- 
ous. Stam. GO, inserted intf) the border of the disk. Ovaries many, with 
2 ovules, one of them abortive. Achenia pulpy, drupaceous. ^ [^ With 
@ stems, armed with prickles. Inflorescence imperfectly centrifugal. 
Fruit esculent, July — Sept. Flowers in May, June. Fig. 185. 

§ Fruit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous receptacle. Blackberries. .(«) 

a Stems (mostly) erect, stout, armed with stout, recurved prickles Nos. 1, 2 

a Stems procumbent, trailing, mostly with slender, minute prickles Nos. 3—5 

§§ Fruit separating from the dry, persistent receptacle. Raspberries. ..{b) 

b Leaves simple, lobed. Not prickly Nos. G— S 

b Leaves compound. — Stems not prickly, herbaceous No. 9 

—Stems prickly, shrubby.— Corollas single Nos. 10—12 

—Corollas double No. 13 

1 H. villosus Ait. High Blackberry. Pubescent, viscid, and prickly ; st. recv,rvcd 



Order 44.— ROaACE^. 105 

at top, angular ; Ifts. 3—5, ovate, acuminate, serrate ; petioles prickly ; calyx acumi- 
nate ; raceme leafless, 00-flowered ; fruit ovoid, small-grained, sweet. Thickets. 3— 6f. 
Fruit black, in August. 

/3. frondostis, Laivton B. Smoothish ; rao. leafy at base, short ; fr. subglobous, 
large-grained, very acid. Fields and gardens. 

y. huniifusu.v. Trailing ; leaves smaller ; peduncles few-flowered. 

2 R. cuiieilolius Ph. Sand B. Pubescent; Ivs. 3-foliate ; Ifts. wedge-obovaic. en- 

tire at base, dentate above ; racemes few-flowered, loose. Sandy woods, L. I. to Fla. 
2— 3f. Pet. white, thrice longer than calyx. May, June. 

3 IS., hispidus L. Hispid with retrorse bristles; Ivs. 3-foliate, smooth, green both 

sides ; Ifts. obovate, thickish, persistent ; fls. and fr. small, corymbed, on filiform 
pedicels. Damp woods. 3— 7f long. Fruit sour. May, June. 
^. aetbatts, Lvs. oblanceolate ; fruit red. (R. setosus Bw.) 

4 R. Canadensis L. Northern Dewberry. Slightly prickly ; lvs. 3 (rarely 5)-foliate; 

Ifts. elliptic or rhomb-oval, acuminate, thin ; ped. long, hardly in clusters ; fruit large, 
black, very sweet in August. Stony fields, North. 

5 R. triviiilis Mx. Southern Deivberry. Prickly and ]|ristly; lvs. 3-5-foliate, thick, 

ovate-oblong or oval ; ped. 1-3-flowered ; sep. obtuse, reflexed. South. 
G R. odora.tus L. Mulberry. St. erector reclining, unarmed, glandular-pilous ; lvs. 
palmately 3-5-lobed, middle lobe longest, unequally serrate ; fls. large, in terminal 
corymbs ; pet. orbicular, purple. Woods : common. 3— 5f. Fr. red, sweet, in Aug. 

7 R. Nutkanus Mocino. Somewhat pilous ; lvs. broad, 5-Iobed, lobes nearly equal, 

coarsely serrate ; ped. few-flowered ; sep. long-acuminate, shorter than the very large, 
round-oval, white petals. Mich., Wis. to Oreg. 5— Tf. 

8 R. Cliamssmorus L. Cloudberry. Herbaceous, dioecious ; st. decumbent at base, 

erect, unarmed, 1-flwd. ; lvs. mostly but 2, cordate reniforra, rugous, with 5-rounded 
lobes, serrate ; sep. obtuse ; pet. obovate, white. White Mts. If. June. 

9 R. triflorus Kich. Branches herbaceous, green; lvs. .3- or .^-foliate; Ifts. nearly 

smooth, thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, odd one petiolulate ; stip. ovate, entire ; pet. erect, 
oblong-obovate. Hilly woods, N. Fruit few-grained, dark red. 

10 R. strigosus Mx. Wild Bed Raspberry. St. strongly hispid ; lvs. pinnately 3- or 
5-foliate ; Ifts. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse at base, canescent tomentous beneath, odd 
one stalked; cor. cup-shaped, white. Old fields, N. Common. Fruit red. 

1 1 R. occidentalis L. Blade Raspberry. Thimble-berry. St. glaucous with bloom, 
long, recurved, prickly ; lvs. pinnately 3-foliate ; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, hoary-tomcn- 
tous beneath, lateral ones sessile ; pet. shorter than sep. ; fr. blk. Rky. fields and gard. 

12 R. Id^us. Garden R. Hispid or prickly; lvs. pinnately 3-5-foliate ; Ifts. rhomb- 
ovate, acuminate, hoary-tomentous beneath ; sep. hoary-tomentous, pointed, longer 
than the white petals ; fruit red, white, or yellow. § ? % 

13 R. EosiEFOLius. Bridal Rose. Prickles straight: lvs. pinnately 3-7-foliate ; Ifts. 
lance-ovate, doubly serrate, velvety ; flowers large, white. Mauritius. 

8. DALIBARDA, L. False Violet. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-6- 

parted, spreading, 3 of the segm. larger. Pet. 5. Sta. oo. Sty. 5 — 8, long, 

deciduous. Acli. nearly dry. \^ Lvs. undivided. Scapes 1-2-fiowered. 

I>. repens L. Low, pubescent, bearing creeping shoots ; lvs. simple, roundish-cordate, 
crenate ; stipule linear-setaceous ; calyx spreading in flower, erect in fruit. U Damp 
woods, Penn. to Can. 2—12'. Scapes with 1 small white flower. June. 

9. DRYAS integrifolia, Yalil.— On the White Hills of N. H. Prof. 
Peck (Ptirsh). On Pike's Peak, Colorado. (A. H. Thompson.) 

10. GEUM, L. AvENS. Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate segments or 
bractlets smaller and exterior. Pet. 5. Sta. oo. Ach. oo, aggregated 



106 Order 44.~R0SACE^E. 

on a dry receptacle, and caudate with the persistent, mostly jointed, genic- 
ulate and bearded style, if Leaves pinnately divided. 

§ SiEVERSiA. Stylo straight, jointless, all of it persistent. Flowers large. . .Nos. 1, 2 
§ GsuM proper. Style bent and jointed in the middle, upper part deciduous. . . (a) 

a Head of fruits raised on a stipe. Flowers yellow or purple Nos. 3, 4 

a Head of fruits sessile (no stipe).— & Flowers yellow Nos. 5, 6 

—b Flowers white Nos. 7, 8 

1 G. triflorum Ph. Villous, erect, about 3-flowered; Ivs. mostly radical, intei-rupt- 
edly pinnate, of numerous cuneate, incisely dentate, subequal Ifts. ; bractlets linear, 
longer than the sepals ; styles plumous, very long in fruit (2—30. N-W. States, rare 
in the North. 8— 12'. Flowers purplish- white. May, June. 

2. Cr. ra.clia,tuni Mx. Hirsute or smoothish ; stem erect, nearly leafless ; root Ivs. 
lyrate, the terminal leaflet large, reniform, lobed and toothed, lateral ones minute ; 
bractlets minute ; pet. obcordate, yellow, large ; styles hairy at base. White Mts. 
N. H., Eoan Mt. N. Car. 9—15'. (G. Peckii Ph.) 

3 G. vernum T. & G. g*noothish ; Ivs. pinnately divided, incigely lobed and toothed, 

the lowest often simple ; fls. small, yellow ; sep. reflexed ; torus conspicuously stipi- 
tate. W. and S-W. 12—20'. Stipules large. April— June. 

4 G. rivale L. Pubescent ; st. subsimple ; radical Ivs. lyrate ; stip. ovate, acute ; fls. 

nodding, purple ; pet. as long as the erect cal. segments, purplish-yellow ; upper joint 
of the persistent style plumous. Wet meadows, N. and M. 1 — 2f. June. 

5 G. strictum Ait. Hirsute ; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate ; Ifts. ovate, lobed and toothed ; 

pet. roundish, longer than the reflexed sepals ; torus densely pubescent. Fields, N. 
States and Can. 2 — 3f. Terminal leaflet lai-gest. July, August. 

6 G. macrophylluni Willd. Hispid; Ivs. interruptedly lyrate-pinnate, the termi- 

nal 1ft. much the largest, roundish cordate, 3— .5', all unequally dentate ; petals louger 
than the calyx ; recept. nearly smooth. White Mts. and Can. 1— 2f. June, July. 

7 G. album. Gmel. Smoothish or pubescent ; root Ivs. ternate or often simple, upper 

Ivs. simple ; Ifts. ovate, lobed and dentate ; pet. as long as calyx ; torus white-bristly. 
Thickets. Common. 2— 3f. July. (G. Virginianum T. & G. &c.) 

8 G. Virginia-nuin L. Hirsute ; Ivs. pinnate below, then ternate, the upper simple; 

Ifts. incisely lobed, wedge-lanceolate, very acute, cut-toothed ; pet. shorter than calyx ; 
torus nearly naked. Wet thickets. 2— 3f. Stout. July. 

\ 
11. FRAGARIA, L. Strawberry. Cal. concave, deeply 5-cleft, with 

an equal number of alternate, exterior segments or bractlets. Pet. 5, 

obcordate. Sta. go. Sty. oo, lateral. Ach. smooth, affixed to a large, 

pulpy, deciduous receptacle. 71 [^ Stems stoloniferous. Leaves trifoliate. 

Fruit red. Flowers white, in Spring. Figs. 5, 117, 184, 251, 428. 

§ Bractlets entire ; petals white. Stemless, stoloniferous Nos. 1, 2 

§ DucHESNiA. Bractlets 3-lobed ; petals yellow. Stems trailing No. 3 

1 F, "Virginiana Ehrh. Pubescent; Ivs. thick; cal. of the fruit erect-spreading; 

ach. imbedded in pits in the globous receptacle ; ped. commonly shorter than the Ivs. 
Fields and gardens. 6 — 12'. Some of its varieties are polygamo-dicecious. 
/3. Illinoinsis, Larger, very villous in the stems. Prairies. Westward. 

2 F. vesca L. Alpine^ Wood, or English Straioben^. Villous-pubescent ; cal. of 

the fruit spreading or reflexed ; ach. superficial on the conical or hemispherical recep- 
tacle, which is without pits ; Ivs. thin. Fields and woods. 
/3. pallida. Fruit white. A var. well established in Wayne Co. N.Y. (Hankenson.) 

3 F. Indica Ait. Pubescent, rooting at the joints ; Ifts. ovate, obtuse, incisely ere- 

nate-serrate ; stip. lanceolate, free ; pedicels axillary, solitary 1-flowered ; bractlets 
leafy in fruit. V Damp places, Penn. and S. § India. 



Order 44.— ROSACEA. 107 

12. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. Dry Stratvberry. Cal. 5-cleft, with 
5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bractlets. Pet. 5 or more, 
sessile, deciduous. Sta. 00. Stj. 2 — 6. Acli. few, dr}^, on a dry receptacle. 
U Acaulescent, with lobed or divided leaves, and yellow flowers. 

1 Tl^. fragarioid.es Traut. Lvs. trifoliate ; Ifts. broad-cuneiform, incisely dentate- 

crenate, ciliate ; scapes bracteate, many-flowered. Hilly woods. 8'. June. 

2 W. lobata T. & G. Lvs. simple, roundish, cordate, 3-5-lobed, incisely crenate ; 

scapes filiform, bracted, 3-7-flowered. Hills, South. 6'. May, June. 

13. POTENTILLA, L. Cinquefoil. Calyx concave, deeply 5-cleft, 
with 5 bractlets added. Pet. 5, roundish. Sta. oo, slender. Ovaries col- 
lected into a head on a small, dry, hairy torus. Sty. terminal and lateral, 
deciduous. Achenia oo. (D ^ b Leaves compound. Flowers solitary 
or cymous, mostly yellow. Figs. 365-6. 

§ SiBBALDiA. Stamens 5. Achenia 5— 10, styles lateral. Low herbs. Mts No. 1 

§ CoMARUM. Sta. 00. FloAvers brown-purple. Torus in fruit ovoid, spongy No. 2 

^ FoTEHTihijA proper. Sta. GO. Flowers yellow to white. Torus not enlarged .. (a) 

a Leaves palraately 3-foliate Nos. 3, 4, 5 

a Leaves palmately 5-foliate. Flowers yellow Nos. 6, 7 

a Leaves pinnate. — b Shrubs, Avith the flowers axillary above No. 8 

— b Herbs, with the flowers axillary, solitary Nos. 9, 10 

— b Herbs, with the flowers in terminal cymes Nos. 11, 12 

Exotic species, with fls. roseate and purple. .Nos. 13, 14 

1 I*. prociiiHl>eiis Clairv. Lfts. 3, obovate, 3-toothed at apex, hairy beneath ; fls. 

corymbed. White Mts. ? (Pursh), and N. (Sibbaldia L.) 

2 P. paluLStris Scop. Lvs. pinnate; lfts. 3 — 7, lance-oblong, obtuse, sharply serrate, 

hoary beneath ; sep. much longer than the purple petals ; torus persistent, large, 
tasteless. 2f Swamps, N. 1— 2f. June. (Comarum L.) 

3 P. Norvegica L. Hirsute ; st. erect, dichotomous above ; lfts. 3, elliptical or obo- 

vate, dentate-serrate, petiolulate; cymes leafy; cal. exceeding the emarginate pale- 
yellow petals ; sty. terminal, (g) Old fields, thickets. Can. to Car. 1 — 4f. July — Sept. 

4 P. tridentiita Ait. Smooth ; st. ascending, woody and creeping at base ; lfts. 3, 

obovate-cuneate, evergreen, entire, with 3 lai'ge teeth at the apex; cymes nearly 
naked ; petals white, obovate. i^ High Mts. N. Eng. 6—12'. June. 

5 P. minima Haller? St. pubescent, ascending, mostly 1-flowered ; lfts. 3, obovate, 

obtuse, incisely serrate with 5 — 9 teeth above ; petals yellow, longer than the sepals. 
2f White Mountains. 1 — 3', tufted. June, July. 

6 P. Canadensis L. Yillous-pubescent, procumbent, producing runners : lfts. 5, 

obovate, cut-toothed above ; pedicels axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. 
<X. pumila. Small and delicate, flowering in Apr. May, everywhere. 
p. simplex, Subsimple, ascending, 8 — 14', smoothish ; fls. June — Aug. Common. 

7 P. argentea L. St. ascending, tomentous ; lfts. 5, oblong-cuneiform, with a few, 

large, incised teeth, smooth above, silvery canescent beneath, sessile ; flowers in a 
cymous corymb, small (3"). H Eocky hills, N. 6—10', June— Sept. 

8 P. fruticosa L. St. fraticous, very branching, hirsute, erect ; lfts. 5 — 7, linear- 

oblong, all sessile, margin entire and revolutc ; petals large, much longer than the 
calyx. A low, bushy shrub, N. States. 1— 2f. Flowers 1'. June— Aug. 

9 P. anserina L. Silver-weed. Goose-grass. St. slender, prostrate, rooting; lvs. 

interrnptedly pinnate ; lfts. many pairs, oblong, deeply serrate, canescent beneath ; 
peduncle solitary, 1-flowered, very long. 2[ Wet, N. Eng. N. and W. 1— 2f. Ju.— Sept. 

10 P. paradoxa N. Decumbent at base, pubescent; lvs. pinnate; lfts. 7—9, ovate- 
obl. incised, upper ones confluent ; ped. solitary, recurved in fruit ; ach. 2-lobed. (J) 
Shores of Sodus Bay (Hankenson), W. to Oreg. ff. June— July. 



108 Order 44.— R08ACEJ3. 

1 1 F. Fennsylvanica L. Erect, wMtisli-tlowny ; Ifts. 5—9, oblong, obtuse, pin- 
natifld, upper ones larger ; cyme fastigiate, at length loose. 71 N. Eng. : rare. 

12 1*. arg'utta Ph. Erect, grayish, pubescent and villous ; radical Ivs. on long peti- 
oles, 7-9foliate, cauline few, 3-7-foliate ; Ifts. broadly ovate, cut-serrate, crowded; fls. 
in dense terminal cymes. 2f. By streams, N. and W. 2— Sf, stout. May, June. 

1 3 P, Nepalensis. Root Ivs. quinate ; stem ternate ; Ifts. wedge-oblong, serrate ; stip. 
large, adnate, entire, u Nepal, lit Flowers large, rose, scarlet, orange, &c. 

14 P. ATROSANGUiNEA. Lvs. tematc ; Ifts. obovate, cut-serrate, white-downy beneath; 
sep. elliptic ; pet. obcordate. of Nepal, l^-f. Flowers crimson, often double. 

14. ALOHEMiliLA, L. Ladies' Mantle. Calyx 4-tootlied, with 4 
external bractlets. Petals 0. Sta. 1 — 4. Carp. (1 — 4) mostly solitary, with 
the style lateral. Stig. capitate. Seed suspended. Low herbs, with pal- 
matcly lobed or incised leaves and small green flowers. Fig. 38. 

1 A, arvensis Scop. Parsleij Piert. Lvs. crenate at base, incisely 3-lobed or parted, 

the segm. 2-3-cleft, pubescent ; fls. axiliar3^ (i) E. Va. A small weed. § Europe. 

2 A. alplniis L. Lvs. radical, silky beneath, 5-7-partcd, cut-serrate at apex ; fls. co- 

rymbed. High Mts. of N. Eng. (Pursh, 181(1.) t Europe. 

15. POTERIUM, L. Burnet. Calyx tube contracted at the top. 
Lobes 4, imbricated, petaloid, deciduous. Pet. 0. Sta. 4 — oo , exserted. 
Styles slender, 1 — 3. Stig. penicillate. Ach. included in the hardened, 4- 
angled calyx tube. 21 Lvs. unequally pinnate, with long stalks and ad- 
nate stipules. Lfts. petiolulate, serrate. Fls. in a spike or head, on a long 
peduncle or scape, often 8 . (Includes Sanguisorba L.) 

1 P. Canacleuse (L.) Glabrous ; lfts. many, ovate or oval, obtuse, cordate, with 

serrate stipels and stipules ; spikes cylindric (30 ; stam. 4, long exserted. Wet 
meadows along the mountains. Can. to Ga. 2— 4f. Flowers grecn-M'hite. Aug. 

2 P. Sanguisorba L. Glabrous ; leaflets many, ovate or roundish, deeply serrate ; 

heads subglobous ; sta. OO, in the lower fls. L. Huron {Hooker) andW. Purp. t Aug. 
\ 

16. AGRIMONIA, L. Agrimony. Calyx tube turbinate, contracted 

at the throat, muricate, limb 5-cleft, connivent in fruit. Pet. 5. Sta. 12 — 
15. Ov. 2. Styles terminal. Ach. included in the indurated tube of the 
calyx. If Lvs. pinnately divided. Fls. yellow, in long, slender racemes. 

1 A. £npatoria L. Lfts. 5 to 7, lance-oval or obovate, with small ones interposed, 

coarsely dentate ; stip. large, dentate ; pet. twice longer than the reflexed calyx. Dry 
soils, common. 1— 3f. Rac. spicate, 6'— If. Fls. 3—4''' broad. July, Aug. 

2 A. parviflora Ait. Lfts. 9—17, crowded, pubescent beneath, lanceolate, cut-serrate, 

with smaller ones interposed ; pet. small. Woods, &c., Pa. S. and W. Plant fragrant, 
3 — 4f, with spreading brownish hairs. July, Aug. 
/3. incisa, Lfts. incisely pinnatifid. South. (A. incisa T. & G.) 

17. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. Calyx tube urceolate, contracted at the ori- 
fice, lined with the fleshy disk. Petals 5 (greatly multiplied by cultiva- 
tion). St. GO, inserted into the rim of the disk. Ach. go, bony, hispid, 
borne free within the calyx tube. +> Prickly. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stip. 
mostly adnate to the petiole. Figs. 35, 139, 197, 301. 

Obs. Our innumerable varieties of garden Roses liave mostly originated with the few species men- 
tioned below. To define these varieties in order to their recognition would generally be impossible, for 
their forms are as evanescent as their names are arbitrary. All that we propose is to aid the learner in 
tracing back each form to the species whence it sprung. This will be easily done in all cases except with 
the hybrids. 



OiiDER 44.— ROSACEA 109 

* WiM Roses, with simple, o-petalled flowers, open in June and Jtily. . .(§) 

§ Leaflets 3, rarely 5. smooth. Branches long, climbing or trailing Nos. 1. 2 

§ Leaflets 5— 9,— a rusty glandular and fragrant beneath Nos. 3, 4 

— a not glandular. Erect. — b Prickles stout, falcate No. 5 

— b Prickles Aveak, straight Nos. 6, 7, 8 

* Garden Eoses, with either simple or double flowers. . .(§§) 
§§ Styles cohering in an exserted column. Climbers. . . (a) 

a Leaflets 3—5, mostly 3. Prickles stout, deflexed No. 1 

a Leaflets 5— 9.— & Stipules and sepals mostly entire Nos. 9, 10 

—b Stipules, or sepals, dissected. Prickles slender Nos. 11, 12 

§§ Styles separate.— c Stipules nearly free, and caducous Nos. 2, 13, 14 

— c Stipules adnate to the petiole. — d Prickles falcate. . .(e) 

— d Prickles straight. . . (/) 

e Leaflets not at all glandular. Shrubs erect, often slender Nos. 15, 16, 17 

e Leaflets glandular and fragrant beneath, downy or not Nos. 3, 18, 19 

/ Lvs. and often the calyx, glandular. Fls. roseate or yellow. .Nos. 20, 21 
/ Lvs. not at all glandular. Prickles numerous, weak, orO. .Nos. 22, 23, 24 

1 R. setigera Mx. Prairie Rose. Spines strong, straightifh ; Ifts. ovate; stip. adhe- 

rent ; fls. in corymbs, deep roseate, becoming pale, scentless ; styles united in an ex- 
serted column. Prairies, &c., N. Y. W. and S. 12 — 20f. June, July, t 
Var. Prairie Queen^ Baltimore Belle, Bosa Swpeiha^ &c. 

2 R. laevigitta Mx. Cherokee R. Prickles very strong, recurved ; Ifts. elliptical, ever- 

green, polished; stip. free, setaceous ; fls. solitaiy, large, white; calyx bristly ; styles 
separate. Tenn. to Fla. 15 — 30f. § ? In hedges and gardens. 

3 R. rubiglnosa L. Sweet Brier. Eglantine. Prickles strong, recurved, many weak 

ones intermixed ; Ifts. broad-oval ; fls. solitary; fruit obovoid and, with the pedicels, 
glandular hispid. Fields, roadsides. 4— 8f. Fls. light red, single or double. 
Yar. Clementine, Maiden, Royal, Scarlet, Tree-double, White, &c. 

4 R. micraiitlia Smith. Prickles strong, recurved, few and equal ; Ifts. ovate ; fls, 

solitary, small (15'0i mostly white. Pastures, &c. N. Eng. 6— 8f. June. 
o R. Carolina L. Swainp R. Tall, erect, glabrous ; Ifts. elliptical, glaucous beneath, 
not shining; fls. corymbed : fr. depressed-globous, dark red, with liispid peduncles. 
Damp woods. 4 — 8f. Fls. varying from red to white. June, July. 

6 Re liicida Ehrh. Wild R. Prickles scattered, setaceous ; Ifts. elliptical, simply ser- 

rate, shining above ; fls. in pairs (1 — 3) ; fr. depressed-globous and, with the pedi- 
cels, glandular-hispid. Dry woods. 1— 3f. Branches greenish. Fls. red. 

7 R. iiitida Wiild. Wild R. Stems reddish with very numerous reddish prickles ; 

Ifts. narrow-lanceolate, smooth and shining; fls. solitary: calyx hispid. Swamps, N. 
Eng. 1— 2f. Fls. red. Fi\ scarlet. Perhaps a variety of No. (i. 

8 R. blanda Ait. Thornless Wild R. Prickles few, slender, deciduous ; Ifts. oblong, 

obtuse, not shining; stip. broad; ped. short, and with the calyx smooth and glau- 
cous ; fr. globous. Dry hills, N. and M. 2— 3f. Petals reddish. 

9 R. SEMPERVXRENs. Prickles subequal ; Ifts. thick, evergreen ; fls. clustered, mostly 

white ; fr. round-ovoid, yellow, glandular-hispid. S. Eur. (j — 12f. 

10 R. ARVENsis. Ayreshire R. Prickles unequal, falcate ; Ifts. ovate, acute, deciduous, 
glaucous beneath ; fls. solitary or clustered, white to purple. Eur. 20f. 

Var. Dundee Rambler, Virginia Lass, Weeping-tree R., &c. 

1 1 R. MOSCHATA. Slusk R. Lfts. lanceolate, acuminate ; stip. very narrow ; sep. loug- 
appendaged, pinnatifid ; fls. panicled. peculiarly fragrant, white. Asia. 10— 12f. 

12 R. MDLTiFLORA. Jajjan R. Lfts. lance-ovate, rugous, soft ; stip. pectinate-fringed ; 
fls. corymbed ; sep. short and ped. tomentous. South. 15 — 20f. Pet. wh. topurp. §t 

Yar. Boursault, Seven Sisters, RvsseVs, &c. 

13 R. BRACTEATA. Macartney R. Erect; prickles recurved; lfts. 5— 9, obovate, shin- 
ing ; stip. bristle-fringed ; fls. solitary, with large bracts under the tomentous calyx. 
China. 2— of. Fls. white, creamy, &c. § S. 



110 Okder 44.— EOSACEJE. 

14 R. BANKsiiE, Thornless B. Prickles none; Ifts. lanceolate, 3—5, eubentire; fls. 
small, in umbels ; fruit globular, nearly black. China. 

15 R.. Indica. Chinese Monthly It. Bengal B. Lfts. 3—5, ovate, pointed, shining; 
stip. very narrow ; sep. subentire ; stam. inflexed ; fruit top-shaped. China. 1 — 8f. 
Fls. white to crimson. April to November. 

j8. Lawkenciana. 31iss Laivrence''s B. Aculeate ; fls. small (1'), pink-purple. 
Other var. JVoisette, Youland of Ar agon., Giant of Battles., Cloth of Gold (sulphur- 
yellow), and the favorite Tea Boses. 

16 R. CANiNA. JDog B. Prickles strong, compressed ; lfts. 5—9, with acute, incurved 
serratures ; stip. rather broad, serrulate ; sep. deflexed after flowering, deciduous ; fr. 
ovoid, red. Eur. 4 — 8f. Fls. often simple, red. 

/3. BouKBONiANA. Lfts. ovate, subcordate, glossy ; fls. double and semidouble, pur- 
ple. Numerous subvarieties, everblooming. 
1 7 R. ciNNAMOMEA. Cinnamon B. Lfts. 5 — 7, oval-oblong, grayish-doAvny beneath ; 
stip. broad, involute, pointed ; ped. and cal. glabrous ; sep. as long as the petals, closed 
and persistent on the fruit. Eur. 6 — 121". Purple. 

18 R. DAMAscENA. Damask B. Prickles broad, unequal; lfts. large, broad-elliptic, 
whitish-downy ; sep. reflexed. Levant. 3 — 4f. Fls. pale roseate, very fragrant. The 
common Monthly is a variety. 

19 R. ALBA. White B. Erect, tall; prickles slender, or 0; lfts. round-ovate; petioles 
and veins downy, glandular; sep. pinnatifid ; fr. ovoid. Eur. Stout, 4 — 8f. Flowers 
large, clustered, sweet-scented, pure white, semidouble. 

20 R. CENTiFOLiA. Pvovens B. Cabbage B. Very prickly ; leaflets 5 — 7, ovate, edges 
gland.-ciliate ; cal. and ped. gland.-hispid, viscid and frag. S. Eur. 2 — 4f. Fls. pink, &c. 

Var. very numerous, among which is the incomparable 3Ioss Bose. 

21 R. EGLANTERiA. Yellow B. Avstrian Eglantine. Branches red, all piickly; lfts. 
5 — 7, small, broad-oval, or obovate ; sep. smooth, entire ; pet. large, yellow. Aust. .3f. 

Var. The Copper Austrian, single ; Persian Yellow, double, and others. 

22 R. ALPiNA. Boxirsavlt B. Climbing; lfts. 5 — 11, ovate or obovate, sharply serrate; 
ped. deflexed after flowering, and sep. connivent on the ovoid hip. Alps. 10— 20f. 
Older stems thornless. Fls. clustered, pink, blush, crimson, &c. 

23 R. Gallica. Common French B. Erect ; leaflets 5—7, oval to lanceolate, thick ; fls. 
erect, with large spreading red petals ; sep. ovate, some viscid. Eur. 2 — 5f. 

Var. 300 or more ; as the Velvet, Carmine, Carnation. Some are variegated, as 
YorJc-and-Lancaster, Tricolor, Picotee, Nosegay, &c. 

24 R. PiMPiNELLiFOLiA. Scotch B. Bumet B. Very prickly, erect; lfts. 5—9, round- 
ovate, obtuse, smooth; sep. entire, finally convergent on the fruit; fls. small, rose- 
ate ; but there are varieties with pui-ple and even yellow flowers. 

18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. Shad-flower. Wild Service. Cal. 
5-cleft. Pet. 5, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate. Sta. short. Sty. 5, some- 
what united at base. Pome 3-5-celled, cells partially divided, 2-seeded. 
^ +) Leaves, simple, serrate. Flowers racemous, white. 

A. Canadensis T. & G. Lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, sharply serrate, smooth; raceme 
loose; calyx segments lance-triangular; fruit globous, purplish. Woods: common. 
5— 35f. Flowers showy, in early Spring. Fruit pleasant, ripe in June. 

/3. oblong-ifolia. Shrub ; lvs. oblong-oval, mucronate ; pet. oblong-obovate. 

y. rotundifhlia, Lvs. broad-oval ; pet. linear-oblong. Shrub 10— 20f. 

5. alnifblia, Lvs. round-oval, serrate near apex ; pet. linear-oblong. 15— 30f. 

E. olig-ocdrpa. Shrub ; lvs. elliptic-oblong, cuspidate ; rac. 2-4-flowered. North. 

19. CRATAEGUS, L. Thorn. Hawthorn. Calyx urceolate, limb 
5-cleft. Pet. 5. Sta. go. Ov. 1 — 5, with as many styles. Pome fleshy, 
containing 1 — 5 bony, 1-seeded carpels, and crowned at the summit by the 



Ordek 44.— ROSACE.E. Ill 

)erslstcnt calyx and disk. "5 1) Armed with thorns. Lvs. simple, often 
lobed. Bracts subulate, deciduous. Fls. corymhous, white or purplish. 

§ Corymbs 6-30-fl\vcL, appearing with the leave.-*. Fruit red or yellowish. . .{a) 

a Villous or pubescent. Leaves plicate or sulcate along the veins Nos. 1, 2 

a Pubescent. Leaves plain, not at all plicate, cleft or not Nos. 3, 4 

a Glabrous throughout.— & Leaves abrupt at base, lobed, petioled TSTos. 5—7 

—b Leaves attenuate at base, seldom lobed . . .Nos. 8, 9 

§ Corymbs 1-6-flowered, — c appearing before the downy leaves No. 10 

— c appearing with the leaves, — d pubescent No. 11 

— d glabrous Nos. 12, 13 

1 C. tomentosa L. Black Thorn. Lvs. broad-ovate or oval, abrupt at base, doubly 
serrate or cut-lobed, villous beneath when young, and plicate ; fls. large, in compound 
pubescent corymbs ; fruit oval, large (8'0, 2-5-seeded, red. Can. to Ky. and Car. Mts. 
15 — 25f. Flowers white, AprU, May. Fruit July, Aug. Varies greatly. 

/3. pltcata, Lvs small, glabrous, strongly plicate. Vt., N. H., N. Y. 
■y. pyrifolia, Lvs. elliptic, acute at base, thinly pubescent. Styles 3. W. 
5. Habellata, Lvs, fan-shaped ; corymbs glandular-pubescent. W. 
£. mollis, Lvs. large, soft-villous, subcordate, many-lobed ; corymbs canescently- 
villous ; fruit downy when young. Ohio to Iowa. 

2 C punctata Jacq. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, doubly and often incisely serrate, entire 

at base, and narrowed to a short, winged petiole, veins straight and prominent, co- 
rymbs villous-downy ; styles 3 ; fruit globous, punctate. Woods. 12 — 25f. April — 
June. 

3 C. arborescens Ell. Thornless ; lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end, deeply serrate ; 

calyx hairy ; segments subulate, obtuse, entire ; corymbs very numerous ; styles 5 ; 
fruit ovoid, red, .3". Ga. Fla. and W. 20— 30f. March, April. 

4 C apiifolia Mx. Thorny. Lvs. deltoid, truncate at base, cut-lobed and toothed ; 

petioles slender ; stj'les 2 or 3. Woods, S. 8— 12f. March, April. 

5 C. Oxyacantha L. Hawthorn. Lvs. wedge-obovate, 3-5-lobed at apex ; coiymbs 

glabrous, white to purple ; styles 1—3 ; fruit small, red. Hedges, &c. 8— 18f. § 

6 C. coccinea L. White Thorn. Lvs. broadly ovate, acutely serrate, 7-9-lobed (lobes 

shallow), thin, abrupt at base ; petioles long, slender, and (with the calyx) subglandu- 
lar; styles 3— 5. Thickets: common. 10— 20f. May. 

7 C. cordata Ait. Washington Thorn. Lvs. cordate-ovate, somewhat deltoid, in- 

cisely and often deeply 3-5-lobed, serrate, with long petioles ; sep. short ; sty. 5 ; fr. 
small, globous-depressed. Banks, Va. to Fla. 15— 20f. X 

8 C. Crus-galli L. Cock-spur Thorn. Lvs, obovate-cuneiform, taperiug to a short 

petiole, serrate, coriaceous, shining above ; spines very long; corymbs glabrous ; sep. 
lanceolate, subserrate ; styles 1 (2 or 3). Thickets. 10— 20f. Fruit pyriform. June. 

9 C. spatliulata Mx. Lvs. small, coriaceous, shining, oblong-spatulate, attenuated 

to the subsessile base, crenate above, sometimes lobed ; corymbs numerous, lateral, 
20-25-flowered ; sepals very short ; fruit very small, scarlet. South. 10 — 15f. June. 

10 €. aestivalis T. & G. Apple Haiv. Young lvs. rust-downy, older smooth above, 
elliptic, repand, short-stalked ; corymbs glabrous, 2-5-flowered ; fruit large (8— 9'0i 
globular, red. Wet shores, S. 20— 30f. Fruit pleasant, in May. 

lie. parviflora Ait. Thorns straight and slender; lvs. cuneate-obovate, subses- 
sile ; fls. subsolitary, viUous-tomentous ; sep. incised, leafj', as long as the petals ; sty. 
5 ; fr. large, roundish, yellowish. Sandy woods, N. J. and S. 4— 7f. April, May. 

12 C. llava Ait. Summer Haw. Thorns straight or arcuate; lvs. rhombic-obovate, 
attenuate into a glandular petiole ; corymbs 1 (often 2 or 3)-flowered ; styles 4 or 5 ; 
fruit large, pear-shaped. Va. to Fla. 15— 25f. April, May. 

13 C. viridis L. Thorns few and short; lvs. roundish or oval, acute at each end, 
sharply and doubly toothed above ; petioles glandless ; corymbs 3-6-flowered ; styles 
2 or 3 ; fruit large, globular. Iowa to Fla. 12— ISf. April, May. 



112 Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 

20. PYRUS, L. Pear, Apple, &c. Calyx urceolate, limb 5-cleft. Pet. 
5, roundish. Styles 5 (2 or 3), often united at base. Pome closed, 2-5- 
carpelled, fleshy or baccate. Carp, cartilaginous, 2-seeded. ^ ^ Lvs. simple 
or pinnate. Flowers white or rose-colored, in cymous corymbs. 

§ Pyrus. Leaves simple, glandless. Styles distinct. Pome pyriform No. 1 

§ Malus. Leaves simple, glandless. Styles united below. Pome globous.. .Nos. 2—4 

§ Aronia. Leaves simple, glandular on the midvein. Styles united, &c .No. !"■> 

§ SoKBUs. Leaves pinnate. Styles 2 — 5, distinct. Pome small (scarlet) Nos. G, 7 

1 P. cosiMUNis. Fear-free. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, obscurely crenate, glabrous and 

polished above, acute or acuminate ; corymbs racemous ; cal. and pedicels pubescent : 
styles 5, distinct and villous at base. Europe. 20— 35f. 

2 P. Maltjs. Common Apple-tree. Lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, not lobed, 

downy, the veins all incurved ; corymbs subumbellate ; pet. with short claws ; styles 
5, united and villous at base. Europe. 20— 30f. Nearly §. 

3 P. coronu.ria L. Wild C?'ab-free. Lvs. ovate, rounded at base, cut-serrate, often 

eublobate, straight-veined, soon smoothish ; sep. subulate ; fls. large, roseate, corymbed, 
fragrant ; pome large (IS^O. sour. Glades. 10 — 20f. May. 

4 P. angjustifolia Ait. Lvs. lanceolate, often acute at base, crenate-serrate or sub- 

entire, short-stalked ; sep. ovate ; styles distinct. Pa. and S. 20 — 30f. March. 

5 P. arbutifolia L./. Choice Berry. Downy ; lvs. oblong or obovate, crenate-serru- 

late, narrowed at base into a short petiole ; fruit pyriform or subglobous, dark red. 

Damp woods. 5 — 8f. Fruit size of currants. May, June. 
|3. melanocarpa. Nearly smooth ; fruit blackish purple. Swamps. 2 — 4f. 
G P. Americana DC. Movntaia Ash. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucro- 

nately serrate, smooth, pubsessile ; cymes compound, with numerous floAvers ; pome 

small, globous ; styles 3—5. Mountain woods. Can. to Ga. 15— 2()f. May. + 
7 P. Aucuparia. English Monntain Ash. Lfts. as in P. Americana, except that they 

are always smooth on both sides, and, with the serratures, less acute at apex ; flowers 

corymbous ; fruit globous. Europe. 20 — 40f. t 

21. CYDONIA, Tourn. Quince. Flowers and leaves as in Pyrus. 
Carpels cartilaginous, many-seeded. Seeds covered with mucilaginous 
pulp. ^ 5 Flowers mostly solitary. 

1 C VULGARIS. Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apex, very entire, smooth 

above, tomentous beneath; fls. solitary, large, roseate; pome tomentous, obovoid. 
Europe. 8 — 12f. Stems crooked. April, May. 

2 C. Japonica. Japan Quince. Lvs. glabrous, shining, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 

acute at each end, serrulate ; stip. reniform ; spines short, straight ; fls. axillary, sub- 
sessile, crimson, Japan. 5 — 6f. Very bushy. April, May. 

Order XLV. SAXIFRAGACE^. Saxifrages. 

Herls or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. 
Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, and partly or wholly adherent. Pe- 
tals as many as the sepals, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. 
Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate with them, or 2 to 10 
times as many. Ovary mostly inferioi-, usually of 2 (2 — 4) carpels cohering 
at base and distinct or united above. Fruit generally capsular, 1-2-celled. 
Seeds small, many, albuminous. Figs. 25, 52, 53, 132, 250, 273 

A large order, now including Ribes and Parnassia, eacli often regarded 
as constituting separate orders. 



Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACE.E. 113 

I. SAXIFRAGE^'E. Herbs. Stipules none or adnate. Petals imbricate, rarely ' 
convolute in the bud. Calyx free or partly adherent. . .(a) 

a Petals wanting. Ovary adherent, 1-eelled. Stamens 10 Chrysosflenium. 1 

o Petals pinnatifid. Ovary half adherent, 1-ceIled. Stamens 5 or 10 Mitella. 2 

a Petals entire. — d Stam. 10. — e Ovary 1-celled, nearly free Tiarklla. 3 

— e Ovary 2-celled. Fls. perfect. Lvs. simple Saxifraga. 4 

^« Ovary 2-celled. Fls poly g. Lvs. compound. . .Astilbe. 5 

— i Stam. 5.—;/' Ovary 2-celled, adherent. Seed rough Boykinia. 6 

— / Ovary 2-celled, free. Seed wing-margined Sullivantia. 7 

—f Ovary 1-celled.—;^ Styles and carpels 2 Heuchera. 8 

— <7 Styles and carpels 3 Lepuropetalon'. 9 

—ff Stigmas and carpels 4 Parnassia. 10 

n. ESCALLONIE^E. Shrubs with alternate leaves, no stipules, and a valvate corolla bud. . .(6) 

6 Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Stamens 5. Capsule 00 -seeded Itea. 11 

6 Calyx adherent to the ovary. Stam. 5. Berry (X -seeded. (From S. Am.) Escallonia. 12 

III. HYDRANGEA. Shrubs with opposite, simple leaves, and no stipules. . .(c) 

c Corolla valvate in the bud. — 7i, Cymes radiate. Shrub erect Hydrangea. 13 

—7i Cymes naked. Shrub climbing Decumaria. 14 

c Corolla convolute in the bud.— 7t- Stamens 20 — 40 Petals 4 Philadelphus. 15 

— /.- Stamens 10. Petals 5. (Asiatic) Deutzia. 16 

IV. RIBESIE^. Shrubs with alternate, palmately-lobed leaves, and baccate fr... Rises. 17 

1. CHRYSOSPIiENIUM, Tourn. Water Carpet. Calyx adnate 

to the ovary, 4-5-lobecl, colored inside. Cor. 0. Sta. 8 — 10, short. Sty. 2. 

Caps, obcordate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. ^ Prostrate, small. 

C Aitierica,num Schw. Lvs. opposite, rouuclish, sli;?htly crenate, tapering to the 
petiole ; cal. 4-cleft. Cool springs, Northward. 3 — 6'. Calyx yellowish. Apr. May. 

2. MITELLA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Calyx 5-cleft, adherent to the 
base of the ovary. Pet. 5, pectinately pinnatitid, inserted on the throat of 
the calyx. Sta. 5 or 10, included. Sty. 2, short. Caps. 2-beaked, 1-celled, 
with two equal valves. U Flowers small, in a slender raceme or spike. 

1 '31. dipliylla L. Lvs. cordate, acute, sublobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on 

long petioles, the cauliue 2, opposite, subsessile ; fls. white, in a long, loose spike. 
Woods, N. Eng. to Car. If. May, June. Curious. 

2 M. Hilda L. Lvs. orbicular-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs above ; 

scape filiform, few-flwd., naked or Avith a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with filiform 
segments. Damp woods, N. Eng. N. Y. : rare. 6'. Very delicate. June. 

3. TIARELIiA, L. Bishop's Cap. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes obtuse. 

Pet. 5, entire, the claws inserted on the calyx. Sta. 10, exserted, inserted 

into the calyx. Sty. 2. Caps. 1-cellcd, 2-valvcd, one valve much larger. 

2^ Flowers white. 

T. cordifolia L. Lvs. cordate, acutely lobed, mucronate-dentate, pilous ; scape ra- 
cemous ; stolons creeping. Rocky woods, Can. to Ga. Common North. If. 

4. SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage. Sep. 5, more or less united, often 

adnate to the base of the ovary. Pet. 5, entire, inserted on the tube of the 

calyx. Sta. 10. Anth. 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence. Caps, of 

2 connate carpels, opening between the 2 diverging, acuminate beaks 

(styles). Seeds oo. If 

§ Leaves opposite (small) on the prostrate stem. Flowers purplish No. 1 

§ Leaves alternate on the ascending stem. Flowers yellow or white Nos. 2, 3, 4 

§ Leaves rosulate at the base of the mostly leafless scape,, .(a) 



114 Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACE^E. 

a Calyx entirely free from the ovary (inferior) Nos. 5, 6, 7 

a Calyx adherent to the base of the ovary (half superior) .Nos. 8, J), 10 

Exotic species, cultivated Nos. 11, 12 

1 S. oppositlfolia L. Lvs. opposite, obovate, carinate, obtuse, punctate, persist- 

ent ; ils. solitary ; cal. free ; pet. large, obovate, 5-veined, longer than the stamens. 
Eocky cliffs, Willoughby Lake, Yt. June. 

2 S. aizoides L. Csespitous, leafy; lvs. linear-oblong, thick, flat; sep. ovate, slightly 

adherent ; pet. oblong, yellow, longer than the sepals ; capsules as long as the styles. 
With No. 1, and N. W. June. 

3 S. rivularis L. St. weak, ascending, 3-5-flowered ; radical lvs. petiolate, reniform, 

crenately lobed, cauline lanceolate, subentire ; cal. lobes broad-ovate, nearly as long 
as the white, ovate petals. White Mts. and N. 

4 S. tricuspidata Retz. St. thick, erect ; lower lvs. crowded, oblong, 3-cuspidate ; 

fls. few, large, somewhat corymbed ; sep. thick, ovate, shorter than the oblong-obo- 
vate, yellow, dotted petals. Lake shores. Can. and N. 

5 S. leucantliemifolia Mx. Viscid-pubescent ; lvs. radical, spatulate, cut-dentate, 

tapering to a petiole ; scape diffusely paniculate ; calyx free, reflexed ; pet. unequal, 
white, 3 of them spotted. Mts. S. IS'. 

6 S. erosa Ph. Viscid-pubescent ; lvs. radical, thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute, with 

erose teeth ; panicle oblong, loose, witli leafy bracts ; cal. free, with reflexed, obtuse 
sepals as long as the equal, obtuse white petals. Mts. Pa. to Car. 15'. 

7 S. Careyana Gr. Lvs. round-ovate to deltoid, coarsely dentate, abrupt at base ; 

panicle diffuse ; pet. equal, ovate or oblong, white, dotted, twice longer than the 
recurved sepals. Mts. S. (and S. Caroliniana Gray). 

8 S. aizoon Jacq. Lvs. spatulate, obtuse, bordered with white cartilaginous teeth, 

and a marginal row of impressed dots ; flowers corymbous paniculate ; pet. obovate, 
white. Rocky shores, N. Ver. to Mich, and N. 5—10'. July. 

9 S. Virginieiisis Mx. Early Saxifrage. Lvs. spatulate obovate, crenately toothed, 

shorter than the broad petiole ; scape nearly leafless, paniculatelj^ branched ; petals 
white, oblong, much exceeding the calyx. Rocks, common. 4—12'. April, May. 

10 S, JPennsylvanica L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, 
denticulate : scape forming a diffuse panicle ; fls. pedicellate ; pet. greenish, linear- 
lanceolate, but little longer than the cal. Wet meadows, N. Eng. to O. 1 — 2f. May, Jn. 

lis. SARMENTOSA. With Creeping runners ; leaves roundish ; pet. white, 2 longer than 

the other 3 ; scapes naked ; plant hairy. China. Pretty for baskets. 
12 S. CRASSIFOLIA. No rumicrs ; lvs. thick, oval ; sc. naked ; fls. pk. Siberia. Jn. Jl. 

/ 

5. ASTIIjBE, Don. 6 5? Calyx obconic, Avitli 4 or 5 erect segments. 

Pet. 4 or 5, spatulate. St. 8 or 10, exserted. Ov. 2-celied. Carpels in fr. 
separating and dehiscing lengthwise inside. Seeds 1 — 4 in each cell. If 
Coarse, weed-lil^e plants. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate. Fls. small, yellowish- 
white, in spicate rac. forming a compound panicle (like Spiraea Aruncus). 

A. decaiidra Don. St. tall, angular ; Ifts. subcordate, incisely lobed, mucronate-ser- 
rate ; sterile flowers mostly apatelous ; sta. 10. Mts. South. 4— 6f. June — August. 

6. BOYKINIA, JSTutt. Calyx turbinate, adherent, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, deci- 
duous. Sta. 5. Ov. 2-celled, 2-beaked. Capsule invested with the calyx, 
dehiscent between the beaks, li Lvs. alternate, petiolate, palmate. Fls. 
cymous, white, 

B. aconitifolia Nutt. St. viscid-glandular; lvs. smoothish, deeply 5-7-lobed (likt 
those of Aconitum) : cyme fastigiate, the fls. secund. Mts. S. 1— 2f. July. 

7. SULLIVANTIA, T. & G. Calyx adherent to the base of the ovar 



OiiDEii 45.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 115 

Segin. ovate, acute. Pet. oval-spatulate, tAvice as long as the calyx. Sta. 
5, shorter than the calyx. Capsnle 2-beaked, 2-celled. Seeds wing-mar- 
gined. U Lys. mostly radical, palmate-veined. Fls. in a loose pan., small, wh. 

S. Oliionis T. & G. — Ohio, Wise. Stem wealc, ascending, G— 12'. Lvs. roundish, cor- 
date, lohed and toothed. May, June. 

8. HEUCHERA, L. iiLUii Root. Cal.vx of 5 obtuse segm. Cor. 

of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the 

calyx. Cap. 1-celled, 2-heaked, dehiscent between the beaks. Seeds many, 

with a rough, close testa, if Lvs. radical, long-petioled, petioles with ad- 

nate stipules at base. 

§ Fls. small (1 — 2" long), regular ; stamens and style much exserted Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Fls. larger (3 — o" long), oblique ; stamens and stj'le short Nos. 4, 5 

1 H. Amerieana "VTilld. Yiscid-pubescent ; leaves roundish, cordate, somewhat T- 

lobed; pan. elongated, loose, divaricate; cal. obtuse, short, about equalling the spatn- 
late petals ; stam. much exserted. Shades, W. and S., rare N. 2 — 4f. May, June. 

2 H. villosa Mx. Villous, with rusty, spreading hairs ; radical lvs. round-cordate, thin, 

glabrous above, 7-9-lobed ; pan. loose, filiform ; pet. M'hite, about as long and narrow 
as the filaments. Mts. Md. to X. Car. and Ky. 1 — 3f. June, July. 

3 H. caulescens Ph. Smooth or nearly so ; lvs. 5-7-lobed, dentate ; pan. loose, slen- 

der ; scape bearing one or two leaves below ; pet. linear-spatulate, twice longer than 
the calyx. Mts. Car. Tenn. Ky. 1— 2f. (H. Curtisii Gr.) 

4 H. putoescens Ph. Lvs. glabrous, round-cordate, 7-9-lobed; panicle dichotomous, 

geniculate ; style exserted, stam. included ; pet. white. Mts. Middle States. 
6 H. liispida Ph. Lvs. hispid-rough, o-7-lobed, lobes very obtuse ; fls. scattered ; pet. 
spatulate, purple ; sta. a little exserted. Mts. S. and prairies W. June. 

9 LEPUROPETALON, Ell. Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse, tube tur- 
binate, adherent to the base of the 3-carpelled ovarj-. Petals 5, minute, 
spatulate, persistent. Sta. 5, short. Capsule globous, 1-celled, 3-valved, 
many-seeded. Placentae opposite the stigmas, (i) A minute, succulent 
herb, growing in tufts. Lvs. entire, dotted. Fls. terminal. 

Ij, spatula.tuni Ell.— Hard soils S. Stems scarcely 1'; leaves spatulate, veinless ; fls, 
large in proportion, white. March, April. 

10. PARNASSIA, Tourn. Grass of Paristasstts. Sep. o, united at 
base, persistent. Pet. 5, persistent, with a bundle of sterile fil. at the base 
of each, and 5 perfect stamens alternating. Caps. 1-celled, 4-valved. Pla- 
centae opposite the stigmas, in the middle of each valve. Seeds winged 
% Glabrous. Lvs. radical. Scape 1-flowered, often with one sessile leaf. 
Pet. white, with green veins. 

1 P. Caroliuiiiiia L. Sterile filaments 3 in each group, each with a little round 

head : pet. sessile ; lvs. broad-oval, rounded at base, one sessile on the scape. Wet 
meadows. 10 — 15'. Flower handsome, V broad. June — August. 

2 P. asarifolia Yent. Sterile fil. 3 in each set; pet. abruptly clawed ; lvs. reuiform. 

Mts. Ya. and Car. 10'. Lvs. large (1—20. 

3 P. palustris L. Sterile fil. pellucid, setaceous, 9 — 15 in each set; cauline leaf, if 

any, sessile; radical lvs. all cordate. Bogs, Mich. N. and W. 6'. Fls. 1'. August. 
\ 

11. ITEA, L. Calyx small, with 5 subulate segm. Pet. 5, lance-linear, 

inflexed, inserted with the 5 stam. on the calyx. Styles united. Caps. 2- 



116 



Order 45.— SAXIFRAGAGE.E. 



celled, 3-furrowecl, 8-12-seedecl. +) With alternate, simple leaves, and a 

simple, spicate, terminal raceme of white flowers. 

I. Virginica L,— Swamps, Pa. toFIa. 6f. Lvs. oval, acuminate, short-stalkod. May, Jn. 

12. ESCALLONIA rubra and E. glandulosa are handsome shrubs, 
with evergreen leaves and scarlet flowers, prized in the greenhouse. S. Am. 

13. HYDRANGEA, L. Hydrangea. Marginal fls. sterile, neutral— 
an enlarged, rotate 5-lobed, colored calyx only. ^ Calyx tube hemispheri- 
cal, adherent. Limb 4-5-toothed, persistent. Pet. ovate, sessile. Stamens 
twice as many as the petals. Caps. 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. 
Seeds go. +> With opposite leaves. Fls. cymous, generally radiant. 

§ Cymes paniculate. Lvs. sinuate-lobecl. Fls. rose-white No. 1 

§ Cymes corymbous, level-topped. Leaves undivided ,. .Nos. 2, 3, 4 

1 H. quercifolia Bartram. Lvs. deeply siuuate-lobed, dentate, tomentous beneath, 

and on the petioles and veins above ; cymes paniculate, radiant, the sterile fls. very 
large and numerous. Shady banks, S. 4— 8f. A siTperb plant, t 

2 H. arborescens L. Lvs. ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate-den- 

tate, paler beneath, nearly smooth ; fls. white-red. Banks, S. and W. 5 — Gf. 

3 H, radiata Walt. Lvs. ovate, abrupt or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate, silvery- 

tomentous beneath ; fls. white. Uplands, S. 6 — 8f. 

4 H, HORTENSis L. Changeable Hydrangea. Lvs. elliptical, narrowed at each end, den- 

tate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth. China ? 1 — 3f. In cultivation the fls. are gen- 
erally all neutral, of varying hues, white, blue, pink, &c. 

14. DECUMARIA, L. Calyx 7-10-tootlied, tube adherent to the 
5-10-celled ovar}^. Pet. as many as calyx teeth, valvate in the bud. Sta. 
3 times as many as the petals, in one row. Stig. radiate. Caps, many- 
ribbed, crowned with the style, oo-seeded. "^ With rootlets, opposite 
leaves and cymes of wliite, fragrant flowers. 

.D. barbara L.— A beautiful climber, in damp woods, S. 15— 30f. 

15. PHILADELPHUS, L. False Syringa. Calyx 4-5-parted, half 
superior, persistent. Cor. 4-5-petalled. Sty. 4-cleft. Sta. 20 — 40, shorter 
than the petals. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Sds. 
many, arilled. +) Handsome. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 

1 P. inodorus L. Lvs. ovate, acute or pointed, 3 (rarely 5)-veined, smooth, entire 

or with remote slender teeth ; calyx lobes ovate, acute, as long as the tube ; stj-les 
united ; fls. scentless, 1 or several together, pure white, V. Uplands, S. 5 — 8f. May-JL 

/3. ^randifCorus , Pubescent ; flowers larger (1^0 ! sepals acuminate. Cultivated. 

y. hirsutus. Hairy ; leaves and flowers smaller, the latter 1". Mt. woods. 

2 P. coRONAKius. Modi Orange. Glabrous ; lvs. ovate, remotely serrate above, 5-7- 

veined ; flowers in dense clusters, cream-white, very fragrant ; styles separate. S. 
Europe. 5— 8f. June, July. 

16. DEUTZIA, Thunb. Pet. 5, valvate or imbricate in bud. Sta. 10, 
the alternate longer, fil. dilated, 3-toothed, middle tooth antheriferous. Ov. 
inferior. Caps. 3-5-celled. ;^ Leaves opposite. Fls. mmicrous, wliite. 

1 I>. scABEA. Lvs. ovate, acute, serrate, rough-hairy ; racemes terminal, dense ; styles 

3 ; flowers bell-shaped. Japan. 5— Sf. Very fragrant. June. 

2 I>. GRACILIS. Foliage similar to the other, but smoother. Shrub only 2— 3f, branches 

covered with flowers in June. 



OiiDER 46.— CRASSULACEJE. 117 

V 

17. RIBES, L. CuRiiANTS. Calyx tube ovoid, adherent to the one- 
celled ovary, limb tubular or bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft. Pet, 4 — 5, small, in- 
serted with the 4—5 stamens on the top of the calyx tube. Sty. 2. Berry 
filled with pulp, with 2 parietal placentse. Seeds oo, albuminous. '^ }^ 
Leaves alternate, palmately lobed. 8 — 6f. 

§ KiBEsiA. Cwrants. Stems and berries not prickly. Flowers in racemes ... (a) 

a Flowers greenish or red. Lvs. plicate in the bud. — b Fruit smooth Nos. 1, 2, 3 

—b Fruit hairy Nos. 4, 5, 6 

a Flowers bright yellow. Leaves convolute in the bud No. 7 

§ Grossulakia. Gooseberries. Stems spinescent. Leaves plicate . . . (c) 

c Pedimcles 5-S-flowered. Style 2-cleft. Berries small, hispid No. 8 

c Peduncles 1-3-flowered.— cZ Calyx tube and fruit prickly Nos. 9, 10 

— d Fruit smooth. — e Leaves cordate at base No. 11 

— e Leaves not cordate Nos. 12, 13, 14 

1 R. rnbrum L. Common Red C Lvs. obtusely 3-5-Iobed, pubescent beneath, sub- 

cordate ; rac. smoothish, pendulous ; calyx limb rotate ; bracts short ; fr. globous, 
glabrous, red, rarely amber. Woods, Vt. Wise, t 

2 R. floridum L'Her. ^Y^ld Black C. Lvs. acutely .3-5-lobed, resinous-dotted, sub- 

cordate; rac. pubescent, pendulous; cal. cylindrical; bracts long; fruit obovoid, 
smooth, black. Copses, Can. to Ky. 3— 4f. May, June. 

3 R. NIGRUM. Black C. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, resinous-dotted beneath, not cordate ; rac. lax, 

hairy; calyx bell-shaped ; fruit roundish, black. Eur. 4 — 5f. 

4 R. SANGUiNEUM. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, Avhite-downy beneath, cordate ; rac. long, lax, all 

rose-red; calyx segments spreading ; styles united; fruit blue. Oregon. 

5 R. prostratiim L'Her. Mountain C. Stems reclined ; lvs. 5-7-lobed, rugous, cor- 

date ; rac. erect, lax ; cal. rotate ; berries globous, glandular-hispid, red, ill-scented. 
Eocks, N. Eng. to Car. Eaceme becoming erect. May. 

6 R. resinosum Ph. Clothed with resinous-glandular hairs ; lvs. 3-5-lobed, round- 

ish ; raceme erect ; calyx spreading. Mts. Car. (Lost.) 
T R. AUREUM Ph. Glabrous ; lvs. 3-lobed, subentire, shorter than their stalks ; raceme 
lax ; calyx limb tubular, longer than the pedicels ; frait oval, yellow, soon brown. 
Mo. to Oi'eg. 6 — lOf. Flowers fragrant. 

8 R. lacisstre Poir. Spiny and prickly; lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed and incised, cordate; 

raceme hairy ; style 2-cleft ; fruit hispid. Swamps, Northward. 

9 R. Cynosbati L. Prickly G. Spines in pairs, prickles few or none ; lvs. cordate, 

lobed, pubescent, cut-dentate ; styles united to the top ; fruit brown-purple, Avith long 
spines, eatable. Thickets, Northward. May. 

10 R. sPECiosuM. Glabrous; lvs. roundish, lobed, crenate, polished; spines long, in 
3's ; flowers nearly solitary, pendulous, scarlet. California. Very handsome. 

11 R. liirtellum Mx. Spines few and short, prickles ; lvs. roundish, lobed, toothed ; 
calyx limb bell-shaped, lobes twice longer than the petals ; stamens exserted ; style 
2-cleft. Eocky woods, N. Eng. to Wise. Fruit purple. 

12 R. rotuntlifolium Mx. Spines few and short ; prickles few or ; lvs. roundish, 
lobed, cut-crenate-dentate, smooth or downy ; calyx lobes linear, reflexed ; stamens 
and styles much exserted. Eocky woods. May. 

13 R. UvA-CRisPA. English G. Spiny; lvs. roundish, short-stalked, hairy beneath; 
peduncle hairy, 1-flowered ; fruit oval or globous, large (8 — 12'0, red, green, amber, 
white, «fec. 'Europe. 

Order XLVI. CRASSULACE^. House-leeks. 

Plants herbaceous or shrubby, succulent. Leaves entire or pinnatifld. 
Stipules 0. Flowers sessile, usually in cymes and perfectly symmetrical. 



118 Order 46.— CRASSULACE^. 

Sepals 3 — 20, more or less united at base, persistent. Petals as many as tlie 
sepals. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating^ with them, or twice 
as many. Ovaries as many as the petals. Filaments distinct. Anthers 
2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Fruit distinct follicles or a capsule, many- 
seeded. Figs. 8, 9, 468. 

§ Carpels distinct, forming a circle of follicles. . .(*) 

* Petals distinct. — a Flowers all 3- or 4-parted. Stamens 3 or 4 Tilljea. 1 

— a Flowers 5-, or 4- and 5-parted. Stamens 8 or 10 Sedum. 2 

—a Flowers all 5-parted. Stamens 5 Ckassula. 3 

— a Flowers 6-12-parted, Avitb cleft hypogynous scales Sempervivum. 4 

Petals united at base. — ?;> Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8 BuyoPHYLiiUM. 5 

— 6 Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 5 Rochha. 6 

— h Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 10 Echieveria. 7 

§ Carpels united into a many-seeded capsule. . .(x) 

X Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens , Diamorpha. 8 

X Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. Petals often wanting Penthorum. 9 

1. TILL^A, ]\Ix. Pigmy- WEED. Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base. 
Petals 3 or 4, equal. Sta. 3 or 4. Caps. 3 or 4, distinct, follicular, opening 
by the inner surface, 2- or many-seeded. ^ Veiy small. Lvs. opposite. 

T. simplex Niitt. St. ascending or erect, rooting at base ; lvs. connate at base, linear- 
obloniT, fleshy ; flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in 4's ; pet. greenish ; 
carpels S-lO-seeded. ® Muddy banks, Ct. to Md. 1—2'. July— Sep 

2. SEDUM, L. Stone-crop. Sep. 4 or 5, united at base. Pet. 4 or 
5, distinct, spreading. Sta. 8 — 10. Carp. 4 — 5, distinct, many-seeded, with 
an entire scale at the base of each, li Lvs. fleshy. Inflorescence C3anous. 

§ Fls. in scorpoid racemes or spikes, or axillary, the latter often 4-parted Nos. 1 — 4 

§ Fls. in corymbous cymes, all 5-parted. — a Leaves mostly alternate Nos. 5 — 1 

— a Leaves opposite, and whorled No. 8 

1 S. tcrnatum Mx. Leaves scattered, flat, obovate, the lower mostly in whorls of 3, 

the upper spatulate ; spikes .3, rarely 2 — 4, radiating, secund ; central flower 5-parted, 
the rest 4-parted, white. Damp woods. 3—8'. May, June. 

2 S. Nevii Gr. Stem weak, branched, 3 — 5'; leaves alternate, imbricated, small, obo 

vate-spatulatc ; petals lance-linear, white. Mts., Va. (Porter), and S. June, July. 

3 S. puleliellum Mx. Leaves linear, alternate, crowded ; spikes radiating, dense 

flowered, secund, central flower 5-, the others 4parted, rose-purple. Rocks, Va. to 
Tex. 4—12'. May— July. Very pretty in gardens. 

4 S. acre L. English Moss. Procumbent, difi"use ; leaves very small, fleshy, crowded, 

alternate, appressed ; cyme leafy, somewhat trifid ; fls. yellow. Gardens. Jl. § Eur. 

5 S. Rliodiola DC. Stems clustered, erect. 5— KK ; leaves mostly scattered, obovate, 

with several angular teeth or entire, crowded ; flowers 4-parted, in a small cyme at 
top, yellowish, dioecious. Rocks, Peun. (Prof. Porter), Me., and Can. 

6 S. telepliioides Mx. Ascending, tall; lvs. round-oval to lance-oval, narrowed to 

the base, subdentate, alternate ; pet. acuminate, pink. Rocks, Md., and S. Srems If, 
leaves 1—2'. Flowers numerous, in a terminal branching cyme. June. 

7 S. Telepliiiiiii L. Live-foreve7\ Clustered, erect, very leafy ; lvs. oblong-ovate, ob 

tnse, dent-serrate ; corymb dense, leafy, blue-purple. Waste grounds, &c. Stems l-2f, 
round, simple, with a compact pale-purple cyme at top. August. § Europe. 

8 S. SiEBOLDU. Lvs. opposite, or in 3's, roundish, glaucous, sessile ; cymes dense, leafy; 



Order 46.— CRASSULACE^. 119 

flp. 5-parted, small, Muish-pnrple, blooming in October. Japan. In dense tufts. A 
pretty plant, and one of the last to flower in the garden. Like most of the Sedums, 
its severed stalks wiU grow even if suspended in air. 

3. ORASSUIiA, Haw. Parts of the flower all in 5's, distinct and free. 
Scales at base of ovaries 5. ^U Fleshy plants, from !S. Africa, remark- 
ahle for the perfect symmetry of their flowers. 

1 C. ARBOKEscENS. Stem shrubby, terete, erect ; Ivs. opposite, fleshy, roundish, cuspi- 

date, flattish. glaucous, dotted above; cyme 3-parted ; flowers handsome, roseate. 

2 C. LACTEA. Stem erect, twisted below, branched ; Ivs. ovate, narrowed to the connaie 

bases, dotted along the margin ; cyme panicled, with many white star-like flowers. 
Leaves bright green. From S. Africa, as are many other species. 

4. SEMPERVIVUM, L. Live -forever. House-leek. Sep. 6—20, 

nearly distinct. Petals and pistils as many, and stamens twice as many. 

Scales lacerated. ^) U Leaves thick and fleshy, crowded. 

S. TECTOKUM. Lvs. oval-obovate, ciliate-fringed, densely packed at the ends of the off- 
sets, scattered on the stems ; flowers purplish, usually 12-parted. Europe. Will 
grow on walls and on the roofs of houses {tectorum)^ or in borders. 

5. BRYOPHYLIiUM calycinum. }^ Evergreen, fleshy, 2f. Leaves 
opposite, .3-5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate leaflets. Flowers in a loose, terminal 
panicle, with an inflated calyx and a tubular, exserted, purplish corolla, which has a 
4-lobed limb. The plant is propagated from the leaves, which produce buds on their 
margins becoming new plants, — like ovules from a carpellary leaf. 

6. ROCHEjA, DC. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, Sepals, stamens, ova 
ries, and hypogynous scales each 5. \^ Fleshy. S. African. 

1 R. FALCATA. Shrub 2f ; leaves opposite, the pairs some united at base, glaucous, ob- 

long, deflcxed-falcate ; flowers in coiymbous cymes, red, open, fragrant. 

2 R. coccixEA. Leaves connate-sheathing, ovate-oblong ; cjmies scarlet. Beautiflil. 

7. EOHIEVERIA, DC. Corolla tubular to bell-form, 5-lobed or parted. 
Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 10. Ovaries 5, with 5 scales. }^ U Fleshy. 

1 E. GKANDiFOLiA. Plant 2f, erect, glaucous with a bloom ; lvs. spatulate to obovate. acute, 

the lowest large, rosulate ; flowers urn-shaped, panicled, orange-red. From Mexico. 

2 E. coccixEA. Plant 2f, erect ; leaves obovate-cuneaie, acute, scattered ; flowers car- 

mine outside, yellow within, in a tall leafy spike. Mexico. 

8. DIAMORPHA, K Fls. 4-parted, with 8 stamens. Carp. 4, united 
below, at length spreading, opening by an irregular valve on the back, 
4-8-seeded. (2) Small, fleshy, tufted, with cymes of white or pink flowers. 
I>, pusilla N.— Sunny rocks, S. 1 — 3'. Leaves oval, sessile, l". March, April. 

9. PENTHORUM, L. Virginia Stone-crop. Calyx of 5 sepals 
united at base. Pet. 5 or 0. Sta. 10. Caps, of 5 united carpels, 5-angled, 
5-celled, 5-beaked, dehiscent by an obliquely-terminal valve. Seeds ao, 
minute. U I^J^ot succulent. Lvs. alternate. Fls. yellowish, cymous. 

P. sedoid.es L. Stem branched and angular above ; leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, 
acute, serrate ; fls. in secund, radiating racemes. Wet places. 10 — 16'. July— Sept. 



120 Order 48.— HOLORAGE.E. 

Order XLYII. HAMAMELACE^. Witch Hazelworts. 

Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules. 
Flowers in heads or spikes, often ^ 5 ? ov 8 . Calyx adherent. Petals 
linear, or 0. Stamens twice as many as the petals, the opposite sterile and 
scale-like, or go. Ovaries of 2 carpels, 2-celled, 2-styled, ovules 2 or oo. 
Fruit a wood}'- capsule, 2-beaked, 2-celled, 1-2-seeded. 

§ Petals 4. Calyx i-lobed. Stamens 4. Flowers mostly g Hamamelis. 1 

§ Petals 0. Calyx truncate. Stamens 20—28. Flowers 5 Fotheugili-a. 2 

§ Petals 0. Calyx 0. Stamens CO. Flowers S > in globular beads Liquidambar. 3 

1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch Hazel. Calyx with an involucel of 
2 — 3 bracts at base. Pet. very long, linear. Sterile stamens scale-like, 
opposite the petals, alternating with the 4 fertile ones. Caps, nut-like, 
2-celled, 2-beaked. ^ ;^ Flowers yellow. 

H. Virginia.na L. Lvs. oval or obovate, acuminate, crenate-clentate, obliquely cor- 
date ; fls. sessile, 3—4 together, blooming in late autumn and winter. Woods. Stems 
crooked, 10— 15f. Pet. twisted, 9" long. 
/ 

2. FOTHERGILLA, L. jilius. Calyx campanulate, truncate and ob- 
scurely 5-7-toothed, bearing the stamens in one marginal row. Styles 
distinct. Caps. 2-lobed. +> Lvs. oval or obovate, expanding after the 
dense spikes of flowers. 

F. alnifolia L./.— Swamps, Va. to Fla. 2 — 4f. Calyx white, fringed with the long 
white or pink filaments. Styles long, recurved. March, April. 

3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. Sweet Gum Tkee. Involucre 4-parted, 

deciduous. $ Anient conical. ? Ament globular. Calyx a scale, if any. 

Fruit a globular sorosis (^ 171), woody, consisting of the scales, and 

capsules which open between their beaks. Ovules oo, 1 or 2 maturing. 

^ Leaves and gum fragrant. Twigs winged with corky bai'k. 

li. styraciflua L. Lvs. palmate, with. 5 acuminate, serrate lobes; veins villous at 
their bases. A large and handsome tree, Conn, to III. and S. 60f. May. 

Okder XLYIII. HALORAGEJS. The Hippurids. 

Herbs mostly aquatic, with incomplete or minute y/ — s/ flowers. Calyx 
tube adherent. Petals — 4, Stamens 1 — 8. Pollen 4-grained. Ovary 1-4- 
celled. Styles 1 — 4, distinct, one pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit in- 
dehiscent, 1-4-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seed pendulous, anatropous, albuminous, 
(Formerly joined to Onagracese.) 

* Flowers 3-parted, apetalous, perfect Proserpinaca. 1 

* Flowers 4-parted, monoecious ; petals 4 or Myriophyllum. 2 

* Flowers 1-parted, apetalous, perfect . Hifpuris. 3 

V 

1. PROSERPINACA, L. Mermaid Weed. Calyx tube adherent to 
the ovary, 3-sided, limb 3-parted. Pet. none. Sta. 3. Stig. 3. Fruit 3- 
angled, 3-celled, bony, crowned with the calyx. ^T Roots creeping. Lvs. 
alternate. Fls. greenish. 



Order 51.— MYRTACE^E. 121 

1 P. palikstris L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate above the water, those be 

low (if any) pinnatiM. Of Swamps : common. 6—20'. Lvs. 1 — 2'. June, July. 

2 P. pectinacea Lam. Lvs. all pectinate, with linear-subulate segm. ; fr. obtusely 

3-angled. if Sanclv swamps. Ms. (rare) to Fla. 5—10' ; long creepers at base. Jl. Aug. 
f 
2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Yaill. Water Milfoil. Flowers 8 , or fre- 
quently « . Calyx 4-toothed in the ^ and $ flowers, 4-parted in the $ . 
Pet. 4, often inconspicuous or none. Sta. 4 — 8. Stig. 4, pubescent, sessile. 
Fr. of 4 nut-iike carpels, cohering by their inner angles. .^U Submersed 
lvs. parted into capillary segments. Upper lis. usually $ , middles ones 
5 , lower 2 , greenish, emerging in summer. 

§ Stamens 8. Carpels smooth and even.. Leaves whorlcd in 3's, rarely in 4''s. .Nos. 1, 2 

§ Stamens 4. — Carpels ridged on the back. Leaves whorled in 4's and 5's Nos. 3, 4 

— Carpels smooth and even. Leaves alternate or wanting Nos. 5, 6 

1 OT. spicatum L. Floral lvs. ovate, entire, shorter than the flowers, the rest all pin- 

nately capillary ; fls. in term, spikes. Deep waters, fls. emerging. lOf. 

2 M. verticillatum L. Floral lvs. pectinate-pinnatifid, much longer than tlie flow- 

ers, the lower pinnately-setaceous. Spikes leafy, terminal. Slow waters. 

3 M. heteroph^llum. Mx. Floral lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, longer than the fls. 

crowded, the rest pinnately or pectinately capillary. Ponds : rare. 

4 M. scabratum Mx. Floral lvs. linear, pectinately toothed ; fr. roughened, sharply 

angled ; verticils axillary. Shallow waters. 6 — 12'. Capillary segments few. 

5 M. tcnellum Bw. Erect and almost leafless ; floral leaves or bracts alternate, mi- 

nute, entire, obtuse ; fls. 8 ; petals linear. Water edges, N. Eng. N. Y. and N. Scapes 
4 — 12', from long creeping rhizomes. Fls. purplish-white, sessile. 

6 M. ambBguuiia Nutt. Lvs. many, submersed ones pinnate, with capillary seg- 

ments, middle ones pectinate, upper linear ; fls. mostly ^ . Floating in ponds and 
ditches. Ms. to Ga. 

p. limosum. Small, procumbent, rooting, in muddy places ; lvs. all linear. 

y. capillaceum. Very slender ; lvs. all immersed and capillary, in ponds. 

3. HIPPURIS, L. Mare's Tail, Calyx with a minute, entire limb 
crowning the ovary. Cor. 0. Sta. 1, inserted on the margin of the calyx. 
Anth. 2-lobed, compressed. Style 1, longer than the stamen, stigmatic the 
whole length. Seed 1. /^ if St. simple. Lvs. verticillate, entire. Fls. ax- 
illary, greenish. 

H, vulgaris L. Lvs. in verticils of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire ; fls. solitary, 
minute. Borders of ponds, marshes. N. and W. : rare. 1— 2f, Dakotah (Matthews) 

Order LI. MYRTACEvE. Myrtleblooms. 

Trees and shrubs, without stipules. Leaws opposite, entire, punctate, 
usually with a vem running close to the margin. Calyx adherent below to 
the compound ovary, the limb 4- or 5-cleft, valvate. Petals as many as the 
segments of the calyx. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Style and 
stigma simple. Fruit with many seeds. Albumen none. 

Our Myrtleblooms are either tender exotics, or indigenous far South. 
The following table must suffice for their recognition. 

* Calyx truucate. Petals connate into a caducous calyptra or lid... (a) 

a Fruit a capsule. Statu. fVce. Australian trees, alternate-leaved Eucalyetra. 

a Fruit a berry. Stam. free. Leaves opposite. Small trees in S. Florida Calyptranthes. 

* Cal. 4-lobed, Pet. 4, spreading. Fr. bac. Lvs. opp. Trees, slirubs. S. Fia. ^U^^jice, &c. .Eugenia. I 

* Gal. 5-lo'ied. Pet. 5, spreading. Stam. long-e.xserted. Shrubs. Cultivated. . .(')) 



122 Order 53.— MELASTOMACE^. 

5 stamens united into 5 sets. Fruit capsular. Lvs. alternate or opposite. Austrl. .Melaleuca. 2 

i> Stamens distinct. — c Flowers in dense lateral cymes. (Lvs. alternate.) Austrl. .Callistemon. 3 

— c Flowers solitary, axillary. Sepals equal. Lvs. opposite. . .Myrtus. 4 

— c Flowers solitary, axillary. Sep. unequal. 0pp. Guava.. .Vswiva. 5 

1. EUG£INIA Jambos. Rose Apple. Tree (20— 30f in India), with 
lanceolate leaves. Flowers white, in terminal showy cymes. Fruit round-ovoid, crowned 
with the calyx, ly diam., yellow, with a thick rind, which has a sweetish, rose-like flavor. 

2. MEIiALEUCA hypericif6lta. Slirubby, 5f, witli opposite, ellip- 
tic-oblong, shining, 3-veined leaves on the drooping branches. Flowers of a splendid 
red, in slender spikes, with iunnmerable stamens (1' long) radiating in all directions. — 
M. ■LEUCAPKNDRON, the famous Cajeput Tree of the East, has long lance-linear leaves, 
white fls. spiked on the pendent branchlets. The trunk is black and the branches white. 

3. CALLISTEMON lanceoi.atum. Bottle-hrush. Beautiful shrub, 
with long, thick, lanceolate leaves, and the flow^ers in dense, cyliudric spikes, crimson sta- 
mens innumerable, radiant at right angles, suggesting the English name. Often cultivated, 

4. MYRTUS COMMUNIS. Myrtle. Evergreen shrub or tree of S. Eu- 
rope, emblematic of victoi-y in honorable contests. The leaves are long, ovate, shining, 
the flowers pure white or rose-tinged, with innumerable stamens, and the berries black. 

Order LII. MELASTOMACE.E. Melastomes. 

Trees, shrubs, or herhs, with square branches and usually no stipules. 
Leaves opposite, undivided, dotless, and 3-5-veined. Calyx tube urceolate, 
adherent, at least to the angles of the ovary. Petals 4 — 6, convolute in bud. 
Stamens definite. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Fruit capsular or 
baccate. — Genera more than a hundred, all tropical except the following. 

1. RH£jXIA, L. Deer-grass. Calyx 4-cleft, swelling at the base. 
Petals 4. Stamens 8, 1-celled. Styles declined. Capsules 4-celled, nearly 
free from the investing calyx tube. Seeds numerous, if Leaves opposite, 
exstipulate, 3-veined. Flowers showy. June — September. 

§ Anthers curved, saccate and appendaged at base. Flowers purplish. . .(a) 

a Stem square, winged. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, bristly-serrate Nos. 1, 2 

a Stem terete or teretish. Leaves lanceolate to linear Nos. 3, 4 

§ Anthers etraight, oblong.— 6 Stems simple, with purple flowers Nos. 5. 6 

— b Stems brachiate, with yellow flowers No. T 

1 R. Virginica L. Meadoio Beauty. Stem narrowly 4- winged ; leaves sessile, and 

with the stem clothed with scattered hairs ; calyx hispid. Wet grounds, E. Mass., 
S. and W. 12— IG'. Cymes corymbed. Flowers purple. July, August. 

2 R. stricta Ph. Stem tall, strongly 4-winged, glabrous ; leaves acuminate, glabrous ; 

calyx glabrous, tube very short. Bogs, S. 3 — 4f. Purple. June, July. 

3 R. Mariana L. Hairy; leaves lanceolate and lance-linear, acute, bristly-serrate, 

tapering to a short petiole. Sandy bogs, N. J. to Fla. 1— 2f. Purple. 
p. linearis, Difl"usely branched ; lvs. almost linear. South. (R. lanceolata Walt.) 

4 R. gla'bella Ph. Glabrous, glaucous ; lvs. lanceolate, subserrulate, acute, sessile; 

cal. glandular-hispid. Damp woods, S. 2— 3f. Fls. few, large, purple. June— Aug. 

5 R. ciliosa Mx. Stem 1 — 2f, squarish ; leaves broad-ovate, sparsely hispid above, 

margin ciliate with long bristles ; flowers few, subsessile, terminal ; calyx glabrous, 
lobes acute. Damp woods, Md. to Fla. Petals roundish. June — August. 

6 R. serrulata N. Stem 6— S', square ; leaves small, roundish-oval, glabrous both 

sides, serralate-ciliate ; calyx glandular- hispid, lobes obtuse. Swamps, S., 



Order 53.— LYTHRACE^. 123 

7 R. liitea "V\alt. Leaves oblong-linear; flowers panicled; calyx much constricted 
above tlie ovary, limb bell-form, with cuspidate teeth. Damp woods, S. IS'. 
\ 
2. CENTRADENIA rosea, from Mexico, is often seen in conservato- 
ries. A small shrub, with opposite, lanceolate leaves (one of each pair much smaller or 
obsolete). Fls. 4-parted, roseate, in numerous hanging clusters. Sta. 8, anthers append- 
aged. — C. GRAXDiFOLiA has the large lanceolate leaves crimson beneath, and cymes erect. 

Order LIII. LYTHRACE^. Loosestrifes. 
Plants with entire, exstipulate, mostly opposite leaves, with a tubular 
calyx bearing the (4 — 7) petals and stamens in its thioat, and a compound 
ova rv and style. Stamens 4 — 14, rarely QO. Fruit capsular and free, or 
baccate, 2 — 6-, or by abortion, 1-celled, GO-seeded. Albumen 0. 

§ Shrabs, with alternate leaves, 00 stamens, and a bell-shaped calyx Lagerstrcemia. 1 

g Shrubs, with opposite leaves, 00 stamens, and a tubular, adherent calyx PtrxiCA. 2 

§ Herbs — a Flowers irregular. Calyx inflated, gibbous at base Cufhea. 3 

— a Flowers regular. — h Calyx cylindrical, striate, with 5 minute horns Lythrum. 4 

— b Calyx campanulate, — c 5 teeth with 5 long horns Nas^a. 5 

— c 4 teeth with 4 short horns. . . Ammaxnia. 6 

— c 4 teeth. Horns 0. Petals O..Didiplis. 7 

1. LAGERSTRGEMIA Indica. Crape Myrtle. Petals 6, crisped, 
on claws inserted into the calyx tube. Sta. 00. Lvs. round-ovate, thick, smooth. Branches 
winged. Flowers blue-purple, in panicles. Common S. t and §. From E. India. 

2. PUNIOA GRANATLM. POMEGRANATE. Lvs. lanceolatc. Pet. 5, oval, 

obtuse, erect, scarlet, large. Fr. large, crim., crowned with the calyx, eatable, of singular 
structure, being 3-celled below and 5-celled above, 10— 20f. Hardy in Fla. and La. (Eur.) 

3. OUPHEA, Jacq. Calyx tubular, 12-veined, gibbous at base, with 6 
erect teeth, and often as many intermediate processes. Pet. 6 or 7, unequal. 
Stam. about 12, unequal. Sty. filiform. Caps, thin, 1-2-celled, few-seeded. 

1 C, viscosissima Jacq. ©Viscid-pubescent; branches alternate ; lvs. opp., lance- 

ovate ; flowers violet-purple, short-stalked, 1 in each axil ; capsules bursting laterally 
before ripe, ^yet grounds, Mass., W. and S. Not common. 9 — 18'. August. 

2 C. PLATYCENTRA. Low, bushy perennial ; leaves lanceolate ; fls. with a scarlet calyx 

tube and short, purple petals, produced in profusion all Sum. From Mex. Not hardy. 

3 C STRiGULosA. Shrubby, hispld and viscld ; lvs. oblong-ovate ; cal. scarlet, gibbous 

at base: petals C\ subequal, large, violet-purple, varying to yellow ; sta. 11, hairy. 

4 C siLENOiDES. Lvs. lauccolatc ; cal. green and red : pet. 5, purple, 2 large and 3 small. 

4. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife. Calyx cylindrical, striate, limb 
4-6-toothed, with as many intermediate, minute processes. Pet. 4 — 6, 
equal. Stam. as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted in the 
calyx. St3de filiform. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. 11 Mostly with 
entire leaves and purple or pale flowers. June — Aug, 

§ Stamens as many as the petals. Flowers axillary, solitary Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers spicate or racemed Nos. 4, |8 

1 li. Iiyssopifolia L. Grass-poly. Glabrous, slender; branches square; lvs. alter- 

nate or opposite, linear oroblong-lanceolate, obtuse ; fls. solitary, axillary, subsessUe : 
pet. and stam. 5 or G. Low grounds, coastward, Ms., N. T. Rare. G — 10'. 

2 li. alatum Ph. Glabrous, erect, branched ; stem winged below; lvs. lance-ovate, 

acute, sessile, broadest at base, alternate and opposite ; flowers axillary, solitary, 
with 6 wavy petals and G short stamens. Damp. S. and W. 1 — 2f. 

3 lit lineare L. St. slender, somewhat 4-angled, branched above ; lvs. linear, mostly 

opposite, obtuse ; fls. nearly sessile ; pet. and ?tn. d. Swamp'^. N. J. to Fla. 2- — if. 



124 Order 54.— OKA.GRACE.E. 

4 Ij. Salica,ria L. More or less pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, cordate at Toase ; fls." 

nearly sessile, in a long, somewhat verticillate, interrupted spike ; pet. 6 or 7 ; stam. 

twice as many. Wet meadows, N. Eug., N. Y. Rare. 2— 5f. Fls. showy, purple, -t 

/3. KOSEU3I. Flowers rose-red, in many spikes, all summer. A fine garden variety. 

5. NES.SIA, Juss. Calyx sliort, broadly campanulate, with. 5 erect 

teeth, and 5 elongated, spreading, hornlike processes. Sta. 10, alternate 

ones very long. Sty. filiform. Caps, globous, included, oo-seeded. if Lvs. 

opposite or verticillate. FloAvers axillary, purple. 

N. verticilla,ta Kunth. Swamps, common. Stems Avoody at hase, stoloniferous, 
2 — 4f, angular ; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, opposite or in whorls of 3's ; fls. in a long, 
leafy, showy, slender panicle of umbels. (Decodon verticillatum Ell.) 

6. AMMANNIA, L. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-toothed or lobed, gen- 
erally with, as many hornlike processes, alternating with the lobes. Pet. 
4 or 5. Sta. as many, rarely twice as many as the calyx lobes. Capsule 
globular, 2-4-celled, oo-sceded. (i) Stems square and leaves opposite, 
entire. Flowers axillary. 

1 A. Iiamilis Mx. St. branched from the base, ascending ; lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, 

tapering at base into a short petiole : fls. solitary, closely sessile, all the parts in 4''s ; 
sty. very short. Ditches. A low herb, with inconspicuous flowers. Aug., Sept. 

2 A. latifolia L. St. erect, branching ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, dilated and au- 

ricled at the sessile base ; cal. 4-angled, 4-horned ; fls. crowded. Wet, W. 1 — 2f. Purp. 

7. DIDIPLIS, Raf. Calyx 4-lobed, without accessory teeth. Pet. 0. 
Sta. 2 — 4. Ov. 2-cellcd. Stig. 2-lobed, subsessile. Caps, globous, burst- 
ing irregularly, oo-seeded. aT Leaves opposite, crowded, linear. Flowers 
axillary, sessile, minute. (Hypobrichia, Curt.) 

D, diandra.— Ponds and sluggish streams. 111. and S. 10—20'' long. Jn.-Aug. 

Order LIV. ONAGRACE.^. Onagrads. 

Herhs^ rarely shrubs, with the flowers 4-(sometimes 2 or 3)-parted, with 
the cali/x tube adhering to the 2-4-celled ovary, and teeth valvate in the 
bud ; the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes obsolete as well as the 
calyx teeth. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx 
teeth. Ovary 2-4-celled, styles imited, and stigmas capitate or 4-lobed. 
Fruit capsular or baccate, 2-4-celled. Seeds with little or no albumen. 
Figs. 13, 54, 138, 317, 385. 

* stamens 8, or twice as many as the petals or sepals. . .(a) 

a Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary.— 6 Seeds comous Epilobium. 1 

— h Seeds glabrous Jussi^a. 2 

a Calyx tube prolonged, — c the free summit slender.— ci Seeds comous, 00 Zauschneria. 3 

—d Seeds glabrous, GO (Enothera. i 

— d Seeds glabrous, 1 — 4 Gaura. ,5 

— n the free summit enlarged,— e short. Pet. clawed Clarkia. 6 

— e long. Pet, sessile Fuchsia. 7 

* Stamens 4 or 2, as many as the sepals. — d Flowers 4-parted Ludwigia. 8 

—d Flowers 2-parted Circ^a. 9 

1. SPILOBIUM, L. Willows-herb. Rose Bay. Cal. tube not pro- 
longed beyond the ovary, limb deeply 4-cleft, deciduous. Sta. 8. Stig 



0»DEii 54.— ONAGRACE^. 125 

often with 4 spreading lobes. Ov. and caps, linear, 4-cornered, 4-celled, 
4-valved. Seeds go, conions witli long silky hairs. U Flowers purple 
to white. July — Sept. 

* Lts. alternate. Fls. showy, expanding. Stig. with. 4 long lo"bes. Sty. declined... No. 1 

* Lvs. opposite. Fls. small. Stigma undivided. — a Petals entire Nos. 2, 3 

— a Petals S-Iobed Nos. 4, 5 

1 E. ansustifolium. L. St. simple, erect; lvs. lanceolate, subentire with a mar- 

ginal vein ; rac. long, terminal, spicate ; pet. unguiculate, purple : stig. with 4 linear, 
revolute lobes. In newly-cleared lands, fence-rows, &c., E. and W. 4— 6f. 
p. canescens. Flowers pure white throughout ; ovaries silvery canescent. 

2 E. alpinum. L. St. creeping at base, usually with 2 pubescent lines, few-flwd. ; lvs. 

glabrous, oblong-ovate, obtuse ; caps, glabrous. HighMts.N. 6 — 12'. Fls. pale-roseate. 
/3. ntitanc. Taller (If), nodding at the summit ; lvs. oblong, denticulate. White ilts. 

3 E. palustre L. /3. albiflbrum. Minutely downy, branching; lvs. sessile, linear 

or narrowly lance-lin. ; caps, pubescent. Swamps, Pa., N. &W. 6' — 2f. Fls. nearlj- wh. 

4 E. molle Torr. Velvety-pubescent, strict, branched above ; lvs. sessile, crowded, 

lanceolate- to linear-oblong, subentire ; pet. deeply-emarginate, rose-color. Swamps, 
E. and W. 1— 2f. Varies to nearly smooth, and less leafy. (N. Y., Hankenson.) 

5 E. coloratum Mnhl. Nearly smooth, much branched; lvs. lance-oblong, dent- 

serrulate, some petiolate. often with reddish veins ; pet. 2-cleft, rose-color. "Wet. l-3f. 

\ 

2. JUSSISA, L. Calyx tube long, but not produced beyond the 

ovary ; the lobes 4 — 6, leafy, persistent. Pet. 4 — 6, spreading. Sta. 8 — 12. 
Pod 4-6-celled, long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous. — 
Herbs with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. 

1 J. decurrens DC. Glabrous; fls. 4-parted. 9"; st. erect, branched, winged by the 

decurrent, lanceolate lvs. ; pod clavate, 4-angled. n Wet. Pa., and S. 6-20'. Jl.-Sep. 

2 J. rei>eii§ L. Smooth, or hairy above, creeping, with erect branches ; fls. 5-parted, 

2' ; lvs. oblanceolate to oblong, narrowed to the slender pet. ; ov. much shorter than 
the ped. U Ponds, ditches. Pa. to HI., and S. 2 — 3f. May— Aug. (J. grandiflora Mx.) 

3 J. leptocarpa N. Hairy ; fls. mostly 6-parted, small (9") ; lvs. lanceolate, subses- 

sile ; pod slender, much longer than the ped. ® Marshes, Fla. to La. 1 — 2f. June. 

3. ZAUSCHNERIA Califoknica. U Bushy, haiiy- viscid, with lan- 
ceolate leaves and scarlet (varying to white) flowers resembling Fuchsias. Sta. exbertcd. 

4. CENOTHERA, L. E^'ENIXG PRoniosE. Calyx tube prolonged 
beyond the ovary, deciduous, Segm. 4, rellexed. Pet. 4, equal, obcordate 
or obovate. Sta. 8. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved. Stig. 4-lobed. Seeds many, 
without a coma. — Herbs with alternate leaves. Summer. 

* Native. Fls. nocturnal, yellow. Pods sessile, oblong, terete Nos. 1 — 3 

* Native. Fls. diurnal, yellow. Pods clubshaped, 4-angled and 4-ribbed. . (a) 

a Calyx tube not longer than the ovary. Fls. 5" or 6" diameter Nos, 4, 5 

a Calyx tube about twice longer than the ovary. Fls. 15"— IS" Nos. 6—8 

a Calyx tube 3 or 4 times longer than the ovary. Fls. 2'—4f Nos. 9, 10 

* Exotic— 6 Fls. yellow, large. Tube much longer than the ovary Nos. 11, 12 

—b Fls. white, very large. Pods 4- winged and 4-ribbed. Nos. 13, 14 

I) YU. purple or roseate. Tube short, funnel-form, Godetia..Nos. 15—18 

1 <E. "biennis L. St. erect, hirsute : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticnlate ; fls. in 
a tenninal. leafy spike ; cal. tube 2 to 3 times longer than the ovary ; stam, shorter 
than the obcordate or obtuse petals : pod oblong, obtusely 4-angled. Com. 2— 5f. 



126 Order 54 — ONAGRACE^. 

p. tnuricata. Stem rough-hirsute ; petals but little longer than the stamens. 

•y. g-randilfbra, St. branching ; pet. much longer than stam., deeply obcordate. t 

5. parviAora , Calyx tube elongated ; petals small, as long as the stamens. 

f . cruciata. Petals linear-oblong, shorter than the stamens. 

C- canescens» Petals enlarged ; whole plant canescently hairy. 

2 CE. rliomMpetala N. St. erect, tall, smooth; Ivs. lance-linear; pet. rhombic- 

elliptical, pointed ; cal. tube 3 — 4 times longer than ovary. (2) Prairies, W. 2— 3f. + 

3 <E. sinua,ta L. Pubescent, decumbent at base ; Ivs. oval-oblong, sinuate-dentate, 

or incised ; lis. axillary, solitary ; tube twice longer than ovary. (1) N. J. and S. 3 — 8'. 
/3. minima. Low, simple, 1-flowered ; Ivs. subentire. Pine-baiTcns, N. J. and S. 

4 CE. pumila L. Low, pubescent, half-erect ; Ivs. lanceolate ; lis. Q>". in a leafy spike ; 

calyx tube shorter than the oblong-clavate ovaiy. (2) Meadows, Can. to Car. 6 — 10'. 

5 CE. clirysaiitlia Mx. Ascending, slender ; fls. small (5") crowded, spicate ; Ivs. 

lanceolate ; cal. tube as long as the ovary; pet. emarginate. (2) N. Y. to Wis. 12—18'. 

6 <E. fruticosa L. St. rigid, hairy or downy ; Ivs. lance-oblong; rac. corymbed ; fls. 

18" diam. ; pod oblong-clavate, 4-winged, 4-ribbed, pedicellate. 2; Hard soils. 1— 3f. 

7 <E. ripa,ria N. St. slender, branched, purple, and polished ;,lvs. lin. -lanceolate, peti- 

olate, denticulate; rac. corymbed ; fls. large (IS'O- Banks, IST. J., and S. 1— 2f. May 4-. 

8 CE. linearis Mx. Hoary-puberulent, subsimple ; Ivs. linear, subentire, obtuse ; fls. 

large, corymbed ; pod obovoid. ii Montauk Pt. to Tenn., and S. 1 — l\i. May, June. 

9 CE. glauca Mx. Smooth, glaucous ; Ivs. ovate, sessile, pointed; fls. large, clustered 

at the ends of the branches ; pod oval. 2{ Va. to Ky., and S. 2— 3f. May— July. 

10 CE. MissouRiENSis Sims. Simple, decumbent; Ivs. thick, lanceolate, petiolate ; fls. 
very large (4'), tube very long; pod very large, 4-winged. Dry hills, Mo. July— Oct. 

11 CE. NOCTURNA. St. erect, downy ; Ivs. lanceolate, repand-dentate. (2) S. Af. 2f. 

12 CE. LONGiFLORA. Simple, hairy ; Ivs. lanceolate, denticulate ; pet. 2-lobed. (2) S.Am. 

13 CE. sPECiosA. Lvs. pinnatifid below ; fls. diurnal, white, fading red. 2f Ark. 18'. 

14 CE. TETRAPTERA. Lvs. pinnatifid below ; fls. nocturn., large, pure wh. (1) Mex. l-2f. 

15 CE. RUBicuNDA. Erect; lvs. lance-linear ; pet. rose-purp., orange at base. ® Cal. 2f. 
IG CE. LiNDLETi. Diff'usely branched ; lvs. lance-lin. ; pet. lilac, red at base. (1) Cal. If. 

17 CE. viNosA. Erect ; lvs. linear-oblong ; pet. white-roseate ; fls. 2' broad. ® Cal. 2f. 

18 CE. LEPiDA. Erect, simple; lvs. lance-obl. ; pet. pale-purp., crimson-spotted at edge. 

5. GAURA, L. Calyx tube mucli prolonged above the ovary, cyliii- 
dric, limb 4-cleft. Pet. 4, iingniciilate, somewhat unequal. Sta. 8, decli- 
nate, alternate ones a little shorter. Ovary oblong, 4-celled, nut usually by 
abortion, 1-celled, 1-4-seeded. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. alternate. 
Flowers white and red, in slender spikes, July, August. 

1 CJ. biennis L. St. branched, pubescent ; lvs. lance-oblong, spikes dense ; cal. tube 

as long as the segments, the pet. rather shorter. (2) Dry bluff's, rare, handsome. 3 — 5f. 

2 CJ. filipes Spach. Paniculate and naked above ; lvs. linear-oblong, tufted at the 

base of the slender racemes ; calyx segments longer than the tube or petals ; pods 
obovoid-clavate, on slender pedicels. Dry soils, S. and W. 3 — 5f. 

3 Cr. angustifolia Mx. Pubescent ; lvs. linear, very a,cute ; calyx seg. much longer 

than tube or pet. : pod sessile, ovoid, sharply 4-angled. S. Car. to Fla. Fls. small, wh. 

4 Cr. LiNDHEiMERi. Erect, much branched ; lvs. lin. ; cal. red ; pet. blush, long in bloom. 

6. CLARKIA, Ph. Calyx tube slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, 
limb 4-parted, deciduous. Pet. 4, unguiculate, 3-lobed or entire, claws 
with 2 minute teeth, Bta. 8. Sty. 1, filiform. Stig. 4-lobed. Capsule 
largest at base, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — ® Herbs (from Oreg. and 
Cal.) with showy, axillary flowers. 

1 C. PULCHELLA. Lvs. lin. -lanceolate ; pet. 3-parted ; 4 Sterile sta. Fls. wh.,rose, orlilao 



Order 54.— ONAGRACE^. 127 

2, C ELEGANS. Lvs. lance-ovatc ; pet. rhombic-ovate ; sta. all fertile. Purple to white. 
3 C. BHOMBOiDEA. Lvs. ovate-obl. ; pet. rhomb. -ovate, 2-toothecl, lilac, with purple spots. 

/ 

7. FUCHSIA, L. Ladies' Eardrop. Calyx tubular-funnel-form, 

colored, deciduous, limb 4-lobed. Pet. 4, in the throat of the calyx. Sta. 
8, exserted. Disk glandular, 8-furrowed. Baccate capsule oblong, obtuse, 
4-sided. +) S. American, beautiful. Fls. drooping, axillary. Figs. 54, 138. 

1 F". coccfNEA. Smooth ; lvs. opp. or 3-whorled, ovate, denticulate ; pet. convolute, vio- 

let-purple, half as long as the scarlet sepals, quarter as long as the purple stamens. 

2 F. GRACILIS. Half-shrubby ; lvs. ovate, glandular-dentate ; pet. nearly as long as sep. 

3 F* FULGENS. Lvs. cordatc-ovate ; cal. tube long, trumpet-shaped, bright red.— Many 

hybrid varieties of the above three species are in cultivation. 

8. LUDWIGIA, L. Bastard Loosestrife. Calyx tube not pro- 
longed beyond the ovary, limb 4-lobed, mostly persistent. Pet. 4, equal, 
obcordate, often minute or none. Sta. 4, opposite the sepals. Sty. short. 
Caps, short, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded, and crowned with the persist- 
ent calyx lobes, if and mostly ^. Leaves entire. Flowers in summer. 

§ Leaves opposite. Stems creeping. — a Petals none. Flowers very small. . .Nos. 1, 2 

—a Petals yellow, showy Nos. 3, 4 

§ Leaves alternate, sessile. Stems mostly erect. . .{b) 

b Petals large, yellow. Pods pedicellate, short Nos. 5 — 7 

b Petals small, yellowish. Pods sessile, elongated, smooth Nos. 8, 9 

b Petals or minute. — c Pods elongated, hairy or smooth Nos. 10, 11 

— c Pods short, rounded, shorter than the sepals. .Nos. 12, 13 

— c Pods short, square, — d axillary Nos. 14 — 16 

— d capitate No. 17 

1 I^. palustris Ell. Water Purslane. Creeping or floating, smooth, some fleshy; 

lvs. ovate-spatulate, on winged petioles ; fls. sessile, solitary, apetalous ; pod oblong 
(2''0, with 4 green angles. Stem 10 — 18', round, reddish. 

2 li. spatulata T. & G. Ascending, branched, downy, not fleshy ; lvs. obovate- 

spat., on winged petioles ; fls. very small, sess. ; pod ovoid, 4-sided, downy. Fla. 6-12^ 

3 li. natans Ell. Creeping or floating, smooth; h.s. oblong, on margined petioles; 

fls. sessile ; pet. as long as the calyx ; ov. with 2 bractlets at base. Swamps, S. Pod 4". 

4 Ij. arcuata Walt. Creeping, smoothish ; lvs. linear-oblanceolate, tapering to the 

slender base : fls. solitary, on ped. twice longer than the lvs. ; petals biigbt yellow, 
longer than the narrow sepals ; pod clavate, finally arcuate. Ya. to Fla. 3 — IC 

5 li. alter nifolia L. Seed Box. Erect, glabrous ; lvs. lanceolate, acute; ped. axil- 

lary, 2-bracted ; sep. large, purplish, crowning the 4-winged pod. Swamps. 1 — 3f. 
6- li. liirtella Eaf. Erect, hairy ; lvs. ovate-oblong, obtuse ; ped. axillary, 2-bracted; 
sep. shorter than the yellow petals; pod 4-winged, subglobous. "Wet. N.J. to Fla. l-3f. 

7 li. virgata Ph. Erect, with virgate branches, smoothish ; lvs. oblong to linear, ob- 

tuse ; fls. large ; pet. longer than the leafy calyx, which is finally persistent and re- 
flexed on the roundish-cubical 4-winged pod. Dry soils. S. 2— 3f. Flowers 1'. 

8 li. linearis Walt. Slender, with erect branches ; lvs. lance-linear, acute; fls. axil- 

lary, sessile ; pet. obovate-obl. ; pod clavate, 4-sided, longer than sep. N. J. and S. 2f. 

9 li. linifolia Poir. Simple, erect from a creeping base ; lvs. spreading, lin., attenu- 

ate at base ; sep. ovate, pointed, equalling the pet. and oblong pods. Mud, S. If. Lvs. V. 

10 li. cylindrica Ell. Smooth ; lvs. lanceolate ; fls. minute, 1—3 together, apetalous ; 
pod slender, cylindrical, blunt, longer than the calyx segm. S. Car. to Fla. and La. 3f. 

11 li. pilosa Walt Villous-pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate ; fls. axillary and spiked above : 
pod villous, oblong, 4-sided, as long as the ovate, pointed sepals. Swamps, S. 2f. 



128 ^ Order 56.— TURNERxiCE^. 

13 li. spliaerocarpa Ell. Lvs. lanceolate, attenuate to base ; pad. subsoI.,bractlesg, 
short ; sep. as long as the small subglobous pod. Wet swamps, Mass. to Ga. : rai-e. 3f. 

13 JL. iiiicrocarpa Mx. Ascending from a creeping base; li'S. spatulate-obovatc ; 
sep. roundish, acuminate, larger than the very small obovoid pod. Wet, S. If. 

14 li. aliita Ell. St. sjender, strongly 4-angled ; lvs. wedge-lanceolate ; fls. in the up- 
per axils few, white, apet. ; pod cubic-obconic, winged ; sds. ovoid. Marshes, S. 2-3f. 

15 Ij. laiiceolata Ell.? (Chapm.) St. stout, terete; lvs. lanceolate ; fls. in all the 
axils green, apetalous ; pod cubical, with sharp angles. Swamps, Ga. Fla. l-2f, bushy. 

16 li. polycarpa Short »fe Peter. Lvs. lance-linear, on the runners oblanceolate ; fls. 
solitary, with 2 subulate bractlets at base ; pod ciibical-obconic. Swamps, W. 1— .3f. 

17 li, capita.ta Mx. Erect ; lvs. lance-linear to lance-obL, obtuse at the sessile base ; 
flowers sessile, crowded in a terminal bracted head or spike. Wet barrens, S. 2— 3f. 

9. CIRC^A, L. Enchanter's Nightshade. Calyx slightly pro- 
duced above tlie ovary, deciduous, limb 2-parted. Pet. 2, obcordate. Sta. 
2. Caps, obovoid, uncinate-liispid or pubescent, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Sty. 
united, if Leaves opposite. Flowers small, racemed. Figs. 13, 317, 385. 

1 C. liUtetia.na L. St. erect, pubescent above ; lvs. ovate, subcordate, acuminate, 

slightly repand-dentate, opaque, longer than the petioles ; bracts none ; fr. reflexed, 
hispid-uncinate. Damp shades. 1 — 2f. Rac. slender. Fls. rose-colored. June, Jl. 

2 C. ali>ina L. Smooth ; st. ascending at base, weak ; lvs. broad-cordate, diaphanous, 

dentate, as long as the petioles ; bracts setaceous ; caps, pubescent. Wet, rocky 
woods, N. Eng. to Oreg. 6—10'. Fls. white. Plant small and delicate. July, Aug. 

Order LV. LOASACEiE. Loasads. 

Hei'bs often hispid with stinging hairs, with leaves opposite or alternate 
and no stipules. Cali/x adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-parted, lobes persist- 
ent, equal. Petals 5, or 10 in 2 circles. Stamens oo. Ovary 1-celled, with 
several parietal placentce. 

1. MENTZELIA, L. Calyx tubular, limb 5-parted. Pet. 5—10, flat, 
spreading. Sta. oo, 20 to 200. Ov. inferior. Sty. 3, filiform, connate, and 
often spirally twisted. Stig. simple, minute. Caps. 1-celled, many-seeded. 
— Branching herbs. Leaves alternate. 

1 ISl, oligospernia Nutt. Very rough, with barbed hairs ; stem dichotomous ; lvs. 

ovate-lanceolate, lobed or incisely toothed ; pet. entire, cuspidate, longer than the 20 + 
sta. ; caps. 3-5-seeded. n Dry rocks. 111. Mo. and S. If. Fls. deep yellow, 9''. May-Jl. 

2 OT. Florid.a,iia N. Slightly roughened; lvs. deltoid-ovate, unequally toothed, petio- 

late ; pet. wedge-oval, obtuse : sta. 30 ; caps. 6-seeded. Fla. If. Fls. small, yellow. 

3 M. LiNDLEYi. Golden Bartonia. Hispid ; lvs. lance-ovate, pinnatifid, lobes often den- 

tate ; pet. broad obovate ; seeds GO ; stamens 200. ® California. Fls. golden, 2—3'. 
/ 

2. LOASA, Adans. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, concave. Scales 5, petaloid, 

2-3-lobed, connivent, witli 2 sterile filaments inserted at base. Sta. go, in 

many fascicles. Style 3-fid. Caps. 1-celled, half 3-valved. 

li, LATEEiTiA. BHcJc-ved L. Climbing, stinging ; leaves palmately lobed, cordate ; fls. 
large, on long stalks, brick-red to orange. Chili. 20f. June— October. 

Order LYI. TURNERACE^. 

Herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves, solitary, 5-parted flowers, a free 
calyx bearing the 5 petals and 5 stamens in its throat. Ovary 1-celled, with 



Order 58.— CUCURBIT A OE^. 129 

3 parietal placentae. Styles 3, distinct. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seed<: 
albaminous, stropliiolate. 

TURNERA, L. Calyx campanulate. Styles 3. Stigmas 2-5- oo- 
parted or fringed. Caps, of 3 valves separating to the base. Herbs pubes- 
cent or tomentous. Flowers on jointed pedicels, yellow. (Piriqueta, Aub.) 

1 T. cistoid.es L. Haiiy, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse, denticnlate ; the upper bract- 

like, shorter than the peduncles ; pet. obovate, cor. V. Dry. S. If. June, July. 

2 T. tomentosa, Tomentous ; Ivs. oblong (10, longer than the peduncles. Fla. If. 

3 T, glabra (Chapm.) Smooth, branched ; ped. 2—3 times longer than lin. Ivs. Fla. 

Order LYII. PASSIFLORACE.^. Passionworts. 

Plants often woody, climbing by tendrils, with alternate leaves and leafy 
stipules. Flowers perfect, 5-parted. Calyx tubular, the throat crowned 
with several rows of sterile filaments, and the corolla above them. Sta- 
mens 5, monadelphous, sheathing the stipe of the ovary. Ft. fleshy, oo- 
seeded. Figs. Ill, 112, 348. 

PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-flower (/. c, emblematic of our Saviour's 
passion). Cal. colored, deeply 5-parted, the throat with a complex fila- 
mentous crown. Ov. raised on a stipe. Stig. 3, with 5 large anthers. Fr. 
a pulpy berry. "^ ^ Fls. large, wonderful and beautiful. May — July. 

1 5». lutea L. Lvs. glabrous, cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse ; petioles glandless ; ped. mostly 

in pairs ; pet. gr.-yel., narrower and much longer than sep. V, Woods, O., and S. lOf. 

2 P. incarnata L. Lvs. deeply .3-lobed, serrate ; petioles with 2 glands above ; in- 

volucre 3-leaved ; crown triple, roseate, if Dry fields, Ya. to Fla. 20— 30f. Pet. wh. 

3 I*. CCERULEA. Shrubby ; lvs. palraately 5-parted, entire ; invol. .3-bractcd ; petioles 

glandular ; pet. longer than the crown, blue, purple, and white. Brazil. Not hardy. 

Order LYIII. CUCURBITACE^. Cucurbits. 

Herbs succulent, creeping or climbiug by tendrils, with alternate leaves. 
Flowers monoecious or polj^gamous, never blue. Calyx 5- toothed, adherent. 
Petals 5, often united, inserted on the calyx. Stamens 5, generally cohering 
in 3 sets. Anthers united, contorted. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal pla- 
centae often filling the cells. Fruit a pepo or membranous. Seeds flat, with 
no albumen, often arilled. Figs. 186, 476, 482. 

§ Corolla ■white, — a 6-cleft. Stigmas 2. Fruit ecliinate Echinocystis. 1 

— a 5-petalled. Pepo smooth, many-seeded Lagenaria. 2 

— a 5-parted. Berry smooth, few-seeded Bryonia. 3 

— a 5-lobed. Fruit prickly, 1-seeded Sicyos. 4 

§ Corolla yellow, — & 5-lobed. Berry small, smooth, QO-seeded Melothria. 5 

— 6 5-lobed. Pepo large. Seeds thick at edge Cucurbita. 6 

— h 5-eleft. Pepo large, — c Seeds colored, thick-edged Citrullus. 7 

— c Seeds white, acute-edged Cucumis. 8 

1. ECHINOOYSTIS, T. & G. Flowers 8 . Calyx of 6 filiform-subu- 
late segments, shorter than the corolla. Petals 6, united at base into a ro- 
tate-campanulate corolla. $ Sta. 3, diadelphous. $ Abortive fil. 3, dis- 



130 Order 58.— CUCURBITACE.^. 

tinct, minute. Style very short. S tig. 2, large. Fruit roundish, infiated, 

echinate, 4-seeded. (i) Climbing, Avith branched tendrils. 

E. lol>a.ta T. & G. Alluvion, Can. to Penn. and W. Smoothish. Lvs. thin, palmately 
5-lobed. Fls. small, white, the barren in large racemes, fertile few below. JL— Sep. 

2. LAGENARIA, Ser. Gourd. Fls. 6> . Calyx campan., 5-toothed. 
Pet. 5, obovate. $ Sta. 5, triadelphous. ? Stig. 3, thick, 2-lobed, subses- 
sile. Pepo ligneous, 1-celled. Seeds arilled, obcordate, compressed, mar- 
gin tumid. — Mostly climbing by tendrils. 

li. VULGAKE. Stem soft-pubescent ; tendrils branched ; lvs. roundish, cordate, 2 gknds 
beneath at base ; fls. solitary, peduncled, white ; pepo bottle-shaped. (T) Gardens. 

3. BRYONIA, L. Bryony. Fls. .s- or 6 ?. Cal. Stoothed, teeth 

short. Cor. 5-cleft or -parted. S Stamens 5, triadelphous, with flexuous 

anthers. 5 Sty. trifid. Berry small, globular. J? Fls. greenish-wh. June. 

B. Boykinii T. & G. Scabrous pubescent ; lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed, cordate ; flowers 
small, axillary, mixed, on short pedicels ; berries 3-seeded, bright red. Ga. to La. lOf. 

4. SICYOS, L. Single-seed Cucumber. Fls. 8 . Cal. 5-toothed. 
Pet. 5, united at base. Anthers cohering, contorted. Styles 8, united at 
base. Fruit ovate, membranous, hispid or echinate, with one large, com- 
pressed seed. ^ With compound tendrils. Flowers axillary, mixed. 

S. angula,tus L. Hairy, branched ; lvs. roundish, 5-angled or lobed, lobes pointed ; 
fls. wh. with gr. veins, the 5 in long rac, the s smaller, capitate. Thickets. Jl. — Sep. 

5. MELOTHRIA, L. Fls. ? ^ ^ or <? . Calyx bell-form, limb in 5 
subulate segments. Pet. 5, united into a bell-form corolla. Sta. 5, triadel- 
phous. Style 1, stig. 3. Berry ovoid, small, oo-seeded. ^> Tendrils simple. 

M, pendula L. Lvs. roundish, small, 5-lobed or angled, pointed ; fls. axillary, 5 in 
small rac, ? solitary, on long peduncles. N. Y. to Ga. Delicate. Fls. yellowish. Jl. 

6. CUCURBITA, L. Squash. Fls. 8 . Cal. 5-toothed, limb decidu- 
ous after flowering in ? . Cor. bell-shaped, cohering with the calyx. 
Stam. 5, anth. connate, straight. Stig. 3. Pepo fleshy. Seeds thick at 
margin, smooth. ^> Flowers yellow. 

1 C Pepo. PimipTdn. Rough-hispid ; lvs. very large, cordate, 5-lobed or angled ; fls. 

large, i long-stalked; fr. very large, rounded, smooth, torulous, finally yellow. ® 

2 C Melopepo. Flat Squash. Hairy ; lvs. cordate, 5-lobed ; fr. depressed-orbicular, 

margin torulous, smooth or M'arty, whitish, (i) Hybridizes with No. 1. 

3 C. VEKRUcosA. Crookneck S. Hairy ; lvs. cordate, deeply 5-lobed ; fr. oblong or cla- 

vate, often elongated and curved at base. (I) The varieties are numerous. 
/3. MEDULLOSA. Vegetable ^farrow. Lvs. triangular in outline, deeply 3-lobed ; fr. 
oblong or club-form, dark-green and wh., 10—20' long. Highly prized in England. 

4 C. maxima. Mammoths. Winters. Rough-hairy ; lvs. round-reniform, obtusely 

5-lobed; fruit 10'— 3f! diam., with a lobed, yellowish-white surface and dense pulp. 

7. CITRULLUS, Neck. Watermelon. Citron. Cal. deeply 5-cleft, 
segm. linear-lanceolate. Pet. 5, united at base. Sta. triadelphous. Style 
tiifid. Stig. reniform-cordate. Fr. rounded or oblong, the succulent pla- 
centae filling the cell. Seeds colored, truncate at base. ^ 



Order 59.--BEG0NI.\CE.E. 131 

-C vulgaris Schrad Hirsute : Ivs. pomewhat 5-lobecl, the lobes sinuate-pinnatifid, 
glaucus beneath ; fl?. with a bract ; fr. dark-spotted. ® India. Africa. 

8. CUOUMIS, L. Fls. 8 or ^ . Cal. tubular-campanulate, with sub- 
ulate segments. Cor. deeply o-parted. Sta. triadelplions. Style short. 
Stig. 3, thick, 2-lobed. Pepo elongated. Seeds lance-oblong, T\'hite, acute, 
not margined at the edge. ^ Fls. axillary, solitary, yellow. 

* Leaves angular, not lobed, subcordate. Tendrils simple Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves deeply-lobed or cleft. Tendrils simple or forked Nos. 3 — 5 

1 C. SATivus. encumber. Eough ; If. angles acute ; fr. oblong, pricklywhen young. 3) 

2 C. Melo. Musk Melon. Hairy ; If. angles obtuse ; fr. globular, torulous. (T) Asia. 

3 C Anguria. Prickly C. Lvs. sinuate-lobed ; tendrils simple ; fr. ovoid, echinate. 

4 C. CoLOCYNTHis. Colocyuth. Lvs. cut-lobed ; tend, short ; fr. round, yel., very bitter. 

5 C, ANGUixus. Serpent C. Lvs. 3-5-lobed; tendrils forked ; fr. long, coiled, snake-like. 

Order LIX. BEGONIACE^. Begoxiads. 

Herhs or shrubby ijlants^ with alternate, inequilateral leayes, and dicli- 
nous, unsymmetrical flowers. Perianth of 2 — oo lys., all petaloid or the in- 
ner only. Stamens oo, anth. connate. Ovary inferior, 3-angled or winged, 
3-celled, the placentae in the angles. Styles united at base. Albumen 0, or thin. 

BEGONIA, L. $ Sepals 3. Pet. 2, rarely more, or 0. 9 Sepals 2, 
larger than the 4 petals. Cap. with 3 angles unequally wingea, opening 
below the apex. Sds. OO, minute. U b Lys. alternate, stipulate, with the 
sides unequal, margins toothed or lobed. Fls. often showy. Species 320, 
mostly tropica], often found in the greenhouse. Much mixed. 

§ Leaves feather-veined, and glabrous as well as the whole plant Nos. 1 — 4 

§ Leaves palmi-veined, with 5—9 veins from near the base. ..{a) 

a Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves toothed or crenulate Nos. 5 — 7 

a Leaves hairy, at least on the deeply 5-9- lobed margins Nos. 8, 9 

a Leaves hairy, at least on the undulate or toothed margins. . .{b) 

b Staminate flowers Avith 2 sepals only, the petals usually Nos. 10, 11 

b Staminate tiowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals. E. India Nos. 12 — 15 

1 B. MACUiiATA. Very smooth ; lvs. ovate-oblong, wavy, cordate, white-spotted above, 

purple beneath; fls. white or flesh-colored, in forked cymes. Brazil. (B. ai-gentea.) 

2 B. FUCHSioiDES. Smooth ; lvs. oblong to obovate, obtuse at base, serrulate ; fle. bright 

red, drooping like Fuchsias, in many terminal cymes, very handsome. N. Granada. 

3 B. SEMPERViREXS. Lcaves bristly on the crenate edges, ovate, subcordate ; fls. white 

to rose-colored, 1'— 18", in an open panicle, with scarious, persistent bracts. Brazil. 

4 B. iNCAKNATA. Lcavcs bristly-serrate, ovate to oblong ; fls. roseate, large, in com- 

pound, pendulous cymes, with caducous bracts or 0. Mexico. (B. insignis.) 

5 B. NiTLDA. Leaves ovate, half-cordate, subcreuate, shining, green as well as the stip- 

ules ; flowers purplish-white, with caducous bracts, on axillary peduncles. W. Ind. 

6 B. SANGuixEA. Leaves oblique-ovate, deeply cordate, crenulate, red beneath, large ; 

flowers white, small, many, in cymes longer than the leaves. Stalks red. 

7 B. coccfxEA. Leaves oblique oblong, half cordate, dentate ; stipules obovate, cadu- 

cous ; flowers scarlet, pendulous. S'^ broad, in cymes equalling the leaves (5'). 

8 B. niERAciFOLiA. Leaves roundish, palmately 7-cleft. lobes toothed ; fringed scales 

on the petiole above ; scape long, with many roseate flowers, V diameter. Mexico. 

9 B, PARViFLORA. Shrub rusty-downy ; leaves ample, roundish, subcordate, 7-9-lobed. 

lobes serrulate ; cymes If long, with numerous small pale flowers. Feru. 



132 OiiDER 60.— CACTACE.E. 

10 B. MANicATA. Leaves oblique-ovate, cordate, angular, toothed, with purple-fringed 

scales on the petioles ; flowers flesh-colored, iu open cymes, on long peduncles. Mex. 

11 B. PHTLLOMAMicATA. Stcui covered with leaf-like hulblets ; leaves broad-ovate, 
cordate, doubly dentate : peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers roseate. Brazil. 

12 B, EvANSiANA. Leaves ovate, subcordate, bristly denticulate, purple beneath; 
flowers rose-colored, 1', in cymes on long stalks. Our oldest species, from China. 

1 3 M, Rex. Leaves ample, ovate, cordate, variegated with zones of dark-green, silvery- 
gray, and purple, sinuate-crenate ; scape 1 — 2f, with large roseate flowers. E. Ind. 

14 B5. Griffithii. Like No. 13, but densely downy all over, even the large whitish fls. 

1 5 IS, XANTHiNA. Lvs. like No. 13, but varied with metallic spots ; scape with yellow fls. 

Order LX. CACTACE.^. Indian Figs. 
Plants \nVci a green flesliy caudex or stock, angular or jointed, mostly 
leatless, armed with numerous prickles and terrible spines. Flowers soli- 
tary, mostly very showy. Sepals co on the surface. Petals and stamens oo 
on the top of the ovary or calyx tube. Fruit fleshy, 1-celled, with parie- 
tal placentae. Style filiform, with stellate stigmas. Figs. 472, 487. 

* Calyx tube not produced above the ovary. Stock jointed, branching Opuntia. J. 

* Calyx tube produced above the ovary. — a Joints flat, leaf-like, spineless. . .(x) 

— a stocks 3-00 -angled or grooved, spiny. . .(y) 

X Flowers rose-red, oblique, from the top of the short truncated joints Epifhylujm. 2 

X Flowers pink to red, i-egular, from the notches of the long joints Phyllocactus. 3 

y Stock long-cylindrical, many-ridged. Flowers lateral, long-tubed Cereus. 4 

y stock depressed-globular to oblong. Flowers subterminal, short-tubed Echinocactus. 

y Stock globular to conical. Flowers terminal, small, woolly-tubed Melocactus. 5 

y Stock globular to cylindrical, covered with tubercles. Flowers lateral Mammillaria. 

1. OPUNTIA, Mill. Indian Fig. Sep. and pet. oo adnate to the 
ovary, not produced into a tube above it, longer than the stamens, the in- 
ner obovate. Stig. 4 — 10. Berry smoothish or prickly. J) Branches com- 
posed of fleshy, mostly flattened joints. Lvs. small, deciduous, alternate, 
with tufts of prickles in their axils. Flowers large, yellow. 

§ Joints obovate or broadly oval. Stigmas 8—10. Seeds many. Fr. eatable... Nos. 1—4 
§ Joints oblong or nearly cylindrical. Stigmas 4—6. Seeds 1 — 6 Nos. 5, 6 

1 O. Ficus-Indicus Haw. Stock branches stout, erect-spreading, pale-glaucous ; 

lvs. subulate, with pungent bristles, no spines ; fr. bristly, obovoid, purple. Florida ! 
to San Diego ! 3— 20f. Joints If. Fruit pleasantly acid. § Trop. Am. 

2 O. vulgaris Mill. Stock prostrate, pale-glaucous ; lvs. minute, scale-like, with 00 

bristles and few spines ; fr. nearly smooth, ovoid, eatable, crimson when ripe. Dry 
rocks, &c., Ct. to Fla. l—2f, the joints 4— C. Flowers l^— 2' broad. Pet. 7— 10. Jn. 

3 O. Kafinesquii Eng. Stock prostrate, bright green ; lvs. spreading, subulate, longer 

(3—4"); spines 1-5 in each axil ; petals 10-12, often purplish at base. Ky. to 111., and W. 

4 O. rttissouriensis DC, Stock prostrate ; leaves minute, the axils bristly and 

with whorl of many spines ; fruit prickly, dry. Wis., along the rivers, and W. June. 

5 O. polyantlia Haw. Erect ; joints oblong, the upper bearing many flowers at top ; 

spines strong, yellow, unequal ; stigmas 6 ; fruit small, 6-seeded. Waysides, Fla. Ju, 

6 O, Pes-Corvi Leconte. Stk. prostrate ; joints compressed-cylindric, small (20; spines 

in pairs, unequal ; pet. few, spatulate ; stig. 4 ; fr. small, prickly, 1-4-seeded. Ga.,Fla. 

7 ©. Brasilensis. Stock cylindrical, 6— lOf ; branches short, bearing ovate joints, which 

are thin and somewhat leaf-like ; spines 1 — 3 together, sharp and strong. Brazil. 

2. EPIPHYLLUM truncatum. Stock consisting of short, flat, notched 
joints, truncate at top ; flowers at top of the joints, 2—3' long, conspicuously oblique. 
Style longer than the stamens or 6—8—10 reflexed petals. From Brazil. If. 



Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 133 



/ 



3. PHYLLOOACTUS phyllanthoides. Stock consisting of narrow, 

ensiform, crenatc joints, fleshy but leaf-like. FIo\vers 4' long, open by day, with many 
rose-colored petals and sepals; longer than the tube, gradually spreading. Mexico. 

2 P. AcKERMANjn. Fls. scarlet ; pet. channelled, pointed, very many, 3—4'. Mexico. 

3 P. PHTLLANTHX7S. SpleemvoH. Joints ensiform, serrate ; tls. 9 — IS', the white fun- 

nel-form Gor. much shorter than the slender tube, opening by night, fragrant. S. Am. 
V 

4. CEREUS, DC. Sep. and pet. imbricated, adnate to and prolonged 
into a long tube above the ovary. Sta, and style filiform, adnate to the 
tube. Stig. 10. Berry scaly with the remains of the sepals. ^ t* Stock 
fleshy, green, prismatic, often jointed, with fascicles of spines on the ridges. 

1 C. GRANDiFLOEUS. NigM-UoomiTVO C. stock long, about 5-angled ; flowers very large, 

nocturnal; pet. spreading 6 — 8', pearl-white ; sep. yellow. Mes. A magnificent flower. 

2 C TRIANGULARIS. Stock 3-angled, prickles bristly; fl. very large, white; sep. green. 

3 C FLAGELLiFORMis. Stock slender, long, prostrate, 10-angled, hispid ; fls. pink-color, 

smaller, open by day many days in succession ; tube longer than the petals. 

4 C. SERPENTiNUS. Stock 12-angled, 4f ; spines white, bristly ; fls. pale, open by night. 

5 C. SPECiosissiMus. Stock 3- or 4-angled, erect, 4f; angles winged, undulate ; fls. large 

(4' long), with many red or crimson petals and white stamens, diurnal. Common. 

6 C SENILIS. Old-Man C. Stk. erect, oblong, with tufts of long, white, hair-like bristles. 

5. MELOOACTUS communis. Stock very succulent, roundish ovate, 
If, 12-18-ribbed, surmounted by a sort of spadix, consisting mostly of dense wool, in 
which at the top the small red flowers are imbedded. W. Indies. 

Order LXI. EICOIDE^. Mesejubrtanths. 

Plants fleshy, of forms variously singular, with entire, mostly opposite 
leaves, and solitary, regular flowers, remarkable for their profusion and 
duration. Calyx lobes 4 or 5. Petals oo— 5, or rarely 0. Stamens go, dis- 
tinct, perigynous. Ovary more or less adherent. Stigmas 2 — QO. Cap- 
sules 1- oo-celled, oo-seeded. Embryo curved. 

§ Petals and stamens CO , in several rows. Capsule fleshy, valvate Mesembetanthemum. 1 

§ Petals none, stamens CO— 5. Capsule 3-5-celled, circumsessile Sesuviuji. 2 

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, L. Ice Plant. Calyx lobes 5. Pet. 
linear, inserted with the filiform stamens on the calyx tube, if ^ Air bub- 
bles beneath the epidermis appear like dew or frost. 

1 M. CRTSTALLiNUM. Procumbcnt, fleshy ; Ivs. large, ovate, acute, wavy at the margin, 

3-veined beneath, n Greece. Stem If. Flowers white, all summer. Not hardy. 

2 M, GRANDiFLORUM. Procumb. ; Ivs. cord, ovate ; cal. 4-cleft, 2-horned ; pet. pink. Afr, 

2. SBSUVIUM, L. Sea Purslane. Sep. 5, united at base, colored 
inside. Sta. 5—50, inserted on the calyx tube. Ov. free, 3-5-celled. Sty. 
3—5. Pyxis opening transversely by a lid. % Prostrate sea-side herbs. 
S. Portulacastrum Tourn. Lvs. linear-spatulate ; fls. sessile or nearly so ; sta. 00. 

Sandycoasts, N. J.toFla. If-i-. Plant very smooth and fleshy. Fls. axil., roseate. Jl.-f-. 

Order LXIII. UMBELLIFEK^. Umbelworts. 
Herbs with hollow, striate steins, sheathing petioles, and flowers in um 



134 Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

bels. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Petals 5, usually inflected at the point. 
Stamens 5. Ovaries 2-carpelled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears 
the petals and stamens. Styles 2, distinct, or united at their thickened 
bases. Fruit a cremocarp (^151), consisting of 2 coherent achenia called 
mericarps, which separate along the middle space, which is called the 
commissure. 

Carpophore., tbe slender, simple, or forked axis attached to and supporting the meri- 
carps at top, enclosed between them at the commissure. 

Ribs., 5 ridges traversing each mericarp lengthwise, and often 4 intermediate or second- 
ary ones, some, all, or none of them winged. 

Yittce., little tubular receptacles of colored volatile oil imbedded in the substance of 
the pericarp, just beneath the intervals of the ribs, and also sometimes in the face of 
the commissure. 

Emhryo in the base of abundant, horny albumen. 

Figs. 42, 177, 235, 238, 303, ^34-5, 369, 442-3. 

A large and well-defined Order. As the flowers in all are nearly alike, the genera are 
best distinguished by characters taken from the fruit — the number and form of the ribs, 
the presence or absence of vittfe, the form of the albumen at the commissure, &c. These 
parts, therefore, minute as they are, will require the special attention of the student. 

§ Flowers in simple umbels, sometimes spicate. Leaves simple. . .{a) 
§ Flowers in capitate umbels, i. e., sessile, forming dense heads. ..(b) 
§ Flowers in regularly-componnd umbels, not sessile in heads. . .(2) 

2 Fruit flattened on the back, singly-winged on the margin only. . .(r) 
2 Fruit flattened on the back, doublj'- winged on the margin only. . .(d) 
2 Fruit flattened on the sides, or terete and not flattened either way. . .(3) 

3 Fruit slender, teretish, 2 — 3 times longer than wide. Flowers white. . .(e) 
3 Fruit nearly as broad as long. — m Flowers yellow. . .(/') 
— ?n Flowers white. . .(4) 
4 Ribs of the fruit either muricate, or crenulate-winged. . .(g) 
4 Kibs smooth, entire, winged or sharply prominent. . .(h) 
4 Ribs obtuse or obsolete. — n Calyx teeth obsolete or 0. . .(k) 
— n Calyx teeth prominent. . .(I) 

a Fruit flat, orbicular. Leaves round or roundish Hydrocotyle. 1 

a Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy phyllodia Crantzia. 2 

6 Flowers partlj' sterile. Fruit densely muricate, fiew Sanicula. 3 

6 Flowers all fertile. Fruit scaly, many in the head Ekyngicm. 4 

c Flowers of two sorts, the marignal with enlarged corollas, radiant Heracleum. 5 

c Flowers all alike. — o Fruit with a thick, corkj' margin. Vittse GO Polyt.enia. 6 

— o Fruit with a thin margin. Vittae single Pe0Cedan0M. 7 

d Seed adherent to the pericarp. Intervals with single vittac Angelica. 8 

d Seed loose in the pericarp. Intervals with numerous vittse Archangelica. 9 

e Beak slender, longer than the fruit, all without vittse. South Scandix. 10 

€ Beak short or none.—p Fruit clavate, upwardly hispid Os.morhiza. 11 

—p Fruit smooth, linear-oblong. Styles very short... Ch^rophyllum.12 

—p Fruit smooth, elliptical. Styles very slender Cryftot^nia. 13 

/ Involucels of 5 ovate, entire bracts. Leaves simple, entire Bupleurum. 14 

/ Involucels of 3 subulate bracts. — /• Fruit laterally compressed Carum. 15 

— r Fruit subterete transversely Thaspium. 16 

/ Involucra none. — s Fruit laterally compressed. Vittse GO Pimpinella. 17 

— s Fruit transverselj' subterete. Vittie single Fcexiculum. 18 

ff Calyx teeth prominent. Ribs of the fruit muricate Daucus. 19 

(f Calyx teeth obsolete. Ribs of the fruit crenulate-undulate Gonium:. 20 

7j Mai-ginal wings twice broader than the dorsal SELI^^7J^. 21 

h Marginal and dorsal ribs alike sharp,— 1« with 00 vittae Ligusticum. 22 

— u with single vittae ^thusa. 23 

Jc Fruit a double globe. Petals not inflected. Low, early-flowering Erigenia. 24 

A- Fruit ovate-oblong. Petals emargiuate-inflected. Involucra Carum. 16 



Okder 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 135 

t Fruit round-ovate. — v Petals concave, not emarginate. Vittae single Apium. 25 

—V Petals inflected, emarginate. Vittae OO Pimpinella. 17 

2 Ribs of the carpels obsolete. Fruit ovate, covered with large vittse Eulophus. 26 

I Kibs of each cai-pel 9. Fruit globular. Outer flowers radiant Coriaxdrcm. 30 

I Ribs of each carpel 5. — x Fruit round, didymous OicriA. 27 

— .T Fruit oval. Leaves pinnate Sicii. 28 

— X Fruit ovate. Leaves capillaceons Discoplecra. 29 

1. HYDROCOTYLB, L. Pennytvort. Calyx limb obsolete. Pet. 
spreading, tlie point not inflected. Fr. laterally flattened, the commissure 
narrow. Carpels 5-ribbed, without vittoe. :cc Low, smooth, creeping. Umb. 
simple. Invol. few-leaved. Fls. small, white. JunC — Aug. Figs. 334-5. 

* Leaves reniform or cordate, the base lobes not united ISTos. 1—3 

* Leaves peltate, orbicular, the base lobes united Nos. 4, 5 

1 H. America.na L. St. filiform ; Ivs. round-reniform, slightly lobed, crenate : umb. 

sessile, .3-5-flwd. ; fr. orbicular, il Damp shades. 2 — 6'. Plant very smooth and shining. 

2 H. ranuBiculoides L. /. Lvs. round-reniform, deeply 3-5-cleft, lobes crenate; 

ped. 1—2', branched ; umbels 5-9-flwd., capitate, if Waters, Va., and S. Lvs. veiny, 4-8'. 

3 H. repanda Pers. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, rounded, margin repand-dentate ; 

ped. 2 — 3', simple ; umb. capitate, 3 or 4-flwd. ; invol. 2-bracted. U Muddy shores, S. 

4 H. iim'belld.ta L. Lvs. crenate, with a notch at base, long-stalked (4—6') ; scapes 

4 — C. bearing a simple (rarely proliferous) umb. of 20-30 fls. if Ponds, bogs. 51s. to La. 

5 H. interrupta Muhl. Lvs. crenate ; imib. proliferous, 5-fl\vd. i( Wet. Ms.toGa. 

2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Calyx margin obsolete. Pet. obtuse. Fr. sub- 

globous. Carpels unequal, 5-ribbed, with a vitta in each interval. ^:' Small, 

creeping, with linear or filiform, entire lvs. Umbels simple, involucrate. 

C, lineAta Xutt. Lvs. cuneate-linear. sessile, obtuse at apex, and with transverse 
veins, shorter than the peduncles. 2f Muddy banks, coastward. Umb. 4-S-flowered. 

3. SANICULA, Tourn. Sa^'icle. Fls. 2 ^ $. Cal. segm. acute, 
leafy. Pet. obovate, erect, with a long, inflected point. Fr. subglobous, 
armed with hooked prickles. Carpels without ribs. Yittae numerous. 
U Umbel nearl}" simple. Pays few, with many-flowered, capitate umbel - 
lets. Involucre of few, often cleft leaflets, involucel of several entire. 

1 S. ITIarilandica L. Lvs. 5-7-parted, digitate, mostly radical ; segm. thick, oblong, 

incisely serrate : sterile fls. many, pedicellate, fertile ones sessile ; cal. segm. entire ; 
st5'les slender, conspicuous, recurved. Woods : common. 2— 3f. May — July. 

2 S. Canadeusis L. Lower lvs. 5-parted, upper 3-parted ; segm. cuneate-obovate, 

mucronate-serrate : sterile fls. few, much shorter than the fertile ; sty. shorter than 
the prickles. Woods, thickets : com. l-3f. Lvs. thin, 1-3'. Umb. few-flwd. Jn.-Aug. 

4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Fls. sessile, collected in dense heads. Cal. 
lobes somewhat leafy. Pet. in flexed. Sty. filiform. Fr. scaly or tubercu- 
late, obovate, terete, without vitt£e or ribs, u (2) Fls. blue or white, brac- 
teatc ; lower bracts involucrate, the others smaller and chafi'y. Summer. 

* Scales and cliafl" of the heads entire, often spinescent Nos. 1 — 3 

* Scales and chaff of the heads tricuspidate.— a Flowers white Nos. 4, 5 

—a Flowers blue Nos. 0, 7 

1 E. yuccaBfolium Mx. Erect ; lvs. broadly linear, parallel-veined, ciliate with re- 
mote, soft spines; invol. bracts entire, spinescent, shorter than the ovoid-glob, heads. 
V Prairies and pine-barrens, W. and S. 2— 5f. Fls. white, inconspicuous. Jl., Aug. 



136 Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

2 E. Baldwinii Spr. Sts?. prostrate, filiform ; rt. Ivs. wedge-oblong, st. Ivs. 3-parted, 

segm. lance-liu., cut-toothed ; iiivol. scales and chaff alike ; hds. oblong. Fla. 10'. Bine. 

3 E. prostriltiiirsi Baldw. Sts. prostrate, filiform, rooting ; Ivs. of two forms at the 

same node, smcil!, some ovate, some 3-parted with lancc-linear segm. ; invol. scales 

linear, longer than the small ohloug heads ; fls.hliie. if Swamps, Ga. Fla. 6-12''. Jn.+ 

|3. foliosuin. Bracts of the invol. leafy, tAvicc longer than the heads. Fla. La. 

4 E. arcisiaticuiii Baldw. Sts. assurgent ; Ivs. thort (10, pinnate, with cuspidate 

segm., t)ie 3 terminal largest; hds. globous ((5—8") ; invol. scales 5. Dry. Fla. 9—18''. 

5 E. Mctlatieri. Erect, tall ; Ivs. linear-terete, consisting chiefly of the fistulous, 

jointed midvein, barely v.inged and toothed ; bracts 8 — 10. leafy. Wet. Fla. 4— 6f. 

G E. Virg-imamisn Lam. Erect; Ivs. lance-oblong to linear, flat, the lower long- 
stalked, upper uncinate-serrate ; bracts longer than the roundish head. 2f Swamps. 
2— 4f. Hds. in umbel-like cymes, numerous, 5—6'''. Varies with Ivs. all linear. Jl. Aug. 

7 E. virgatum Lam. Erect; Ivs. oval or oblong, thin, petiolate, dentate, the upper 
sessile ; bracts 6—8, longer than the depressed, cymous heads. Tj. Wet, S. 2— 4f. 

5. HERACLEUM, L. Cow Parsnip. Calyx 5-tootlied. Pet. often 
radiant in the exterior flowers, and apparently deeply 2-cleft. Fruit com- 
pressed, flat, with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse, dorsal ribs to each 
carpel ; intervals with single vittae. Seeds flat, if Stout, with large um- 
bels. Involucre deciduous. Involucels many-leaved. 

H. lanatum L. Yillous ; Ivs. ternate, petiolate, tomentous beneath ; Ifts. petioled, 
round-cordate, lobed ; fr. orbicular. Can. to N. Car. and W. 4f. Lvs. very large. June. 
\ 

6. POLYT^NIA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, glabrous, com- 
pressed on the back, with a thickened, corky margin. Commissure with 4 
to 6 vittoB. Seeds plano-convex, if A smooth herb, with bipinnately- 
divided leaves. Involucre 0. Involucel of setaceous bracts. 

P, Nuttallii DC— Prairies, W, 2— 3f. Smoothish. Lower leaves long-stalked. Um- 
bels 2'. Fruit S'f. May. 
/ 

7. PEUOEDANUM, L. Fruit ovate, oval, or roundish, compressed 

on the back, the margin acute or broadly winged, carpels plane or convex, 

intervals with single vittse. Seeds plano-convex, if (2) Smooth, rarely 

pubescent. Lvs. pinnately or ternately divided or decompound. Umbels 

compound, with or without involucra. Fls. yellow or white. Fig. 238. 

§ EupEXJCEDANiJM. Cal. 5-toothed. Lvs. pinnatisect. Fr. narrowly winged. Yellow. . .1, 2 
§ Archemora. Cal. 5-toothed. Lfts. 1—11, narrow. Fr. narrowly winged. Fls. white. 3-5 
§ Pastinaca. Calyx teeth 0. Lfts. oval. Fruit broadly winged. Flowers yellow No. 6 

1 P. foeniculaceiim N. and other species with radical, pinnatisect leaves grow in 

Kansas, and W. (Rev. J. H. Carruth.) 

2 P. GRAVEOLENS. Bill. Lvs. caulinc, tripinnate ; seg. capillary ; umb. on long stalks ; fr. 

oval, flat, brown, aromatic, pungent, medicinal, (g) Spain. 2f. (Anethum, C-B.) 

3 P. rigidum Coivbane. St. rigid, striate; lvs. pinnate; lfts. 3—11, lance-ovate, sub 

entire ; umb. 2 or 3, spreading, with slender rays ; fr. with large purp. vittae. 2f Swamps, 
N. Y., W. and S. 2— 5f. August. 
|3. ambig-ua^ has the leaflets linear and entire. 

4 P. ternatum. Stem slender, smooth; lvs. on long petioles, ternate ; segm. very 

long, linear, entire, 3-veined ; invol. 0-3-leaved ; involucel 4-6-leaved. Swamps, in 
pine-barrens, S. 2— .3f. Sept. — Nov. (Neurophyllam longifolinm, C-B.) 

5 P. teretifolium. Tall, slender, smooth ; lvs. reduced to fistular, jointed phyllodia, 

terete, tapering, 6— 16'' long; fr. .3"; invol. 5-6-leaved. U Wet, S. (Tiedmannia, C-B.J 



OiiDEii 63.— UMBELLIFER.^. 137 

6 P. sativum. Root fusiform; stem furrowed: Ivs. pinnate, downy beneath ; Ifts. 
oblong, incisely toothed, the terminal 3-lobed ; umbels large ; involucra nearly 0. 
(D Fields, gardens. 3 — 4f. July— Sept, ^ Wild and Common Parsnip. 

8. ANGELICA, L, Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit dorsallj compressed, 
doubly winged. Carpels 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs fxliform, the 2 marginal 
winged, intervals with single yittse. Carpophore 2-parted. Seed semi- 
terete. U Leaves bi- or tri-ternate, sessile. Umbels terminal. Invol. or 
few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. 

A. Curtisii Buckley. Lvs. bitemate or with 3 quinate divisions ; Ifts. thin, ovate or 
lance-ovate, acuminate, incisely toothed ; fr. broadly winged. Mts. Va. Car. Aug. 

9. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. Angelica. Calyx teeth short. Fr. 
dorsally compressed, with 3 carinate, thick ribs upon each carpel, and 2 
marginal ones dilated into membranous wings. Seed loose in the ripe car- 
pel, covered with vittae. U Petioles usually large, inflated and 3-parted. 
Uuibels perfect. Involucels many-leaved. Fls. greenish white. Fig. 177. 

* Involucels less than half the length of the pedicels. Fruit 3" long, winged No. 1 

* Involucels about as long as the pedicels. — a Fruit scarcely winged No. 2 

— a Fruit broadly winged Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. atropurpiirea Hoffm. St. dark purple, furrowed ; petioles 3-parted, the divi- 

sions quinate ; Ifts. incisely toothed, terminal 1ft. rhomboidal, sessile, the others de- 
current ; involucels setaceous. "Meado^ys, E. and W. 4 — Gf. Stout, aromatic. June. 

2 A, peregrina N. St. striate; If. divisions ternate, segm. incisely serrate; involu- 

cel of many bracts, as long as the pedicels ; fruit ribs corky, thick. Sea-coast, Mass. 
to Labrador. 2— 3f. July. (A. Gmeliui DC.) 

3 A. liirsuta T. & G. Stem striate, the summit with the umbels tomentous-hirsute ; 

lvs. bipinnately divided, the divisions quinate ; segm. oblong, acutish, the upper pair 
connate, but not decurrent at base. Dry woods, N. Y. to Car. 2 — 5f. July. 

4 A. dentata Chapm. Slender, smooth; lvs. 1-2-ternate ; segm. lance-ovate, incised ; 

umbels few-rayed ; involucel 5-C-leaved, as long as the pedicels. Ga. Fla. 2 — 3f. Jl. + 

10. SCANDIX, L. Venus's Co:mi3. Cal. limb obsolete. Fr. laterally 

compressed or nearly terete, attenuated into a iDeak which is longer than 

the seed. Carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs. Yittse 0, or scarcely any. (i) or 

(D Lvs. finely dissected. Invol, 0, Involucel 5-7-leaved, Flowers white. 

S. apiculata Willd. Petioles and peduncles slender ; lvs. finely dissected into subu- 
late segments ; umbels 3-rayed ; fruit with beak and forked style d'\ Ga. If. § Eur. 

11. OSMORHIZA, Kaf. Sweet Cicely, Calyx margin obsolete. Sty. 
conical at base. Fr. linear, very long, clavate, attenuate at base. Carpels 
with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs. Yittae 0. Commissure with a deep, 
bristly channel, if Leaves biternately divided, with the umbels opposite. 
Involucels 4-7-leaved. Flowers white. May, June. Figs. 42, 442-3. 

1 O. loiigistylis DC. Sty. filiform, nearly as long as the ovary ; fr. clavate ; rt. spicy 

and sweet-flavored ; st. and lvs. smoothish. Rich woods, Can. to Ya. 1— 3f. Fruit V. 

2 O. brevistylis DC. Sty. conical, scarcely as long as the breadth of the ovary ; fr. 

somewhat tapering at the summit ; root nauseous ; plant hairy. Woods. 1— 3f. 

12. CHffiROPHYLLUM, L. Chervil. Calyx limb obsolete. Fruit 
laterally compressed, linear or oblong, contracted above but scarcely 



138 OiiDER 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

beaked. Carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs, intervals with single vittoe, 
Commissure deeply suleate. (i) (2) Leaves 2-3-pinnately divided. Segm. 
incisely cleft or toothed. Invol. 0, or few-leaved. Involucel many- 
leaved. Flowers mostly white. Umb. mostly sessile. 

1 C. pvocsiini'beKS Lam. Slender, spreading, smoothish; If. segm. trifid and pin- 

natilid, lobes oblong, obtuse ; umb. fe\v-ra3^ed, sessile or pedunculate ; fr. acute, ribs 
narrower than the intervals. Damp woods, 111. to Penn., and S. 1 — 2f. April, May. 

2 C. Tuiiicarieri Hook. Ascending or erect, some hairy ; If. segm. crowded, again 

pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, ultimate segm. acute ; fr. short-beaked, ribs broader than 
the intervals. Ga. to Fla. and La. 10 — 20'. Much branched. Fruit 4/'. March, Apr. 

3 C. SATIVUM. Garden C. Lf. segm. ovate, cut or cleft ; fr. smooth, shining. Eur. 18'. 

13. CRYPTOT^INIA, DC. Honewoiit. Margin of the calyx obso- 
lete. Fruit elliptical, with slender styles. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs. Car- 
pophore free, 2-parted. Vittse very narrow, twice as many as the ribs. 11 
Leaves 3-parted, lobed and doubly-serrate. Umbels compound, with very 
unequal rays. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. 

C Canadensis DC— Common in moist woods. Plant smooth, 2— 3f, with large Ifts. 
(3' by 2'). Umb. panicled, slender, involucels minute. Fr. 2" long, styles 1". Jn.-Sept. 

\ 

14. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. Thorough-wax. Calyx teeth 0. Fruit 

laterally compressed. Carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ones mai-ginal. Seed terete- 

ly convex, flattish on the face. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. (or phyllo- 

dia) entire. Involucra various. Flowers yellow. 

B. rotundifolium L. Lvs. (phyllodia) roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate ; invol. ; 
involucels of 5, ovate, mucronate bracts. ® Fields, N. Y. to Va. Eare. § Europe. 

15. CARUM, L. Caraw^ay. Alexanders. Cal. teeth minute or 0. 
Disk broad-conic. Fr. ovate or oblong, laterally compressed. Carpels 5- 
angled, with 5 — 10 prominent, filiform, equal ribs, the two lateral border- 
ing the commissure. Intervals with a single, rarely 2, vittse. Seeds sub- 
terete. — Leaves ternate to decompound. Involucra various. 

§ ZiziA. Lvs. simple, or 1-2-ternate, ovate. Cal. teeth minute. Pet. yellow... Nos.l, 2 
§ Carxth. Lvs. pinnately or ternately dissected. Cal. teeth 0. Pet, white. ..Nos. 3, 4 

1 C. aureuni. Golden Alexanders. Lvs. 1-2-ternate ; Ifts. thin, lance-oblong, sharp- 

ly serrate ; umb. rays 1'; invol. ; involucels 3-lvd. ; fr. oval, the ribs acute or winged. 
71 Meadows and banks. 1 — 2f. Smooth throughout. Fls. deep yel. Jn. (Thaspium, N.) 

2 C. cor o. return. Root lvs. simple, cordate, crenate, on long stalks ; st. lvs. becoming 

3-parted, ternate, or quinate, serrate : fr. roundish-oval, with acute or winged ribs; 
fls. yellow, varying to brownish. Eocky shades. 2 — .3f. May, June. (Thaspium, N.) 

3 C. Petroselinum B. & H. Parsley. Leaf segm. numerous, wedge-ovate to lance-ob- 

long, acute, incised ; invol. lvs. few or ; iuA^olucels subulate. 7i Greece. 2 — 3f. Jn. 

4 C. Carvi. Caravxiy. Lf. segm. numerous, linear to filiform ; invol. 1-1 vd. or ; invo- 

lucels 0. 2; Europe. 2 — 3f. Lvs. large. Fls. white. Fr. oblong, aromatic. June. 

16. THASPIUM, Kutt. Golden Alexanders. Calyx margm 5- 
toothed. Fruit ovoid, transversely subterete. Carpels semiterete, with 5 
prominent or winged ribs, the lateral margined. Intervals with single 
vitlae. IS,. Umbels without an invol. Involucels 3-lvd., lateral. Fls. yellow. 



Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 139 

1 T. barl>inode N. St. pubescent at the nodes ; Ivs. triternate and bitemate ; Ifts, 

wedge-ovate, cut-serrate : fr. large (3'0. elliptical, 6-winged. Eiver banks. St. 2 — 3f, 
angular and grooved. Eays 2', each 20-flowered. Flowers deep yellow. June. 

2 T. Walteri Shutt. Stem, rough-puberulent above ; Ivs. triternate to ternate ; Ifts. 

pinnatiiid with linear-oblong segments ; fruit oblong, narrowly 8-10-winged. Barrens, 
Ky. to E. Tenn. and W. Car. (Zizia pinnatifida Buckley.) 

17. PIMPINELLA, L. Anise. Zizia. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit 
ovate, oval, or roundish., laterally compressed and contracted at the com- 
missure, ribs very slender, with many vittse. Styles slender. Seeds teretely 
5-angled. U Leaves decompound. Involucra 0, or scarcely any. 

1 P. integrlfolia (B. & H.) Smooth, glaucous ; Ivs. bi- or tri-ternate, with elliptic- 
oblong, entire, acute Ifts. (10 ; umb. (yellow) with 13 very slender (2 — 30 rays ; fr. oval, 
with 3 vittse in each interval. Eocky woods. 1 — 2f. May— July. (Zizia, DC.) 

3 P. Anisum. Anise. Smooth, shining ; root Ivs. trifid, cauline multifid, with narrow- 

ly-linear segments ; umbels large, many-rayed. Egypt. Eichly aromatic. 

18. FCENIOULUM, Adans. Fennel. Fruit elliptic-oblong, sub- 
terete. Carpels each with 5 carinate ribs, intervals with single vittse. 
Involucra 0. Leaves biternately dissected. Flowers yellow. 

F, vtJLGAKE. Leaf segm. linear-subulate, elongated, or filiform ; umb. of 15 — 30 unequal 
rays, (g) Europe. 3— 5f. The turgid seeds are warmly aromatic. (Anethum, 0-B.) 

19. DAUOUS, Tourn. Carrot. Calyx limb 5-toothed. Pet. the 2 
outer often largest and deeply 2-cleft. Fr. oblong. Carpels with 5 pri- 
mary, bristly ribs, and 4 secondary, the latter more prominent, winged, 
and divided each into a single row of prickles, and having single vittae 
beneath. (2) Invol. pinnatifid. Involucels of entire or 3-cleft bracts. Fls. 
white, the central one abortive. 

1 I>, Carota L. Stem hispid ; Ivs. tripinnatifid, the segm. linear, cuspidate-pointed ; 

umbels dense, concave ; invol. pinnate. Fields, waysides : common. 3f. § Eur. — In 
cultivation the root becomes conical, fleshy, red to yellow, and nutritious. Jl.— Sept. 

2 1>. pusillus Mx. Slender, retrorsely hispid ; Ivs. bipinnatifld, divisions deeply 

lobed with linear-oblong, merely acute segments ; invol. bipinnatifld. Dry soils, S. 
Car. to Fla., and W. 1— 3f. June. 

20. CONIUM, L. Poison Hemlock. Calyx margin obsolete. Fruit 
ovate, laterally compressed. Carpels with 5 acute, equal, undulate-crenu- 
late ribs, lateral ones marginal. Vittse 0. Seeds with a deep, narrow groove 
on the face. (2) Poisonous. Leaves decompound. Involucra and involu- 
cels 3-5-leaved, the latter unilateral. Flowers white. 

C. maculatum L. St. spotted ; Ivs. tripinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatifid ; involu- 
cel short ; fruit smooth. Waste grounds, waysides. 4f. Much branched. An ill- 
scented narcotic. July. § Europe. 
\ 

21. SELINUM, L. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fr. ovoid to oblong, terete. 

Carpels slightly compressed on the back, semiterete, with 5 winged ribs, 
the lateral wings broadest, intervals with 1 (rarely 2) vittae. if Glabrous, 
tall, branched. Lvs. pinnately decompound. Umb. rays 00. Invol. bracts. 
— few. Involucels Qo-bracted, Fig. 308. 



140 Order G3.— U>IBELLIFER.E. 

S. Cauadense B. & H. Petioles large, sheath-like, inflated ; If. eegm. linear-oblong^, 
very acute, or acuminate ; umb. 12-rayed, long-stalked ; bracts lin. -filiform ; fls. white, 
conspicuous. Wet woods. Me. toVa. and Wis., rare. 3-5f, Aug., Sept. (Couioselinum.) 

22. LIGUSTICUM, L. Loyage. Calyx teeth minute. Fruit as in 
Selinum, except that the intervals are filled with numerous yittae. if Gla- 
brous. Lvs. ternately divided. Involucra few- co-bracted. Fls. white. 

1 li. Scoticum L. Sea L. Lvs. 2-1-ternate ; Ifts. rhombic-ovate, cut-dentate, some 

oblique ; invol. bracts GO-linear ; I'r. oblong. Sea-coast, northward. 2f. Fruit b". July. 

' 2> li. actaefolium Mx. Angelico. Lvs. triternate, with ovate, dent-serrate leaflets; 

umbels panicled or triply compound ; involucra about 3-bracted ; fruit short. Woods, 

Ms. to Tenn. 3— 6f. May— July. 

\ 

23. ^THUSA, L. Fool's Parsley. Calyx margin obsolete. Fruit 

globous-ovate. Carpels with 5 aeutely-carinated ribs, lateral ones mar- 
ginal, broader. Intervals acutely angled, with single vittse, commissure 
with 2. (\) Poisonous herbs. Leaves ternately or pinnately decompound. 
Involucra 0. Involucels one-sided, 3-leaved, deflexed. Flowers white. 

^, Cynapium L. — Waste grounds, N. Eng. to Penn. : rare. 2f. Stem green. Leaf 
segm. numerous, wedge-shaped, uniform. Plant ill-scented, dark green. Jl. § Eur. 

\ 

24. ERIGENIA, Nutt. Daughter-of- Spring. Calyx limb obsolete. 

Pet. not inflexed, entire. Fr. contracted at the commissure. Carpels 3- 
ribbed, ovate-reniform. If Rt. tuberous. Radical leaf triternately decom- 
pound. Involucrate lvs. solitary, biternately compound. Involucels of 
3 — 6 entire, linear-spatulate bracts. Figs. 235, 369. 

E. bulbosa Nutt. A small, early-flowering herb, 4 — 6'. Shady banks, Western N. Y. 
and W. Tuber roundish, deep in the ground. Pet. Avhite, anth. brown-purple (hence 
called Pepper-and-Salt). March, April. 
\ 

25. APIUM, L. Celery, &c. Calyx teeth obsolete. Pet. not emar- 

ginate. Fr. ovate or globular, laterally compressed, often didymous. Car- 
pels 5-angled, ribs equal, obtuse. Vittae single in each interval. Carpophore 
undivided. Seed terete, (i) if Smooth. Leaves pinnately decompound. 
Involucra various. (Flowers white.) 

§ Helosciadium. Lvs. simply pinnate. Involucels GO-bracted. Fr. roundish.. Nos. 1—3 
§ EuAPiuM. Lvs. pinnately decompound. Livolucels 0. Involucre 1-leaved.. .Nos. 4 — 6 

1 A. lineare. Stem angular, tall ; Ifts. 9—11 (3 above), linear-oblong or linear, taper- 

ing to a very acute point, serrate ; umb. pedunculate ; invol. GO-bracted ; fr. globular 
with very prominent ribs; 71 Wet. 2 — 4f. July. Aug. (Sium, C-B.) 

2 A, €a.rsduii (Durand). Erect, branched ; Ifts. 3— T, lin. to ovate, serrate to gashed 

fr. broadly ovate, the ribs filiform, with broad intervals. Wet. Coua. to Penn. Jn., Jl. 

3 A. nodiflorum. Stems procumbent ; lvs. pinnate ; Ifts. lance-oblong, equally ser- 

rate ; umb. opposite the lvs., subsessile; invol. 0-2-lvd. ® Wet. S. Car. 1— 2f. Apr. § 

4- A. leptopliyllum. Erect or diftuse ; If. segm. linear to filiform ; umb. opp. the 

lvs., sessile ; fr. very small {y), globular, Avith thick ribs. ® Ga. to La. Jn. (Helosc.) 

5 A. divaricatum. Small and slender; If. segm. filiform or capillary, obtuse ; umb. 

very small, pedunculate, .3-5-rayed ; fr. rough wath minute scales. (I) Drj^ sands, S. 
2—8'. March, April. (Leptocaulis, N.) 

6 A. GRAVEOLENS. Celery. Lvs. on long petioles, segm. broad-cuneate, incised, upper 

lvs. 3-parted and cut-lobed ; invol. ; fr. roundish. @ Ear. Well known as a salad. 



Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. ' 141 

26. EULOPHUS, K Calyx limb 5-tootlied, deciduous. Fr. contracted 
laterally, somewhat double. Carpels surrounded -with large vittse, ribs 
obsolete. Seed channelled on the inner face. U Smooth, branched. Lvs. 
ternately decompound. Invol. nearly 0. Involucel setaceous. Fls. white. 

E. Americina N. Lvs. mostly radical ; segm. lance-lin., 1' long, acute, uppei- lvs. in 
3 long, entire seg. ; umb. long-stalked, 3-10-rayed. Prairies, O. to 111. and Tenn. 3 — 4f. 

27. CICUTA, L. Water Hemlock. Calyx margin of 5 broad seg- 
ments. Fr. subglobous, didymous. Carpels with 5 flattish, equal ribs, 2 
of them marginal, intervals filled with single vittas. Seeds terete. ^ U 
Poisonous. Leaves compound. Stems hollow. Umbels perfect. Invol. 
few-leaved or 0. Involucels many-leaved. Flowers white. 

1 C. macnlata L. St. streaked with purple ; lower lvs. tritemate and qninate, tip- 

per biternate ; segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate, the veins running to the 
notches. Wet meadows. 3— Gf. Smooth, glaucous. Leaflets 1—3'. Fruit 11-''', 10- 
rihbed. Umbels 3'. July, August. 

2 C. "bulfeifera L. Lvs. biternate ; Ifts. linear, with remote, divergent teeth ; lvs. of 

the branches 3-cleft or simple, subopposite, bearing bulblets in their axils. Swamps, 
Can. to Penn. and W. 3 — 4f. Leaflets 2 — 4' by 1 — 4". Umbels few. August. 

28. SIUMj L. Water Parsnip. Calyx teeth acute. Pet. obcordate, 
with an inflexed point. Fr. nearly oval, laterally compressed. Carpels 
with 5 obtusish ribs, and several vittse in each interval. Carpophore undi- 
vided. If Leaves pinnate, dentate. Umbels perfect, with many-leaved 
involucra. Flowers white. — Stout herbs. 

S. latifoliuin L, St. angular, sulcate ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, acutely and coarsely 
serrate, barely acute ; cal. teeth conspicuous. Swamps, Ind. (Green Co. !) and Can. 
3-^f. Lfts. 4—6' by 1—2', 2-10-toothed. Umb. with 20—30 long (3-4') rays. Jl., Aug. 
\ 

29. DISOOPLEURA, DC. Bishop-weed. Cal. teeth subulate, per- 
sistent. Fr. ovate, often didymous. Carp. 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs fili- 
form, subacute, prominent, the 2 lateral united with a thick, accessoiy 
margin ; intervals with single vittse. Sds. subterete, (i) Lvs. capillaceous- 
dissected. Umbels compound. Bracts of the invol. cleft. Fls. white. 

1 D. capillacea DC. Erect or procumbent ; umbels 3-10-rayed ; lfts. of the invol. 

3 — 5, mostly 3-cleft ; fr. ovate. Swamps near the coast, Mass. to Ga. 1 — 2f. Jnue-i-. 

2 D, costa.ta Hale (ISoO). Branched, ei-ect; umbels T-lo-rayed ; bracts of the invol. 

10 — 12, 2-5-parted ; If.-segm. filiform, numerous, apparently verticillate ; fr. with ribs 
and vittoe strongly contrasted. Swamps, Ogeechee R. and W. 1 — 2f, stout. Oct., Nov. 

3 D. Nnttallil DC. Erect, tall : umbel 15-20-rayed ; invol. few-bracted, bracts en- 

tire ; fr. broadly cordate-ovate. Wet prairies, Ky. and S. Slender, 2 — 4f. 

30. CORIANDRUM, L. Coriander. Cal. with 5 conspicuous teeth. 
Outer petals radiant, inflex-bifid. Fr. globous. Carp, cohering, with the 
5 depressed, primary ribs, and 4 secondary more prominent ones, seeds 
concave on the face. ® Smooth. Invol. or 1-leaved. Involucels 3- 
leaved, unilateral. 

C sativnni L. Lvs. bipinnate, lower ones with broad-cuneaie lfts., upper with lin- 
ear lfts. ; carp, hemispherical. Europe. 2f. Cultivated for its spicy fruit. 



142 Order Go.— CORNACE^, 

Order LXIV. ARALIACE^. Araliads. 

Trees^ shrubs or herbs closely allied to the Umbelworts in the leaves, in- 
iBoresceuce and flowers, but the styles and cells of the ovary are usually more 
than 2 (3 to 5), cells 1-ovuled. Fruit baccate or dry, 3-5-celled, with 1 al- 
buminous seed in each cell, and the petals not inflected. Fig. 242. 

§ Styles and carpels 5. Umbels 00. Flowers perfect. Leaves alternate, pinnate Araha. 1 

§ Styles and carpels 2 — 3. Umbel 1. Flowers dioecious. Leaves verticillate, palmate Ginskng. 2 

§ Styles 5, united into L Umb. CO. Flowers polygamous. Lvs. simple. Climbing Hedkra. 3 

\ 

1. ARAIjIA, L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Cal, tube adherent, limb 5 
toothed. Pet. 5, ovate, spreading. Stam. 5, epigynous. Stjdes 5, recurved 
above, persistent. Fr. a berry, 5-celled, 5-seeded, and 5-angled when dry, 
li 5 Lvs. piunately compound, alternate. Umbels several or many, white 
or greenish, in summer. 

* Plants low (1 — 2f), with few (3—7) umbels corymbously arranged. Nos. 1, 2 

* Plants tall (.^— l-2f), with nnmerons umbels in racemes Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. Eiudicaulis L. Nearly stemless, with 1 ternate-pinnate leaf longer than the 

scape, which bears 3 umbels at top ; plant smooth, u Rich, Eocky wds. E. & W. If. 

2 A, liispida L. Wild Elder. Stem shrubby and hispid-prickly at base, herbaceous* 

above ; lvs. 1-2-piunate ; Ifts. ovate, cut-serrate, often lobed ; umbels about 5, long- 
stalked, forming a terminal corymb. 2f Dry fields. N. Eng. toVa. 1— 2f. Fr. blue-blk. 

3 A. raceniosa L. Pettymorrel. Herbaceous, smooth, branched ; lvs. large, bi-ter- 

nate-pinnate, Ifts. ovate, serrate ; umb. small, 00. in a panicle of racemes, u Rocky 
woods, o — 5f. Root aromatic, an ingredient in small-beer. 

4 A. spinosa L. Angelica-tree. Hercules'" Club. Shrub prickly ; lvs. bi- and tri-pin- 

nate, Ifts. thick, ovate, cusp-pointed, glaucous beneath. Damp woods, O. to Fla. 8 — 
12 — 20f. Trunk usually simple, bearing all the lvs. and panicles at the top. 

2. GINSENG. (Panax, L. in part.) Dioecious-polygamous. Cal. tube 
adherent, limb obsolete. Pet. 5, ovate, obtuse. Stam. 5, epigynous. Sty. 
2 or 3, distinct, erect. Fruit baccate, 2- or 3-seeded. $ Styles obsolete. 
11 Root tuberous. Stem simple, bearing 8 leaves in a wdiorl and one um- 
bel. Flowers white. Fig. 243. 

1 G. trifoliam. Ground-nut. Root a round tuber ; stem low (.3— fiO ; lvs. palmately 

3-5-foliate, Ifts. lance-oblong, serrate, subsessile ; peduncle longer than the petioles ; 
sty. 3 ; berries .3-lobed, greenish-yellow. Low woods : com. May. Root farinaceous. 

2 O. quinquefolium. True Ginseng. Root fusiform, fleshy ; st. taller (If -)-); lvs. 

palmately .'j-foliate, 1ft?. ample, obovate, petiolulate, acuminate, serrate ; peduncle 
shorter than the petioles ; sty. 2 ; berries 2-seeded, bright red. Rocky woods, Jn.-Aug. 

3. HBDERA. L. European Ivy. Calyx 5-toothed. Pet. 5, valvate. 
Sta. 5. Sty. united into 1. Fr. ovoid, baccate, 5-seeded. "^ Lvs. coriace- 
ous, simple. Flowers green. 

H. Helix. Stems woody, slender, climbing high by radicating fibres ; lvs. dark green, 
Avith whitish veins, roundish ovate, 5-angled ; umbels corymbed ; fr. black. Europe. 

Order LXY. CORNACE^. Cornels. 

Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, without stipules. Leaves opposite or 
rarely alternate, simple, with pinnate veinlets. Calyx adherent to, the 



Order 65.— CORNACE^. 143 

ovary, the limb minute, tootliecl or lobed. Petals distinct, alternate with 
the calyx teeth, valvate in the bud, often 0. Stamens same number as 
petals, inserted on the margin of the epigynous disk (in the 2 flowers.) Ovary 
1- or 2-celled. Fruit a baccate drupe, crowned with the calyx. Fig. 480. 

1. CORNUS, L. Dogwood. Flowers perfect. Calyx limb of 4 minute 
segments. Pet. 4, oblong, sessile. Sta. 4. Style somewhat club-shaped. 
Drupe baccate, with a 2- or 3-celled nut. "5 1) ^ Lvs. entire. Flowers in 
cymes, often involucrate. Floral envelopes valvate in aestivation. Bark 
bitter, tonic. Fig. 430. 

§ Cymes subtended by a 4-leaved, white involucre. Fruit red Nos. 1, 2 

§ Cymes naked. — a Lvs. alternate, clustered at the ends of the branches No. 3 

— a Lvs. opposite. — b Twigs and cymes pubescent Nos. 4, 5 

—b Twigs, &c., glabrous. — c Drupes blue. Nos. 6, 7 
— c Drupes wh. . . Nos. 8, 9 

1 C. Canadensis L. Low Cornel. Herbaceous, low; upper lvs. whorled, veiny, on 

short petioles ; st. simple ; invol. lvs. ovate. U Damp woods, N. 4 — 8'. May, June. 

2 C. florida L. Flov:ering Dogwood. Arboreous ; lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, 

entire ; fls. small, in a close, cymous umbel or head, surrounded by a very large, 4-lvd. 
obcordate involucre. Tree in woods, 23— 3nf. Invol. showy. May. Bark tonic. 

3 C. alternifolia L. Lvs. alternate, oval, acute, hoary beneath ; branches alternate, 

warty ; drupes purple, globons. Shrub or tree, 8 — 23f, with a flattened top. June. 

4 C. sei'icea L. Branches spreading, purplish, branchlets woolly; lvs. ovate or ellip- 

tical, acuminate, sillvy-pubescent beneath ; cymes depressed, woolly ; cal. teeth lance- 
olate ; drupes light blue. Shrub 5 — 9f. Flowers yellowish white, crowded. June. 

5 C. asperifolia Mx. Branches erect, brownish, branchlets rough-downy ; lvs. lance- 

oval, scabrous above, downy beneath ; cymes hispid; sep. minute. W. and S. May + . 

6 C. stricta Lam. Branches erect, brown, smooth; lvs. ovate to lanceolate, smooth 

and green both sides, long-acuminate ; cymes loose, smooth ; sepals subulate, half as 
long as the ovary ; anth. and fr. pale blue. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 8 — r2f. April. 
1 C circintita L. Branches warty ; lvs. round-oval, white-tomeutous beneath ; cymes 
spreading, depressed : drupes light blue. Shrub 5— lOf, E. and W. Lvs. large. June. 

8 C. paniculata L'Her. Branches erect, grayish, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 

acuminate, hoary beneath ; cymes and drupes small, paniculate, white. 6f. May, Jn. 

9 C stolonilera Mx. Bed Osier. St. often stoloniferous ; branches smooth: shoots 

virgate, reddish-purple ; lvs. broad-ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath ; cymes 
naked, flat ; berries bluish-white. Small tree, E. and W. 8 — lOf. May, June. 

2. NYSSA, L. Tupelo. Gum-tree. Fls. dioecious or polygamous. 
$ Calyx tube very short, limb truncate. Pet. 5, oblong. Sta. mostly 10, 

-inserted in the bottom of the calyx. Ov. 0. 2 Calyx tube oblong, adhe- 
rent to the 1-celled ovary, limb as in $ . Pet. 2 — 5, oblong, often 0. Sty. 
large, stigmatic on one side. Drupe oval, 1-seeded. ^ with small green 
fls. clustered on axillary peduncles, the sterile more numerous. Apr. June. 

1 N. niultiflora Wang. Lvs. oblong-obovate, acutish or obtuse at each end, entire ; 

the petiole, midvein, and margin villous ; fertile peduncles 3-(-2-5)-flowerc'd ; sty. revo- 
lute ; nut short, obovate, striate, obtuse. Tree 3J — TOf. Drupe blne-b!ack. + 

2 N. uniflora Walt. Swamp Tujielo. Lvs. green, oblong-ovate or ovate, long-petio- 

late ; fertile fls. solitary, .3-bracted, on slender peduncles ; sty. nearly straight; sterile 
fls. 5 — 10 ; drupe oblong, as large as a plum. Tree 50— 80f, in swamps. S. 

3 N. eapitata Walt. Ogeechee Lime. Leaves oval or oblong, short-petiolate, entire, 



144 Order G6.— CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

whitened beneath, obtnse at apes, acixte at base ; fertile fls. solitary, on short pedun- 
cles, downy, 3^-bracted, with 5 petals and 10 stamens ; sterile fls. 20—30 in each dense 
globular head ; fruit large, oblong. River banks, S. 20— 30f. 

CoHOKT 2, GAMOPETAL^, 

Or Moxopetalous Exogens. — Plants having a double peri- 
anth, consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed 
of petals partially or wholly united. (Cohort 3, page 278.) 

Order LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACE^. Honeysuckles. 

Shrubs, rarely herbs, often twining with opposite leaves ; no stipules. 
Flowers clustered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular. Corolla 
monopetalous, tubular or rotate. Stamens inserted on the corolla tube, 
rarely one less than the lobes. Ovary adherent to the calyx. Style 1, stig- 
mas 3 to 5. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. Embryo small, m fleshy 
albumen. Figs. 67, 383, 390, 466, 471, 477. 

I. LONICEREyE. Corolla tubular, with a filiform style. ..(a)- 

a Herbs. — h Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens but 4 .Linn>s:a. 1 

—b Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens 5 Triostkum. 2 

a Shrubs. — c Corolla bell-shaped, regular. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded SymphoriCARpus. 3 

— c Corolla tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2-3-celled Loniceea. 4 

— c Corolla funnel-form. Capsule 2-celled, 00 -seeded Diervilla. 5 

II, SAMBUCE.^. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas sessile. ..(&) 

h Shrubs with pinnate leaves. Berrj- 3-seeded SAMBtrctrs. 6 

h Shrubs with simple leaves. Drupe 1-seeded Viburnum. 7 

\ 

1. LINN^SBA, Gron. Twest-flower. Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, 
deciduous. Bractlets at base 2. Cor. campanulate, limb subequal, 5-lobed. 
Sta. 4, two longer than the others. Berry dry, 3-celled, indehiscent, 1-seed- 
ed (two cells abortive). [^ Lvs. roundish, petiolate. Ped. filiform, erect, 
2-flowered. Inhabits the N. temperate zone of both hemispheres. 

Ij. borea-lis Gron.— Moist rocky shades, N. J. to Greg, and N. Filiform stems 3 — 6f. 
Ped. 3, bearing at top a pair of nodding, bell-sliaped, roseate, fragrant flowers. June. 

2. TRIOSTEUMj L. Feverwort. Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-parted, 
segra. linear, nearly as long as the corolla. Cor. tubular, gibbous at base, 
limb 5-lobed, subequal. Sta. 5, included. Stig. capitate, lobed. Fr. drupa- 
ceous, crowned with the calyx, 3-celled, containing 3 ribbed, bony seeds. 
li Coarse, hairy, with large, connate leaves and axillary flowers. 

1 T. perfoliatum L. Hirsute : lvs. oval, acuminate ; fls. verticUlate or clustered, 

sessile, brovsmish-purple. Rocky woods. 2 — 4f. Fruit orange-colored, 6'''. June. 

2 T. angustifolium L. Hispid ; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely connate ; fls. 

mostly solitary, short-stalked, yellowish or straw-colored. L. I. to HI. 2 — 3f. May. 

3. S¥MPHORICARPUS, Dill. Snowberrt. Calyx tube globous, 
limb 4-5-toothed. Cor. funnel- or bell-shaped, the limb in 4 — 5 equal lobes. 
Sta. 4 or 5. Stig. capitate. Berry globous, 4-celled, 2-seeded (two oppo- 
site cells abortive). 5 Leaves oval, entire. Flowers small, roseate. 



Order 66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^. 145 

1 S. raceisiosus Mx. Fls. in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy rac. ; cor. cam- 

panulate, densely bearded within ; sty. and sta. included ; berries snow-white. W. Vt. 
to Wis. and Pa., on rocky banks. 2 — .3f. A smooth, handsome shrub. July — Aug. t 

2 S. occidentalis E. Br. WoJfbert^. Lvs. ovate, obtusish ; spikes dense, axillary 

and terminal, nodding ; cor. densely bearded inside ; sta. and bearded style exserted : 
berries white. Woods, Mich. Wis. and N. 2 — if. July. 

3 S. vulgaris Mx. Lvs. roundish-oval ; spikes axillary, subsessile, capitate, and 

crowded ; cor. lobes nearly glabrous ; sta. and bearded style included ; berries dark 
red. Kiver banks, Penn. to Iowa, and S. 2 — 3f. Flowers greenish-red. July. 
\ 
4. LONICERA, L. Honeysuckle. "Woodbixe. Calyx 5-toot.hed, 

tube snbgloboiis. Cor. funnel- or bell-form, limb o-cleft, often labiate. Sta, 

5, exserted. Ov. 2-3-celled. Berry few-seeded. Stig. capitate. "^ I3 Lvs. 

entire, often connate. Fls. fragrant and beautiful. May-Jl. Figs. 67, 390. 

§ Xtlosteox. Shrubs erect. Leaves never connate. Flowers in pairs. . .{a) 

a Corolla gibbous at base, lobes somewhat irregular Nos. 1 — 3 

a Corolla not gibbous, lobes spreading, eciual, roseate I^o. 4 

§ CAPRrFOLiiTM. Shrubs climbing. Flowers sessile, mostly whorled.. .(6) 

b Leaves all distinct. Corolla ringent. Cultivated exotics Nos. 5, 6 

b Leaves (the upper pair) connate-perfoliate. . .(c) 

c Corolla subequal, both tube and limb scarlet No. 7 

c Corolla limb ringent, — d tube equal (not gibbous) at base Nos. S — 10 

—d tube gibbous at the base Nos. 11, 12 

1 li. ciliata Muhl. Fly Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, ciliate ; cor. limb with 

short and subequal lobes, tube saccate at base ; sty. exserted ; berries distinct, red. 
Woods, Me. to O. and N. 3 — 4f. Flowers straw-yellow, on short ped. May. 

2 li. oblongiiolia Hook. Lvs. oblong or oval, velvety beneath ; cor. limb deeply 

bilabiate ; ped. long, filiform, erect ; berries connate or united into one, globous, pur- 
ple. Swamps, N.y., W. and N. 2— 3f. Purple-yellow, t 

3 li. coeriilea L. Lvs. oval-oblong, ciliate, obtuse, villous both sides, at length smooth- 

ish ; ped. short, reflexed in fruit ; bracts longer than the ovaries ; cor. lobes short, 
subequal ; berries connate, deep blue. Eocky woods, Ms. N. Y. and N. 2 — 3f. 

4 li. Tartarica. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Much branched ; lvs. ovate, cordate, polish- 

ed : cor. segm. oblong, obtuse, purple-white. Russia. 4 — lOf. 

5 ii. Japonica. Chinese Honeysuckle. Sts. soft-pubescent ; lvs. ovate and oblong ; ped. 

axillary, 2-bracted and 2-flowered ; flowers orange, &c. China. 15f. 

6 Ii. Periclymentjm Tourn. Woodbine. Lvs. deciduous, elliptical, acute, on short peti- 

oles ; fls. in dense, terminal heads, red, yellow. Europe. 15f. 
/3. QUERCiFOLiuM. Leavcs sinuate-lobed. 

7 Ii. sempervirens Ait. Trumpet Honeysuckle. Lvs. oblong, evergreen ; flowers in 

nearly naked spikes of distant whorls ; cor. trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, ventri- 
cous above. Moist groves, N. Y., W. and S. 15f. May— Sept. t 

8 Ii. flava Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, glaucous both sides ; spikes termi- 

nal, of about 2 close whorls ; cor. smooth, slender, bright yellow ; stam. exserted. 
N. Y., W. and S. Shrub scarcely twining. Corolla \h". t 

9 Ii. grata Ait. Evergreen Honeysuckle. Lvs. evergreen, obovate, smooth, glaucous 

beneath ; fls. in sessile, terminal, and axillary whorls ; cor. ringent, long, slender, red- 
dish without, yellowish within. Damp woods, M. and W. States. 12f. 

10 Ii. Caprifolicm. Italian Honeysuckle. Lvs. deciduous; fls. in a single, terminal 
verticil; lips of corolla revolute, red, yellow, white. Europe. 

11 Ii. parTiflora Lam. Lvs. smooth, shining above, glaucous beneath, oblong, all 
sessile or connate, the upper pair perfoliate ; fls. in heads of 1 or more approximate 
whorls ; cor. glabrous, short, yellow-red : fil. bearded. Eocky woods. 8 — lOf. 

iS. Jtousrlntsii, Lvs. large, pubes. beneath, lower pctiolate ; fls. pubes. O., and W. 

10 



146 Order 66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^. 

12 L», hlrsiita Eaton. La's. hairy above, soft-villous beneath, veiny, broad-oval, ab- 
ruptly acuminate ; fls. in verticillate spikes, greenish-yellow ; fil. bearded. Woods, 
N. Eng. to Mich, and N. 15— 20f, 

5. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Bush Honeysuckle, Calyx tube oblong, 
limb of 5 linear segm. Cor. twice as long, fuunel-sliapecl, limb 5-cleft and 
nearly regular. Sta. 5. Capsular fr. 2-cellecl, 2-valved, crowned with the 
cal., many-seeded. ^) Lvs. acuminate, serrate, deciduous. Ped. axillary. Ju. 

1 D. trifida Moeuch. Lvs. ovate, on distinct petioles ; ped. 1-3-flwd. ; pod attenuate 

at top beneath the calyx limb. Thickets, Can. to Car. 2f, bushy. Fls. greenish-yellow. 

2 I>. sessililolia Buckley. Lvs. lance-oblong, sessile or subamplexicaul ; peduncles 

3-5-flwd., crowded in the axils above ; caps, short-beaked. High Mts. N. Car. 2— 4f. 

6. SAMBUCUS, L. Elder. Calyx small, 5-parted. Cor. 5-cleft, segm. 
obtuse. Sta. 5. Stig. obtuse, small, sessile. Berry globous, pulpy, 3-seeded. 
+) U Lvs. odd-pinnate or bipinnate. Fls. in cymes, white. Figs. 466, 477. 

1 S. Canadensis L. Woody, with large pith ; Ifts. 7—11, oblong-oval, acuminate, 

smooth ; cymes fastigiate ; berries dark-purple. Hedgerows, thickets : common. 8 — 
i2f. Cymes broad, white. May— July. 

2 S. pubens Mx. Woody ; Ifts. lance-oval, acuminate, 5 — 7, downy beneath : cymes 

paniculate ; berries scarlet. Copses. Can. to Car. 5 — lOf. June. — Berries rarely 
white, Catskill Mountains. 

7. VIBURNUM, L. Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent. Cor. rotate, 
limb 5-lobed, seg. obtuse. Stam. 5. Stig. 1 — 3, sessile, Fr. a drupe, 1- 
celled, 1-seeded, — a stony nut covered with soft pulp. ;^ "5 ^^^- simple, 
petioles often minutely stipulate. Fls. w^hite, in compound flat cymes, 
which are often radiant. Fig. 383, 

§ Cymes radiant, — the outer flowers sterile and showy. Leaves stipuled Nos. 1, 2 

§ Cymes not radiant, — the flowers all alike perfect, .(a) 

a Leaves 3-lobed, palmately 3-5-veiaed, with setaceous stipules Nos. 3, 4 

a Leaves not lobed, — b coarsely toothed, straight-veined. Cyme stalked .. .Nos. 5 — 7 

— b finely and sharply serrate. Cymes sessile. June Nos. 8, 9 

—b entire, or nearly so. — c Species native Nos. 10, 11 

— c Species exotic Nos. 12, 13 

1 V. lantauoidcs L. Hobble-bush. Leaves round-cordate, abruptly acuminate, un- 

equally serrate ; petioles and veins rusty-downy ; cyme sessile ; fruit ovate. Rocky 
woods, N. 5f. Shoots often reclined and rooting. Handsome. May. 

2 V. Opulus L. High Cranberry. Smooth ; lvs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than long, 

rounded at base, lobes acuminate, crenate dentate ; petioles glandular ; cymes pedun- 
culate. Bordersof woods, N. 8— 12f. Fruit bright red, very acid. June. 
^. KosEUM. Sn07V-ball. Fls. all neutral, in globous cymes, t 

3 V, acerifolinni L. Bockmackie. Leaves subcordate, 3-veined, lobes acuminate, 

acutely dentate, downy beneath ; stam. exserted ; fr. purple. Woods. 4 — Gf. June. 

4 V. pauciflorum. Pylaie. Lvs. roundish, o-veined at base, with 3 short lobes, ser- 

rate ; cymes few-flowered ; stamens included ; fr. red. Mts. N. : rare. 2 — 3f. 

5 V. dentatum L. Arroxv-woocl. Smooth ; lvs. round-ovate, acutely-toothed, often 

with downy tufts in the axils of the stout veins beneath ; petioles slender ; fr. blue ; 
nut concavo-convex. Damp woods. Can. to Ga. 8 — 12f. Branches virgate. June. 

6 V, pubescens Ph. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, broadly dentate, hairy most beneath ; 

petioles short, downy ; fr. black, nut plano-convex, grooved. Rocks, Can. to Car. 2— 3f. 

"7 V. molle Mx. Poison Haiu. Downy throughout, with forked or stellate hairs ; lvs. 

broad oval, acute, crenate dentate ; fr. blue, nut grooved. Woods. Ky. to Fla. lOf, May. 



Order 67.— RUBIACE^. 147 

8 V.Iienta-go L. Sweet Viburnvm. Lvs. ovate and oval, lon<?-acnrninate, acutely and 

finely uncinate-serrate ; petiole with nndiilate margin? ; fr. glaucou?-black, oval, eat- 
able. Rocky woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky. 10— 20f. A small, handsome tree. June. 

9 V. prunifolium L. Black Haw > Sloe. Lvs. shining, oval or ovate, obtuse, sharply 

uncinate-serrnlate ; petioles slightly margined; cymes sessile; fr. blackish, oval, 
sweet. Woods, N. Y. to Ga. and 111. 10— 20f. A small tree. Lvs. 2—3'. 
/3. ferrug-ineutn. Possum Haw. Lvs. lance-oval, rusty beneath ; fr. tasteless. S. 

1 V, nitdnm L. Smooth ; lvs. oval-oblong, or lance-oval, subrevolute at edge, en- 
tire or subcrenulate, not shining, veiny and dotted beneath; petioles not winged; 
cymes on short stalks. Thickets. 10— 20f. Lvs. 3— 4'. Drupes blue, eatable. Apr.-Jn. 

/3. ang-ugtifolium, Lvs. lance-oblong, acute at both ends, snbentire. S. 
•y. casBinoides, Lvs. ovate or oval, denticulate, obtuse, acute, &c. N. 
S. ovale, Lvs. small (lo'O, oval, obtuse, very entire. South. 

11 V. obova.tum Walt. Lvs. small (6—12"), obovate, obtuse, entire or nearly so, 
subsessile, dotted ; cymes small, many, sessile. Eiver banks, S. 12f. Fruit black. Ap. 

12 V. TiNus. Lavrestine. Lvs. lance-ovate, entire, thick, shining. Eur. 5f. 

13 v. ODOKATissiMUM. Lvs. elliptic-oblong, repand-dcntatc, thick. China. 

Order LXYII. RUBIACE^. Madderworts. 

Plants with opposite or verticillate, entire leaves. Stipules between the 
petioles sometimes leaflike or 0. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary ; limb 4- 
to 5-cleft. Corolla regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same 
number of divisions. Stamens inserted upon the tube of the corolla, equal 
m number and alternate with its segments. Ovaries 2-(rarely more)-celled. 
Style single or partly divided. Fruit various. 

§ STELLATE. Herbs with the leaves in whorls of 4 — 8 and no stipules, .(a) 

a Flowers -t-parted. Fruit twin, separating into 2 nutlets Gauuji. 1 

a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twin, separable, baccate, smooth Kubia. 2 

§ CINCHONEyE. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, with stipules. — b Herbs.. (/;) 

— 6 Shrubs or trees. .(cZ) 

c Flowers in pairs, with a double ovary. Berry double Mitchella. 3 

c Flowers separate. Carpels 2, — e each 1-seeded, separating in fruit. .(/) 
— e each 00 -seeded, forming a capsule.. T^) 

/ Fls. in clusters. — h Both carpels open after separating ; .Borreria. S. Fla. 

— h One carpel open, the other indehiscent Spekmacoce. 4 

/ Flowers subsolitary. Both carpels indehiscent, — Ic dry Diodia. 5 

—Ic baccate Ernodea littoralis. S. Fla. 

17 Corolla funnel-form. Seeds 16 -(-, cup-shaped Houstonia. 6 

<7 Corolla wheel-shaped. Seeds 89 + , angular Oldexlandia. 7 

d Flowers capitate, \v round, dense heads. Leaves often ternate. .(t) 
d Flowers not capitate. — m Carpels 2 — 10, each 1-seeded. In S. Florida. .(«) 
— m Carpels 2 — 5, each 00 -seeded. Florida.. (o) 
fi Carpels 2 — i, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit fleshy, .{p) 
n Carpels 4 — 10, symmetrical with the corolla lobes, .{q) 

I Flowers 4-parted, white. Fruit compacted but distinct, dry Cephalanthtjs. 8 

I Flowers 5-parted, red. Drupes united into a compact berry Morinda Roioc. S. Fla. 

p Leaves opposite. Racemes axillary. Carpels flattened Chiococca racewosa. 

p Leaves opposite. Corj-mbs terminal. Carpels angular Psycotria. 

p Leaves in 3's, linear, rigid. Racemes axillary. Shrub Strumffia marifima. 

q Spikes axillary, forked. Anthers on the throat of corolla Guettarda. 

q Panicles axillary. Filaments inserted on the base of corolla 'E.ritb.ai.is fruticosa. 

o Fruit baccate, 5-celled. Corolla tubular. Stigma entire -.Hamelia paterm. 

o Fruit baccate, 2-celied. Cor. funnel-form, white, t. .Cape Jessamine . . GARDENiA^oriiia. 

o Fruit capsular.— s Flowers in radiant cymes. A sleuder tree Pixckneya. 9 

— s Flowers in cymes, not radiant, red. Shrub, t. . .Bouvakdia. 10 
— s Flowers solitary, nxillary. Shrub 6 — lOf. . ,.. .Exostemma. S. Fla. 



148 Orbeh 67.— RUBIACE^. 

1. GALIUM, L. Cleavers. Bedstraw. Calyx limb minutely 4- 
toothed. Cor. rotate, 4-cleft. Sta. 4, short. Sty. 2. Carpels 2, united, 
separating into 2 1-seeded, indehiscent nutlets. — Herbs with slender, 4- 
angled stems. Yerticels of 4, 6, or 8 leaves, rarely of 5. 

a Flowers yellow. Leaves in whorls of about 8. Fruit smooth No. 1 

a Flowers dull-purple. Leaves (large) in whorls of 4. Fruit hispid or not. .Nos. 2 — 4 

a Flowers white. — b Leaves in 4's only. Fruit dry. Panicle terminal No. 5 

— b Leaves in 4's only. Fruit smooth, purple berries Nos. 6, 7 

—b Leaves in 4's— G's.— c Fruit hispid with hooked hairs No. 8 

— c Fruit smooth or nearly so, dry. .Nos. 9 — 11 
— b Leaves in 8's, long and narrow. Fruit hispid No. 12 

1 G. verum. L. Yellow Bedstraw. Erect; Ivs. in 8's, grooved, entire, rough, linear ; 

fls. densely paniculate. 2f Dry soils, Mass. 1 — 2f. Branches short. June. § Eur. 

2 Cr. pilosuiWL Ait. Hirsute ; Ivs. in 4's, oval, punctate with pellucid dots ; ped. several 

times 2- or 3-forked ; iis. pedicellate, densely hispid. % Dry thickets. 1— 2f. June. 

3 G. circaezans Mx. Wild Liquorice. Smoothish ; Ivs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, ob- 

tuse, .3-veined, ciliate on the margins and veins ; ped. divaricate, few-flowered ; fr. 
subsessile, nodding, hispid, ii Woods : common. 8i — 12''. July. 

j3. lanceolatum. Very smooth ; leaves lanceolate, 2' long ; fruit sessile. 

y. niontanum. Dwarf; leaves obovate. White Mountains. (Oakes.) 

4 G. latifolinm Mx. St. erect, smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, 3-veined, very acute ; ped. 

axillary (leafy) and temiinal, about twice 3-forked ; purple flowers and smooth fruit 
on filiform pedicels. 2; Woody hills. Pa. S. and W. 2f. July. 

5 G. boreale L. Erect, smooth ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 3-veined, smooth ; 

fls. in a terminal pyramidal panicle. 24: Shaded rocks, N. If. July. 

6 G. hlspidulum Mx. Diffuse, minutely hispid ; Ivs. oval, thickish, mostly acute ; 

ped. axillary, 1-3-flwd. ; fr. large, bluish-purple. 2; Sandy. S. 2f. May— Oct. 

7 G. uniflorum Mx. Glabrous, csespitous, slender ; Ivs. linear, acute ; ped. axillary, 

solitary, mostly 1-flwd. bracted ; fr. purple. Of Damp woods, S. If. May. 

8 G. triflorum Mx. Stems weak, rough on the angles ; Ivs. in 5's and G's, lance-el- 

liptic, cusp-pointed, 1-veined ; ped. mostly 3-flowered. u Moist woods. 1— 3f. July. 

9 G. aspreHum Mx. Bough Cleavers. St. diffuse, very branching, rough backward ; 

Ivs. in e's, 5's, or 4's, lanceolate, acuminate, or cuspidate, margin and midvein re- 
trorsely aculeate ; ped. short, in 2's or S's. 2f Thickets, N. 2— 5f. July. 

10 G. trifidum L. Dyer's Cleavers. Goose-grass. St. decumbent, very branching, 
ronghish with retrorse prickles ; Ivs. in 5's and 4's, linear.-oblong or oblanceolate, ob- 
tuse, rough-edged ; flowers mostly 3-parted. % Swamps. 6'. July.— Variable. 

/3. tinctbrium, Ped. 3-6-flowered ; parts of the flower in 4''s. The root dyes red. 
y. latifbltum, Lvs. in 4's, oblanceolate ; ped. 3-flowered ; fls. 4-parted. 

11 G. concinnum T. & G. St. decumbent, diff"use, scabrous; lvs. in 6's, linear, 
glabrous, 1-veined, scabrous upward on the margins ; ped. filiform, twice or thrice 
3-forked, panicled. 7i Dry woods. Pa. Va. HI. If. June. 

12 G. Aparine L. St. weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly : lvs. in 8'8, 7'e, or 6's, 
linear-oblanceolate, mucronate ; ped. axillary, 1-2-flwd. (1) Wet thickets, N. 3-5f. Jn. 

2. RUBIA, Tourn. Madder. Like Galium, but its flowers are mostly 

5-merous, and its fruit always smooth and berry-like. 

R. TiNCTORUM L. stem weak, rough backward ; lvs. in 6's, lanceolate, aculeate ; fls. 
brownish-yellow, paniculate above, with 3-forked peduncles, Europe. 3— 5f. 

3. MITCHEiIjLA, L. Partridge Berry. Flowers 2 on each double 
ovary. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. funnel-shaped, hairy within. Stam. 4, short, 



Order 67.— RUBIACEJE. 149 

inserted on the corolla. Stig. 4. Berry composed of the 2 united ovaries, 
each 4-seeded. [^ Smooth. Leaves opposite. 

M. repens L.— Woods : com. Sts. creeping, 6-W. Lvs. roundish-ovate, petiolate, ever- 
green. Cor. reddish- white, fragrant. Berry red, seeds (nutlets) bony. Very pretty. Jn. 

4. SPERMACOCE, L. Cal. 2-4-parted. Cor. tubular, limb 4-lobed. 
Stam. 4. Stig. 2-cleft. Fr. dry, 2-celled, crowned with the calyx, separat- 
ing into 1 open and 1 indehiscent carpel. Sds. 2. — Low herbs. Stip. bristly. 
Flowers small, in dense, axillary, sessile whorls, or clusters, white. 

1 St glabra Mx. Glabrous ; lvs. lanceolate ; cal. 4-toothed ; cor. fiinnel-form, short, 

throat hairy ; anth. included in the tube ; stig. subsessile. 2f River banks, W. 1— 2f. 

2 S. diapmanii T. & G. Nearly glabrous ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate ; cor. funnel-form, 

thrice longer than the calyx ; stam. and sty. exserted. Fla. Ga. 10'. 

3 S. involucrata Ph. Hispidl'y hairy ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; heads terminal, invo- 

kicrate ; stam. exserted. Carolina (Fraser). If. Leaves oblique. 

5. DIODIA, L. Carpels 2, rarely 3, separating, each 1-seeded and inde- 
hiscent. Fls. otherwise as in Spermacoce. — Herbs. Stip. fringed w^ith 
bristles. Fls. few or solitary, axillary, sessile, small, white ; the tube often 
slender. Summer. 

1 D, Virginica L. Procumbent ; lvs. lanceolate, sessile ; corolla tube slender, with a 

broad, spreading limb ; sta. exserted. u Damp places. 1 — 2f. Varies with the lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate ; also with the leaves more or less hairy. 

2 D. teres Walt. Erect or ascending, nearly terete ; lvs. lance-linear, rigid, sessile ; 

bristles long ; cor. reddish- white, with a wide tube and short limb ; sta. scarcely ex- 
serted. (1) Sandy fields, N. J. to 111., and S. 5— IS'. 

6. HOUSTONIA, L. Bluets. Cal. 4-toothed or cleft, persistent. Cor. 

tubular, the 4 lobes spreading. Fil. 4, inserted on the corolla. Style 1. 

Anth. and stig. dimorphous, that is, in some plants the former exserted 

and the latter included — in others the style exserted and anthers included. 

Caps. 2-lobed, the upper half free, cells few- (8-20)-seeded.— Herbs. Stip. 

connate with the petiole, entire. Fls. solitary or in cymes, white, bluish, &c. 

§ Corolla salver-form, glabrous. Peduncles 1-flowered— a terminal Nos. 1, 2 

—a axillary Nos. 3, 4 

§ Corolla funnel-form. Peduncles 00-flowered, cymous. — b Lvs. lance-ovate No. 5 

— b Lvs. lance-linear..Nos. 6,7 

1 H. ccerulea L. Dtcarf FiiiJc. Innocence. Caespitous ; radical lvs. ovate-spatulate, 

petiolate ; sts. erect, numerous, dichotomous ; ped. filiform, 1-2-flowered. (D Moist 
soils. 3 — 5'. Flowers 5'', pale blue, with a yellow centre. May, June. Pretty. 
i3. minor. Branches divaricate ; flowers smaller (3 — 4" wide). South. 

2 H. seri>yllif6lia Mx. Coespitous ; sts. filiform, procumbent ; lvs. roundish-ovate, 

petiolate, ciliolate; ped. terminal, very long, u Mts. of Car., Tenn. 6 — 12'. May — Jl. 

3 H. minima Beck. Glabrous; lvs. linear-spatulate ; ped. at first nearly radical, at 

length axillary, often not longer than the leaves ; seeds concave, smooth. @ Prairies, 
HI. to La. 1—3'. Flowers rose-color, 3 — 4". March— May. 

4 H. rotundifolia Mx. Procumbent, creeping, leafy; lvs. roundish-oval, abrupt at 

base, petiolate ; ped. mostly longer than the leaves ; caps, emarginate, few-seeded. 
% Sandy, damp places, S. In patches. 2—5'. Flowers white. Mar. — Dec. 

5 M. purpiii'ea L. Erect ; lvs. 3-5-veined, closely sessile ; cymes 3-7-flowered, often 

clustered ; calyx segm. lance-linear, longer than the pod. op Penn., S. and W. If. 
White-purple. May— July. Very pretty. 



150 OiiDEii 68.— VALERIANACEJa. 

6 H. lojigifolia Gaert. Radical leaves oval-elliptic, cauline linear or lance-linear, 1- 

veined ; fls. in small, paniculate cymes ; sepals shorter than the pod. 
p. tennifolia. Much branched ; leaves very narrow ; ped. filiform, 
■y. cilioltita. Leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, often ciliate ; branches erect. N. and 
W.,— all the forms, on river banks and prairies. If. June, July. 

7 H. angustiiolia Mx. Slender, tall, strictly erect ; Ivs. narrowly linear, 1-veined ; 

lis. very numerous, short- pedicelled, in compact, terminal cymules ; cal. lobes subu- 
late ; caps, obovoid or top-shaped. 2{. Prairies, 111. to La. 1— 2f. June— July. 

7. OLDENLANDIA, L. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed, pei*sistent. Cor. funnel- 
form, witli a short tube, little longer than the calyx, 4-5-lobed. Sta. 4 — 5. 
Sty. short or 0. Stig. 2. Caps, wholly adherent. Seeds very numerous 
and minute (40 — 60 in each cell). — Herbs erect or prostrate. Stipules with 
3 — 4 subulate points each side. Flowers small, axillary, white. 

1 O. glomera,ta Mx. Creeping Greenhead. Stems assurgent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 

pubescent, narrowed at the base ; fls. glomerate in the axils and terminal ; cor. shorter 
than the leafy calyx teeth. Swamps, N. Y. to La. 1 — 12'. June — Sept. 

2 O. Boscil. Erect, much branched ; Ivs. lance-linear, acute ; fls. subsolitary, axillary, 

sessile. 2; Banks of rivers, S. 6— KK. Corolla purplish. July, Aug. 

3 O. Halei. Weak, diff'use, succulent ; Ivs. oval-oblong, acute ; fls. subsolitary, white, 

pentamerous. 21: River banks, Fla. to La. 8— K/. 

8. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button Bush. Calyx limb 4-toothed. 
Cor. tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Sta. 4. Sty. much exserted. — Shrubs with 
opposite Ivs. and short stip. Fls. in globous heads, without an involucre. 

C occidentallis L. Lvs. opposite and in S's, oval, acuminate, entire, smooth ; heads 
pedunculate. Margins of streams. 6f. Heads nearly 1' diam. July. 

9. PINCKNEYA, Mx. Calyx 5-parted, one of the segm. in the outer 
flowers changed to a large, rose-colored bract. Cor. tubular, lobes 5, spread- 
ing. Sta. 5, exserted. Stig. 2-lobed. Caps. 2-valved, oo-seeded. ^ Lvs. 
large, ovate. Cymes corymbous, terminal, splendidly ra(^/«?i^. Cor. purplish. 

p. pubescens Mx.— Swamps, S. : common. 15 — 25f. Pods size of a hazel-nut. May, 
June.— In cultivation it is a shrub, flowering when 8 — 12f high. 

10. BOUVARDIA, H. K. Calyx toothleted between its 4 lobes. Cor. 
tubular. Anth. 4, included. Caps. 2-partible, co-seeded. Sds. margined. 
5 Glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, •oriaceous. 

1 B. TKiPHTLLA. Lvs. in whorls of 3's ; cymes corymbed ; fls. scarlet. Mexico. 2f. 

2 B. VERSICOLOR. Lvs. opp. ; cymes racemed ; cor. clavate, curved, red and purp. S.Am. 

Order LXVIII. VALERIANACE^. Valerians. 

Herbs with opposite leaves and no stipules. Calyx adherent, the limb 
either membranous or resembling a pappus. Corolla tubular or funnel- 
form, 4-5-lobed, sometimes spurred at base. Stamens distinct, inserted into 
the corolla tube alternate with, and generally fewer than its lobes. Ovary 
inferior, with one perfect cell and two abortive ones. Seeds solitary, pen- 
dulous, in a dry, indehiscent pericarp. 

1. VALERIANA, L. Yalerian. Calyx limb at first very small, in- 



Order 69.— DIPSACE^. 151 

volute, at length evolving a plumous pappus. Cor. funnel-form, regular, 
5-cieft. Sta. 3. Fruit l-cellecl, 1-seeded. U Leaves opposite, mostly pin- 
nately divided. Flowers in close cymes. June, July. 

§ stems climbing and twining. Leaves temately divided, long-stalked No. 1 

§ Stem erect.— a Leaves and leaflets broad, somewhat ovate. Eoot fibrous .. .Nos. 2, 3 

— a Leaves and leaflets narrow, nearly linear. Eoot fusiform No. 4 

t Garden exotics, native of Europe Nos. 5—8 

1 v. scandens L. Glabrous ; Ifts. ovate, thin, entire, pointed ; cymes diff"usely pani- 

cled, axillary and terminal ; corolla very short. E. Fla. 4 — 6f, slender. 

2 "V, pauciflora Mx. Et. Ivs. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate ; cauline of 3— 7 ovate, 

toothed Ifts. ; cor. tube long (7 — S'O and slender, rose-white. O. to Va. and W. 1 — 2f. 

3 V. sylvatica Eichd. Et. Ivs. ovate or oblong, never cordate, entire ; cauline of 5 — 

11 lance-ovate, entire Ifts. ; cor. short (3 — 4^0i roseate. Swamps, Vt. and W. 

4 V. edul^is N. Smooth, thickish ; root Ivs. linear-spatulate, entire ; cauline of .3—7 

lance-linear, acute segm., the margins ciliate ; cor. white, short (2 — 3"), in a dense 
panicle. Low grounds, O. Wis. and W. The thick root is edible. 1 — 3f. 

5 V, DioicA. Eoot Ivs. undivided ; cauline pinnatifid ; fls. panicled, $ ? , blush. If. 

6 "V. Phu. Eoot Ivs. undivided ; cauline pinnate ; fls. corj'mbed, s , white. 3f. 

7 v. OFFICINALIS. Lvs. all pinnate and toothed ; fls. corymbed, blush-colored. 3f. 

8 V, Pyeenaica. Lvs. cordate, toothed, upper pinnate ; fls. corymbed, pink-red. 1— 2f. 

2. VALERIANELLA, Moencli. DC. Calyx limb obsolete. Cor. tube 
short, not spurred, limb 5-lobed, regular. Sta. 3. Stig. 3-cleft or entire, 
Fr. 3-celled, 1-seeded, 2 cells empty, (i) Stems forked above. Lvs. oppo- 
site, oblong or linear, entire or toothed, sessile. Fls. in dense, terminal 
cymelets. The specific characters are afforded mainly by the fruit. (Fedia, 
Gaert. T. & G.) 

* Flowers pale blue. Fruit orbicular, fertile cell larger than the empty No. 1 

* Flowers white. — a Fruit ovoid, fertile cell larger than the 2 empty Nos. 2, 3 

— a Fruit subglobous, empty cells larger than the fertile Nos. 4, 5 

1 v. olitoria Mcench. Lamb Lettvce. Fr. finally broader than long ; fertile cell with 

a corky back, seed laterally compressed. Fields, N. Y. to Va. : rare. 8 — 12'. June. 

2 V, Fagopyrum. Fruit smooth, ovoid-triangular, the empty cells at the obtuse 

angle, and no groove between ; fls. large (IJ'O. W. N-Y. to Wis. If. June. 

3 V. radia.ta Dufr. Fruit pubescent, ovoid, somewhat 4-angled, 1-toothed at apex ; 

empty cells with a groove betAveen ; fls. small {\"). Pa. to Mich., and S. 9'. 

4 "V. iim1>i1ica.ta. Fr. inflated, apex 1-toothed. the anterior face deeply umbilicate 

and perforated into the empty cells, which are much larger. Ohio (Sullivan t). 

5 V. patellaria. Fruit orbicular, flattened, the empty cells widely divergent, at 

length forming a winged margin to the fertile cell. Ohio (Sullivant). 

Order LXIX. DIPSACE^. Teaselworts. 

Herhs with whorled or opposite leaves and no stipules. Floicers in dense 
heads, surrounded by an involucre as in Compositse. Calyx adhei-ent, pap- 
pus-like, surrounded by a special scarious involucel. Corolla tubular. Sta- 
mens 4, alternate with the lobes of corolla, and distinct. Ovary inferior, 
1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style 1, simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with a single 
suspended seed. Fig. 441. 

1. DIPSAOUS, L. Teasel. Fls. in heads. Involucre many-leaved. 



152 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

Involucel 4-sided, closely investing the calyx and fruit. Cor. 4-cleft, lobes 
erect. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. (2) Stout, prickly. Leaves 
connate at base. Hds. oblong, the middle zone of florets first expanding. 

1 I>. sylvestris Mill. Wild T. Lvs. sinuate or jagged ; bracts slender, erect, pun- 

gent, longer than the heads ; chaff pungent, with a straight point. Waysides and 
. hedges, Mass. to Cal. ! 5f. Flowers bluish. July. § Europe. 

2 D. FtJLLONUM. Fullers' T. Leaves serrate or entire ; bracts of the involucre spread- 

ing ; chaff rigid, erect, with sharp, hooked points. Europe. 4f. July. 
\ 
2. SCABIOSA, L. Scabish. Fls. in heads. Involucre many-leaved. 

Involucel nearly cylindrical, w^ith 8 little excavations. Calyx limb con- 
sisting of 5 setae, sometimes partially abortive. 2^ Mostly European. 

S. ATROPURPUREA. Moumtng Bride. Leaves pinnatifid and incised ; heads radiant ; 
receptacle cylindric. India? 3f. Purple. Beautiful. 
j8. cANDiDissiMA. Flowcrs purc white.— There are many other varieties. 

Order LXX. COMPOSITE. Asterworts. 

Plants herbaceous or shrubby, with compound flowers (of the old bota- 
nists), i. e., the flowers in dense heads (capitula) surrounded by an involucre 
of many bracts (scales), with 5 united anthers, and the fruit an achenium 
(cypsela). Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, simple, yet often much 
divided. Floicers (florets) go, crowded, sessile, on the receptacle with or 
without pales (chafi"). Calyx adherent, the limb wanting or divided into 
bristles, hairs, &c. (pappus). Corolla tubular, of 5 lobes with a marginal 
vein, often ligulate or bilabiate. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the 
corolla, anthers cohering into a tube. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. 
Style single, with 2 stigmas at summit. Fruit a cypsela (§ 151), dry, inde- 
hiscent, 1-seeded, often crowmed with a pappus. (See § 104, 348, 362.) 

Figs. 68, 72-7, 103, 146, 160, 178, 261, 319, 341-6, 387-8, 433-4, 446-8, 492. 

An immense and perfectly natural assemblage, of about 1000 genera and 
9000 species. In the United States very few are shrubby. 

The flowers are perfect or variously diclinous. If the head has all its 
flowers of one kind, whether g , or ^ , or S , it is liomogamous ; if of dif- 
ferent kinds, it is Jieterogamous. — The following are De Candolle's Subor- 
ders and Tribes, wdth a convenient artificial analysis appended. 

I. TV^VTilYlAOmE..— Corolla of the perfect notcers tubular^ B'lobed, (A.) 
Tribe 1, VERNONIACEjE. Branches of the style long, slender, terete, and hispid all 

over. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect Nos. 1 — 3 

Tribe 2, EUPATORIACE^E. Branches of the style clavate, obtuse, flattened, minutely 

pubescent. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect Nos. 4 — 15 

Tribe 3, ASTEROIDE-E. Branches of the style flat, linear, downy above and opposite 

the distinct, stig-matic lines, appendaged at top. Heads discoid or radiate Nos. 16 — 34 

Tribe 4, SENECIOXIDrE. Branches of the style linear, fringed at the top, truncate or 

extended into a conical, hispid appendage Nos. 35 — 89 

Tribe 5, CYNARE/E. Stj'le thickened or node-like at top. Branches not appendaged, 

the stigmatic lines not pi-orainent, reaching the apex Nos. 90—98 

II, JjYGXJYiYFJjORIE,.— Corollas all lig-ulate (radiant)^ Uowers all perfect, (B.) 
Tribe 6, CICHORACEjE. Branches of the style long, obtuse, pubescent all over ; stig- 
matic lines commencing below their middle. Juice milky Nos. 99—115 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 153 

III. LABIATIFLORJE.— Cc?ro/?« of the perfect Aotcers bilabiate, (C.) 
Traiii; 7, MULISIACE.E. Stjle nearly as in Cj-nareje, the branches obtuse, very convex 

outside, minutely downy at the top - No. 116 

A. Suborder TUBULIFLOE^. 

§ Heads discoid, that is, without rays. . .(1) 

§ Heads radiate, i. e., the outer flowers ligulate. . .(8) 

1 Keceptacle naked, i. e., with no pales or bristles among the flowers. . .(2) 
1 Receptacle chaffy, bearing pales among the flowers. . .(6) 
1 Receptacle bearing bristles, or deeply alveolate (honeycombed). . .(7) 
2 Pappus a circle of 5 — ^20 chaffy scales ... (a) 
2 Pappus none, or a short, toothed margin. . .(&) 
2 Pappus composed of many capillary bristles. . .(3) 
3 Leaves opposite. (Heads homogamous)...((f) 
3 Leaves alternate. ..(4.) 

4 Heads homogamous, — flowers all perfect. . .(c) 
4 Heads heterogamous, — flowers not all perfect. . .(5) 
5 Scales herbaceous, often deciduous. . .(e) 
5 Scales scarious, persistent, often colored. ..(/) 
6 Leaves alternate. . .0?) 
6 Leaves opposite. . .{h) 

7 Pappus none, or consisting of scales. . .(i) 
7 Pappus composed of many bristles. . .(J) 
8 Receptacle naked (not chaffy), or (in Xo. 67) deeply honej-comb-celled. . .(9) 
8 Receptacle chaffy, with pales among the flowers. . .(13) 

9 Pappus of 5 — 12 scales, which are 1-awned or (in Xo. 62) cleft-bristly... (A;) 
9 Pappus none, or of a few short awns.. .(O 
9 Pappus of many capillary bristles. . .(10) 
10 Rays cyanic, in a single row. . .(ni) 
10 Rays cyanic, in several rows...(n) 
10 Eays yellow, in about one row... (11) 

11 Pappus double, or of very unequal bristles. . .(o) 
11 Pappus simple, the bristles all similar. ..(12) 

12 Involucre scales imbricated, the outer shorter... (p) 
12 Involucre scales equal, not imbricated. . .(r) 
13 Disk and ray flowers both fertile, the latter pistillate. . .(14) 
13 Disk flowers sterile, ray flowers fertile. . .(«) 
13 Disk flowers fertile, ray flowers sterile... (15) 
14 Rays yellow. . .(.v) 
14 Rays cyanic. . .(0 

15 Achenia obcompressed, often beaked. ..(p) 

15 Achenia compressed laterally, or not at all. . .(x) 

a Corolla lobes one-sided. Head large, many-flowered Stokesia. 2 

a Corolla lobes one-sided. Heads 4-5-flowered, aggregated Elepha>'topus. 3 

a Corolla lobes equal. — Leaves opposite. Pappus awned Ageratum. 4 

— Leaves whorled. Pappus obtuse Sclerolepis. 5 

— Leaves alternate.— Pappus scales 8 — 10 Palafoxia. 65 

—Pappus scales 12—20 Hymexopafpus. 66 

?> Leaves opposite. Flowers dioecious, obscure Ambrosia. 47 

h Leaves alternate. — Flowers yellow. Disk conical Matricaria. 73 

—Flowers yellow. Disk convex Taxacetum. 74 

— Flowers whitish. — Erect, leafless above , Adexocaulon. 15 

— Fls. 8 ... .Artemisia. 76 Fls. B Humea. (82 a) 116 

— Low and depressed Solita. 77 

c Scales of the involucre in one row.— Flowers cyanic Cacalia. 86 

—Flowers yellow.— Receptacle flat Senecio. 87 

— Receptacle convex Rcgeli.a.. 89 

c Scales imbricated.- Flowers yellow Bigelovia. 27 

—Flowers wliitish Eupatoriuu. 10, and Kuhnia. 8 

—Flowers purple. — Pappus simple. Involucre not radiate. . .Liatris. 7 

— Pappus simple. Involucre dry. radiate . .Rhodaxthe. 82 
— Pappus d.iuble 'i'k.r.voma. 1 



154 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 



d Achenia 10-striate. Flowers piirple Brickellia. 9 

d Aclienia 5-angled. — Receptacle conical. Flowers blue Conoclinium. 12 

—Receptacle flat.— Scales 4 or 5 Mikania. 11 

—Scales 8—20 Eopatoiuum. 10 

5 Shrubs. Flower dioecious, the 5 and i in different heads Baccharis. 34 

s Herbs. — Stem winged. Heads spicate Fterocaulon. 35 

— Stem wingless.— Heads, corymbous, purplish Plochea. S3 

— Heads paniculate.— Pappus reddish. Conyza. 31 

— Pappus white Erechtites. 85 

f Receptacle chaffj' except in the centre Filago. 80 

f Receptacle naked.— Heads dicecious Antennaria. 79 

— Heads heterogamous. — Involucre erect Gnaphalium 78 

— Involucre radiate Helichrysum. 83 

g Scales dry, fadeless. Pappus 4 teeth. Stem winged Ammobium. 81 

g Scales dry, fadeless. Pappus of scale-like awns Xeranthemum. 84 

g Scales herbaceous. — Flowers dioecious. Fruit a burr Xanthium. 43 

— Flowers all perfect. — Pappus of 5 or 6 scales Marsiiai.lia. 69 

— Pappus of many bristles Carphephokus. 6 

h Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 inversely hispid awns Bidens. 59 

h Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 erectly hispid awns Coreopsis. 58 

7i Flowers whitish, — dioecious. Anthers yellowish. Amurosia. 47 

— monoecious. Anthers yellow Iva. 46 

— all perfect. Anthers black Melanthera. 49 

1 Outer scales of the invol. leafy. Pappus none Carthamus. 94 

i Outer scales pectinate or ciliate-fringed, or entire Centaurea. 93 

.? Pappus plumous. Achenia obovate Cynara. 90 

/ Pappus plumous. Achenia oblong Cirsium. 97 

J Pappus scabrous, — triple, each row by lO's Cnicus. 95 

— simple. — Scales spinescent Onopordon. 95 

—Scales hooked Lappa. 98 

k Leaves opposite. Pappus scales deeply cleft into bristles Dysodia. 62 

k Leaves alternate. — Receptacle with deep horny cells Baldwinia. 68 

— Receptacle with shallow fringed cells Gaillardia. 63 

— Receptacle areolate. — Rays all yellow Hellenium. • 67 

— Rays spotted at base t Gazania. 64 

I Leaves opposite. Involucre double, outer 8 united Dahlia. 23 

Z Leaves opposite. Involucre single. Scales united Tagetes. 91 

I Leaves alternate. — Pappus of a few short awns or bristles Boltonia. 24 

—Pappus a membranous margin Matricaria. 73 

— Pappus 0. — Rays fertile, disk sterile Calendula. 91 

— Flowers all fertile. — Involucre scales equal Bellis. ' 22 

— Invol. broad, flat Leucanthemum. 72 

— Invol. hemisphei-ical Chrysanthemum. 75 

m Rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong, imbricated. Cypsela very silliy Skricocarpus. 17 

m Rays 5— 75. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Pap. simple, copious. . .Aster. 18 

m Rays 8—12. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double, the outer very short Diplopappus. 19 

m Rays 40—200. Involucre scarcely imbricated, scales nearly equal Erigkron. 20 

n Flowers dicecious, purplish. Leaves all radical Nardosmia. 14 

n Flowers all fertile. — Native. Scales subequal, flat. Fruit smoothish Erigeron. 20 

— Exotic. Scales subequal, keeled. Fruit hairy Agathea. 16 

— Exotic. Scales imbricated. Pappus double Callistephus. 21 

o Pappus double in the disk flowers, none in the rays Hetkrotheca. 29 

o Pappus double in both disk and ray flowers Chuysopsis. 30 

p Heads large, about 20-rayed. Pappus in one row Inula. 32 

p Heads very small, 1-15-rayed. — Pappus 1 row, shorter than achenia Brachych.eta. 25 

— Pappus 1 row, tawny, longer than achenia Isopappus. 28 

— Pappus irregularly 2-rowed, white Solid ago. 26 

r Head solitary, on a scape with alternate bracts Tussilago. 13 

r Heads corymbed, &c. — Leaves alternate Senecio. 87 

— Leaves opposite Arnica. 88 

s Shrubby. Pappus 4-toothed, obscure BoRRiCHi A. 36 

« Herbaceous.— Scales (the 4 outer) united into a cup Tetragonotheca. 52 



Okder 70.— composite. 155 

—Scales distinct.— Cypselae 4-angled. Pappus Heliopsis. 51 

— Cypsehe flattened. Pappus : Spilanthes. 60 

—Cypselae flat, -with a 2-awned pappus Verbesina. 61 

< Leaves alternate. Pappus none. Achenia terete Axthemis. 70 

t Leaves alternate. Pappus none. Achenia obcompressed Achillea. 71 

t Leaves oppo.site. — Pappus none Eclipta. 37 

— Pappus of fringed scales Galinsoga. 38 

—Pappus of the disk a single awn, of the ray Zinnia. 50 

M Leaves opposite. Kays yellow. Pappus none Polyjixia. 89 

u Leaves opposite. Rays yellow. Pappus a 2- or 3-toothed crown Chrysogoxum. 40 

u Leaves alternate. — Rays whitish, very short, 5 only Parthenium. 45 

— Rays yellow, disk dark-purple. Leaves entire Madia. 43 

— Rays yellow, disk brown. Leaves cut Sphexogyne. 44 

—Rays and disk yellow.— Fruit winged Silphium. 41 

— Fruit wingless Berlandiera. 42 

V Cypsela with erectly hispid awns, or awnless, never rostrate Coreopsis. 58 

V Cypsela with retrorsely hispid awnsj often attenuated above Bidexs. 59 

X Rays white, spreading. Pappus none Anthemiis. 70 

X Rays purple, pendent. Pales sharp, elongated Echixacea. 53 

X Bays yellow. — Pappus none. Cypsela quadrangular Rudbeckia. 54 

— Pappus none. Cypsela compressed Lepachis. 55 

— Pappus of 2 awns. — Fruit wingless Heliaxthus. 56 

-Fruit broad-winged Actixosieris. 67 

B. SuBOKDER LIGULIFLOK^. 

§§ Pappus none, or consisting of little scales. . .(a) 

g§ Pappus double (of scales aud bristles), or simple and plumous. ..(h) 

§§ Pappus composed of capillary bristles, not plumous. ..I*) 

* Achenia terete or angular, not flattened. . .(c) 

* Achenia evidently flattened. ..{d) 

a Flowers yellow. Pappus none. Heads paniculate Lajipsaxa. 99 

a Flowers yellow. Pappus none. Heads sohtary or umbellate Apogox. 100 

a Flowers blue. — Pappus of many little scales. Receptacle naked Cichorium. 101 

— Pappus of 5 scales. Receptacle chaflfy Cataxaxche. 107 

6 Flowers purple. Featheiy pappus on a long filiform beak Tragopogox. 105 

6 Flowers white. Feathery pappus on a short beak or sessile Leoxtodox. 104 

6 Flowers yellow. — Pappus of many bristles with the scales Cynthia. 103 

— Pappus of 5 bristles and 5 scales Krigia. 102 

c Flowers whitish or purplish, mostly nodding. Stem leafy Nabalus. 103 

r Flowers rose-purple, erect. (Stem almost leafless) Lygodes.mia. 109 

c Flowers yellow. — Achenia long-beaked. Pappus white Taraxacum. 112 

— Achenia long-beaked. Pappus reddish Pyrropappus. Ill 

— Achenia not beaked. — Pappus dull-white or tawny Hieracium. 105 

— Pappus bright white Troxijiox. 110 

d Achenia contracted into a slender beak. Flowers mostlj' yellow Lactcca. 113 

d Achenia scarcely beaked. — Flowers mostly blue Mulgedium. 114 

— Flowers yellow. Pappus silky Soxchus. 115 

C. Suborder LABIATIFLOR^. 

§§§ Head radiate, solitary, nodding in bud. Pappus capillary Chaptalia. 117 

1. VERNONIA, Schreb. Irox Weed. Fls. all tubular, perfect. In- 
Tol. of ovate, imbricated scales, the inner longest. Recept. naked. Pap. 
double, the exterior chaflfy, the interior capillaiy. li 5 Leaves alternate. 
Fls. purple (in our species). Cymes coiymbed. Figs. 446-8. 

§ Scales of the involucre all obtuse and closely appressed. Stem tall, grooved. . .No. 1 

§ Scales of the invol. (usually all)— a with slender, flexuous points Nos. 2, .3 

— a with acute or mucrouate points. South, . .Nos. 4-0 



156 Order 70.— CO^IPOSIT^. 

1 V. fasciculata Mx. Lvs. nan*owly lanceolate, serrulate ; cj'me fastigiate ; invol. 

ovoid-bell-shaped, half as long as the showy, dark-purple fls. Com. "W. 3— lOf. Jl. Aug. 

2 V. Novaboraeeiise Willd. Lvs. many, lanceolate, serrulate, rough ; cyme fas- 

tigiate ; invol. scales filiform at the ends, or the upper cuspidate. Com. 3— 6f. Aug. 

3 V. scal>erriiiia N. Lvs. all sessile, lanceolate and lance-linear, margins revolute, 

subentire ; hds. 20-30-flowered ; scales lanceolate, ciliate, protracted into long, flexu- 
ous points. Pine-barrens, S. 2— 3f. June— August. 

4 V. aiigustiiolia Mx. Lvs. linear and lance-linear, margins revolute ; hds. 10-15- 

flowered ; lower scales some filiform-pointed. Barrens, S. 2f. September. 

5 V. ovalifolia T. & G. Lvs. many, the lower oval or oblong ; invol. bell-form, 20- 

flowered ; scales acute or mucronate, short. Dry woods, Fla. 2 — 3f. June, July. 

6 V, oligopliylla Mx. Lvs. mostly radical, oblong-obovate, the 2 or 3 cauline bract- 

like, lanceolate ; scales spreading, acuminate. S. 2f. June, July. 

2. STOKE SIA, L'Her. Fls. all tubular, the marginal larger, ray-like, 
irregular ; scales of the invol. imbricated, in several rows, the outer spinu- 
lous and leaf-like. Recept. naked. Cypsela 4-angled. Pap. of 4 or 5 awn- 
like, rigid, deciduous scales. 71 Erect, with a downy stem, alternate lvs., 
and large terminal heads of showy blue flowers. 

S. cyama L'Her. — ^Wet woods, S. Car. and W. : very rare. 2f. Lvs. glabrous, entire. 
Bracts spinulous at base, gradually becoming scales, t 

3. EliEPHANTOPUS, L. Elephant' s-foot. Heads 3-5-flowered, 
glomerate into a compound head with leafy bracts. Fls. all ^ and equal. 
Invol. scales about 8, in 2 series. Cor. deeply cleft on one side. Fr. rib- 
bed. Pap. chaffy-setaceous. U Erect, with large, alternate, subsessile lvs. 
Cor. purple or white. July — September. 

1 E. Carolinianus Willd. St. much branched, leafy, hairy ; lvs. somewhat hairy, 

ovate or oval-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate. Dry soils, Pa. S. and W. 2f. 

2 E. tomentosus L. St. hirsute, nearly leafless, simple or dichotomous above ; root 

lvs. hirsute-tomentous, oblong-obovate. Woods, S. 1 — 2f. Flowers whitish. 

4. AGERATUM, L. Heads oo-flowered, ^ , discoid. Scales linear, 
imbricated, pointed. Recept. naked. Corollas all tubular. Cyp. 5-angled, 
narrowed at base. Pap. 5 or 10, chaffy, awned scales. (i)(2) Mostly tropi- 
cal, with opposite, petioled lvs. and corymbed heads. Fig. 75. 

A. conyzoides L. Brancbing; lvs. ovate, tooth-crenate, acute or cordate at base, 
somewhat rugous ; pap. scales 5, as long as the corolla, but much shorter than the 
conspicuous styles. Wet places, near Savannah. 1 — l^f. Blue or white. Apr.— Jn. 
/3. Mbxicana. Lvs. all, or nearly all, cordate. Fls. light blue, perpetual, t 

5. SCIjEROIjEPIS, Cass. Head oo-flowered, ^ , discoid. Scales 
equal, linear, in 2 series. Recept. naked. Cor. 5-toothed. Styles much 
exserted. Cyp. 5-angled, crowned with a cup-shaped pappus of 5 obtuse, 
horny scales, ^v" Glabrous, simple, with 1 — 3 terminal hds. Lvs. verticil- 
late. Flowers purple. 

S, verticillata Cass, ti In shaUoAv water, N. J. to Fla. Erect, 1— 2f, from a decum- 
bent base. Lvs. lin., entire, 1^ in whorls of 5's andO's. Hds. mostly solitary. Jl.— Sep. 

6. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. Heads (about 20-flowered), involucre, 
flowers, and fruit as in Liatris. Recept. chaffy. Pales nan'ow, 3-veined, 



Order 70.— COMPOSITiE. 157 

rigid, shorter than the flowers. U Sts. simple, leafy, corymbous at top, 
witli middle-sized heads of purple flowers in Autumn. (Liatris, Mx. Ell.) 

* Scales of the involucre acute, downy-tomentous. Leaves acute Nos. 1, 2 

* Scales of the involucre rounded-obtuse, nearly glabrous. Leaves obtuse . .Nos. 3, 4 

1 C pseudo-liatris Cass. Lvs. linear-subulate, rigid, closely appressed to and cov- 

ering the stem ; hds. few, rac. or cor. ; plant dovpny, erect. W. Fla. to La. 2f. 

2 C tomentosus T. & G. Lvs. lanceolate, petiolate, the cauline lance-ovate, sessile, 

small, erect ; plant tomentous, corymb loose. Swamps, S. 2f. 

3 C bellidifolius T. & G. Low, nearly smooth, tufted; lvs. spatulate below, linear 

above ; hds. few, in a loose corymb ; scales herbaceous. Sand hills, N. Car. If, 
i C corymbosus T. & G. St. single, stout, erect, hairy; lvs. oblanceolate, the up- 
per oblong, sessile ; corymb dense ; scales scarious-edged. Swamps, S. 3f. 

7. LIATRIS, L. Fls. all ^ , tubular. Invol. oblong, imbricate. Re- 
cept. naked. Pap. of oo capillary bristles. Cyp. tapering to the slender 
base, 10-striate. Styles much exserted. U With simple, erect stems, al- 
ternate, entire lvs., and handsome rose-purple flowers in spicate, racemed, 
or paniculate heads. August — November. 

§ Heads in a corymb or thyrse-like panicle. Root fibrous, no tuber Nos. 1-3 

§ Heads in a spike or a simple raceme. Root a roundish tuber. . (a) 

a Scales of the involucre colored and petaloid at their lengthened ends. ..... No. 4 

a Scales not petaloid, green or slightly tinged at the end. . (b) 

b Pappus evidently plumous. Corollas (13 to 60) hairy within Nos. 5, 6 

b Pappus evidently plumous. Cor. (3 to 5) smooth within. South Nos. 7, 8 

b Pappus only barbellate (smooth to the naked eye) . . (c) 

c Heads 20-40-flowered, roundish, with rounded scales No. 9 

c Heads 7-15-flowered. — d Scales all similar, obtuse. Nos. 10, 11 

— d Scales all, or the inner only, acute. . . .Nos. 12, 13 

c Heads 3-T-flowered,— e in a regular spike, raceme (or panicle) . . .Nos. 14-16 

— e in one-sided spikes or racemes .No. 17 

1 1j, odoratissima Willd. Vanilla Plant. Deer'' s Tongue. Smooth ; lvs. obovate- 

spatulate, obtuse, thick, the cauline oblong ; heads 7-8-flowered, in a loose, compound 
corymb. Pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. 1 — 3f. Used to perfume tobacco. 

2 li. paniculata Willd. Viscid-tomentous ; lvs. lance-spatulate, the cauline small, 

pointed ; hds. 5-flwd., in an oblong, dense panicle, white-purple. Damp. S. 2 — 3f. 

3 li. fruticosa N. Shrubby, smooth; lvs. obovate, fleshy, veinless, the lowest op- 

posite ; hds. corymbed, 5-flowered ; scales lanceolate, acute, dotted. E. Fla. Lvs. I''. 

4 li. ^legans Willd. Hairy above ; lvs. oblanceolate, cauline linear; rac. dense. If; 

hds. 4-5-flowered, scales longer and more showy than the flowers. Woods, S. 4f. 

5 li. squarrosa Willd. Blazing Star. St. 2— 3f; lvs. linear, the lower narrowed at 

base ; rac. leafy ; hds. few, 15^0-flowered, subsessile, scales squarrous-spreading, 
the outer leafy, inner sharp-pointed. Dry soils, Penn. to Fla. and W. 

6 li. cylindracea Mx. St. low (6 — ISO, slender; lvs. linear, rigid; hds, few, cylin- 

drical, 15-20-flowered ; scales short, rounded, appressed. Dry. N. Y. and W. 

7 li. Boyltinii T. & G. Lvs. linear, dotted ; hds. 3 or 4-flowered in a close, virgate 

spike ; scales pointed and spreading at the tips. Near Columbus, Ga. 1— 2f. 

8 li. tenuifolia L. Lvs. narrowly linear or filiform ; hds. 5-flwd., crowded in a long 

raceme ; scales oblong, obtuse-mucronulate. Woods, S. 2 — 4f. Fine. 

9 li. scariosa L. Gay Feather. Scabrous-pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, the lower on 

long petioles, upper linear ; hds. remotely racemed ; invol. hemispherical, with obo- 
vate, very obtuse scales. Dry soils. 4— 5f, Beautiful. 

10 li. spicata Willd. Lvs. lance-linear, the lower narrowed at base ; hds, sessile, in 
a long spike ; scales oblong, obtuse, narrow-margined. N. J., W, and S. 2 — 5f. 



158 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

11 li. graminifoUa Willd. Leaves linear, 1-veined ; hds. mostly pedicellate, rac. 
rarely paniculate below ; invol. acute at base, scales obovate-spatulate, obtu:?e, ap- 
pressed ; cyp. hairy. Sandy soils, N. J. and S. Variable. 

12 li. pilosa Willd. Downy and hairy, stout ; Ivs. linear and lance- linear ; hds. loosely 
racemed, scales linear-oblong, obtuse, the inner linear. N. Car. Rare. 

13 li, lieteropliylla R. Br. Glabrous; Ivs. lanceolate, the upper greatly diminished ; 
hds. spiked, scales lance-acuminate, spreading. N. Car. to Ga. Rare. 

14 li. gracilis Ph. Pubescent; Ivs. linear, 1-vcined, the lower lanceolate ; heads on 
slender stalks, in a long virgate rac. ; scales oblong, obtuse. Dry. Ga. Yh 2 — 3f. 

15 li. pyclinostacliia Mx. Hirsute; Ivs. rigid, lanceolate, the upper narrow-lin- 
ear ; spike dense, thick, of nnmerous cylindric heads ; scales appressed, with acute, 
scarious, colored and spreading tips. Prairies. 111. to Tex. 3 — 5f. Spike 10 — 20'. 

16 If. Chapmanii T. & G. Tomentous ; Ivs. linear, obtusish, the upper very short ; 
hds. cylindric. 3-flowered, densely spiked ; scales acum. ; fr. hairy. Fla. 1 — 2f. 

17 Ij. pauciflora Ph. St. pubescent, recurved; Ivs. linear, short, the lowest lance- 
linear ; rac. recurved, with the hds. all turned to the npper side ; hds. 4-5-flowercd ; 
scales lance-oblong, acute. Dry sand-hills, S.- 1— .3f. (L. secunda Ell.) 

/ 

8. KUHNIA, L. Heads 10-25-flowerecl, ^ . Scales lanceolate, loosely 

imbricated. Recept. naked. Cor. slender, 5-toothed. Pap. in a single series, 
plumous. Fr. cylindrical, striate, pubescent, if With alternate, resinous- 
dotted Ivs., and corymbed heads of pale yellow florets. September. 
K. eupatoroid.es L. St. somewhat viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. lance-ovate to lance-lin., 
resinous-dotted, petiolate, toothed or entire. Dry soils, N. J., W. and S. 

9. BRICKIjLLIA, Ell. Heads many-flowered, 2 . Scales imbricated, 
lanceolate or linear, striate. Receptacle naked, flat. Cor. tube slightty ex- 
panded above, 5-toothed. Branches of the style clavate. Fr. 10-striate, 
contracted above. Pap. setaceous, in one series, it With opi^osite, 3- 
veined leaves and large heads of purple florets in coiymbs. 

B. cordifolia Ell. Pubescent ; Ivs. triangular, truncate or cordate, crenatc, petiolate ; 
hds. 30-40-flowei-ed, scales obtuse ; pap. purple. Ga. Fla. 2 — 4f. August. 

10. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. Boneset. Fls. all tubular, g . Invol. im- 
bricate, oblong. Style much exserted, deeply cleft. Anth. included. Re- 
cept. naked, flat. Pap. capillary, simple, scabrous. Cyp. 5-angled. if 
Generally with opposite, simple Ivs. and corymbous hds. Fls. of the cy- 
anic series — that is, white, blue, red, &c., never yellow. July — September. 

§ Leaves mostly alternate, pinnately dissected. Heads paniculate, very GO Nos. 1, 2 

§ Leaves mostly opposite or verticillate, — c pinnately dissected. Hds. corymbed. . .No. 3 

— c undivided. Heads corymbed. . (*) 

* Scales imbricated in several rows, the outer gradually shorter. .. (a) 

a Flowers bluish. Leaves opposite. Scales strongly striate No. 4 

a Flowers purplish. Lvs. whorled. Scales streaked and flesh-colored . . Nos. 5 — 7 
a Flowers white, 5 only in each head. Lvs. subsessile. (exc. No. IS), .(b) 

b Leaves acute at base. Scales with acute white points Nos. 8 — 10 

b Leaves acute at base. Scales obtuse, short, downy Nos. 11 — 14 

b Leaves obtuse, roundish or truncate at the base Nos. 15—18 

a Flowers white, 7 — 15 in each head. Leaves various Nos. 1!) — 23 

* Scales all of equal leng'th. in about 1 row. Leaves petiolate Nos. 23 — 23 

1 E. foenieulw-ceum Willd. Very branching; lvs. all alternate, compoundly pin- 

. nate, in linear-filiform segments, the upper setaceous, simple ; heads 3-5-flowcred. 
Fields, Pa. (rare) to Fla. 3— lOf. Flowers yellowish-white, 1— 2^Moug. 



Order TO.— COMPOSITJE. 159 

2 E. coronopifolium Willd. Much bi-ancliecT, pubescent ; leaves mostly alternate 

(the lower opp.), twice pinnatifid, with lance-linear lobes and segm.. the 'jpper linear, 
simple ; hds. 5-flowered, scales 10. Dry soils, S. 3 — of. Flowers white, 2''. 

3 E. piHnatifidum Ell. Pubescent: Ivs. laciniate-pinnatifld, segm. linear, toothed 

or entire, the lower whorled in 4's, middle opp., upper altern. ; corymb fastigiate ; 
hds. small, 00, 5-9-fiowered ; scales oblong, mucronate. Pine woods, S. 3 — if. 

4 E. ivoelolium L. Lvs. opposite, lanceolate, tapering to each end, 3-veined; heads 

pedicellate, 15-20-flowered ; scales 20, imbricated, erect, obtuse, with 3—5 distinct 
striae. Woods, Miss, and Fla. 3— 5f. Blue. 

5 E. purpureum L. Stem solid, purple at the joints ; lvs. feather-veined, in whorls 

of 3"s — 5's, thin, ovate to lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Dry. 3— Of. 

6 E, fistulosum Barratt. Tmmpet-iveed. Stem hollow, striate, glabrous, glaucous- 

purple ; lvs. lance-oblong, in 5's, O's, finelj^ serrate ; corymb globous, with whorled 
rays. Thickets. 0— lOf. Lvs. 8'. Corymbs If. (E. purpureum. /3. T. & G.) 

7 E. macul^tum L. Stem solid, marked with pui-ple glands and lines ; leaves 3- 

veined. ovate, in 3's — S's. Low grounds: common. 3 — 5f. (E. purpureum. ^. Darl.) 

8 E. scabridum Ell. ? (Chapm.) St. stout, tomentous ; lvs. lance-ovate, acute, ser., 

3-veined from base ; scales lance-obl., cuspidate, edged, shorter than fls. Car. Fla. 2f. 

9 E. album L. Eough-downy ; lvs. lance-oblong, acutish ; hds. oblong, 5-flowered ; 

scales white-scarious at the point, longer than the fls. Sands, N. J. and S. 2f. 

10 E. leucolepis T. & G. Nearly smooth ; lvs. lance-linear, obtuse ; heads 5-flwd. ; 
scales white-scarious at the tip, as long as the fls. Sands, L. I. and S. 2 — .3f. 

11 E. liyssopifolium L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 1-3-veined, punctate, lower ones 
subserrate, upper ones entire ; scales oval. Dry. Mass., W. and S. 2f. Hds. ^". 

12 E. parviflorum Ell. Lvs. lanceolate, sessile, acutely serrate above, 3-veined; 
heads 2", crowded ; outer scales very short, inner linear. Damp. Ya. to Fla. 2 — 3f. 

13 E. altissimisin. L. Tall, downy; lvs. lanceolate, few -toothed above, conspicu- 
ously 3-veined ; scales 8—12, elliptical, 2^''' ; fls. b". Dry. Pa. to Car., and W. 3— 7f. 

14 E. cuneifolium Willd. Downy; lvs. small, glaucous, obovatc-oblong. 3-veined, 
apex obtuse and subserrate ; scales oval. 2"; fls. A". Rich shades, S. Car. to Fla. 2f. 

1 5 E. teucrifolium WiUd. Rough-downy ; leaves sessile, ovate, veiny, the lower 
doubly serr. ; scales elliptical, faintly striate, rather acute. Damp. Mass. to La. 2 — 3f. 

16 E. sessilifoliuin. L. Smooth; leaves half-clasping, lance-ovate, serrate; inner 
scales oblong-obovate, obtuse. Rocky woods, Mass. to Lid., and S. 2 — If. Lvs. 3—5'. 

17 E. rotundifolium Willd. Iloarhound. Downy; lvs. roundish ovate, subcor- 
date, .3- veined, sessile, coarsely toothed ; inner scales acuminate, as long as the fls. Dry 
fields, N. J. and S. A compact, bushy plant. 3f. 

18 E. mikanioides Chapm. St. creeping at base, ascending ; lvs. deltoid, truncate 
at base, petioles subconnate ; scales lanceolate, acute. Isl. St. Vincent, Fla. 1 — 2f. 

19 E. pubescens Muhl. Hairy; lvs. distinct, sessile, ovate, acute, blunt-toothed; 
hds. about 8-flwd. ; scales lanceolate, acute, short. Dry. N. H. to N. J., and Ky. .3 — 4f. 

20 E. resinosum Torr. Viscid-resinous ; leaves distinct, closel}' sessile, lin. -lanceo- 
late, long-pointed ; hds. lO-15-flwd. ; scales obtuse, white-downj". Barrens, N.J. 2-3f. 

21 E. perfoIia,tum L. Thoroughwort. Boneset. Hairy; lvs. lanceolate, each pair 
united at base around the stem ; heads about 12-flowered, in a large, dense corymb ; 
scales lance-oblong, acute. Low grounds : common. 3— 4f. A powerful tonic. 

22 E. serotinum Mx. Soft-puberulent ; lvs. petiolate, lance-ovate, sharp-serrate, ^- 
veined ; hds. 12-15-flwd. ; scales 9—11, similar, very downy, obtuse. Md., S. and W. of. 

23 E. ageratoides L. Smooth ; lvs. long-petiolate, ovate, acuminate, sharp-serr., 
3-veined ; hds. 10-2;)-flwd.. in a compound corymb ; scales oblong, obtuse. Woods. 3f. 

24 E. aromaticuin L. Rough-downy ; lvs. petiolate, lance-ovate, acute, 3-veincd, 
blunt-serr. ; hds. 10-15-flwd., in small corymbs ; scales lance-linear. Low woods. 2f. 

25 E. incarnatum Walt. Difi'usely branched ; leaves long-petioled, deltoid-ovate, 
pointed, coarsely crenate-dentate ; hds. on slender ped., 15-20-flwd. ; scales lin.-subit- 
late, 3-striate ; lobes of the corolla pale purple. Damp soils, N. Car. to Fla. 3f. 



160 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

11. MIKANIA, Willd. Climbing Bois^eset. Fls. all tubular, 5 . In- 
volucre 4-leaved, 4-flowered. Receptacle and flowers as in Eupatorium. 
U Climbing and twining. Leaves opposite. 

OT. sca.nd.ens Willd. Smooth ; Ivs. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes di- 
varicate ; hds. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs. Thickets, Ms. to Ga. Not common. 
Clusters on the short, lateral branches, of white or pink-colored flowers. Aug. Sept. 

12. CONOCLINIUM, DC. Heads many-flowered. Receptacle coni- 
cal. Character otherwise as in Eupatorium. If ^) Leaves opposite, petio- 
late, serrate. Flowers sky-blue, in crowded corymbs. 

C coelestlnum. DC. Much branched ; Ivs. deltoid-ovate, truncate or subcordate, cre- 
nate-serrate, petiolate ; scales linear. 2; Copses, Pa., S. and W. 1— 2f. Aug. Sept. 
\ 

13. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. Colt's-foot. Head radiate, many -flowered. 

Flowers of the ray ? , those of the disk $ . Invol. simple. Recep. naked. 

Pappus capillary, if Lvs. radical. Fls. yellow, with very narrow rays. 

T. farfara L. — Cold, clayey banks, N. and M. Scape 5', appearing with its single head 
of yellow flowers in March and April, before the large angular leaves. 

14. NARDOSMIA, Cass. Heads radiate, oo-flowered, somewhat ? S . 

Fls. of the ray ? , of the disk 5 , but abortive in the sterile plant. Invol. 

simple. Recep. flat, naked. Pappus capillary, if Leaves radical. Fls. 

cyanic. The ray flowers of the sterile heads are in a single row ; of the 

fertile in several rows, but very narrow. 

N. palms^ta Hook. Scape with a thryse or corymb ; lvs. roundish-cordate, 5-7-lobed, 
woolly beneath, coarsely dentate. Swamps, N. Eng. and W. Eare. May. 

15. ADENOCAULON, Hook. Fls. few, all tubular, of the margin ? , 
of the disk $ . Scales equal, in one series. Recep. naked. Cyp. clavate, 
exserted, bearing stalked glands above. Pap. 0. if Nearly acaulescent, with 
alternate leaves, and small, paniculate heads, also gland-bearing. 

A. bicolor Hook. Lvs. deltoid, cordate, angular-toothed, decurrent on the petioles, 
white-downy beneath. Shores of Lake Superior, and W. (Common in Oregon.) 2f. 

N 

16. AGATH.aSA, Cass. Heads as in Erigeron, but the scales are 1- 

veined, keeled or channelled, and the cypselae rough-haired. (1) 5 S. Afr. 

Leaves opposite. Disk flowers yellow, rays blue. (Cineraria, L.) 

A. AMELLOiDES. Lvs. ovatc or oval, petiolate, entire, scabrous. Not hardy. A beau- 
tiful shrub, often cultivated in the greenhouse. 1 — 2f. Heads solitary. 

17. SERICOOARPUS, Nees. White-tipped Aster. Ray fls. 4—6, 
? : disk fls. 6 — 10, $ . Invol. oblong, imbricated. Scales appressed, white, 

with green, spreading tips. Recep. alveolate. Cyp. obconic, very silky. 
Pap. simple. If With alternate lvs. and close corymbs. Rays white. 

1 S, solidagineus Nees. Smooth; lvs. linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile; 

heads subsessile ; scales obtuse ; pap. white. Woods: com. 2f. Eays long. Jl. Aug. 
JJ S. conyzoides Nees. Some pubescent ; lvs. lance-oval, acute, serrate, the lower 

narrowed into a petiole ; rays short; pappus rusty. Woods, Ms. to Fla. l-2f. Jl. Aug. 
3 S. tortifolius Nees. Grayish pubescent ; lvs. short, oblong-obovate, sess., twisted 

to a vertical position, both sides alike ; pappus white. Woods, Ya. to Fla. 2f. Sept. 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 161 

18. ASTSR, L. Invol. oblong, imbricate. Scales loose, often with 
green tips, the outer spreading. Disk fls. tubular, 5 , ray lis. ? , in one row, 
ligulate, 3-toothed at apex, finally revolute. Eecep. flat, alveolate. Pap. 
simple, capillary. Cypsela compressed, if Very abundant in the U. S., 
flowering in late summer and autumn. Lvs. alternate, diminishing grad- 
ually upward. Disk-flowers yellow, changing to purple ; ray-flowers blue, 
purple, or white, never yellow. Figs. 146, 388. 

A Scales of the involucre tipped with green or wholly green. . .(§ 1, 2, 3) 

B Scales destitute of green tips, white or scarious. Lvs. never cordate. . . (§ 4:-p) 

§ 1. BioTiA. Heads corymbous, large. Eays 6 — 15, white. Lvs. cordate Nos. 1, 2 

§ 2. Calliastkum. Heads corymbous or few, large. Kays 12 — 30, violet- 
blue. Pap. bristles unequally thickened. Lvs. rigid, not cordate (a) 

a Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, serrate more or less. Fr. smoothish Nos. 3 — 5 

a Leaves lance-linear to linear,— 6 entire, merely acute Nos. 6. 7 

— b bristly-fringed, pungent Nos. 8, 9 

§ 3. AsTERiA. Hds. panicled or racemed, rarely few. Pap. equal, soft. . . (c) 

c Leaves petiolate, the lower cordate,— d: evidently serrate Nos. 10, 11 

— d entire or obscurely serrate. . .Nos. 12—15 

c Leaves all sessile, entire, silkj'-canescent both sides. Pap. tawny Nos. IG, 17 

c Lvs. not silky, — d clasping with a cordate or auriculate base. . .(/) 

— d clasping with a broad base not cord, or auric. . .(/i) 
— d sessile with a narrow base, not clasping. . . (m) 

f Lvs. very small (1'''— 3^0) entire. Scales with spreading tips Nos. 18, 19 

/ Leaves ordinary (1' — 60- — e, Scales with abrupt, appressed tips Nos. 20, 21 

— e Scales loosely spreading. Lvs. entire Nos. 22—25 

— e Scales very loose. Lvs. long, serrate Nos. 26, 2T 

h Scales of the involucre closely imbricated (obtuse, No. 20), acute Nos. 28—31 

h Scales loose, or spreading, or recurved. — Ic Pappus bright-colored. . .Nos. 32— .34 

— Tc Pappus tawny-bi-own Nos. 35, 36 

m Scales squarrous-spreading at the tips.— o Hds. large (G'MO, purple. .Nos. 37, 38 

—0 Hds. small (2-4'0,whitish.. Nos. 39-41 

m Scales loosely divergent, straight. Heads medium size, rays pale No. 42 

m Scales erect, straight, in 1 row. Heads 2—3, or solitary, rays white No. 48 

m Scales closely imbricated. — n Hds. medium (3-6'0, purp. or pale. . .Nos. 43, 44, 31 

—re Heads small (2 — 3''0, white or pale Nos. 45—47 

§ 4. ScAKiosi.— J? Lvs. lanceolate, broadly or narrowly. Scales obtusish Nos. 49—51 

—p Lvs. subulate or lin. Scales very acute. — s Hds. large, few. .Nos. 52, 53 

— s Hds. small, many. . .54 — 5() 

1 A. corymbosus Ait. Nearly smooth ; lvs. thin, ovate-acuminate, serrate, the peti- 

oles wingless ; rays G — 9. Dry woods, N., M. 1 — 2f. Heads oblong, A!'. Lvs. large. 

2 A. macropliyllus Willd. Rough-pubescent ; leaves thickish, ovate, serrate with 

close teeth, petioles some winged ; rays S-15. Woods, N. l-2f. Lvs. very large. Hds. 6^'. 

3 A. mira.'bilis T. & G. Lvs. ovate, serrate, the lowest petiolate, the ramial round- 

ish ; invol. hemispherical, scales obtuse ; rays about 20. S. Car. Very rare. 

4 A, radula Ait. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharp-serrate, rough and rugous; 

invol. squarrous with the spreading scale-tips ; rays 20. N. 1 — 3f. 

5 A. spectabilis Ait. Lvs. lance-oblong, sessile, entire, the lower subserrate ; \\\\o\. 

hemispherical, scales linear-spatulate, ciliate. Sands, Mass. to Fla. 1 — 2f. 

6 A. surculosus Mx. Root a creeping, knotted rhizome ; lvs. lance-linear and linear ; 

heads 1 — 5 ; scales linear-oblong, ciliate, inner obtuse. Wet. N. J. to Car. If. 
^, g-rdcilis. Heads 8 — ^12, smaller; rays 12; scales but slightly spreading. 

7 A. paludosus L. Slender, glabrous ; lvs. long, linear ; hds. 1—6 ; scales lance-linear; 

rays 30, longer than the (G'O invol. Swamps. S. 2— 3f. Heads very large. 

11 



162 Order 70.— COMPOSIT-^. 

8 A. spinulosus Chapm. Bristly-hairy, rigid ; Ivs. narroAvly linear, pungent, bristle- 

fringed ; heads few, spicate ; scales spine-pointed ; rays 13, blue. Fla. If. 

9 A. eryngilolius T. & G. Hairy, rigid; Ivs. lance-linear, pungent, fringed with 

spiny teeth ; heads very large, 1 — 4, loosely racemed ; scales green, rigid, lanceolate, 
long-pointed ; rays many, white. Fla. 1 — 2f. (Prinopsis Chapmanii, C-B.) 

10 A. cordifolius L. Stem paniculate ; leaves sharply serrate, acuminate ; petioles 
winged; scales appressed, with short green tips. Woods and glades, N. and W. : com. 
1 — .3f. Heads numerous, rather small, blue varying to white, in a lai*ge panicle. 

11 A. sagittifolius Willd. Branches racemed; Ivs. lance-obl., some arrow-shaped : 
petioles winged ; scales loose, lin. -subulate. Low woods, N. and W. 2-4f. Wh.-blue. 

12 A. iindula.tus L. Racemous-paniculate, rough, grayish; Ivs. ovate-oblong, undu- 
late-crenate, the base, or the winged petioles, cordate-clasping, the upper acute, en- 
tire, sessile : scales appressed. Dry woods. 2f. Blue. (A. diversifolius Mx.) 

(3. aspirulua. Lowest petioles slender, not clasping ; Ivs. scarcely cordate. Com. 

13 A. azureus Lindl. Slender, rigid, rough; Ivs. below on slender petioles, cordate- 
lanceolate, the others successively lanceolate, linear, and subulate, acute at each end ; 
rac. paniculate, heads obconic ; scales acute, appressed. Woods, prairies, W. 2f. 

14 A. Sliortii Hook. Smoothish, subsimple ; Ivs. lance-ovate, deeply cordate, peti- 
olate, long-pointed, entire, the upper sessile ; rac. paniculate ; scales green-tipped, 
shorter than the disk. Rocky banks, O. to Wis. and Ark. 3f. 

15 A. anomalus Eng. Lvs. as in No. 13; scales with linear, spreading, leafy tips : 
hds. large; rays spreading, 15— 1S'^ bright blue. Rocks, 111. Mo. (JMr. J. Wolf.) 2— 4f. 

16 A. sericeus Vent. Bushy ; lvs. silvery-silky both sides, lance-oblong, sessile ; hds. 
large, terminal on the short, leafy branches ; scales spreading at tip ; fr. glabrous ; 
rays 15—25, violet blue. Banks, Mich. (H. Mapes) to Iowa, and S. 1— 2f. 

1 7 A. concolor L. Subsimple ; lvs. grayish-silky, lance-oblong, the upper cusp- 
pointed ; heads in a terminal, virgate raceme ; scales lanceolate, appressed ; fruit 
silky ; rays purple. Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. 2— 3f. Aspect of Liatris. 

18 A. squarrosus Walt. Slender, with simple, 1-flowered branches; leaves very 
small, triangular, heart-clasping, reflexed-squarrous ; scales with spreading green 
tips ; fr. pubescent. Dry soils, S. 2 — 3f. Rays 20, blue. 

19 A. adna-tus N. Slender, rough ; lvs. oblong to lanceolate, erect, adhering to the 
stem by the midvein, the summit only free. Sands, Fla. to La. 2 — 3f. 

20 A. turbiiiiiellus Lindl. Smooth, subcorymbed ; lvs. lance., tapering both ways ; 
hds. club-top-shaped (G'O ; sc. tips short, blunt. 111. Mo. to La. Blue. Pap. brown. 

21 A, Isevis L. Very smooth; branchlets 1-flwd. ; lvs. oblong, entire, shining, lowest 
lanceolate, subserrate, upper auriculate ; scales with a broad, acute, appressed tip ; 
heads large, rich blue, showy. Low woods. 2-3f. 

/3. lievig-eiitis. Not glaucous ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; scale? linear. 

■y. cyaneus. Plant glaucous ; leaves thickened, veiy entire. Beautiful Asters. 

22 A, patens L. Pubescent ; rac. paniculate ; lvs. ovate-oblong, cordate-clasping, 
ciliate at edge ; heads large, terminal on the leafy branchlets ; scales lax, green-tipped : 
rays 20, violet-blue. Dry soils, Mass. to Ga, 2— 3f. 

/8. phlog-ifolius. Leaves lance-ovate, auriculate-clasping, very acute. 

23 A. amethystinus N. Hoary-puberulent ; rac. paniculate ; lvs. lin.-oblong, acute, 
some auricled at the clasping base ; heads broad-bell-shaped (3''0 ; scales erect, with 
only the green tips spreading. Damp, Mass. to 111. (J. Wolf.) 2— 3f. 

24 A. Novae- Angliae L. Corymbous-paniculate, pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate and 
lance-linear, auriculate-clasping; scales equal, lax, glandulai'-viscid. green their whole 
length; rays TO + , deep purple. Damp. 4 — 6f.— Varies with the rays rose-purple, or 
rarely, white. Fine in cultivation. 

25 A. Caroliiiiamis Walt. Rough-downy; branches divaricate; lvs. lance-ovate, 
entire, clasping with small auriculate lobes ; heads very large, scattered ; scales with 
spreading green tips ; rays rose-purple. Damp, S. 6— 13f. 

26 A. puniceiis L. Hispid, panicled; lvs. lance-oblong, auricnlate-clasping, ap- 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 163 

pressed-serrate ; scales 2-rowed, long, revolute ; heads large, showy, with 30—60 nar- 
row, pale-purple rays. Swamps, Can. to Car., and W. 4— 6f. Stem often red. 

/3. vimineus. Tall, slender, smoothish ; heads few, very large ; leaves narrow. 

y. g-laber. Low (2f ), subsimple, smoothish ; leaves narrow, erect, entire ; scales 
loose, not recurved ; rays large, about 20, white ? 111. (J. Wolf.) 

S. firmus. Low (2 — 3f), scabrous, stout; leaves thick, subentire ; heads many. 

g. cdndidus — the common form, with white rays. N. Y. (Hankenson.) 

27 A. prenautlioides Muhl. Hairy or downy, corymbous-paniculate ; Ivs. lance- 
oval, pointed, serrate, the long petiole winged and auriculate-clasping : scales spatu- 
late, the green tips spreading. Wet banks, N. Y. to Ya., and W. 2 — 3f. 

28 A. couciunus Willd. Pubescent, subsimple; Ivs. lanceolate and lance-linear, 
remotely serrate, narrowed to the clasping base, the upper entire ; scales appressed- 
imbricate ; heads medium, rays blue. Woods, &c. 2— 3f. 

29 A. gracillentus T. & G. Yery smooth, slender, simply panicled: leaves long- 
linear, the lower toothed, upper clasping, erect ; scales short ; rays blue. S. Rare. 

30 A. na.iitabilis Ait. ? Stem smooth, paniculate-branched from base, dense-flwd. ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, serrulate, clasping, thickish, upper lance-oblong, entire ; 
heads medium ; scales lanceolate, loose, much shorter than the disk ; rays pale ? Wet. 
HI. (J. Wolf.) 2 — 3f. — Yaries with leaves serrate, heads loose, &c. 

31 A. carneus Nees. Smoothish ; branches leafy, ascending, racemed with 1-headed 
branchlets ; Ivs. uniform, linear-lanceolate, pointed, on^y the upper clasping ; scales 
acute, shorter than the disk. Moist, E. and W. Heads larger than in Xo. 30, purple 
to rose, showT". Stem often red, 2— 3f high. 

32 A. virgatus Ell. Smooth, virgate branches racemed; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
ciliate-serrulate, half-clasping, graded above into numerous subulate bracts and 
spreading, pointed scales ; fruit glabrous. Ga. to La. 3 — 4f. 

33 A. Novl-Belgii L. St. smoothish, branches pubescent; Ivs. subclasping, lance- 
obl. to linear, pointed, the lower snbsen'ate ; heads large, racemed or subcorynibed : 
scales subequal, loose, equalling the disk. N. Y. to HI. 2-4f. Blue. (A. sestivus Ait.) 

/3. leetifl^rtfs. Branches slender, corymbed at end ; Ivs. very narrow. W. Sho^^'y. 

34 A. loiigifolius Lam. Stem glabrous, paniculate-spreading: Ivs. lance-linear to 
linear, long, pointed, subclasping, nearly or quite entire, upper subulate ; heads large ; 
scales linear-subulate, the outer spreading. E. and W. 2 — Gf. Blue. 

/3. pr^dltus. Tall, strict, with thyrsoid panicles, medium heads : Ivs. serrulate. 

35 A. £lli6ttii T. & G. Stout, smooth, corymbou s-b ranched ; Ivs. ample, lanceolate, 
subclasping, subserrate ; ped. naked ; scales attenuate. Swamps, S. 2 — 4f. Purple 

36 A. o'blongifolius N. Hairy, bushy; branches spreading; leaves obi. -lanceolate, 
acute, entire, clasping, graded above into subulate bracts and subequal spreading 
scales. Ya. (Harper's Ferry) to Iowa and ilo. Eays purple. 1— 2f. 

37 A. grandifloi'iis L. Rough, bristly-hairy ; branches some corymbed, 1-flowered ; 
Ivs. small, linear-oblong, obtuse ; hds. very large, blue-purple ; scales obtuse. S. 2f. 

38 A. Curtisii T. & G. Smooth, racemous; Ivs. thin, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, 
subentire ; scales with green spreading tips ; heads large, showy. Mts. N. Car. 

39 A. dumosns L. Eac. paniculate ; Ivs. linear to oblong, sessile, lowest subserrate ; 
invol. obtuse at base, closely imbricated ; scales obtuse ; heads small, rays 20 -i-, pur- 
plish-white. Drj' woods, &c. : common. 1 — 2f. Lvs. very numerous, 3' — Z". 

p. coridifolius^ is a starved, attenuate form, very slender every way. 

40 A. Tradescanti L. Smoothish, slender, much branched ; lvs. lance-linear, long, 
remotely serrulate, teeth sharp, upper leaves entire, aU sessile ; heads many, subse- 
cund ; scales close ; rays small, pale. Fields, copses. 2— 4f. Leaves 5'— S'-'. 

j3. frdg-ilis. Leaves nearly linear, minutely serrulate ; heads scattered. 

41 A. miser L. Hairy or downy, very leafy ; branches spreading, racemous ; lvs. ah 
' lanceolate, tapering both ways, sessile, sharply serrate in the middle, the ramial 

smaller, entire ; scales acute, close : rays whitish, short. Old fields. 6' — 30'.— Yaries 
greatly. Lvs. 5'— 1^ broad or narrow. Hds. dense or scattered. Eays 15 -t-, 2—3". 



164 OiiDEK TO.— COMPOSIT^E. 

42 A. siiuplex Willd. Loosely corymbous-pauiculate, smootliit^h ; Ivs. lanceolate, 
acuminate, the lower serrate ; heads .scattered ; scales loosely imbricated, linear-subu- 
late. Low grounds : common. 8 — Of. Heads twice larger than No. 41, blue to white. 

/3. ftiverg-ens. Diffusely branched, loosely racemous ; branches hairy in lines. 

43 A, tenuifoliiis L. Paniculate-branching, with l-flowered branchlets ; Ivs. linear- 
lanceolate to lance-linear, slender-pointed, sessile, remotely serralate, upper entire ; 
scales linear-subulate, equalling the disk. Moist .fields. 2— 6f. 

|8. bellidiUbrus . Leaves scabrous, slightly clasping ; scales loosely imbricated. 
y. distichtts. Leaves and strict ascending branches in 2 rows ! 111. (Mr. J. Wolf.) 

44 A. swljasper Lindl. ? Pubescent above ; racemous-branched, branches short, 
dense-fiwd. ; Ivs. lance-acuminate, appressed-serrate, rough, attenuate to a petiole, up- 
per reduced, entire, sessile ; invol. closely imbricated ; rays purp. Dry. Dl. 2f. (Wolf.) 

45 A. ericoades L. Smoothish ; branches virgate, branchlets secund, 1-headed ; Ivs. 
lance-lin. to subulate ; hds. small ; sc. as long as disk, with subulate-mucronate spread- 
ing tips. Kocky fields. l-3f. Lvs. 4-4", attenuate-mucronate. Rays white or purplish. 

46 A. racemosus Ell. Rough-downy; branches slender, erect ; hds. very small (2'0, 
spicate-racemous, crowded above ; Ivs. linear, sessile, rigid, 3' — 3'^. Coast, S. Car. 3f. 

47 A. multiflorus L. Grayish-downy, diffusely branched ; Ivs. linear, entire, sess., 
obtusc-mucronate ; hds. small ; sc. with obtusish spreading tips. Dry fields. If. Very 
bushy, with crowded racemes. Rays about 12, pale, 2—3'" long. 

48 A. graniinifolius Ph. Slender, with filiform erect branches, G — 12'; Ivs. linear, 
crowded below ; ped. slender, leafless, 1-flwd. ; sc. subulate-linear ; rays about 20, white 
or rose. Rocks, Vt. N. H. : rare. (Willoughby Lake, Vt., Bradford, Yt., White Mts.) 

49 A. acuminatus Mx. St. simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymboua 
panicle above ; Ivs. broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acu- 
minate ; scales lax, linear. Wooded hills, N. If. Rays 12 + , long, white. 

50 A. nemoralis Ait. Branches corymbed or ; ped. 1-flwd., nearly naked, filiform ; 
Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, veinless, subentire ; sc. very acute, loose, 
shorter than the disk ; rays long, about 20. Wet woods. If. White-purple. 

51 A. ptarmicoides T. & G. St. corymbous-fastigiate above; Ivs. lin. -lanceolate, 
acute, rough-margined, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short petiole ; 
rays short, snow-white. Rocky shores, Yt. to Mo. Rare. Heads rather large. 

52 A. flexnosus N. Smooth, slender, flexuous ; branches leafy, 1-flwd. ; Ivs. fleshy, 
long-lance-linear to subulate ; hds. large ; rays short, many, purple. Marshes. If. 

53 A, Cliapmanii T. & G. Smooth, slender, strict; branches filiform, 1-flwd. ; Ivs, 
linear-subulate ; rays longer than invol., 20—30, purp. ; cyps. glabrous. Swamps, Fla. 

54 A, linifolius L. Sea Aster. ® Smooth, much branched, paniculate; Ivs. lance- 
linear to subulate ; scales in 3 rows ; rays minute, scarcely exserted. Marshes.- If. 

55 A. subulatus Mx. (i) Smooth, slender, much branched, corymbed; Ivs. linear- 
subulate ; rays many, narroAv, in 1 row, longer than the disk, blue. Wet. S. 1 — 3f. 

/3. 6ocilis, Taller (2 — If), less branched ; heads few, rays pale purple. Ga. 

19. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. Double-bristled Aster. Eay-flov/ers 
about 13, ? . Disk-flowers oo, 5 . Invol. imbricate. Scales narrow, des- 
titute of green tips. Recep. flat, subalveolate. Pap. double, the exterior 
very sliort (about ^" long), interior copious, capillary. Fruit compressed. 
If Lvs. entire, alternate. Heads corymbous or few, rays cyanic, disk yellow. 

§ Rays A'iolet. Achenia silky. Bristles of the inner pappus alike. Sept. Oct No. 1 

§ Rays whitish. Some of the longer bristles clavellate. — Ach. smoothish. Aug. . Nos. 2, 3 

— Ach. villous. Sept. Oct. . .No. 4 

1 I>. linariifolius Hook. St. clustered, leafy; branches 1-flwd., fastigiate ; lvs. lin., 

entire, 1-veined, obtuse, rigid, rough. Dry places. If Heads rather large, showy. 

2 I>. umbellatus Hook. Smooth, simple, strict, with 00 heads in a level coi7mb; 



Oeder 70.— composite. 165 

Ivs. long (4-60, lanceolate, acuminate ; so. obtuse ; fr. pubes. in lines. Low grounds. 
2 — 4f. Stems purplish. Eays about 12, 3 — 4'' long. Handsome. 
/3. amysrdalinus, St. roughish above ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate ; sc. rather loose. 2-3f. 

3 I>. cornifolius Less. Kough above, some hairy in lines ; hds. few, corym. -panicu- 

late ; Ivs. elliptical, thin, long-pointed both ways, entire ; scales shorter than the disk, 
obtuse ; cypsela glabrous. Woods, Can. to Car. 1—21'. Eays about 10, white. 

4 B. ©"bovatus (Ell.) Cinereous-pubescent : heads corymbed ; Ivs. obovate-oblong, 

acute ; sc. lin. -subulate, rusty yellow ; fr. villous ; rays white. Damp shades, S. 2— 3f. 

20. ERIGBRON, L. Fleabaisie. White-weed. Heads subhemi- 
splierical. Ray-flowers $ (40 — 200), narrow, linear. Fls. of the disk 5 , GO. 
Recep. flat, naked. Scales of the involucre nearly in one row and equal. 
Pap. generally simple. Herbs with alternate Ivs., rays cyanic, disk yellow. 

§ Rays minute, shorter than the cylindrical involucre, white. Pappus simple 1, 2, 10. 

§ Eays long, showy, 30 — 40. Pappus simple. L vs. all radical. Hds. corymbous..No. 3 
§ Eays long, showy, 50 — 200. — a Pappus simple. Leaves clasping. Corymbous. . .Nos. 4 — 6 

— a Pappus double. Leaves sessile. Corymbous Nos. 7 — 9 

1 E. Canadense L. Erect ; invol. oblong ; rays 40—50, crowded, minute ; pap. sim- 
ple ; stem hairy, paniculate ; leaves lanceolate. ® A common weed. 6'— 6f. Jl. — Oct. 
jj E. divarica-tum. Mx. Decumbent and diffusely branched, hirsute ; Ivs. linear and 
subulate ; hds. very small, loosely corymbous. (g) Dry soil, W. and S-W. 6' — 2f. Purp. 

3 E. nudicaule Mx. Glabrous ; Ivs. obovate or spatulate, radical, rosulate, entire ; 

hds. few ; rays narroAV, white. % Pine-barrens, S. Scape bracted, slender. IS''. Jn. Jl. 

4 E. "bellidifolium Muhl. Eobins'' Plantain. Hirsute; radical ivs. obovate, obtuse, 

subserrate ; stem Ivs. remote, mostly entire, clasping ; hds. 3—7 ; rays 50 — 60, purple, 
linear- spatulate. 7i Dry soils : common. 1 — 2f. May, June. Handsome. 

5 E. Pliiladelpliicuiii L. Pubescent or hirsute; Ivs. thin, lower spatulate, cre- 

nate-dentate, upper clasping, sometimes cordate-auriculate ; heads few, on long, slen- 
der ped. ; rays 150-200, filiform, reddish, ii Damp : com. 2f. St. Ivs. various. Jn.-Aug. 

6 E. quercifolium Lam. Pubescent ; root Ivs. oblong-obovate, lyrate-pinnatifid, or 

deeply sinuate-toothed, the cauline sharply serrate, clasping ; heads 00, small, with 
innumerable filiform flesh-colored rays. 21 Low grounds. S. May. 

7 E. a.nnuuiii Pers. Common Fleabane. White-iueed. Hirsute, branching ; leaves 

coarsely serrate, ovate to lanceolate, the lower on winged stalks ; rays very numei'ous, 
narrows white. (T) (2) Fields : common. 2— 4f. June — Aug. 

8 E. strigosuni L. Eough, with short, appressed hairs, or nearly smooth ; Ivs. lan- 

ceolate, tapering to each end, entire, or with a few large teeth in the middle, lower ones 
3-veined and petiolate ; pan. corymbous, white. (2) Grass lands : com. 2f. Jn.— Oct. 

9 E. glabellum Nutt. Lvs. smooth, entire, spatulate, long-tapering at base, upper 

lanceolate and lance-linear, sessile, acuminate ; heads 4—6, pubescent ; rays very nu- 
merous, pale blue. Wis. to Dak. 12' — 18'. July, Aug. 

10 E. acre L. Erect, If; lvs. entire, oblong to lanceolate ; heads few or many, hemi- 
spherical, with bluish-purple rays as long as the pappus. Lake Superior (Porter). 

21. OALLISTEPHUS, Cass. China Aster. Ray flowers ?, 00, disk- 
flowers ^ . Involucre hemispherical. Recep. subconvex. Pappus double, 
each in 1 series, outer series short, chafly-setaceous, with the setae united 
into a crown ; inner series of long, filiform, scabrous, deciduous bristles. 

C. Chinensis. Stem hispid ; branches divergent, 1-flwd. ; leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, 
petiolate, cauline ones sessile, cuneate at base. China ? Cultivation has produced 
innumerable varieties, double and semi-double, of every color. Aug., Sept. ® 

22. BELLIS, L. Garden Daisy. Rays go, ?. Disk ^. Involucel 



166 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

hemisplierical, of equal scales. Recep. subalveolate, conical. Pap. none. 

@ U Heads solitary. 

1 B. integrifolia Mx. Annual, diffusely branched ; Ivs. entire, spatulate-obovate to 

lauce-oW. ; sc. with scarious margins ; rays violet-purp. Ky. to Tex. 6-12'. Mar.-May. 

2 B. PERENNis. Perennial, acaulescent ; root creeping ; scape naked, single-flwd. ; IvB. 

obovate, crenate. Europe. 3—4'. Fls. white, double, quilled, &c. June— Aug. 

23. DAHLIA, L. Rays ? . Disk 5 . In vol. double, the outer series 
of many distinct scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base. Recep. chaffy. 
Pappus none, if Splendid Mexican herbs. Leaves opposite, pinnate. 

B. VAKiABiLis. Lfts. ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 3 — 7 in number ; stems stout, 
widely branched ; heads solitary, very large ; root tuberous. Colors exceedingly 
variable and splendid. Heads about 3' diameter ; but a variety (the bouquet Dahlia) 
has the heads from 1^ to 2' broad. 

24. BOLTONIA, L'Her. Ray-flowers ? , in a single series, those of the 
disk tubular, y . Scales in 2 series, appressed, with membranous margins. 
Recep. convex, punctate. Cyp. flat, 2- or 3-winged. Pap. of minute setoe, 
2 (to 4) of them usually lengthened into awns, if Glabrous, loosely branch- 
ing. Leaves sessile. Rays white. Ang. — Oct. 

1 B. asteroides L'Her. Lvs. lanceolate, all entire ; heads corymbed; fruit broadly- 

oval with a few minute setaj, — no awns. Swamps, Pa. to Ga. 1 — 3f. Eays 13 — 20. 

2 B. glastifolia L'Her. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, the lowest serrate ; heads in a loose 

paniculate corymb ; fruit obovate, with 2 long awns. Prairies, W. & S. 3— 7f. Kays 30. 

3 B. deciirrens, Lvs. lance-oblong, the broad base decurrent on the green, winged 

stem ; heads corymbed, globular in fruit ; fruit obovate, with 2 awns and several mi- 
nute bristles ; rays purple. Bottoms. 111. (J. Wolf.) (B. glastifolia. /3. ? T. & G.) 

4 B. diffusa Ell. Lvs. lance-linear to subulate, entire ; hds. small, in a diffuse panicle ; 

fruit obovate, with 2 short (lialf its own length) awns. Prairies, W. & S. 3 — 6f. 

25. BRACHYCH.ffiTA, T. & G. False Goldenrod. Pap. a single 

row of scale-like bristles, shorter than the obconic cypsela. Otherwise as in 

Solidago. The golden yellow heads arranged in little clusters, forming 1 or 

more unilateral racemes. 

B. cordata T. & G.— Woods, E. Ky. (at Cumberland Gap) to Ga. along the mountains. 
2-4f. Lvs. ovate, cordate, the lower petiolate, serrate. Hds. small (3" long). Aug.-Oct. 

26. SOLIDAGO, L. Goldenrod. Fls. of the ray about 5, 2 , remote ; 
of the disk ^ . Invol. oblong, imbricate, with appressed scales. Recep. 
punctate, narrow. Pap. simple, capillary, scabrous. U Very abundant in 
the U. S. Stem erect, bi-ancliing near the top. Lvs. alternate. Hds. small, 
with 1 — 15 (very rarely 0) small rays. Fls. yellow (one species w^hitish), 
expanding in the autumnal months. Fig. 319. 

§ Shrubs 1— 3f. Leaves punctate, veinless, entire. Eays 1—3. Chrysoma No. 1 

§ Herbs. Scales of involucre with spreading herbaceous tips. Chrtsasteum. . .i^os. 2—4 
§ Herbs. Scales imbricated, erect, scarious, seldom herbaceous., .(a) 

a Inflorescence chiefly axillary, in clusters or short racemes. . .(6) 

a Inflorescence terminal, virgate or paniculate. . . {d) 

a Inflorescence terminal, in a fastigiate corymb. . .{s) 

b Rays white or cream-white. Clusters approximate above No. 5 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 167 

6 Rays golden yelloAV.— c Cj-psela glabrous. Scales acute Nos. 6, 7 

— c Cypsela pubescent. Scales obtuse Nos. 8 — 10 

d Clusters or racemes erect, not secund. Leaves feather-veined. . .(e) 
d Clusters or racemes recurved and secund (one-sided). . .{g) 

e Heads large, -^vitti loose scales. Alpine plants Nos. 11—13 

e Heads not large.—/ Plants glabrous. Eays 4 — 7 Nos. 14 — 16 

— / Plants soft-downy. Eays 9—12 \. .Nos. 17, 18 

g Leaves evidently feather-veined, mostly serrate . . . {m) 

g Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, not maritime. . .(Ii) 

g Leaves 3- or 1-veined, fleshy. Very smooth, salt-marsh herbs Nos. 19, 20 

g Leaves not veiny, thick, subentire. Herbs some downy, inland. . . Nos. 21 — 23 

h Leaves entire or very nearly so Nos. 24^26 

h Leaves serrate. — Ic Stem smooth and glabrous Nos. 2T — 29 

— Jc Stem roughish-pubescent Nos. 30, 31 

m Heads discoid, rays none. Southern Nos. 32, 33 

m Heads radiate. — n St. hairy or downy. Lvs. rough or smooth. .Nos. 34 — 37 

— n St. glab. Lvs. glab. or not. — o Rays 1 — 5 Nos. 38 — 40 

— Rays 6—12.. (i;) 

p Racemes distant, loosely if at all panicled Nos. 41, 42 

p Racemes close, forming a compact panicle Nos. 43 — 45 

s Hds. large, rays fewer than the disk fls. — x St. and lane. lvs. smooth. .Nos. 46-49 

— X Plant hairy. Lvs. oblong.. Nos. 50, 51 
s Hds. small, rays more numerous than the disk flowers. EuTHAaiiA. .Nos. 52, 53 

1 S. pauciflosculosa Mx. Bushy, glabrous, glaucous and some viscid ; lvs. lance- 
linear, entire, sessile ; rac. erect, panicled ; fls. 5—7, rays 1 — 3, large. Coast, S. 

Jl S. discoidea (Ell.) Downy-canescent ; hds. about 12-flwd., with no rays ; rac. erect, 
in a long, narrow panicle ; lvs. ovate to lanceolate, serrate. Ga. Fla., and W. 3f. 

3 S. squarrosa Muhl. Pubescent ; hds. very large, 00-flwd., rays 9 — 12 ; panicle long, 

spike-like ; lvs. smooth, broad-oval to elliptic, serrate. Hills, Can. to Ga. 2— 5f. 

4 S. petiolaris Ait. Pubescent, striate; hds. 20-25-flwd., rays 6 — 10: rac. long, com- 

pound ; lvs. rough, small, oval to elliptic, the upper subpetiolate ; scales subulate, the 
outer herbaceous, loose, spreading. Uplands, S. and W. 1 — 3f. (S. squarrulosa, C-B.) 

5 S. Ijicolor L. Hairy, simple ; leaves elliptical, the lower serrate ; heads glomerate, 

virgate-panicled above ; scales obtuse ; rays about 8, tvJiitish. Hills. 2f. 
p. hirsuta, Rays yellow, as well as the disk flowers. Penn. (S. hirsuta N.) 

6 S. IBiick.leyi T. & G. Yillous-pabescent ; leaves oblong, serrate, acute at each end ; 

clusters shorter than the leaves ; fls. 1.5 — 20, rays 4 — 6 ; scales glabrous, rather acute ; 
fruit compressed, glabrous. Interior of Alabama. 2 — 3f. Leaves 3^ October. 

7 S. monticola (T. & G.) Stem terete, slender, puberulent above ; lvs. oblong-lance- 

olate, pointed, subserrate ; rac. approx. ; fls. 12 — 15 ; fr. glabrous. Mts. N. Car. (Curtis). 

8 S. latifolia Muhl. Stem flexuous, angular, downy above ; lvs. broad-ovate or oval, 

acuminate both ways, deeply serrate ; racemes axillary and terminal, dense or loose ; 
cypsela silky-pubescent ; flowers 9 — 12, rays 3 — 4. Woody vales. 2f. 
/3. pnbens. Pubescent, becoming woolly above. Mts. N. Car. (M. A. Curtis). 

9 S. ambigua Ait. Smooth or smoothish ; st. tall, angled ; lvs. long-lanceolate, acu- 

minate, finely serrate, the upper reduced and shorter than the racemes ; heads large ; 
scales obtuse, oblong ; fruit hairy. Mts. N. Car. 3f. Leaves 4—5''. 
/3. Curtisii (T. & G.) Rac. shorter than the lvs. ; sc. lin.-oblong ; fr. silky. N. Car. 

10 S. csesia L. Stem slender, recurved at top, terete, smooth, glaucous ; lvs. lin. -lan- 
ceolate, pointed, the lower serrate ; fls. 6—10, rays 3 — 5, oval ; racemes axillaiy, usually 
short ; fruit puberulent. Hilly woods. 2— 4f, Very elegant, wreath-like. 

lis. tliyrsoidea Meyer. St. stout, simple, angular ; lvs. ovate, acute, sharply and 
unequally toothed, the lower on long petioles ; hds. large, in a narrow, downy raceme 
or panicle, rays 8-10 ; cyp. glabrous. Mt. woods, Me. to N-T. l-4f. Coarse and showy. 



168 Order 70.— COMPOSITiE. 

12 S. Virgaiirea L. jS. alpina (Bw.) St. dwarf, furrowed, simple; Ivs. oval, eub- 
serrate or entire, narrowed to a petiole, upper lanceolate ; hds. few (1 — 9), large, rays 
10—12 ; sc. acute, very thin. Tops of high mts. Me. to N. Y., shores of L. Sup. 3—6'. 

y. g-lomerata. Taller ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, serrate ; hds. very large. Mts. jST. Car. 

1 3 S. ISLiamilis Ph. Glabrous, simple ; Ivs. oblanceolate, crenate-serrate, acute, the 
lower obtuse, petiolate ; rac. paniculate ; hds. middle-size, about 12-flwd. ; sc. obtuse. 
Mt. streams, N. II. and N. 6—13' — 2f. — ^Varies with the branches pubescent above. 

14 S. virgata Mx. Tall, virgate, with a simple raceme at top ; Ivs. thlckish, entire, 
oblanceolate, the lower subserrate,petiolate ; hds. about 15-flwd., rays 6 — 7 ; fr. pubes- 
cent. Damp pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. 3— 5f. Rac. 6' — If long, of small clusters. 

15 S. stricta Ait. Strict, simple: Ivs. lanceolate, lower serrate, very long-petiolate, 
upper entire ; panicle slender ; heads 10-12-flowered ; scales obtuse ; rays 5 or 6. Wet 
woods, N. 2f. 

1 6 S. speciosa N. Stout, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, thick, lower very broad, sub- 
serrate, petiolate ; panicle thyrsoid ; ped. pubescent ; rays, 6 — 8, large. Thickets : 
not common. 3— 6f. Very handsome. — Varies with the panicle slender or virgate. 

17 S. verna Cui'tis. Hoary-pubescent; stem few-lvd., loosely paniculate ; Ivs. ovate 
to lance-ovate, the lower finely serrate ; rays 10 — 12. Barrens, S. Fls. in May, June. 

18 S. puberiila N. Puberulent as if dusty, strict, simple ; Ivs. oblanceolate to lan- 
ceolate, the lower subsei-rate ; pan. dense, compound ; sc. linear-subulate ; fls. 20 — 25, 
rays about 10, elongated. In woods. Stem purplish, 2 — 3f. Heads rather large. 

1 9 S. sempervirens L. Lvs. thick, lanceolate, entire, obscurely 3-veined ; hds. pa- 
niculate, 25-30-flwd., rays 8— 10; ped. scabrous-pubescent. Marshes. 3— 6f. Handsome. 

20 S. aiigustilolia Ell. Lvs. thick, entire, erect, 1-veined, the lower lanceolate ; pan. 
dense, virgate ; hds. 15-20-flowered, rays 7 ; ped. glabrous. Swamps, S. 2 — 4f. 

21 S. pilosa Walt. Hirsute, tall, stout; lvs. lance-oblong to lance-ovate, remotely 
serrulate, rough ; rays minute, 2 — 10, disk-fls. 5 — 6. Damp barrens, N. J. and S. 4-7f. 

22 S. odora Ait. St. terete, smoothish, slender; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, abrupt at base, 
acute, pellucid-punctate ; rays 2 — 4, disk-fls. 3—4. Dry hills and woods. 2 — 3f. The 
plant is yellowish-green, fragrant, and yields by distillation a fragrant oil. 

/3. reirdrsa, Lvs. linear to subulate, acute, often twisted ; rays 1—3. Ga. 

23 S. tortifolia Ell. St. rough-pubescent ; lvs. many, linear, small, subentire, not 
punctate, often twisted at base ; sc. obtuse ; rays 3-5, disk-fls. 3-5. Dry fields, S. 2-3f. 

24 S. nemoralis Ait. Dusty-subtomentous ; lvs. obscurely 3-veined, roughish, acute, 
attenuate at base ; hds. small ; fls. 10—15, rays 5 — 6, conspicuous. Dry fields, roadsides. 
l-2f. — Varies with stem much branched, or with stem and panicle simple and slender. 

25 S. rupestris Eaf. Smooth, slender ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, plainly 3-veined ; hds. 
small, in a simple panicle ; fls. 15, rays very short. Rocky banks, Ind. Ky. 2 — 3f. 

26 S. liCavenwortliii T. & G. St. minutely downy, very leafy; Ivs. smooth, iin.- 
lanceolate, entire above ; panicle open ; heads rather large ; ray and disk flowers each 
10-12. Damp soils. South. 2—3 feet high. 

27 S. Missouriensis N. Low, simple ; lvs. lance-lin., tapering both ways, shining, 
the lowest oblanceolate, with slender serratures ; rac. small, dense ; pedicels glabrous ; 
hds. small, 12-15-flwd. ; sc. with greenish tips ; rays about 8. Dry prairies, HI. Mo. l-2f. 

28 S. serotiiia Willd. St. terete, striate, tall ; lvs. slightly serrate, lin.-lanceolate, veins 
beneath pubescent ; ped. pubescent ; hds. small, 15-20-flwd. Loav grounds. .3-6f. 

29 S. gigantea Ait. St. striate, tall ; lvs. lanceolate, Avith sharp, spreading serratures ; 
strongly 3-veined ; pan. downy-hirsute ; hds. 15-20-flwd. 4-7f. Generally much branched. 

30 S. Canadensis L. St. downy ; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rough ; hds. very numer- 
ous and small ; fls. 12 — 17, rays short and obscure, about 7. Copses, hedges : com. 2-5f. 

^, procera, St. and lvs. beneath villous ; hds. and rays larger. Low grounds. 4— 7f. 

31 S, Sliortii T. & G. St. minutely rough-downy; lvs. lance-oblong, acute, smooth; 
pan. contracted, elongated ; sc. with greenish tips ; fls. 10-15, rays 5-7. O. Ky. 2f. 

32 S. gracillima T. & G. Smooth, slender; lvs. lance-spatulate, obtuse, to linear, 
entire ; panicle narrow, hd?. 9-12-flowercd, scales obtuse ; rays 0. Barrens, Fla. 2f. 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 169 

33 S. bracliyphylla Chapm. Pubescent; leaves spatulate to round-oval, serrulate ; 
rac. spreading ; scales obtuse, rigid ; disk-fls. 3—5, rays 0. Dry soils, Ga. Fla. 3f. 

34: S. altisslma L. Hairy, tall ; Ivs. lanceolate, very veiny, rough and wrinkled, the 
lower serrate ; scales acute ; rays 6—8. Fields : common. 3 — 5f. Variable. 

35 S. ©runiiMondii T. & G. Minutely velvety ; Ivs. ovate or broad-oval, acute both 
ways, sharply serrate, veiny ; scales oblong-obtuse ; rays 4-5. 111. opp. St. Louis. l-2f. 

3G S. r^dula N. Kough-downy, simple; Ivs. oblong-spatulate, tapering to base, ser- 
rate above, very rough and rigid ; hds. small, rays 5, disk-fls. 3-6. 111. to La. 1— 2f. 

3T S. aniplexieaMli.s T. & G. Eough-pubescent, sub simple ; Ivs. broad-cordate to 
ovate, serrate ; petioles wing-clasping ; rays 1 — 3. Dry woods, W. Fla. to La. 2 — 3f. 

38 S. iiliiaifolia Wilkl. Stem glabrous, with hairy branches ; Ivs. thin, elliptic-ovate, 
acuminate, serrate, tapering to base, smooth above, villous beneath ; raceme recurved- 
spreading; hds. small, scales acute, rays 3 — 4, disk-fls. 3 — 4. Thickets, IST. and W. 3f. 

39 S. Sootii Hook. Stem glabrous, with hairy branches ; Ivs. ovate to lance-ovate, 
pointed at both ends, serrate ; pan. long, loose ; hds. middle-size, scales oblong, ob- 
tuse ; rays 2—5, disk-flowers 8—12. Sandy soils, S. 2— 3f.— Varies with stem downy. 

40 S. linoides Sol. Smooth throughout, slender, simple; Ivs. lanceolate, finely ser- 
rate ; scales oblong-linear, obtuse ; hds. small, rays 1 — 4, disk 4—5. Bogs, near Bos- 
ton to N. J. 12 — 20'. Racemes of the panicle short, secund, at length spreading. 

41 S. OTulileiibergliii T. & G. St. furrowed; Ivs. smooth both sides, strongly ser- 
rate, ovate to lanceolate, pointed both ways ; rac. axillary, remote, spreading ; hds. 
15-20-flowered, scales linear, obtuse. Damp woods, N. H. to Pa. 2— 3f. 

42 S. patula Muhl. St. angular-striate ; Ivs. elliptic, acute, serrate, very rough above, 
the lower oblong-spatulate ; panicle loose ; scales obtuse, flowers 12-15. N. andW. 3f. 

43 S. clliptiea Ait. Glabrous, leafy ; Ivs. elliptical, acute both ways, subserrate ; pan. 
pyramidal ; rays very short, 5 — 8, disk-fls. 6—7 ; scales obtuse. Marshes, R. I. to Ga. 

(3. l^lliottii. Panicle more widely spreading. Soirth. (S. Elliottii T. & G.) 

44 S. argiita Ait. Strict; Ivs. smooth, unequally serrate with divergent teeth, ob- 
long-ovate to elliptical ; pan. corymbous ; rays about 10, disk-fls. 9 — 10 ; cyp. smooth. 
Woods, meadows : common. 3f. Plant smooth and shining. 

j3. Jnncea» Leaves lanceolate, upper entire ; rays twice longer than involucre. 

45 S. neglecta T. & G. St. striate ; leaves lanceolate to linear, the lower divergent- 
serrate, long-stalked; panicle oblong or pyramidal; rays 6—10, disk-flowers T— 12; 
cypsela smooth. Swamps, Me. to Penn., and W. 3 — 4f. Root leaves 6 — 12'. 

46 S. Oliiensis Riddell. Entirely smooth ; Ivs. entire, lanceolate, flat, obtuse, to ob- 
long-lanceolate, abruptly-acute, the lower on long stalks ; hds. numerous, large, 15-20- 
flowered, rays about 6. Meadows and pi-airies. West N-Y. to Ind. and Wis. 2— 3f. 

47 8. Riddellii Frank. Stout, nearly smooth ; root Ivs. very long, lance-linear, long- 
pointed, on long petioles, the cauline clasping, carinate, acute ; heads 20-24-flowered, 
densely clustered in the level corymb. Wet prairies, O. to Mo., and N. 15— SO''. 

48 S. corymbosa Ell. Glabrous, with the corymbous branches hirsute ; Ivs. sessile, 
lance-obl., thick, rigid, smooth ; hds. large, rays 10, disk-fls. 20 ; fr. smooth. Ga. 4 — 6f. 

49 S. Hoiiglitonii T. & G. Low, smooth ; Ivs. lin. -lanceolate, acutish, flat, entire, 
tapering to base or petiole ; hds. few, large, 20-30-flwd., rays 9 or 10. N. Y. Mich. 1 — 2f. 

50 S. rigida L. Stout, rough-hairy ; Ivs. rigid, ovate to oblong, serrate, upper minute ; 
hds. very large (4-5''0, scales obtuse, rays 7-10, disk-fls. 25-1- . Dry. Ct., S. andW. 3-5f. 

5 1 S. spitliamaea Curt. Low, villous ; Ivs. lance-oval to oblong, thin, sharply serrate ; 
hds. middle-size ; scales lanceolate, acute : rays 6 — 8, disk-fls. 15 — 20. High mts. N. Car. 

52 S. lanceolata Ait. St. angular, hairy, much branched ; ivs. lin. -lanceolate, entire, 
3-veined ; rays minute, about 17, disk-fls. 10. Meadows, copses: com. 2-4f. Fragrant. 

53 S. testiiiifolia Ph. St. angular, smooth, much branched ; Ivs. narrowly linear, 1- 
veined, the axils leafy; corymb open, loose ; rays about 10. Dry fields, coastward. 

27. BIGELOVIA, DC. Fls. 3—4, all tubular, $ . Rays 0. Invol. cy- 
lindrical, a.s long as the flowers. Scales rigid, linear, closely imbricated. 



170 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

Recep. pointed by a scale-like cusp. Fr. obconic, hirsute. Pap. bristles in 
one row. U Glabrous, slender. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads fastigi- 
ately corymbous, witli yellow flowers and colored scales. 

B. virgata DC— Swamps, N. J. to Fla. and La. 1— 2f. With virgate branches from 
base. Lvs. narrowly lin., l-veined, the cauline lin.-spatulate. Sc. glutinous. Aug.-Oct. 

28. ISOPAPPUS, T. & G. Ray-fls. 5—12, 5 ; disk-fls. 10—20, ^ . Scales 
of the invol. lance-subulate, closely imbricated. Recep. alyeolate. Fr. te- 
rete, silky-villous. Pap. a single row of equal capillary bristles. (2) Rough- 
hairy, branching, with alternate leaves and loose panicles. Aug. — Oct. 

I. divaricatus T. & G. Scabrous, hispid ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, taper-pointed each way; 
ped. slender, naked ; rays 6-8, disk-fls. 10-13 ; pappus tawny. Dry. Ga. Fla. to Tex. 
\ 

29. HETEROTHEOA, Cass. Hds. oo-flowered. Rays in one series, 

2 ; disk-fls. ^ . Scales imbricated, appressed. Recep. alveolate, fringed. 

Fr. minutely canescent, of the ray without pappus (naked), of the disk with 

a double pap., the outer very short, scale-like, the inner of capillary bristles. 

U Hairy, corymbously branched, with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. 

H. sea,l»i*a DC. St. flexuous, striate ; lvs. scabrous, oblong-ovate, dentate ; pet. wing- 
clasping ; hds. large, rays 15-20 ; pap. tawny red, the outer white. S. 2-3f. Sept. Oct. 

30. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Hds. OO-flowered. Ray-fls. ? ; disk-fls. 5 . 
Invol. imbricate. Recep. subalveolate, flat. Pap. of the ray and disk simi- 
lar, 'double, the exterior short, interior copious, capillary, brownish. Cyp. 
haiiy, compressed. If (2) Hairy, with alternate and entire leaves and yel- 
low flow^ers. Heads corymbous. 

§ Leaves linear and lance-linear, grass-like, veined. C3rpsela linear Nos. 1 — 4 

§ Leaves oblong. Cypsela clavellate. — a Corymbs simple, umbel-like Nos. 5 — 7 

^ — a Corymbs compound or paniculate . . Nos. 8-10 

1 C. graminifolia N. Canescent with long, silky hairs ; stem leafy to the top ; lvs. 

linear, the upper reduced ; hds. many, large, loosely corymbed. Del. to Fla. 2f. Sept. 

2 C. oligantlia Chapm. Canescent with silky hairs ; st. almost leafless above ; hds. 

quite large, few, on slender peduncles ; lvs. lance-lin. Damp sands, Fla. 2f. Apr. May. 

3 C. pinifolia Ell. Glabrous ; lvs. narrowly linear to setaceous, rigid, erect; hds. soli- 

tary, few ; cyp. villous ; pap. reddish-brown, the outer whitish. Hills, Ga. l-2f. Sept. 

4 C. talcata Ell. Villous ; lvs. somewhat falcate, spreading, naiTow ; hds. small, in 

axillary corymbs ; rays 3-toothed. Dry sands, Ms. to N. J. St. S^ stout, leafy. Sep. Oct. 

5 €. Mariana N. Silky-arachnoid, simple ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, smooth when old, 

the lower spatulate, "rather obtuse, upper reduced, acute ; hds. about 7, large, 15-20- 
rayed ; ped. and acute scales glandular, ii Barrens, N. J. to Fla. 2f. Sept. 

6 C. gossypina N. Cottony-tomentous, simple ; lvs. uniform, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 

the lower tapering to base ; hds. few, large ; ped. short, glandular. (2) Md. to Fla. in 
barrens. 1 — 2f. Lower leaves rarely sinuate-toothed. (C. dentata Ell.) Sept. 
"7 C, villosa N. Yillous-pubescent, leafy to top ; lvs. acute, lower oblong-spatulate, 
upper oblong-linear, bristly-ciliate ; hds. large, umbel expanded. 111. to Ala. 2f. 

8 C. tricliopliylla N. Silky-villous, branching, leafy ; lvs. oblong to lance-linear, 

the lower obtuse; corymb large; ped. and scales smoothish. ©Barrens, S. 2-.Sf. Sept. 

9 C. scaljrella T. & G. Dusty-scabrous, stout, branched ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the 

lower narrowed to base, upper acute ; corymb large ; ped. glandular. Fla. 2f. Oct. 

IOC. dec umbens Chapm. Silky-villous, decumbent ; lvs. lance-oblong, obtuse, with 

leafy axils, lower spat. -oblong ; hds. very large, paniculate, glandular. Fla. 3-4f. Nov. 



Okdeh 70.— composite. 171 

31. CONYZA, L. Gnatbane. Fls. all tubular, tliose of tlie margin ? , 

of th.e centre ,5 or $ . Scales in several rows. Eecep. flat or convex. Cyp. 

compressed. Pap. 1 row of (reel) capil. bristles. — Herbs chiefly trop. Fls. yel. 

C ambigua DC. Cinereous-pubescent; lower Ivs. sinuate-lobed, acute, middle re- 
pand-dentate, upper linear, entire ; Ms. panicled. Ga. S. Car, Ap.-Jl. § (C. sinuata Ell.) 

32. INULA, L. Elecampane. Hcls. many-flowered. Invol. imbricate. 

Ray-fls. numerous, ? ; disk- fls. ^ . Recep. naked. Pap. simple, scabrous. 

Anthers with 2 bristles at base. U Coarse European herbs, with alternate 

leaves and very large yellow heads. 

I. Heleniuiu L. Lvs. amplexicaul, ovate, rugous, downy beneath ; hds. solitary, ter- 
minal ; so. ovate. Pastures and roadsides, N. Eng. to 111. 4-6f. Root lvs. l-3f. Jl. Aug. § 

33. PLUCHEA, DC. Marsh Fleabane. Hds. oo-flowered ; fls. of 
the margin ? , of the centre 5 , but sterile. Invol. imbricated. Recep. flat, 
naked. Sty. undivided. Pap. capillaiy, simple. — Strong-scented herbs, with 
alternate leaves and coiymbs of purple fls., and copious, reddish pappus. 

1 P. 'bifrons DC. Pubescent, leafy; lvs. oval-oblong, acute, finely serrate, cordate- 

amplesicaul, veiny ; heads in compound, corymbous clusters, ii Damp, S. 2f. 

2 P. camplaorata DC. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, sessile or 

Bhort-petioled, serrate ; fls. in crowded coiymbs ; sc. viscid-downy, pointed. (I) Salt 
marshes, Mass. toFla. 1 — 3f. Stout, some fleshy, with upright branches. Aug. Sept. 

3 P. purpurascens DC. Glandular-tomentous ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, on 

slender petioles ; hds. on slender ped. ; sc. downy, acute, (i) Swamps. l-2f. Fla. Sept. 

4 P. foetida DC. Nearly glabrous, very leafy ; lvs. broadly lanceolate, acute or acu- 

minate at each end, petiolate, obtusely subserrate ; heads numerous, in paniculate 
corymbs ; scales smoothish, acute, u Open hills, W. & S. 1 — 2f. Aug. — Oct. 

34. BACCHARIS, L. Groundsel Tree. Hds. discoid, $ ? . Invol. 
imbricate, cylindric, or ovate, with subcoriaceous, ovate scales. $ Sta. 
exserted. Recep. naked. Pap. capillary. }j With alternate leaves and 
white flowers in Autumn. 

1 B. halimllolia L. Whitish-scurfy ; lvs. obovate, incisely- or repand-dentate above, 

the highest lanceolate; panicle compound, leafy; fascicles pedunculate, terminal, in 
a dense panicle. Sea-coast, Conn, to Fla. 6— 12f. A handsome shrub. 

2 B. glomeriiliflora Pers. Minutely scurfy ; lvs. all obovate, very obtuse, repand- 

few-toothed ; heads in sessile, axillary glomerules. Coast, Va. to La. 3 — 6f. 

3 B. angustifolia Mx. Difl'usely branched ; lvs. linear, sessile, entire ; hds. small, 

15-20-flowxred, cylindrical, axillary, loosely paniculate. Marshes, S. 6 — lOf. 
\ 

35. PTEROOAULON, Ell. Black-root. Hds. many-flowered, the 

fertile flow^ers 5 , in several rows, the sterile flowers central, mostly 5 . Sc. 
imbricated, caducous with the fruit, $ corollas 3-toothed, ^ 5-cleft. Cyp. 
angular, hispid. Pap. of equal capillarj'- bristles longer than the involucre. 
U Rhizome tuberous. Leaves alternate, decurrent, and the stem winged. 
Heads sessile, crowded in a thick woolly spike. 

P. pychnostacliiuiii Ell. Simple; lvs. lanceolate, smooth above, cream-white- 
tomentous beneath, as well as one side of the wings of the stem. Sandy soils, S. 2-3f. 
Spike 2—3'. May— Aug. A curious plant. 

36. BORRICHIA, Adans. Sea Ox-eye. Ray-fls. ligulate, ? , fertile. 



172 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

Scales imbricated, the outer leafy. Recep. flat, chaffy, the chaff rigid, per- 
sistent. Fr. 4-angular, crowned with a 4-toothed pappus. }j ^ Maritime, 
with opposite leaves and solitary yellow heads. 

1 B. frutescens DC. Canescent, downy ; Ivs. oblanceolate, repand, obtuse-cuspidate, 

subconnate at base ; chaff of the recep. rigidly cuspidate. Marshes, Va. to Fla. 1— 3f. 

2 B, arborescens DC. Smoothish ; Ivs. spatulate, entire ; chaff obtuse. S. Fla. 8f. 

37. ECLIPTA, L. Ray-fls. ? , numerous, narrow ; disk $ , mostly 4- 
toothed. Scales 10 — 12, in two roAvs, leafy, lance-ovate. Recep. flat. Chaff 
bristly. Cypsela somewhat angular or 2-edged. Pap. 0. (i) Strigous. Lvs. 
opposite. Heads axillary and terminal, solitary. Flowers white. Fig. 72. 
E. alba (L.) Erect or diffuse, with short, appressed hairs ; lvs. lance-oblong, tapering to 

each end, subserrate ; ped. longer than the hds. ; scales lanceolate. Damp soils, 111. to 
Md.,andS. l-3f. Rays minute. (E. erectaL. E. procumbens Mx. Cotula alba L., &c.) 

38. GALINSOGA, R. & P. Rays 4 or 5, small, obtuse, 5 . Invol. 
scales 4 or 5, ovate, thin. Recep. conical, chaffy. Cyp. angular. Pappus 
of small, fringed scales, or 0. (i) Leaves opposite, 3-veined. Heads small, 
with white rays and yellow disk-flowers. 

O. parvifl^ra Cav. Lvs. ovate, acute, subserrate ; pap. scales 8—16. A weed in cul- 
tivated grounds, coastward, Mass. to Penn. 1— 3f. Summer. § S. America. 

39. POIjYMNIA, L. Leaf-cup. Involucre double, outer of 4 or 5 
large, leafy scales, inner of about 10 leaflets, concave. Ray-flowers pistil- 
late, few ; disk sterile. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none. U Coarse and 
clammy. Leaves opposite. Flowers yellow. 

1 P. Canadensis L. Viscid-villous ; lvs. petiolate, acuminate, lower pinnatifid, up- 

per 3-lobed or entire, rays shorter than the invol. Can. to Car. and 111. 3 — 5f. June. 

2 P. UTedalia L. Hairy and rough, stout ; lvs. 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the pet- 

iole, lobes sinuate-angled ; rays 7 — 12, much longer than the involucre. In highland 
woods, N. y. to 111., and S. 3— 6f. Lvs. very large (as also in No. 1). Hds. showy. 

40. OHRYSOGONUM, L. Rays about 5, ? , fertile ; disk ^ but ster- 
ile. Scales in two rows of about 5 each, the outer leafy, the inner chaffy. 
Recep. flat, chaffy. Cyp. of the ray obcompressed, obovate, each embraced 
by a chaff scale, of the disk abortive. Pappus a small, 2-3-toothed crow^n. 
U A little prostrate herb, with opposite leaves and solitary, pedunculate, 
bright yellow vernal flowers. 

C. Virginianuna L. — ^In rich shady soils, Md. to HI., and South. Acaulescent, finally 
caulescent. One of the earliest flowers of Spring. 
/ 

41. SILPHIUM, L. RosiN-WEED. Ray-fls. numerous, in 2 or 3 rows, 

fertile, outer row ligulate ; disk-fls. sterile. Invol. campanulate. Scales in 
several series, leafy and spreading at summit. Recep. small, flat, chaffy. 
Cyp. broad, flat, obcompressed, crowned with a 2-toothed pappus, if Stout, 
coarse, resinous herbs. Heads large. Flowers yellow. Summer. 

* Stem nearly leafless, scape-like. Lvs. very large, alternate, mostly radical Nos. 1—3 

* Stem leafy. — a Leaves verticillate, in whorls of 3'?, rarely 4''s Nos. 4, 5 /3. 

—a Leaves opposite, rarely the highest scattered Nos. 5 — 1 

— a Leaves alternate (the lowest opposite or verticillate or alternate) . .No. 8 
— a Leaves connate-perfoliate No. 9 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 173 

1 S. laciniatam L. Polar Plant Very rough, with white, hispid hairs ; leaves (180 

piniiately parted, petiolate, segments sinuate-lobed or entire ; heads spicate, distant ; 
scales ovate, appendaged and squarrous at apex. Prairies, W. 5 — lOf. July — Sept. 

2 S. terebinthinaceum. L. Prairie Burdock. St. glabrous ; Ivs. ovate to oblong, 

cordate, tooth-serrate, obtuse (1— 2f) ; hds. panicled ; scales round-oval ; rays about 20; 
fr. winged. Prairies, W. and S. 4— 8f. Exudes much resin. Hds. V broad, rays V long. 
j3. pinnatmdwm, Lvs. more or less deeply lobed or pinnatifid. Prairies. 

3 S. coKaposituna Mx. Glabrous throughout ; slender, glaucous ; lvs. cordate, vari- 

ously sinuate-pinnatifid with lobed segments ; hds. corymbed ; fr. roundish-obcordate ; 
rays about 10. Barrens, S. 3— 6f. July, Aug. Varies with leaves only toothed. Hills.. 

4 S. trifoliatum L. St. glabrous, terete or 6-angled ; lvs. lanceolate, acute, short-peti- 

oled, in 3's or 4's, upper opp. ; cyme loose ; fi\ oval, 2-toothed. Drj'-, O. to Fla, 4 — 6f. 

5 S. integrifoliuiu. Mx. Scabrous ; st. 4-angled ; lvs. opp., sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 

entire, cordate ; corymb close ; fr. broad-winged, 2-toothed. Prairies, W. and S. 2— 3f. 
)3. ternatt€m. Stem 6-angled ; lvs. verticillate in 3's. With the common form. 

6 S. scaljerrimuiM. Ell. Rough-hispid ; lvs. rigid, oval, some pointed, serrate, petio- 

late, scales ciliate-serrulate ; fr. roundish, broad-winged, deeply notched at apex. W. 
Ga. to La. 3— 4f. Corymbed. Pays 20, spreading 2^ Fruit G'-'. Aug. Sept. 

7 S. IsevigatuniL Ell. Glabrous ; lvs. lance-oblong, acute, serrate, petiolate ; scales 

ciliate; fruit, large, oval, narrowly winged, emarginate. W. Ga. Ala. 2 — 3f. Heads 
small, loosely corymbed. Pays spreading, li\ Fruit 4". Aug. Sept. 

8 S. Asteriscus L. Hispid or hairy ; lvs. lanceolate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ; scales 

leafy ; fruit broad-obovate, 2-toothed. Dry soils, Va. to Fla. 2 — 4f. June — Aug. 
j3. pumflusn. Downy, low; leaves elliptical; heads small; fruit truncate. 

9 S. perfoliatum L. Ctq>2^lant. Stem square ; leaves large, thin, ovate, forming a 

cup with their connate bases ; heads on long peduncles ; fruit broad-obovate, winged, 
notched. By streams, W. and S. 4 — 7f. Heads large. July, Aug. 
\ 

42. BERLANDIERA, DC. Ray-fls. ? , fertile, in one series ; disk ^ 

but sterile. Scales in tliree series, leafy, siibequal. Eecep. chaffy. Pales 
obtuse. Cyp. all marginal, in one row, obcompressed, wingless, oboyate, 
adherent to the inner scales. Pap. minute. 21 Yelvety-canescent, with alter- 
nate, cordate, petiolate leaves and yellow rays. 

1 IS. toisieiitosa T. & G. Caulescent, simple, white-tomentous ; lvs. oblong, obtuse, 

crenate ; heads in small, dense corymbs. Barrens, S. 1 — 2f. April — Aug. 

2 B. suljacaiilis N. Acaulescent, at length some caulescent, roughish canescent ; 

lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid ; scapes tall, bearing a single head. Ga. Fla. May, June. 

43. MADIA, Molina. Invol. scales as many as the rays, complicate 

and embracing the compressed cypsela3. Recep. chaffy at its border. Rays 

5 — 15, ? ; disk-fis. ^ , but often sterile. Pap. 0. (i) Hairy and glandular. 

M. ELEGANS. Lvs. lancc-Hnear, sessile ; heads corymbed ; rays linear-cuneate, 3-toothed 
at apex, yellow, with a purple base. From California, very showy. (Madaria, DC.) 

44. SPKBNOGYNE, Br. Invol. imbricate. Sc. with broad scarious 
tips. Recep. chaffy, pales embracing the flowers. Rays neutre ; disk-fis. 
$ . Cyp. hairy. Pap. of obtuse, contorted, chaff-scales. — S. Afr. Lvs. alternate. 

S. SPECIOSA. Leaves pinnatifid, with oblong cut segments ; rays linear-oblong, spread- 
ing 2', yellow, disk dark purple, (i) If. Blooms profusely from July to Oct. 

45. PARTHENIUM, L. Rays 5, very short, fertile ; disk-fls. 00, tu- 
bular, sterile. Invol. hemispherical. Sc. in two series, outer ovate, inner 



174 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

orbicular. Recep. conical, chaify. Cyp. 5, compressed, colicring with 2 con- 
tiguous pales. American herbs with alternate leaves. (Flowers white.) 

1 P. integrifoliwm L. Pubescent, rigidly erect ; Ivs. lance-ovate, coarsely dentate- 

crenate, coriaceons ; hds. many, corymbed. 2f Dry. Md., W. and S. 3— 5f. Jl. — Sept. 

2 P. Hysteroplaorus L. Puberuleut, decumbent ; Ivs. bipinnatifid, the upper lin- 

ear ; heads numerous, very small, in a difluse panicle. River banks, Fla. to La. 

46. IVA, L. Marsh Elder. Highwater Shrub. Hds. discoid, mo- 
noecious. Invol. of 3 — 9 scales, distinct or partly united. Marginal fls. 
1 — 5, fertile, the others sterile. Recep. chaffy. Cyp. obconic, obtuse. Pap. 
none. Herbs or shrubs. Lower Ivs. opposite. Hds. small, greenish white. 

1 I. frutescens L. Shrubby; Ivs. fleshy, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, upper lance- 

linear, entire ; hds. axillary; scales 5, distinct, rounded; cypselae 5. Borders of salt 
marshes, Mass. to Fla. 3 — 8f, bushy. Racemes paniculate, hds. drooping. July — Sept. 

2 I. ciliata Willd. Annual, haiiy; Ivs. lance-ovate, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; hds. 

spicate ; sc. 3, distinct, roundish, ciliate ; cyp. 3. Wet. III. to La. 3 — 7f, Aug. — Oct. 

3 I. imbricaria Walt. U Terete, glabrous ; Ivs. fleshy, linear-lanceolate, 3-veined, 

sessile ; heads drooping, in leafy racemes ; scales 6 — 9, obtuse, imbricated in 2 rows, 
with torn edges. Sea-coast, S. 1— 2f. 
^\ 

47. AMBROSIA, Tourn. Horse- weed. Mona3cious. Sterile involucre 

of several scales united into a depressed, hemispherical cup, many-flowered. 
Anth. approximate, but distinct. Fertile involucre 1-leaved, entire or 5- 
toothed, 1-flowered. Cor. 0. Sty. 2. Sta. 0. — Herbaceous plants with mostly 
opposite leaves and unsightly flowers. July — Sept. Figs. 73, 342. 

§ Sterile heads sessile, densely spicate, chaffy. Leaves alternate .No. 1 

§ Sterile heads pedicellate, racemed, not chafiy.— a Leaves opposite No. 2 

— a Leaves alternate Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. bidentata Mx. Hairy and leafy, with simple branches ; Ivs. sessile or clasping, 
oblong, with a single tooth on each side near the base; fertile hds. axillary; fr. 4-au- 
gled, acutely pointed, the ribs produced into 4 short spines. (T) Prairies, 111. to La. l-3f. 

fl A. trifida L. Rough-hairy; Ivs. 3-lobed, serrate, lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; 
fr. with 6 ribs ending below the conical top. (i) Along streams, &c. 5— lOf. Aug. 
/3. integ-rifolia. Leaves ovate, acuminate, often some of them 3-lcbed. 

3 A. artemisiaefolla L. Hog-iueed. Lvs. tw'ice-pinnatifid, smoothish, petioles cili- 

ate; sterile hds. in panicled racemes, fertile axillary, sessile, (i) Gardens, fields. 2-8f. 

4 A. psilostacliia DC. Whitish, w'oolly, branching and leafy; lvs. rigid, the lower 

opp., bipinnatifid, upper pinnatifid ; rac. spike-like ; fr. hairy. ® Prairies, Wis. to Tex. 

48. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Clot-w^eed. Monoecious. S Hds. spicate 
above. Scales distinct, in one row. Anth. approximate, but distinct. Recep. 
chaffy. 5 Invol. clustered below, 2-1 vd., clothed with hooked prickles, 1- or 
2-beaked, enclosing 2 fls. Sta. 0. (i) Coarse weeds with alternate leaves. 

1 X. Strumarium L. Rough, unarmed, branching ; lvs. cordate, lobed, 3-veined, un- 

equally serrate ; fruit elliptical, armed with stifi", hooked thorns, and ending with 2 
spreading, straight horns. Fields, waysides, N., M. 2 — 3f. Aug. Unsightly. 

2 X. spinosum L. Whitish-downy, armed with triple, slender, subaxillary spines ; 

lvs. lance-ovate, 3-lobed, dentate, or entire ; ? invol. oblong. Waysides, &c. 2f. Sept. 

49. MELANTHERA, Cass. Fls. all tubular, 5 . Scales in 2 subequal 
series. Recep. chaffy, the pales partly investing the fls. Cyp. short, truncate, 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 175 

angular. Pap. a few minute caducous awns or bristles, if Scabrous, with 
square stems, opposite, petioled, 3-yeined leaves and long peduncled heads. 
Corolla white. Anthers black, tipped with a white appendage. 

1 M. ]iasta.ta Mx. Lvs. hastately 3-lobed, acuminate, dentate ; sc. lance-ovate, acu- 

minate, pales rigid, cusp-pointed. Diy soils, S. Car. to Fla., and W. 3— 6f. Jl.— Sept. 

2 M. deltoidea Mx. Lvs. ovate-deltoid; scales ovate; pales or cliaff obtuse. S. Fia. 

50. ZINNIA, L. Ray-fls. ligulate, $ ; disk tubular, g . Sc. oval, mar- 
gined, imbricate. Recep. chaffy, conical. Pap. of the disk of 1 or 2 erect, 
flat awns, (i) American herbs, with opposite, entire leaves and solitary 
terminal heads. Rays bright-colored, showy. 

1 Z. multiflora L. Lvs. lance-oblong, sess. ; peduncles scarcely longer than the lvs. ; 

rays oval, shorter than the invol. ; fr. l-a\vned ; pales entire. Fields, S. G'-Sf. May,Jn. § 

2 Z. ELEGANs L. Lvs. ovatc, cordate, sessile and clasping ; peduncles much longer than 

the leaves ; pales serrated ; fruit 2-a-\^Tied. Mexico. 2 — 4f. Fls. single or double, of 
all colors, often brilliant, blooming in gardens throughout the Summer. 

51. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-ete. Invol. imbricate, with ovate, sub- 
equal scales. Rays linear, large, ? ; disk 5 . Recep. chaffy, conical, the 
pales lanceolate. Fruit 4-sided. Pappus 0. if Leaves opposite. Heads 
large. Flowers yellow, like Helianthus. 

H. laevis Pers. St. smooth; lvs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 
3-veined, smooth beneath. Hedges and thickets : common. 3 — 5f. June, July. 
p. g-rdcilis. Slender, 2f ; lvs. lance-ovate, scabrous, acute at base, 
•y. scabra. Stem and leaves scabrous, yellowish ; leaves truncate at base. W. 6f. 

52. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. Hds. radiate. Invol. double, the 
outer of 4 leafy bracts united at base, the inner of 8 small scales similar to 
the chaff of the conical receptacle. Ach. smooth, truncate, destitute of 
pappus. If Clothed with viscid hairs, opposite leaves, with 1 or few yel- 
low-flowered, large heads, on long i)eduncles. 

T. helianthoides L. — Sandy soils, Va., and S. 3f, A stout, coarse, unsightly herb. 
Leaves ovate, sessile, repand-toothed. Eays spreading nearly .S'. April— June. 

53. ECHINACEA, Moench. Purple Coke-flower. Scales of the 
invol. in 2 or 3 rows. Ray-fls. neutral ; disk-fls. 2 . Recep. conic, bristling 
with stiff, spiny pales. Cyp. 4-angled. Pap. a few teeth. If Branches each 
with 1 large head. Leaves alternate. Rays rose-purple, drooping. 

1 E. purpurea Moench. Very rough ; lower lvs. broad-ovate, 5-veined, cauline lance- 

ovate, acuminate, nearly entire ; rays 12 — 13, very long (2 — 3'), bifid. Thickets, W. and 
S. 4f. July-Sept. — Varies in roughness, and with white rays. 

2 E. angustifolia DC. St. hispid, slender; lvs. all entire, hispid-pubescent, 3-vein- 

ed, lanceolate to lance-linear ; rays 12 — 15, narrow, 1—2'' long. Prairies and marshes, 
111. Mo., and S. 2 — 3f. Eays sometimes white. May — July. 

3 E. atroru'bens N. Smooth or rough ; stem simple, furrowed ; lvs. lance-linear to 

linear, rigid, the lower 3-veined ; rays 8—11, shorter than the disk (1') ; scales in 3 
rows ; pappus of 4 teeth. Damp barrens, Ga. Fla., and W. 2f. June— Aug. 

/ 

54. RUDBECKIA, L. Invol. scales nearly equal, leafy, in a double 

row, 6 in each. Ray-fls. neutral ; disk 5 . Recep. conic or columnar, with 



176 Obder 70.— composite. 

unarmed pales or chaff. Cyp. 4-angled. Pap. a lacerate or toothed mar- 
gin, or 0. If Leaves alternate. Heads large. Kays yellow. 

§ Eays large, drooping.— a Leaves divided. Disk ovoid or rounded Nos. 1, 2 

—a Leaves undivided. Disk columnar Nos. 3, 4 

§ Kays spreading. Disk dark purple, conical or rounded. . .(b) 

b Leaves deeply lobed or parted, the upper undivided Nos. 5, 6 

b Leaves undivided.— c Pales of the disk whitish downy Nos. 7, 8 

—c Pales dark purple as well as the flowers Nos. 9—12 

1 JES.. lacinia.ta, L. Glabrous ; lower leaves pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper leaves 

ovate ; disk ovoid, yellowish, pales truncate. Swamps. 3— 5f. Rays near 2'. Aug. 

2 K. lieteropliylla T. & G. Downy ; Ivs. coarsely toothed, 3-5-lobed or parted, the 

lowest often round-cordate, highest ovate ; disk globous ; pales acute. Fla. 4f. Aug. 

3 R. maxima N. Glabrous ; leaves thin, ample, oval to oblong, subentire, the upper 

clasping ; head solitary, on a long ped. ; rays 2'. Wet barrens, Fla. to La. 7f. Aug. 

4 R. nitida N. Glabrous and shining; leaves thick, lanceolate, acute, 3-5-veined ; 

heads few or solitary; disk brown ; rays 9— 12, near 2'. Swamps, S. 4f. July. 

5 R. subtomeiitosa Ph. Tomentons-downy, corymbous ; leaves serrate, the lower 

3-parted or lobed, upper ovate ; disk globular ; pales bearded, obtuse ; raj^s 10—15, 
orange-yellow, V. Prairies, W. and S-W. 3— 5f. July, Aug. 

6 R. trilolba L. Hairy, paniculately branched ; Ivs. coarsely serrate, 3-lobed to ovate- 

lanceolate, the lowest cut-pinnate or undivided ; hds. rather small, disk conical, dark 
purple ; pales smooth, awned. Fields. M., W. 3 — 4f. Aug. Sept. 

7 R. mollis Ell. Soft-woolly all over ; Ivs. oblong, sessile or clasping ; so. reflexed ; 

disk dark purp.,with canescent pales ; rays 15-20, 1'. W. Ga. 2-.3f. Lvs. small. Aug.-Oct. 

8 R. Heliopsidis T. & G. Slightly downy ; lvs. ovate or oval, 5-veined, petiolate ; 

sc. obtuse, sqnarrous, rays 10—12 ; pales canescent. W. Ga. and Ala. l-2f. Aug. Sept. 

9 R. hirta L. Very rongh-hairy ; ped. leafless ; lvs. ovate-spatulate, 3-veined, petio- 

late, mostly entire, upper ones sessile, lance-ovate ; scales in 3 rows ; rays oval, 12 — 15 ; 
disk rounded, dark brown ; pales bearded. Fields. 2f. Showy. July — Sept. 

10 R. fuilgida Ait. Eough-hirsute ; branches leafless above; lvs. ovate to lance-ob- 
long, remotely dentate, lower petiolate ; scales oblong, spreading as long as the 12 — 14 
orange rays; pales glabrous, lin. -oblong, obtuse. Mts. Pa. toO., and S. l-3f. July-Oct. 

1 1 R. speciosa Wend. Hairy and downy ; branches slender, leafless above ; lvs. strong- 
ly dentate, acuminate, ovate to lanceolate, 5-3-veined, lower long-petiolate ; sc. much 
shorter than the 18 rays ; pales smooth, acute. 111. to Va. 2— 4f. Aug. — Oct. 

12 R, AMPLExiFOLiA. (T) Branching, glabrous; lvs. cordate-clasping; raj's spotted at 
base, brilliant. La. (Dracopsis.) 

/ 

55. LEPACHYS, Raf. In vol. in one series of linear scales, Ray-fls. 

few, neutral ; disk ^ . Recep. columnar, chaffy. Chaff obtuse, and bearded 
at apex. Pap. 0. Fertile achenia compressed, 1-2-winged. if Lvs. alter- 
nate, pinnately divided. Hds. with long, drooping, yellow rays. June-Sept. 

1 li. pinnata T. & G. Eough ; lvs. all pinnate, divisions 5—7, 2-parted or entire ; 

rays light yellow, twice longer than the ovoid yellowish disk. W. N-Y., W. and S. 2-4f. 

2 li. columnaris. Rough, branching ; root lvs. undivided, oblanceolate ; stem lvs. 

pinnatifld ; disk nearly 2' long, longer than the 5 — 8 broad rays, which, in Variety pul- 
cherrima, are crimson, tipped with yellow. Montana. 2f. 

56. HELIANTHUS, L. Suk-flower. Ray-fls. neutral ; disk 5. Sc. 
of the invol. imbricated in several series. Recep. flat or convex, the chaff 
persistent, embracing the fruit. Pap. of 2 or 4 chaffy awns, mostly decidu- 
ous. Fruit compressed or 4-angled. ® U Rough. Lvs. opposite, the up- 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 177 

per often alternate, mostly tripli-veined. Rays yellow ; disk yellow or pur- 
ple : in late Summer and Autumn. Figs. 74, 261, 433-4. 

§ Helianthella (T. & G.) Pap. persistent. Lvs. scattered, 1-veined Nos. 24, 25 

§ JLEiAA.STnvs proper. Pappus deciduous. Lower leaves opposite.. .(*) 

* Disk (its corollas and pales) dark purple, mostly convex. . .(a) 

a Herbs annual. Leaves chiefly alternate Nos. 1, 2 

a Herbs perennial. Leaves opposite. — e Scales acuminate Nos. 3 — 5 

—e Sc. obtuse or barely acute. .Nos. 6, 7 

* Disk (its coroUas and pales) yellow. . . (b) 

h Leaves chiefly alternate and feather-veined Nos. 8 — 11 

b Leaves chiefly opposite and .3-veined or tripli-veined. . .{c) 

c Scales erect, closely imbricated.—/ Plants green, rough Nos. 12, 13 

—f Plants whitish, downy. . .Nos. 14, 15 
c Scales loosely spreading. Heads large, 9-15-rayed. . .{cT) 

d Scales lance-linear, longer than disk. Leaves thin Nos. 16, 17 

d Scales lance-ovate, as long as the disk. Leaves thick. . .Nos. 18 — 21 
c Scales loosely spreading. Heads small, 5-S-rayed Nos. 22, 23 

1 H. annuus L. Great Snvfloiver. Erect, stout ; lvs. all cordate, only the lowest op- 

posite ; hds. very large (6 — 120, nodding ; fr. glabrous. Gardens and fields. 2 — lOf. § S. 
America. — A variety with the flowers all ligulate is sometimes found in gardens. 

2 H. de bills N. Decumbent, slender ; leaves mostly alternate, ovate, serrulate, petio- 

late ; hds. small ; scales with slender points ; fr. pubescent. Shores, E. Fla. to La. l-2f. 

3 H. Radula T. & G. Hirsute, simple, bearing a single head ; lvs. roundish-obovate 

or ovate, obtuse ; scales and pales lanceolate, acitminate, erect ; rays 7 — 10, rarely 0. 
15, Barrens, Ga. Fla. Ala. 1 — 3f. Often growing in clusters. Hds. near V. Aug. Sept. 

4 H. heteropliyllus N. Slightly hispid, slender, bearing a single head ; lvs. entire, 

the lower oval, upper linear-lanceolate ; scales acuminate, erect, ciliate ; pales acute ; 
rays 12 — IS. Of S. 1— 2f. Heads 6" diam., rays spreading 2|-'. Aug. Sept. 

5 H. angustifolins L. Erect, slender, scabrous or hispid ; lvs. lance-linear, taper- 

ing to a long point, 1-veined, rigid; heads few; scales lance-linear, the long point 
spreading ; pales linear, 3-toothed. Dry soils. N. J., Ky. and S. 2 — 3f. Aug. — Oct. 

6 H. rigidus Desf. Rigid, subsimple ; lvs. lanceolate, pointed, rough both sides ; hds. 

few ; scales ovate, acute, short; rays 12— -20. Prairies, Wis. Mo. to La. 2— 3f. 

7 H. atrorikbens L. Ped. few, long, leafless ; st. hirsute below; lvs. ovate or oval, 

obtusish, on winged petioles ; sc. oblong, obtuse, 3-veined. Dry soils. S. 2 — 4f. 

8 H. giganteus L. Rough or hairy ; lvs. lanceolate, serrate, pointed, on ciliate, wing- 

ed petioles ; scales lance-linear, ciliate ; rays 12—20 ; pappus of 2 short, fringed scales 
Can. to Car. and KJ^ 4 — ^lOf. — Varies with the leaves mostly opposite. 

9 H. tomentosus Mx. Stout, pubescent, branched ; lvs. ovate to long-lanceolate, 

acuminate, subentire, the lower petiolate ; scales long-pointed, villous, spreading ; 
pales hairy and 3-toothed at top. Dry hills. 111. to Ga. 4— Sf. Rays 15''. 

10 H. grosse-serra,tu.s Martens. St. smooth and glaucous ; lvs. lanceolate or lance- 
ovate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, downy beneath, on winged stalks : scales 
loose, subulate, as long as the disk ; rays 15—20. W. and S. 4 — 6f. 

11 H. tu'berosus L. Jenisalem ArticJioTce. Root bearing oblong tubers ; lvs. cordate- 
ovate to ovate, acuminate ; petioles ciliate. Fields, hedges. 4f. § Brazil. 

12 H. laetiflorus Pers. St. branched above ; lvs. thick, lance-oval, pointed, serrate, 
on short stalks ; scales ovate-lanceolate ; rays 12—20, 2'. "Woods, W. and S-W. 3 — 4f. 

13 H. occideistalis Riddcll. Slender, simple, nearly naked above; lvs. oval, sub- 
serrate, on long hairy petioles ; hds. 1—5, small ; scales lance-oval. Sandy. W. 3f. 

14 H. mollis Lam. Canescent-tomentous, subsimple ; lvs. ovate, sessile, cordate- 
clasping, acuminate ; sc. lanceolate ; pales entire, acute ; rays 1.5 — 25. O. to Mo. 2 — 4f, 

15 H. cinereus, ^. StilUvdntii (T. & G.) Cinereous-pubescent; stem virgate, 
branched above ; lvs. ovate-oblong, narrowed to the sessile base, the lower to a winged 
petiole; pales pointed, with 2 lateral teeth; rays about 20. Ohio. 2~3f. 

12 



178 Order 70.— COMPOSITE, 

16 H. decapetalus L. Lvs. all opposite, thin, ovate, acuminate, toothed, on wiiiged 
stalks, scabrous above, smoothish beneath. — Varies with the invol. scales enlarged 
and leailike, or only lance-linear. Can. to Penn. 3— 4f. 

1 7 H. trach.eliifoli«s Willd. Branch Ivs. alternate, thin, appressed-serrate, acumi- 
nate, all ovate to lance-linear ; pales 3-toothed ; rays 12—15. Thickets, W. 3 — 8f. 

18 H. doronicotdes Lam. Branching; Ivs. ovate to lance-ovate, acuminate, ser- 
rate ; scales lance-linear ; rays 12—15, 1^', very showy. W. and S. 4— 7f. 

p. plena^Uora, Flowers all ligulate. Gardens. Very handsome. 

1 9 H. strunaosus L. Smooth below ; Ivs. all similar, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrulate; heads few, about 10-rayed ; scales ciliate, squarrous. Swamps. 3 — 5f. 

20 H. hirsutus Eaf. St. simple or forked, hirsute ; Ivs. petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, 
eubserrate, hirsute beneath ; scales lance-ovate, hairy ; rays 11—15. Dry, W. and S. 6f. 

|3. pubcscens. Leaves tomentous beneath, subsessile. (H. pubescens Hook.) 

21 H. divaricatus L. St. smooth, simple, or forked ; Ivs. rough, lance-ovate, long- 
pointed from an abrupt sessile base ; heads few, corymbous. Woods, &c. 4 — 5f. 

/3. ? scabirrimtts. Stem subsimple ; leaves thick, exceedingly rough and rigid, 
opposite or ternately verticillate, rounded at base. W. 

22 H. microcephalus T. & G. St. smooth or hispid, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, 
acuminate, narrowed to a short petiole, rough above, whitish-downy beneath ; scales 
lanceolate ; rays 5— 8, spreading 1'. Dry, W. and S. 3— 5f. (H. Schweinitzii T. & G.) 

23 H. longifolius Ph. Smooth throughout, branching ; Ivs. lance-oblong to lance- 
linear, acute, the lowest petiolate, serrulate ; heads few ; scales ovate-lanceolate • 
rays 6-10, spreading 1^-2'. Damp. S. 3— 5f. (H. Isevigatus T. & G.) 

24 H. grandifloriis. Eough-downy ; simple, leafy ; Ivs. 1 — 2', lance-linear, sessile ; 
scales lanceolate, loose ; rays 15 — 20, near 2' ; pappus 2 fringed scales, E. Fla. 3f. 

25 H. tenuifolius. Rough-hairy, simple ; Ivs. narrow-linear ; scales lance-subulate, 
loose ; rays 10—13 (15'0 ; pappus 2-4 awns. W. Fla. 1— 2f. Leaves 2—3'. July. 

57. AOTINOMERIS, Nutt. Heads many-flwd. ; ray-fls. 4—14, rarely 
0. Inyol. scales foliaceous, subequal, in 1 — 3 series. Recep. conical or con- 
vex, cliaffy. Acli, compressed, flat, obovate, mostly winged and 2-awned. 
U Plants tall, ■with 3-veined, serrate leaves. Heads corymbous. Rays 
when present yellow. Autumn. 

§ AcTiMERis. Pappus of 2 awns. Stems tall, corymbous ... (a) 

§ AcK/ETA. Pappus wanting. Cypsela winged. Stems low, simple. Jn. Jl No. 1 

a Rays wanting. Disk corollas white. Stem narrowly winged No. 2 

a Rays 4 — 14, flowers all yellow. Scales in 2 or 3 series Nos. 3 — 5 

1 A. paueiflora N. Lvs. opp. or alternate, lanceolate to elliptical, rigid, obtuse ; hds, 

1 — 3, discoid, yellow ; fr. narrowly winged, the disk cupshaped. Barrens, Fla. 1 — 2f. 

2 A. alba T. & G. Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, acute both ways, serrulate; scales lance- 

linear, few, in one series ; fruit broadly winged. S. Car. to Fla. and La, 7f. 

3 A. Iieliantlioides N. Stem winged; lvs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, 

acuminate, serrate, rough, hairy ; rays 1' long, 6 — 14, unequal ; scales erect ; fruit 
narrowly winged. Copses, prairies, Ohio to Ga., and W. 2 — 4f. June, July. 

4 A. squarrosa N. Stem winged, tall (6 — lOf) ; lvs. alternate, some opposite, lance- 

oblong, long (6—140, pointed both ways, decurrent ; heads small ; scales spreading or 
deflexed ; rays 4—8, regular, short. Alluvion, N. Y., W. and S. Homely. 

5 A. midicaiilis N. Stem wingless, branched and leafless above ; lvs. oblong, un- 

equally serrate, closely sessile ; rays 1 — 12, broadly winged. Ga. Fla. Ala. 2— 3f. 

58. CORIOPSISj L. Tick-seed. Rays about 8, rarely 0. Involucre 
double, each 6-12-leaved. Recep. chaflFy. Cyp. obcompressed, emarginate, 
each commonly with a 2-tootlied, upwardly-hispid pappus, sometimes 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 179 

none. Leaves mostly opposite. Kays usually yellow ; clisk-flo-\vers yellow 

or dark purple. 

§ Corollas of the disk dark purple ... (a) 

a Ray-flowers yellow with a purple base. Achenia incur^'ed Nos. 1 — 3 

a, Eay-flowers wholly yellow. Achenia not incurved, 2-awned. Summer Nos. 4—6 

§ Corollas of the disk yellow. Eays rose-colored. Leaves simple Nos. 7, 8 

§ Corollas of the disk and ray all yellow (disk brownish in No. 9) . . . (5) 

h Leaves sessile, divided often so as to appear verticillate Nos. 9 — Vi 

b Leaves petiolate, never serrate, — c pinnate with lance-linear segments.. Nos. 13, 14 

— c simple, or rarely auricled below Nos. 15, 16 

h Leaves petiolate, serrated, — d simple. Achenia awns obsolete Nos. 17, 18 

— d compound. — e Eays about 8 Nos. 19 — 21 

— e Eays wanting Nos. 22, 23 

1 C. Drusimondii. ® Pubescent ; Ivs. pinnately (l-5)-divided ; segm. oval or oblong, 

entire ; so. lance-acuminate ; rays unequally 5-toothed. Tex. l-2f. Eays ample, showy. 
i8, atrosang'tUnea, A garden variety, with the rays wholly dark purple. July-Oct. 

2 C. TiNCTOKiA. (x) Glabrous ; Ivs. alternate, some pinnate ; lobes lin. -oblong and linear ; 

scales very short, acute ; rays 3-lobed at apex. Nebraska. l-3f. Beautiful. Summer. 

3 C Atkinsoniana. ii Lf. lobes linear-spatulate to linear ; sc. oblong, obtuse ; rays 3- 

lobed ; fr. distinctly winged. Columbia Eiver, Oreg. Hds. handsome, like C. tinctoria. 

4 C. gladlelta Walt. St. terete; Ivs. altern^e, thick, some ternately divided, lance- 

oblong to lance-linear ; outer scales lance-ovate ; fr. fringed, awns 2, slender ; rays 3- 
toothed at the dilated apex. Moist barrens, S. 2— 3f. Heads several, corj^mbed. 

5 C. angustifolia Ait. St. square ; Ivs. opposite (mostly), undivided, spatulate to lin- 

ear, obtuse ; outer sc. ovate, obtuse ; fr. wing-fringed, awns 2, short ; rays 3-lobed. S. 

6 C ^mlerl Ell. St. angular above ; Ivs. opp., lance-ovate to lanceolate ; outer scales 

oblong, obtuse ; fruit margined, ciliate, the 2 awns very short. Ga. (Elliott) and Fla. 

7 C. nudata Nutt. Very slender; Ivs. few, terete, rush-like, alternate, the lower very 

long ; hds. few ; rays wedge-obovate, crenate-lobed at apex, ii Swamps, Ga. Fla. 2f. 

8 C. rosea N. Branching ; Ivs. opp., 1-veined, linear ; ped. short ; outer sc. veiy short ; 

rays oblong, obscurely tridentate. i; Wet grounds, Ms. to Ga. B-ie-'. Delicate. Jl. Aug. 

9 C. senifolia Mx. Minutely downy or glabrous ; Ivs. opposite, temate, sessile, ap- 

pearing in whorls of 6 ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, varying to linear-lanceolate or even to 

linear ; scales downy, obtuse ; rays entire. Of Dry, Va. Ky. to Ga. 1 — 2f. July, Aug. 
IOC. delpliinifolia Lam. Lvs. opp., sessile, divided into Ifts. which are each again 

2-5-parted ; seg. linear, entire, acute ; disk-fls. brown at the tips. 2f Va. to Fla. 2f. Aug. 
lie. verticiilata L. Branched ; lvs. 3-divided, closely sessile, the divisions 1-2-pin 

nately-parted ; seg. filiform-lin. ; rays 1-3-toothed. 'K Moist, Md. to Ga. l-3f. Jn.-Aug. 

12 C. palmata N. St. angled, striate, leafy to top ; lvs. sessile, deeply 3-cleft, rigid • 
lobes linear, acutish, entire or again cleft ; fr. linear-elliptic, if Prairies, W. 1-2. July. 

13 C. tripteris L. St. simple, tall, corymbous ; lvs. opp., stalked, thick, 3-5-divided ; 
seg. lin. -lanceolate, entire, acute ; hds. small ; rays obtuse, if Dry, W. and S. 4-8f. Jl. 

14 C. grandiflora N. St. low; hds. solitary, large, on long naked stalks ; lvs. lance- 
olate, mostly divided into lance-lin. seg.; rays 4-5-cleft. if Mo. to Tex. Much like No. 15. 

15 €. lanceolata L. Ascending ; lower lvs. oblanceolate, upper lanceolate, all entire ; 
heads solitary, on long naked peduncles ; rays 4-5-toothed. if Damp soils. West and 
South. Head showy. Eays about 8, spreading 2' or more. June— Aug. t 

16 C. auriculata L. Lower lvs. round-ovate, petiolate, some of them with 2 small 
lateral segm. {auriculate) at base, the upper oblong, subsessile ; hds. few, on long ped., 
outer scales oblong-linear. Dry soils. 111. to Va., and S. 1 — 3f. May — ^Aug. 

17 C. latifolia Mx. Very glabrous, tall; lvs. thin, opp., ovate to oblong, acuminate, 
unequally toothed ; hds. small, rays 5 or 6, entire, large ; sc. lin., spreading. Mts. S. Aug. 

18 C argitta Ph. Stem strict; lvs. simple, ovate to lanceolate, petiolate, acuminate, 
sharply serrate ; scales oblong ; rays 9—12, 3-toothed ; awns obsolete. Hills, S. 2— 5f. 



180 OitDEK 70.— COMPOSITE. 

19 C aurea Ait. Lower Ivs. piniiately divided, upper tematelj% or simple ; Ifis. ovate 
to lance-linear, serrate ; rays 6—9, obtuse ; fruit toothed. Ditches, S. 2^f. Aug.-Oct. 

20 C. aristosa Mx. Sparingly pubescent ; Ivs. pinnately 5-9-parted, segm. lance-lin., 
incised; hds. small, rays large; outer scales 10 — 12, linear; awns slender, spreading, 
as long as the fruit, (g) Low woods, W. 2 — 3f. Rays expanding 18". Aug. — Oct. — 
Vai'ies with the outer involucre leafy ; and with the awns short, &c. 

21 C. tricliosperma Mx. Stem glabrous, square, dichotomous ; Ivs. pinnately 5-7- 
parted, segm. lanceolate, cut ; rays entire, large ; cyp. narrowly cuneate, with 2 short, 
stout awns. (T) Wet grounds, Mass. to 111. (J. Wolf), and Car. l-2f. Fls. showy. Jl. Aug. 

22 C. discoidea T. & G. Glabrous, much branched ; leaves ternate, long-petiolate ; 
Ifts. lance-ovate, dentate ; hds. small (2— 3'0 ; fr- linear-cuneate, the 2 stout awns (up- 
wardly hispid) half as long and equalling the corolla, (i) Wet, W. and S. l-3f. Jl.-Sept. 

23 C "bidentoides N. Glabrous, paniculate ; Ivs. simple, lanceolate, serrate; heads 
7-10" ; fr. lin. -oblong, the slender (up-hispid) awns longer than cor. ® Pa. Del. : rare. 

59. BIDENS, L. Burr-]VL\rtgold. In vol. double. Scales somewhat 
similar, or the outer foliaceous. Rays 4 — 8 (sometimes none), neutral ; 
disk-flowers perfect. Recep. chaffy, flat. Pap. of 2 — 4 awns, rough back- 
wards. Cypsela obcompressed, obscurely quadrangular. Leaves opposite, 
incised. Flowers yellow. July — October. 

§ Cypsela linear-subulate, tapering to the top, 3-4-angled, 2-6-awned Nos. 1—3 

§ Cypsela oblanceolate, broader at the top, flat, 2-4-awned Nos. 4 — 7 

1 B. leucantlia Willd. Lvs. in 3—5 serrate lobes ; hds. with 5 white rays. S. Fla. If. 

2 B. toipinnata L. Spanish Needles. Lvs. bipinnate, Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatifid ; rays 

very short, obovate, 3, 4, or ; sc. all equal in length. (1) Waste grounds, Ct. to 111. 2^f. 

3 B. Beckii Torr. St. subsimple-; submersed lvs. capillaceous-multifid, eraersed lvs. 

lanceolate, connate, acutely serrate or cut : rays longer than the involucre, if Slow 
waters, Vt. (rai-e), W. and N. Stem 2^3f. Heads solitary, terminal. 

4 B. frondosa L. Beggar-ticks. Eays ; outer sc. leafy, 6 times longer than the fls. ; 

lower leaves pinnate, ternate, upper lanceolate, serrate ; awns 2. (i) Fields : com. 2f. 

5 B. connata Willd. Rays ; outer sc. leafy, longer than the head ; lvs. lanceolate, 

serrate, subconnate at base, lower some trifid ; awns 3. (I) Swamps, E. and W. 1— 3f. 

6 B. ceriiua L. Rays 0—4—8, small ; hds. cernuous ; outer scales as long as the disk ; 

leaves all lanceolate, subconnate, dentate. ® Swamps, ditches, E. and W. 1— 2f. 

7 B. clirysantliciiioides L. Lvs. oblong, attenuate at each end, connate at base, 

regularly serrate ; rays thrice longer than the involucre, (x) Ditches : common. 6''-2f. 

60. SPILANTHUS, L. In vol. shorter than the disk, double, appressed. 
Recep. conical, chaffy, the pales embracing the flowers. Cyp. of the disk 
compressed, with 1 — 3 bristly awns or awnless, of the ray (when present) 
3-angled. Herbs with acrid taste, opposite leaves, and solitary, yellow heads. 
Chiefly tropical. Aug. — Oct. (Acmella, Rich.) 

1 S. repens Mx. Diffuse, rooting at the lower joints ; lvs. lanceolate, subserrate, acute 

at each end, petiolate ; rays about 12 ; fr. awnless, not ciliate. if Wet, S. Car. to Fla. 

2 S. Nuttallii T. «fe G. Ascending, diffuse ; lvs. ovate to oblong, coarsely serrate, ab- 

ruptly petiolate ; fruit ciliate on the margins ; rays 10-12. Bogs, E. Fla. l-2f. 
\ 

61. VERBBSINA, L. Crown-beard. Rays ?, few or none; disk 

^ . Sc. in 2 or more series, imbricated, erect. Chaff" concave or embracing 
the flowers. Achenia compressed, 2-awmed, il 5 Leaves often decurrent 
serrate or lobed. Heads solitary or corymbous. 
1 V, Siegislieckii Mx. Stem 4-winged : lvs. opposite, ovate, serrate, acuminate, 3 



Okder 70.— composite. 181 

veined, tapering to the winged petiole ; hds. corymbous, yellow ; rays 1-5 ; fr. Aving 
less, n Dry, W. and S. 5f. Aug. Sept. 

2 V. Virginica L. Stem narrowly winged; Ivs. alternate, lance-ovate, subserrate, 

feather-veined, tapering to the sessile base ; rays 3—4, white ; fruit narrowly winged. 
71 Dry woods. Pa. to La. 4f, August. 

3 V. siniia.ta. Ell. St. wingless, striate-angled ; Ivs. alternate, ovate, acuminate, con- 

tracted to a long slender base and petiole, irregularly repand-toothed or lobed ; rays 
3 — 5, white ; fr. broadly winged. 2f Sandy fields, S. 2-lf, with ample Ivs. Sept. — Xcv. 
\ 

62. DYSODIA, Cav. False Dog-fennel. Eays 5 , disk $ . Invol. 

a single series of partially united scales, usually calyculate. Cyp. elongated, 

4-angled, compressed. Pap. scales chaffy, in 1 series, fimbriately and pal- 

mately cleft into bristles, (i) With large, pellucid glands. Lvs. mostly opp., 

pinnately parted or toothed. Hds. paniculate or corymbous. Fls. yellow. 

"D, clirysantliemoides Lagasca. Smooth, much branched ; lvs. pinnately-parted, 
lobes linear, toothed ; hds. with few very short rays. Prairies and waysides, W., mi- 
grating E. If. An ill-scented plant. Aug. Sept. 

63. GAIIjLARDIA, Foug. Eays neutral. Scales in 2 or 3 series, acute, 
leafy, spreading, outer largest. Recep. convex, fimbrillate (naked in Ko. 1). 
Eays cuneiform, 3-cleft. Cyp. villous with long hairs from its base. Pap- 
pus of 6 — 10 long awns, which are membranous at base. — Leaves alternate, 
entire, often dotted. Heads on long, naked peduncles. May — Aug. 

1 G. lanceolsita Mx. Lvs. lanceolate to linear ; sc. as long as the dark purple disk ; 

rays 8—10, small, yellow ; recep. naked. @ Barrens, S. Car. to Fla, and Tex. l-2f. 

2 O. PiCTA. Lvs. lanceolate ; sc. hairy, longer than disk ; rays 10-12, violet-purple with 

yellow teeth ; recep. fimbrillate with slender awns. ® u Dak. to Tex. 2f. Handsome. 

64. GAZANIA, Gaert. Rays neutral, disk-fls. "^ . Sc. in several rows, 

united at base. Cyp. wingless, densely hairy. Pap. chaffy. Recep. alveolate. 

— From S. Africa. Hds. solitary, showy, on naked stalks. Rays tricolored. 

C sPEciosA. Trailing, half-shrubby ; leaves oblong, entire or pinnatifid, smooth above, 
Avhite-tomentous beneath ; rays (10 orange-yellow, each with an eye of white and 
chocolate at its base. Singularly beautilul. 
/ 

65. PALAFOZIA, Lagasca. Rays ? or 0. Sc. 8 — 15, scarious at tip, 

shorter than the disk. Recep. fiat, naked. Cyp. 4-angled, slender at base. 

Pap. of 6 — 12 membranous, denticulate, pointed scales. U }j With scattered, 

narrow, entire lvs. and cyanic fls. in a corymb. (Polypteris, K.) Jl.-Sept. 

P. integrifolia T. & G. Rough; lvs. lance-linear, 1-veined ; rays none; pap. of 8— 10 
pointed scales with fringed edges. Barrens, Ga. and Fla. 3 — 5f. Heads purplish. 

66. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. Fls. all ^ , tubular. Sc. 6—12, in 2 

series, oval, obtuse, colored. Recep. small, naked. Anth. exserted. Cyp. 

broad at the summit, attenuate to the base. Pap. of many, short, obtuse, 

membranous scales in 1 series. (2) U Hoary- villous. Stem grooved and 

angled. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided. 

H. sca1>iosseus L'Her. Leaf segm. linear-oblong ; corymb simple ; sc. obovate, white, 
greenish at base, longer than the disk ; fr. pubescent. W. and S. 1— 2f. Apr. — June. 

67. HELLENIUM, L. Rays ? or neutral, 3-5-cleft at the expanded 



182 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

summit. Disk-fls. p . In vol. small, scales linear to filiform, reflexed. Eecep. 
naked, convex to oblong. Cyp. angled, clavate or turbinate. Pap. of 5—13 
silvery, thin scales.— Herbs with alternate, often decurrent leaves, punctate, 
resinous. Heads corymbous or solitary, showy, yellow. 

§ Helleniastbum. Eays pistillate. Pappus awned. Heads corymbed.. .(a) 

a Disk globular, its corollas 5-toothed. Pappus awned Nos. 1—3 

a Disk oblong, its corollas 4-toothed. Pappus scales obtuse No. 4 

§ Leptopoda. Rays mostly neutral and fruitless. . .(b) 

b Heads corymbed, on short peduncles. Pappus awned. Disk globous No. 5 

b Head solitary, on a long ped. Disk convex.— c Cypsela glabrous Nos. 6, 7 

—c Cypsela hairy Nos. 8—10 

1 H, autuniiia.le L. St. strongly winged ; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, decurrent, heads 

loosely corymbed. 2j: Damp. 2-3f. Hds. large, with drooping rays. Sept. Very bitter. 

2 H. parvifloruni N. St. scarcely winged ; Ivs. lanceolate, subentire, slightly decur- 

rent ; sc. filiform, shorter than the globular disk ; hds. small, few. Ga. (Nuttall.) Scarce. 

3 H. teniiifolium N. St. and numerous fastigiate branches wingless ; Ivs. crowded, 

linear or filiform, fascicled ; sc. subulate. @ Fields, Ga. to La. l-2f. Rays spread 10'^ 

4 H. quadridentatuni Lab. Much branched, strongly winged ; Ivs. oblong, some 

lobed or toothed ; disk oblong, longer than the rays. Swamps, S-W. l-3f. ' June-Aug. 

5 H. Braclaypoda. St. strongly winged, branches few, corymbous, 1-headed ; hds. 

small (4'0, rays 8-12, short (3-4") ; disk brown-purp., globular. Damp, 111. to Ga. l-2f. 

6 M.Iieptopoda. Smooth ; st. simple, clustered, naked above ; Ivs. lanceolate to ob- 

long-linear, some decurrent ; rays 20—30, spreading 1^' ; disk convex. Moist soils, 
S. Car. to Fla. 2f. March, April. 
•7 H. incisiiin. Smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, sessile, not decurrent, sinuate-pinnatifid or 
incised ; rays about 40, in 2 or 3 rows ; fruit glabrous. Low barrens, Ga., and W. 2f. 

8 H. piiljeruliim. Downy; sts. much clustered; Ivs. lance-linear, sessile, not de- 

current; rays 20-30, broad, spreading lJ-2'; fr. hairy. Wet pine-barrens, S. 2f. Ap.,May. 

9 H. "brevifoliiiiM. Pubescent above, single, often some branched ; Ivs. lance-obl. to 

linear, obtuse, the radical spatulate, cauline subdecurrent. Wet. S. 2f. May, June. 

10 H. fiiiibriaftum. Smooth; often branched ; leaves lance-linear, subentire, acute, 
decurrent ; pap. scales deeply cleft into a fringe of bristles. Barrens, Fla. l-2f. Apr. + 

68. BALDWINIA, N. Invol. scales closely imbricated in 2 — 4 rows. 
Recep. convex, deeply honeycombed, with horny walls. Rays 8 — 20, neu- 
tral, in 1 row, 3-toothcd. Disk ^ . Cypsela silky-villous, immersed in the 
cells. Pappus of 9 — 12 oblong scales. % Simple or corymbed. Leaves 
alternate, linear, punctate. Heads yellow. July — Sept. 

1 B. unifflora, N. St. simple, puberulent, with 1 large head ; rays about 20 ; Ivs. below 

linear-spatulate ; pap. scales 9. Swamps, Va. and S. 1 — 2f. Rays spreading 2'. 

2 B. multiflora N. Glabrous, corymbousl}'^ branched ; rays about 10 ; Ivs. crowded, 

narrow-linear ; fruit truncate and ray-marked at summit, crowned with 12 obovate 
scales. Sand hills, Ga. Fla. 1— .3f. Rays IJ'. (Actinospermum, T. & G.) 

/ 

69. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. False Scabish. Invol. scales lance- 
linear, subequal, erect, in 1 or 2 rows. Recep. convex, with linear, rigid 
pales. Fls. all tubular, 5 . Cor. lobes slender, spreading. Cyp. 5-angled. 
Pappus of 5 or 6 membranous, awned scales, ij: Simple or branched, 
with alternate, entire, 3-veined leaves, and solitary, long-stalked heads of 
purplish flowers, resembling a Scabish. Ornamental. 

1 M. latilolia Ph. St. simple, leafy ; lv9. ovate-lanceolate, acumiuate, sessile ; scales 



Order 70.— COMPOSIT^E. 183 

rigid, acute; pales narrowly linear ; pappus triangular-acuminate. Dry soils, Va. to 
Ala. If. Stem purple, smooth. Corollas 6 — 1", slender. May, June. 

2 M. lanceolata Ph. Stem simple, leafy below; leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 

mostly obtuse and petiolate ; scales obtuse. Uplands, S. 1 — 2f. April — June. 

3 M. a.ngastifolia Ph. Mostly branching, leafy; Ivs. narrow-lanceolate to linear, 

all acute ; scales acute. Swamps, S. If. Very handsome. July, Aug. 
\ 

70. ANTHEMIS, L. Chamomile, &c. Invol. hemisplierical, with 

subequal, small imbricated scales. Eays numerous, generally y . Kecep. 
chafFy (at least at summit), convex or conical. Disk-flowers g . Cypsela 
ribbed, smooth, linear or clavate. Pappus a slight border, or 0. — Herbs 
with 1-3-pinnatifid leaves, usually strong-scented. (Rays white.) 

§ Cham^melum. Eays pistillate. Cyp. teretish. Lvs. mostly alternate Nos. 1, 3 

§ Maruta. Eays neutral. Cypselse clubshaped or obovoid. Lvs. alternate No. 3 

1 A. arvensis L. Corn C. St. erect, bushy, whitish-downy ; lvs. bipinnatifid, segm. 

lance-lin. ; bi'anches naked above, 1-headed ; pales cuspidate, longer than the flowers. 
(i) Fields : not common. Eesembles Mayweed, but inodorous. 8 — 15'. § Eur. July. 

2 A, n6l>ills L. Garden C. St. prostrate, branched from base, woolly ; lvs. hairy, de- 

compound-pinnatifid, seg. lin. -subulate ; pales some shorter than the fls. v. Gardens, 
rarely in fields. Aromatic. § Eur. — Var. with fls. double (florets all radiate). Jl.-Sept. 

3 A. Cctula L. Mayweed. Nearly smooth, erect, bushy ; lvs. bipinnatifid, seg. linear- 

subulate ; pales bristly, shorter than the flowers. ©Waysides: com. If. Hds. termi- 
nal, corymbed, disk yellow, rays white, showy. Ill-scented. Ju.-Sept. (Maruta, DC.) 

71. AOHILLffiA, L. Millfoil. Yarrow. Invol. ovoid, of unequal, 
imbricated scales. Eays 5 — 10, short, $ . Recep. flat, chafiy. Cyp. without 
a pappus. If Leaves much divided, alternate. Heads small, corymbous. 

1 A. Iflillefolinm. L. Lvs. bipinnatifid, with linear, dentate, mucronate segments; 

stem furrowed, corymbed at top ; sc. oblong, rays 4 — 5, short. Fields, waste grounds, 
everywhere. 1 — 2f. June— Sept.— A variety with rose-purple flowers, is very pretty. 

2 A. ptarmica L. Sneezewort. Leaves linear, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth ; 

hds. loosely corymbed ; rays 8 — 12, longer than invol. (double in cult.) Eare. 1.5'. § 

72. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn. Whitew^eed. Invol. broad, de- 
pressed, imbricated. Rays ? , numerous. Recep. flat, naked. Cyp. striate, 
without pappus, il Lvs. alternate. Hds. solitary, disk yellow, rays white. 

1 li. vulgare Lam. St. simple or branched ; cauline lvs. clasping, few, lance-oblong, 

obtuse, cut-pinnatifid at base ; scales brown at the edge. Too common in our fields 

and pastures. 2f. Eays spreading 1^'. July— Sept. § Europe. [N. Y. (Gerard.) 

j3. tiibuliforme (Tenney). Eay-fls. tubular, very slender, 5-3-lobed. Po'keepsie, 

2 Ij. Partlieiiium Godron. Feverfew. Branched ; lvs. petiolate, 2-3-pinnate, segm. 

ovate, cut ; hds. corymbed. Gardens, rarely in fields. 2f. Often double. (Matricaria,C-B.) 
\ 

73. MATRICARIA, Tourn. Mother-Carey. Invol. scales mibrica- 

ted, with scarious margins. Recep. conical or convex, naked. Rays ? or 0. 
Pap. a membranous border on the cyp., or 0. — Herbs with alternate leaves. 

1 M. discoidea DC. Hds. discoid, few, terminal ; lvs. sessile, 2-3-pinnately-parted, 

lobes small, linear-oblong, acute ; sc. oval, obtuse, white-edged, much shorter than the 
conical disk. 111. and W. Common in Cal. 3-8'. Disk Z" broad and high. Jl.— Sept. 

2 M. Tanacetum. English Mint. Downy; leaves oval, serrate, lower petiolate ; heads 

small, corymbed, discoid. Europe. 1— 2f. Aromatic. Jl. Aug. (M. Balsamitaj C-B.) 

74. TANAOETUM, L. Tansy. Invol. hemispherical, imbricate, the 



184 Order TO.— COMPOSIT^E. 

scales all minute. Recep. convex, naked. Pap. a slight membranous bor- 
der. Cyp. with a large, epigynous disli. — Lvs. alternate, much dissected. 
Flowers yellow, discoid. 

1 T. vulgare L. Lvs. pinnatifid, segm. oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid and cut-serrate; 

hds. fat>tigiate-corj^mbous, ray-fls. terete, tubular, 3-toothed. if Waysides. 2-3f. Aug. 

2 T. Murooeiise Nutt. Lvs. bipinnatifid, lobes oblong, often again pinnatifid ; heads 

large, corymbcd ; ray-fls. flattened, unequally 3-5-cleft. li Sandy shores, W. 2— 3f. 

75, CHRYSANTHEMUM, L. Invol. bell-shaped, sc. imbricated, sca- 
rious at the edges. Recep. flat or convex, naked in the disk. Rays $ , disk- 
fls. 5 , 5-toothed. Cyp. angular or compressed. Pap. or tooth-like. — Plants 
ornamental, from E. Asia, with alternate, lobed lvs. and large rays. Fig. 387. 

§ Ptrethkum. Cj'pselae wingless, angular, all alike. Plants perennial Nos. 1—3 

§ Chrysanthemum. Cyp. of the ray 3-angled, of the disk compressed, (i) Nos. 4, 5 

1 C. SiNENSE. Shrubby; lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, thick, glaucous; rays much longer than 

the obtuse scales. Beautiful flowers of all colors, late in Autumn. 2— 3f. 

2 C Indicum. Shrubby; leaves incisely-pinnatifid, thin, flaccid ; rays little longer than 

the obtuse scales, spreading about 1'. Heads much smaller than in No. 1. 

3 C. RosEUBi. Perennial, glabrous ; lvs. 2-^-pinnatisect ; hds. solitary, terminal ; scales 

brown-edged ; rays rose-colored or white, often double, ii Heads V broad. 

4 C. coRONARiuM. Annual ; lvs. clasping, bipinnatifid, lobes dilated at summit; flowers 

large, terminal, yellow ; pappus none. S. Europe. 3f. Varieties double, &c. Aug. 

5 C CARiNATUM. TricoloTed C. Annual; lvs. thick, bipinnatifid ; scales carinate ; rays 

white, yellow at base, disk purple. Barbary. 1 — 2f. Flowers all Summer. 

76. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood, &c. Invol. ovoid, imbricate, with 
dry, connivent scales. Recep. without pales. Disk-fls. numerous, ^ , tubu- 
lar ; ray-fls. few, often without stamens and w^ith a subulate corolla or none. 
Cypsela with a small disk. Pappus 0. — Bitter herbs. Leaves allemate. 
Heads yellow or purplish, discoid. Aug., Sept. 

§ Absinthium. Recep. villous or haiiy. Fls. all fertile, heterogamous Nos. 1, 2 

§ Abrotanum. Eecep. naked. Fls. all fertile. — a Lvs. or segm. lanceolate. .Nos. 3, 4 

— a Lvs. or segm. linear Nos. 5 — 7 

§ Dracunculus. Recep. naked. Disk-fls. sterile.— 5 Lvs. trifid or entire... Nos. 8, 9 

—b Lvs. pinnatisect....Nos. 10 — 12 

1 A. Absintliinm L. Common W. Leaves multifid, clothed with short silky down 

both sides ; seg. lanceolate ; hds. hemispherical, drooping. Waysides, N. l-2f. § Eur. 

2 A. frsgida Willd. Lvs. silky canescent, the cauline pinnatifid ; seg. linear, .3-5-cleft ; 

hds. small, glob., drooping; inner sc. woolly. Rocky hills, Minn. Dak., andW. 6-12'. 

3 A. liUdoviciana N. Canescent-tomentous ; leaves lanceolate, the lower serrate or 

pinnatifid, upper entire ; heads ovoid, in a slender, leafy panicle. % Shores, Mich, 
and W. 2 — 5f. Heads small and crowded. 

4 A. vulgaris L. Mxigvjort. Lvs. canescent-tomentous beneath, pinnatifid with lan- 

ceolate segments, upper entire ; heads erect, ovoid, subsessile, in a branched panicle. 
Waysides, N. and W. 3f. § Europe. 

5 A. Abrotanum. Soutlie^mwood. Hoary; leaves bipinnatisect ; heads hemispherical, 

nodding, downy. From S. Europe. 3f. [ding. Eur. 3f. 

6 A, Pontica. Roman W. Lvs. hoary beneath, 2-3-pinnatisect ; heads globular, nod- 

7 A. ■biennis Willd. Erect, glabrous, simple ; lvs. 1-2-pinuatifid, lobes sharply serrate 

or cut, those above subentire ; hds. globular, erect, spicate, in a virgate, leafy panicle. 
@ Common westward, migrating E, to Po'keepsie (Gerard), and to Pa. l-3f. Aug. -j- . 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 185 

8 A. Dracunculus. Tarragon. Glabrous; Ivs. lin.-lanceolate, lower trifld ; heads glo- 

bous. From Siberia. 3f. A garden salad. Give a rich fragrance to vinegar. 

9 A. dracunculoides Ph. Canescent when yonng. branched : Ivs. lin. -filiform, the 

radical often trifid ; hds. small, globular : inner scales roundish, outer oblong, x X-W. 

10 A. borealis Pal. Tufted, silkj-- villous, simple: lower Ivs. petiolate, lance-iinear, 
entire at base, temately, pinnately, or bipinnately parted at apex with lin. lobes ; hds. 
hemispherical ; scales colored, li Shores of Lake Superior, N. and W. 6-1 '2'. 

11 A, Canadensis Mx. SeaW. Glabrous (mostly) ; Ivs. 1-2-pinnatisect with linear 
seg. ; hds. roundish, sessile, in a pan. of glomerules. ll Lake shores, N. 2-4f. Hds. 1". 

12 A. caudata Mx. Glabrous, simple, densely paniculate ; Ivs. .3-2-1-pinnatisect with 
alternate, filiform segm. : heads globous, pedicellate, erect. @ Coast, X. H. to Ga. 4f. 

77. SOLIVA, R. & P. InYol. of 5 — 15 scales in 1 row. Recep. flat, 
naked. Fertile fls. in several rows, apetalous ; 2 fls. few, interior, with a 
3-5-tootlied corolla. Cyp. obcompressed, tipped with the persistent style 
and no pappus. — Little matted herbs with pinnatifid Ivs. and sessile heads. 

S. nasturtiifolia DC. Lf. lobes 5 — 9, oblong, obtuse ; sc. 10 — 15; fr. obconic, rugous, 
crowned with a dense tuft of wool instead of a pappus. Sandy shores, S. 1—3'. 

78. GNAPHALIUM, L. Cudweed. Everlasting. Heads discoid, 
heterogamous. Invol. imbricate with scarious, colored scales. Marginal 
fls. ? , subulate, mostly in several rows ; central fls. 5 . Recep. flat, naked. 
Pappus a single row of scabrous, hair-like bristles. — Herbs generally 
clothed with whitish wool. Leaves alternate, entu-e. 

* Heads in terminal corymbous clusters. August Xos. 1—3 

* Heads in axillary, somewhat spicate clusters Xos. 4, 5 

1 G. dec urrens Ives. Lvs.decurrent, linear-lanceolate, very acute, naked above, white 

and woolly beneath ; fls. in dense, roundish, terminal clusters, u Hilly pastures, X. 
Eng. to Penn. and Mich. 2f. Lvs. green above. Fls. yellow, scales white. 

2 G. polyceplialum Mx. Woolly; lvs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, scabrous 

above ; hds. capitate, corymbous ; sc. ovate-lanceolate, acute. Dry. l-2f. Fragrant. 

3 G. uliginosum L. Cudweed. St. diflTusely branched, woolly ; lvs. sessOe, linear- 

lanceolate ; hds. small (1''' wide), in terminal, crowded, leafy clusters ; scales obtuse, 
3'ellowish or brownish ; fruit smooth. (\) Moist hollows, X. M. W. 4— G''. 

4 G. purptireum L. Erect ; lvs. linear- or obovate-spatulate. canescent beneath, green 

above ; hds. sessile, crowded ; sc. acuminate, purpli<h. % Dry fields. 8—12'. June. 

5 G. supinum. Yillars. Csespitous, woolly : lvs. linear ; hds. few, oblong, in a spicate 

raceme or solitary ; scales acute, brown. White Mountains. 2 — 4'. Rare. 

6 G. FCETIDU3I, from S. Africa, has yellow heads, entire, clasping leaves. 2f. Hardy. 

\ 

79. ANTENNARIA, Br. Everlastixg. Heads ? $. Invol. of im- 
bricate, colored scales. S Cor. filiform. Recep. subconvex, alveolate. 
Pap. a single row of bristles, if Tomentous. Lvs. alternate, entire. Hds. 
coiymbous, with white or brownish, never yellow scales. 

1 A, margaritacea Br. Woolly-white, erect, corymbed above ; lvs. lin.-lanceolate, 

3-veined ; scales elliptic, obtuse, pearl-white, fadeless. Fields. 1 — 2f. July. 

2 A. plantaginifolia Br. Mouse-ear E. Simple, with running stolons ; leaves oval 

to spatulate, the cauline small, bract-like ; hds. in a close terminal cluster, purplish, 
all ? in some plants, all s in others, in early Spring. Borders of vFOods. . 5—8'. 

80. FILAGO, Toum. Cottox Rose. Heads heterogamous. Recep. 
columnar, naked at top, chafi^- below, with pales resembling the scales^ 



186 Okder 70.— COMPOSIT^E. 

each "witli a $ fl. in its axil. Cyp. terete, the central with a hairy pappus. 
— Herbs canescent-downy. July, Aug. §. 

F, Germanica L. Lvs. erect, crowded, linear-lanceolate ; hds. in capitate clusters, 
which are successively proliferous ; scales cuspid., straw-color. ® Fields, E. 6 — 10'. 

\ 

81. AMMOBIUM, Br. In vol. imbricated, sc. with broad, scarious, 

spreading tips. Recep. broad-conic, chatFy. Fls. all tubular, ^ . Cyp. 4- 

angled, 4-toothed. 2^ Australia. Stems winged with the decurrent leaves. 

A. ALATUM. (T) In gardens. 1— 2f. Yillous-canescent. Root lvs. oblong-petioled. In- 
volucre white, flowers yellow. Summer. 

82. RHODANTHE, Lindl. Involucre top-shaped, imbricate, sc. dry, 

ovate, acute, the inner radiate-spreading. Recep. naked. Fls. all tubular, 

5-toothed, 5 . Cyp. woolly. Pap. of plumous bristles, (i) Australia. 

K, Manglesii. Lvs. oblong, clasping, entire ; hds. large, fadeless, rose-colored, varie- 
gated. A splendid "Everlasting," with many beautiful varieties. Hds. 1 — 2' diam. 

83. HELICHRYSUM, Cass. Immortal Flower. Invol. imbricate, 
Avith scarious, colored scales. Recep. flat, naked of pales. Pap. a row of 
bristles, often cohering. — Herbs or shrubs, chiefly S. African. Lvs. alter- 
nate. A vast genus of 200 species. 

1 H. BRACTEATUM. Branching, puberulent ; lvs. lanceolate to linear, repand, acuminate ; 

hds. terminal, bracted at base ; outer scales brownish, the inner radiant, ylw. to wh. 

2 H. MACRANTHUM. Subsimplc, scabrous ; lvs. spatulate to lance-oblong, obtuse, en- 

tire ; hd. 1 or few, large, v>'hite outside, roseate within ; inner scales radiant. (T) — U. 
p. coMPosiTUM. Hds. composite (or double), purple, carmine, yellow, white. 
y. ATROSANGUiNEUM. Hds. composite, with deep crimson scales and pappus. 18'. 

84. XERANTHEMUM, Toum. Hds. discoid, heterogamous. Invol. 
hemispherical, imbricated, dry, with radiant, colored scales. Recep. with 
8-toothed, dry pales. Pap. chalFj^-bristly. (i) S. Eur. Lvs. entire. Hds. 
white or rose-colored. 

X. EADiATUM. Eternal Flower. Erect, branched. Lvs. linear-oblong ; hds. 1 — 2' diam. 

85. EREOHTITES, Raf Ftre-weed. Fls. all tubular, those of the 
margin ? , of the disk » . Invol. cylindrical, simple, slightly calyculate. 
Recep. naked. Pap. of numerous, fine, capillary bristles. ® Lvs. simple, 
alternate. Fls. corymbous, whitish. A rank weed. 

E. Iiieracifolius Eaf. St. vlrgate, paniculate ; lvs. oblong, acute, clasping, unequally 
and deeply cut-toothed ; invol. smooth ; fr. hairy. Burnt grounds, &c. 3f. Aug. -i-. 

86. C AC ALIA, L. Tassel-ft-ower. Fls. all tubular, 5 . Involucre 
C3dindric, oblong, in one series, often calyculate with small scales at the 
base, Recep. not chaffy. Pap. capillary, scabrous. (i)y. Smooth. Lvs. 
alternate. Heads of flowers corymbed, mostly cj^anic. 

§ Scales of the invol. cohering, about 12. Flowers GO— 80, scarlet No. 8 

§ Scales of the invol. distinct,— a about 12. Flowers 20-30, white No. 1 

—a 5 only. Fls. 5.-5 Lvs. cordate or lobed Nos. 2—4 

—6 Lvs. iiever cordate Nos. 5— 7 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 187 

1 C. suaveolens L. Glabrous ; st. striate-angular ; Ivs. on winged petioles, hastate- 

sagittate, dentate, green on both sides ; lis. white, u Ct., W. audS. : rare. 4 — of. Aug. 

2 C. reniformis Muhl. St. sulcate-angled ; Ivs. palmately-veined, nearly smooth, 

green, petiolate, lower reniform, upper flabelliform. 2[ Woods, 111. to Car. 3 — 6f. Jl. 

3 C. atriplicifolia L. St. terete ; Ivs. petiolate, smooth, glaucous beneath, palmate- 

veined, angularly-lobed and dentate, the lower subcordate. N. T., S. and W. 3-5f. Jl. 

4 C. diversifolia T. & G. Not glaucous ; st. striate-angled ; lower Ivs. cordate-ovate, 

obtuse, repand-dentate, upper 3-5-lobed, subhastate. Zf Swamps, Fla. 2 — 3f. May + . 

5 C twberof^a N. St. angiilar-sulcate ; Ivs. oval or ovate, strongly 5-7- veined, not 

glaucous, petiolate, lower petioles very long. 7i Swamps, W. and S. 2 — 5f. May — Jl. 
S C. ovata Ell. St. terete ; Ivs. glaucous beneath, 3-5-veined, ovate and oval, entire or 
undulate-margined, contracted at base into petioles, u Swamps, S. 3 — 4f. July + . 

7 C. lanceolata N. St. terete ; Ivs. 3-veined, glaucous beneath, lanceolate to lance- 

linear, the lower tapering to petioles, upper sessile ; corymb simple, u Ga. Fla. 5f. 

8 C cocciNEA. Tassel-flow e7\ Root leaves ovate-spatulate, cauline clasping-auriculate ; 

in vol. much shorter than the scarlet tls., finally reflexed. E. Ind. 1— 2f. June — Sept. 

87. SENEOIO, L. Groundsel. Invol. of many equal scales, or in- 
vested with a few shorter ones at base. Fls. all tubular, 5 , or usually radi- 
ate and rays ? . Kecep. not chaffy. Pap. simple, capillary and copious. 
— A vast genus of herbs and shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. mostly yellow,^ 
exceeding the invol. Fig. 160. 

§ Eays none. Root annual. (A perennial climber. No. 11.) No. 1 

§ Rays yellow. — a Radical leaves undivided. Achen:a glabrous Nos. 2, 3 

— a Radical leaves undivided. Achenia pubescent Nos. 4, 5 

— a Radical leaves divided, as well as the cauline Nos. 6, 7 

§ Rays purple, &c. Species of Cineraria, L. &c. in the greenhouse Nos. 8 — 10 

1 S. Tulgaris L. St. paniculate, erect, angular ; lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, am- 

plexicaul. (D A weed in gardens, &c. If. 18'. Flowers all Summer. 

2 S. aiireus L. Radical lvs. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones 

lyrate-pinnatifid, dentate, terminal segments lanceolate ; ped. subumbellate, thick ; 
rays 8 — 12 ; fr. glabrous, n Woods, meadows. 1 — 2f. Rays spread 1'. May — Aug. 

j8. JSaladmitce, Pubescent; lvs. few, small, the radical lance-oblong. Rocks. 

y. g-rdcilis. Root lvs. roundish, on long petioles, cauline linear-oblong, dentate. 

8. obovhtus. Root leaves obovate to oblong-spatulate ; peduncles long. 

E, lanceolhtiis, Lvs. lanceolate, the cauline pinnatifid at base. Vt. Rare. 

^. discoidea (Porter). Rays none ; lvs. obov.-spatulate, cauline pinnatifid. Penn. 

3 S. obovatiis Ell. Tomentous, becoming glabrous ; root lvs. obovate or roundit^h, 

crenate, with an attenuated, sessile base ; cauline few, small, cut-pinnate ; corymb 
small, rays 10—12, spreading V. ii Ya. to Fla. If. Stem nearly leafless. May. 

4 S. tomentosus Mx. Cottouy-tomentous ; st. lvs. obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse, 

long-petioled, crenate, upper sessile or none ; rays 12 — 15, spreading 16". if Va. & S. 

5 S. aiionynius Wood. Cottony-tomentous ; root lvs. oblong, obtuse, crenately 

toothed or lobed, cauline pinnatifid, the lobes dentate ; hds. small, rays 6—9, spread- 
ing 6^'. n Thickets, Ala. (Montgomery). 2f. Corymbs compound. May, June. 

6 S. Canadensis L. Lvs. glabrous, bipinnatifld ; seg. lobed, obtuse, the few upper 

pinnatifid ; corymbs compound ; rays 9—12. "K Canada (Kalm), Mts. N. Car. 

7 S, lobatus Pers. Butterweed. Glabrous ; leaves all pinnatifid, the lower lyrately, 

lobes crenate ; invol. subcalyculate ; rays 10—12. (I) Wet. S. : com. 2— 3f. Mar. Apr. 

8 S. ELEGANS. Purple Jacohcza. Lvs. pinnatifid, hairy, viscid; scales scarious at tip, 

calyculate with an outer row of short green ones, (i) S. Afr. Purp., varying to white. 

9 S. LANATA. Lvs. rouudish, angular, cordate, woolly beneath ; rays vivid purple out- 

side, wb. within ; rlisk whito or blno. 11 Cfinanos, .%. Shrubby, — Many vftrieties. 



188 OiiDEii 70.— COMPOSITE. 

10 S. CRu:fiNTUS. Lvs. angular, cordate, cut-toothed, purple beneath, the petioles wing- 
ed, ear-shaped at the base ; heads in a broad corymb, crimson, purple, blue, white. 
7i Canaries. A common handsome greenhouse plant. 

11 S. scANDENS. German Ivy. Climbing and twining ; leaves smooth, roundish-cordate, 
5-7 angled or lobed ; corymbs axillary, of small rayless yellow heads. 7i S. Africa. 
Blooms freely in California, rarely in our greenhouses. 

/ 

88. ARNICA, L. Involucre of equal, lanceolate scales, 1- or 2-rowed. 

Ray fis. ? , disk $ . Receptacle flat, with scattered hairs. Pap. single, 
rigid, and serrulate. If Stem simple. Leaves opposite. Flowers yellow. 

1 A. mollis Hook. Pubescent; stem leafy; lvs. becoming nearly glabrous, dentate, 

lance-oblong, radical ones petiolate ; hds. few ; fr. hairy. Mts. &c. N. H., N. Y. July. 

2 A. nudicaiilis Ell. Hairy; st. nearly naked ; lvs. all sessile, ovate, subentire, the 

cauline bract-like ; heads large, rays 12, spreading 2' ; fruit glabrous. Wet sands, 
Va. to Fla. If. April, May. 

89. RUGELIA, Shutt. Invol. as in Arnica. Fls. all tubular, ^ . Re- 

cep. convex, naked. Cyp. terete, striate. Pap. of rough bristles. U Lvs. 

alternate. Heads large. 

R. nudicaitlls Shutt. St. simple, erect ; branches 1-flwd. ; root lvs. ample, ovate, 
narrowed to long winged petioles ; stem lvs. small, subsessile. Mts., Tenn. If. 

90. CYNARA, L. Heads discoid, homogamous. Invol. dilated, im- 
bricate, scales fleshy, emarginate, pointed. Receptacle fibrillate. Pap. plu- 
mous. Cypselse not beaked. U Spiny. Leaves not decurrent. 

1 C. ScoLTMUs. Garden Artichoke. Leaves subspinous, pinnate, and undivided ; invol. 

scales ovate. Gardens. The heads are used as asparagus. Coarse plants. 

2 C. CARDUNCULUS. Cardoon. Leaves spiny, all pinnatifid ; invol. scales ovate. S. Eur. 

The petioles, blanched by culture, are nsed as celery. 
\ 

91. TAGETBSj L. Marigold. Heads heterogamous. Invol. simple, 

tubular, of 5 — 10 united scales. Ray -fls. 5, persistent. Receptacle naked. 
Pap. of 5 erect awns. @ Tropical America. Leaves pinnately divided. 

1 T. PATULA. French Marigold. Stem erect, with widely-spreading, 1-headed branches; 

If. segm. linear-lanceolate; ped. long; invol. terete. Yel. and dark purp. Handsome. 

2 T. ERECTA. African Marigold. Stem stout, erect ; If. segm, lanceolate ; ped. 1-flwd., 

thickened at top ; involucre angular. Yellow and orange. 

3 T. FLORIDA. Erect, corymbously branched ; lvs. lanceolate, opposite, aristate-serrate : 

rays mostly 3, large, yellow. Mexico. 18^ 

92. CALENDULA, L. Pot Marigot.d. Heads radiate. Invol. of 

many equal leaves, in about 2 series. Rays ? , disk $ . Receptacle naked. 

Cyp. of the disk membranaceous. Pap. 0. (i) Oriental. Lvs. alternate. 

C. OFFICINALIS. Viscid-pubescent; stem branched; lvs. oblong, acute, mucronate, ses- 
sile ; hds. terminal, solitary ; large, brilliant, orange, lemon, double, &c. June — Sep, 

93. CENTAUREA, L. Knap-weed. Bachelor's-button. Hds. 
discoid. Invol. imbricate. Fls. all tubular, the marginal often enlarged, 
ray-like, neutral. Pappus filiform, scale-form, or 0. (i)U Lvs. alternate. 

* Scales of the involucre with a fringed or pectinate appendage Nos. 1, 2 

* Scales not appendaged, — a merely ciliate or spinescent Nos. 3. 4 

—a nor ciliate nor spinescent (Ambcrboa) Nos. 5. fi 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 189 

1 C. Americana N. Erect, sparingly branched; leaves sessile, glabrous, repancl- 

toothed, ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; hds. few, very large, with the marginal fls. much 
enlarged, pale-purple. ® Ark. La. and § in 111. 2 — 4f, Appendages straw-yellow. 

2 C nigra L. Erect, branched, pubescent; Ivs. angular-lyrate to lanceolate, dentate ; 

sc. ovate ; marg. fls. not enlarged, all purp. u Fields. Append, dark brown. §Eur. 

3 C. Cyanus L. Bachelor^ s-bution. Erect, branched, downy ; Ivs. linear ; sc. ciliate- 

serrate ; outer fls. much enlarged. ©Fields, gardens. Purple, blue, white. 

4 C. Calcitrapa L. Star Thistle. Hairy, diflfusely branched ; Ivs. pinnately lobed, 

lobes lin. ; scales tipped with spreading spines. (§) Pa. to N. Car. Purple. § Eur. 

5 C MOSCHATA. Lvs. lyratc, dentate ; invol. subglobous, smooth ; sc. ovate ; ray-fls. 

scarcely enlarged ; pap, 0. ® Persia. Purple, varying to white. July — October. 

6 C suAVEOLENs. Yellow Sweet Sultan. Lvs. oblong, toothed, the upper pinnatifid at 

base ; ray fls. much enlarged, yellow ; pap. chaff-like, (i) Levant. 1 — 2f. July — Sept. 

94. OARTHAMUS, L. Saffron. Hds. discoid. Invol. imbricated, 
outer bracts foliaceous. Fls. all tubular and ^ , filaments smooth. Pap. 0. 
Receptacle with setaceous pales. Cypselse 4-angled. — Oriental herbs. 

C. TiNCTORitJS. St. smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, spinous-denticulate, half- 
clasping. (\) Egypt. Heads large, with long, slender, orange-colored flowers. July. 

95. ONIOUS, Yaill. Blessed Thistle. Heads discoid. Invol. ven- 

tricous, imbricate with doubl}'- spinous scales. Ray-fls. sterile. Receptacle 

very hairy. Pappus in 3 series, the outer lO-toothed, the 2 inner each 10- 

bristled. — Oriental herbs. 

C benedictus L. Lvs. somewhat decurrent ; dentate and spiny ; invol. doubly spi- 
nous, woolly, bracteate. Fields, &c. : rare. 2f. Heads large, yellow. § 

96. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton Thistle. Heads discoid, homog- 

amous. Involucre ventricous, imbricate with spreading, spinous scales. 

Recep. deeply alveolate. Pappus copious, capillary, scabrous. Cypselae 4- 

angled. — Large, branching herbs, with decurrent leaves. 

O, acantliium L. Plant cottony-white ; involucre scales spreading, subulate ; leaves 
ovate-oblong, sinuate, spinous. (2) Waste grounds : rare. 3f. Fls. purp. JL, Aug. 

/ 

97. CIRSIUM, Tourn. Thistle. Hds. discoid, homogamous. Invol. 

subglobous, of many rows of spinous-pointed, imbricated scales. Recep. 
bristly. Style scarcely divided. Pap. copious, plumous. Gyp. compressed, 
smooth. — Herbs with alternate lvs., generally armed with spinous prickles. 
Flowers in Summer. Figs. 178, 345. 

* Leaves decurrent on the stem more or less, floccous-woolly beneath Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves not decurrent,— a white-tomentous both sides. Plants low, stout. ..Nos. -3, 4 

— a white-tomentous beneath only. Plants slender.. Nos. 5—7 

—a green both sides. — b Hds. leafy-bracted at base.. .Nos. 8, 9 

—b Hds. naked, few, large (lO.Nos. tO, 11 

— b Hds. naked, many, small No. 12 

1 C lanceolatum Scop. Common Thistle. Lvs. decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the 

segments divaricate and spinous ; hds. several, ovoid, villous ; scales lanceolate, tip- 
ped with a spine, spreading. @ N. and M. : common. 3— 4f. Heads purple. 

2 C. liccontii T. & G. Slender, subsimple, with few hds. ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, more 

or less decurrent, hoary beneath, teeth few, spinous; scales not spinous, cuspidate; 
beads lai*ge (1' diameter), purple. Swamps, Ga, Fla. to La, 2f. 



190 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

3 C Pitclieri T. & G. White-tomentous ; Ivs. pinnatifid, segm. linear, spinous, margins 

revolute ; scales spine-pointed ; ilowers ocliroleucous. u Lake shores, W. June, July, 

4 C uiidulatiiin Spr. White-tomentons ; Ivs. lance-oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, wavy, 

prickly; scales scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. @ Mich., and N. 1 — 2f. 

5 C discolor Spr. Slender, much branched ; Ivs. pinnatifid, segm. 2-lobed, divari- 

cate, spinous ; scales ovate, tipped with a spreading spine. (2) N. 3— 5f. July + . 

6 C altissimum Spr. Tall, branching, villous, leafy to the top ; Ivs. lance-oblong, 

often sinuate-dentate, or pinnatifid, spinescent ; scales lance-ovate, the outer with a 
spreading spine. Fields, M. and W. 3— Sf. Purple. August. 

7 C Virginianuin Mx. Slender, subsimple, naked above ; Ivs. lanceolate, margins 

revolute, spinescent, lobed or dentate, white-downy beneath ; heads small (6") ; scale? 
bristle-tipped. Woods, W. and S. 3— 4f. Purple. April— Sept. 

8 C. liorridulum Mx. Cottony when young ; leaves cut-pinnatifid, spinous ; heads 

large, invested by a whorl of very spiny bracts ; scales sharp-pointed. (2) Uplands, 
N. Eng. to Fla. Flowers purple or cream-color. 1 — 3f. April — August, 

9 C. pumiluiu Spr. Hairy ; Ivs. few above, green, clasping, lance-oblong, pinnatifid, 

segm. lobed, spinous ; heads few, very large, subtended by 1—5 bracts ; invol. round- 
ovate, spinous. @ Pastures, waysides, N. Eng. to Pa., and W. : com. 1— 2f, stout. 
Flowers purple, fragrant. July, August. 

10 C. niuticuni Mx. Lvs. pinnatifid ; heads on naked peduncles, bractless ; invol. 
unarmed, with webbed and glutinous scales. (2) Damp. 3 — 7f. Hds. 1'. Aug., Sept. 

|3. g-labrum. Nearly glabrous ; lvs. lance-lin., lobed ; scales with minute spines. S, 

11 C repandiim Mx, Lvs. crowded to top, at length green both sides, clasping, lin.- 
oblong, wavy, spinous-ciliate ; hds. lorS; inner scales subulate. Barrens, S. 1— 2f. 

12 c arvense Scop. Canada Thistle. Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, wavy, lance-oblong; 
hds. panicled, small (S"), numerous ; scales with minute prickles. 71 Waysides, fields, 
N. andW. A pernicious weed, hard to extirpate, 3f. Yery prickly, except its heads, 

1 3 C. PuxcHiRRTMUM, with ycllow flowers, 3f high, is rarely planted in borders, 

14 C. LInthium. "A greenhouse shrub, covered with pale blue flowers. From Mexico, 

98. LAPPA, Tourn. Burdock. Heads discoid, liomogamous, Invol. 

globous, the scales imbricated and hooked at the extremity, Recep. bristly. 

Pap, bristly, scabrous, caducous. (2) European herbs. Lvs. alternate, large, 

cordate, petiolate. Hds. panicled, pink-purple, very adhesive by the hooks. 

li. officinalis Allioni. — Acoarse weed, in waste and cultivated grounds, E. and W, 3f. 
(L. major Gsert.)— Varies with small hds. and lvs. somewhat pinnatifid. (L, minor DC.) 

99. LAMPSANA, Tourn. Nipplewort. Hds. radiant, 8-12-flwd. 
Invol. cylindrical, angular. Scales 8, erect, in one row, with 2 or 3 
minute bractlets at base. Recep. naked, Cyp, glabrous. Pap. 0. — Slender, 
oriental herbs, with small, yellow heads, in paniculate corymbs. 

X. communis L. Stem leafy; lvs. ovate, petiolate, dentate ; ped. cylindrical ; invol. 
angular in fruit. ® Waysides, Quebec, Boston, and W, Eare, 
N 

100. APOGON, Ell. Heads radiant, Invol, scales ovate, acuminate, 
about 8, in two rows, Recep. naked, Ach, glabrous, oval, longitudinally 
12-striate. Pappus 0, (1) Herbs glabrous and glaucous, branched from 
the base. Leaves alternate, lanceolate. Heads small, yellow. 

A. liiimilis Ell.— Woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La. 3—12'. Slender, smooth ; lvs. vary- 
ing to linear, entire or lyrately lobed. Heads 3'' broad. March— June. 

101. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Chicory, Invol. double, the outer of 5 



Ordek 70.— composite. 191 

» 
leafy scales, the inner of about 8 linear ones. Eeceptacle chaflfy. Pappus 
scaly. Cjpselse not rostrate, obscurely 5-sided. — Oriental herbs with 
bright blue flowers, about 20 in a head. 

1 C. Entybus L. Boot Ivs. rnncinate, cauline bract-like ; heads axillary, eubsessile, 

mostly in pairs. % Dooryards, waysides, E. 2 — 3f. Eays large, showy, 5-toothed. 
The root, or its extract, is often mixed with coffee. July — Sept. § Europe. 

2 C. Endivia. Endive. Eoot leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, cauline auricled at 

base ; heads axillary, 3 — 5 together, (i) India. Cultivated as a salad. 

/ 

102. KRIGIA, Schreb. Dwarf Daio)ELio:s". Involucre manj^-leaved, 

nearly simple, equal. Recep. naked. Cypselse turbinate, striate, 5-angled. 
Pappus double, consisting of 5 broad, membranous scales, alternating with 
as many slender, scabrous bristles. ® Acaulescent, small. Leaves lyrately 
lobed. Scapes simple. Heads solitary, with 20 — 30 yellow flowers. 

1 K.. Virginica Willd. Early Ivs. round-spatulate, subentire, the later toothed and 

pinnatifid ; scapes 1—5 or more, V — 10' high. Rocks and sands. Hds. 5—6'^. May + . 

2 K.. Caroliniana N. Early Ivs. lin.-oblanceolate, few-toothed, later Ivs. lyrate-pin- 

natifid, or angular-lobed ; scapes 1 — 5 or more, 2'— 12'. Sands. S. Feb. — May. 

103. CYNTHIA, Don. Invol. nearly simple, of equal, narrow scales. 
Recep. flat, alveolate. Pap. double, the outer minute, scaly, inner copious, 
capillary. Gyp. short. % Lvs. alternate or all radical. Fls. 15 — 20, yellow. 

1 C. "Virginica Don. St. few-leaved, subumbellate ; lvs. lance-obl., repand-dentate, 

rarely lobed. petiolate. N. Y. to HI., and S. Yeiy smooth. 1— 2f. Hds. Q'''. June. 

2 C Dandelion DC. Acaulescent; scapes leafless, simple, 1-flwd. ; lvs. spatulate-obl. 

to lance-lin., entire or toothed, rarely pinnatifid. Md. to Ga. and Tex. 6 — IS'. Mar.-Jn. 

104. LEONTODON, L. ATJTU.Am Daxdeliox. Invol. imbricate, the 
outer sc. very short. Recep. naked. Pap. plumous, persistent on the some- 
what rostrate cj-psela. — Acaulescent herbs with yellow fls., many in a head. 

li, aatuiuna.lis L. Scape branching; ped. scaly-bracted ; lvs. lanceolate, dentate- 
pinnatifid. smoothish. Waysides, meadows, &c. E. N. Eng. 6'— 20'. Hds. several, near 
V in diameter. July— Oct. § Europe. 

105. TRAGOPOGON, L. Vegetable Oyster. Invol. simple, of 
many leaves. Recep. naked. Pap. plumous. Gyp. longitudinally striate, 
contracted into a long, flliform beak. (2) European, with long, grass-like lvs. 

T. porrifolius L. Invol. much longer than the corolla ; lvs. lance-linear; ped. thick- 
ened upward ; pappus ta-miy. Waysides, &c. N. Y. (Hankenson). 3f. June. %% 

106. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Hawkweed. Invol. more or less imbri- 
cated, ovoid, many-flwd. Sc. very unequal. Q>j^. not rostrate. Pap. a single 
row of copious, tawny, fragile bristles. 24: Lvs. alternate, entire or toothed. 

* Heads 40-oO-flwd. Invol. more or less imbricated. Cyp. blunt at top Nos. 1, 2 

* Heads 12-30-flwd. Involucre simple.— a Achenia contracted at the top ISTos. 3, 4 

— a Achenia not contracted upward. . .T^os. 5, 6 

1 H. Canadense llx. St. erect, subviUous, leafy, corymbed; lvs. sessile, ovate-obl. 
to lanceolate, acute, with few acute teeth; invol. strongly imbricated ; fruit bi'own. 
Rocky woods, N. Eng. to Wis., and N, 1-21". Stout. Hds. near r broad. Aug., Sept, 



192 Order ;o.— COMPOSITE. 

2 H. scabrum Mx. Leafy, rough-hirsute, glandular above ; Ivs. obovate to elliptic, 

subeutire ; iiivol. scarcely imbricated ; fr. red. Hilly woods. 1— 3f. Hds. 9'^ Aug. 

3 M. longipilum Torr. Clothed with long^ erect, shaggy 7ia?>5 ; Ivs. lance-oblong, 

entire ; hds. glandular, 20-30-fiwd. in a small naked panicle. "W. 1— 2f. July, Aug. 

4 H. Oronovii L. Hairy, paniculate, glandular at top ; Ivs. obovate to lance-oblong, 

slightly toothed, the cauline sessile, often few ; fl\ 20—33, narrowed above. — Varies 
with stems leafy or subnaked; pan. close or dift'nse. Dry hills: com. 1— 3f. Aug. + . 

5 H. venosuiM. L. Scape or stem leafless, or with one leaf, paniculate, smooth ; Ivs. 

obovate, entire, nearly glabrous, with purple veins ; scales smooth ; fls. 20 ; fr. linear. 
Woods, E. and W". 1 — 2f. Hds. on slender ped., broader (Q'O than in No. 4. Jl., Aug. 

6 M. paiiiculatum L. Slender, leafy, diffusely paniculate ; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous ; 

ped. very slender ; fls. 10 — 20 ; fr. short-cylindric, black. Woods : com, 2— 3f. Aug. 

107. CATANANCHE, L. In vol. imbricated, scarions. Recep. pale- 
aceous. Pap. paleaceous, 5-leaved. Pales awned, (T) Oriental herbs, with 
alternate, lanceolate leaves. 

C CCEEULEA L. Lvs. villous, somewliat bipinnatifid at base ; invol. lower scales ovate, 
mucronate. S.Europe. 2— 3f. Heads on long peduncles. Blue. July-i-. 

108, NABALUS, Cass. Drop Flower. Invol. cylindric, of many 
linear scales in one row, calyculate with a few short, appressed scales at 
base. Recep. naked. Pap. copious, capillary, brownish, 2-rowed, persist- 
ent. Cyp. not beaked, smooth, striate. % Erect, with a tuberous, bitter 
root. Heads 5-18-flowered, not yellow, although often straw-colored. 

§ Heads pendulous, glabrous. Leaves variously lobedor shaped. ..{a) \ 

a Dwarf species (6 — 10' high) native of high mountains Nos. 1, 2 

a Tall (2— 5f high).— c Heads 5-6-flowered No. 3 

— c Heads 8-12-flowered. — d Pappus tawny No. 4 

—d Pappus straw-colored Nos. 5, 6 

§ Heads nodding or erect, hairy. Leaves mostly undivided. . . (b) 

b Heads about 12-flowered. Pappus straw-color Nos. 7, 8 

b Heads about 25-flowered. Pappus tawny or dusky No. 9 

1 N". Soottii DC. St. simple, dwarf; lvs. hastate-cordate to lanceolate, mostly entire; 

heads racemed ; flowers 10— 18, inner scales 10 — 15. High mountains, N. July-i-. 

2 N. nanus DC. Smooth, simple ; lvs. deltoid-hastate and variously lobed, upper lan- 

ceolate, all petiolate ; hds. clustered-paniculate ; sc. 8, fls. 10—12. White Mts. Aug. 

3 N. altsssimus Hook. Smooth, strict, paniculate, tall, leafy; lvs. petiolate, pal- 

mately 3-5-cleft, or lobed, varying to hastate, cordate, or even ovate, dentate ; hds. 6" 
long, yellowish, forming a slender, leafy panicle; sc. 5. Woods, N. 3— 5f. August. 

4 N. albus Hook. LiorCs-foot. White Lettuce. Smooth, glaucous, corymb. -paniculate ; 

lvs. hastate-lobed to ovate, petiolate, the lobes or leaves obtuse ; heads 6— 7'^ with 8 
scales, 9—12 fls., and broAvn pappus. Moist woods. 2 — 4f. Purplish in spots. Aug. 
^. Serpentdria, Snake-root. Lvs. deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe 3-parted. 

5 N. Fraseri DC. Earth-gall. Smoothish, corymb. -paniculate ; lvs. hastate or del- 

toid, rarely 5-7-lobed, on winged stalks, upper lanceolate. — Varies with the leaves all 
lanceolate and merely toothed. Hard soils. Conn, to Fla. 2 — 4f. August. 

6 N. virgatu.s DC. Glaucous, simple, strict ; lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, narrow, the upper 

toothed or entire ; panicle or raceme virgate. Sands, N. J. to Fla. 2 — 4f. Sept., Oct. 

7 N. racemosus Hook. Smooth (exc. the invol.), simple, slender ; lvs. lance-oval to 

lance-ovate, denticulate ; hds. suberect, spicate-paniculate. Swamps, N. J. to Iowa, 
and N. 2 — 4f. Flowers pale red.— Varies with the lower leaves cut-pinnatifid. Sept. 

8 N. asper T. & G. Rough-downy, simple, strict ; leaves oval-oblong to lance-oblong, 

dentate ; hds. erect, fascicled in a spicate panicle ; fls. yellowish. W. 2 — 4f. Sept. 



Order 70.— COMPOSITJa. 193 

N. crepidlneus DC. SmootMsh, tall, stout, corymb. -paniculate ; Ivs. broadly tri- 

aiig.-ovate to lanceolate, toothed, petiolate ; hds. nodding, of 12 sc. and 25 — 35 ochro- 
leucousfls. Fields, thickets, W. States. 5— Sf. Larger than any of the foregoing. Sept. 

109. LYGODESMIA, Don. In vol. fls., &c., as in Nabalus. Pappus 
wliitish. Corollas rose-colored. U With linear-subulate leaves and erect 
lieads on long, naked peduncles. 

1 li. apliylla DC. St. scape-like, erect, slender, forked above ; Ivs. nearly all radical, 

short, linear-filiform ; heads 5-flowered. Pine woods, Ga. Fla. 2f. May. 

2 JL. j uncea N. St. much branched ; Ivs. lance-linear ; fls. 5. Min. (Matthews), and "W. 

110. TROXIMON, N'utt. Hds. many-flowered. Invol. campanulate, 

scales loosely imbricate, in 2 — 3 rows. Cyp. oblong-linear, compressed, 

glabrous, not rostrate. Pap. setaceous, copious, wliite. U Lvs. all radical. 

Scape bearing a single, large, showy head, with yellow flowers. 

Tm cuspidatum Ph. Et. fusiform; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, woolly at the edge ; scales 
lanceolate, cuspidate-pointed. Prairies, 111. Wis., and West. April — June. 

. 111. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. False Dandelion. Invol. double, 

the outer row numerous, loose and spreading. Receptacle naked. Cyp. 5- 

grooved, at length long-beaked, bearing a copious, soft, capillary, reddish 

pap. d) U Hds. solitary on long ped., large, with numerous deep yel. fls. 

P. Carolinianus DC. St. simple or branched, scape-like : Ivs. mostly radical, lance- 
olate, acute, sinuate-toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid. Fields, Md. to Fla. May — July. 

112. TARAXACUM, Desf. Dandelion. Invol. double, the outer of 
small scales, much shorter than the inner apprcssed row. Recep. naked. 
Cyp. produced into a long beak crowned with the copious, white, capillary 
pappus. — Acaulescent herbs, with runcinate leaves. Figs. 68, 346, 492. 

T. Uens-leonis Less. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed ; Ivs. runcinate, smooth, 
dentate; scape short in fl., long in fr. — a globe of pappus, i; Fields : common. § Eur. 

113. LACTUOA, Tourn. Lettuce. Invol. few-flowered, scales im- 
bricated in 2 or more unequal rows. Cyp. obcompressed (flattened same 
way as the scales), glabrous, abruptly narrowed to a long, filiform beak. 
Pappus copious, soft, capillary, white. — Herbs with leafy stems and panic- 
ulate heads of variable colors. Fig. 77. 

1 li. Canadensis L. |8. eloug-ata. Trumpet Milkweed. St. tall, hollow; Ivs. pale 

beneath, clasping, runc.-pinnatifid, upper lance., entire ; heads racemous-paniculate, 
with few scales and 12+ fls. @ Rich soils, thickets. 3— 6f. Yel. to purplish. Jl.,Aug. 

p. aang-uinea. Stem, If. veins, and fls. purple ; Ivs. some hairy, glaucous beneath. 

y. g^raminiffilia, Lvs. long, linear, the lower few-lobed, upper entire. South. 

S. integ-rifolia, Lvs. lanceolate, all entire, lower some sagittate at base. 

2 li. sativa. Garden Lettuce. Stem corymbous ; lvs. roundish, the upper cordate ; fls. 

white, (i) Said to be § in some places, when its lvs. become dentate-lobed and prickly. 

114. MULGEDIUM, Cass. Wild Lettuce. Involucre somewhat 
double, outer scales short and imbricated. Recep. naked, faveolate. Pap. 
capillary, crowning the short-beaked, compressed cypsela. — Leaves mostly 
spinulous. lids, paniculate, small, oo-flwd. Jl.— Sept. Figs. 76, 448-50. 



194 Order 71.— LOBELIACE^. 

* Pappus bright white. Corollas blue Nos. 1, % 

* Pappus tawny. Corollas cream-colored, turning purplish No. 3 

1 M. Floridanum DC, Smooth; Ivs. runcinately pinnate-parted, segm. few, sin- 

uate-dentate or angular ; pan. loose, hds. 9'\ @ Thickets, N. Y., W. and S. 3— 6f. 
p. acuminatum, Lvs. lance-ovate, acuminate, toothed, or the lower subruncinate. 

2 Ttt. pulcliellum N. Smooth and glaucous, strict; lvs. lance-oblong to lin., entire, 

or the lowest runcinate ; pan. corymbed ; fls. bright blue. L. Huron to Oreg. 2 — 7f. 

3 in. leucopliaeuiii DC. Tall, leafy ; lvs. lyrate-runcinate, coarsely-toothed ; ped. 

scaly-bracted ; pan. long, compound; fr. scarcely beaked. (2) Moist thickets. 5— lOf. 

115. SONCHUS, L. Sow Thistle. Invol. man^^-flowered, imbricate, 

of numerous unequal scales, at length tumid at base. Recep. naked. Pap. 

of white-silky hairs, in many series. Cypselge compressed, not rostrate. — 

Leaves mostly spinulous. Heads with many yellow flowers. Europe, 

§ Flowers bright yellow, in showy heads. Achenia angular. Pereimial No. 1 

§ Flowers pale yellow, in large heads. Achenia flat. Annual. Aug., Sept. .Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. arvensis L. Smooth, erect, hispid above : leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spinu- 

lous-dentate, clasping with short auricles at base ; hds. -subumbellate. Fields, way- 
sides, N. Eng., N. Y. 2f. §. 

2 S. a.sper Vill. Leaves cordate, amplexicaul, oblong-lanceolate, undulate, spinulous- 

dentate ; ped. subumbellate ; fruit oval-obovate, 3-nbbed on each side. 1 — 2f. § 

3 S. oleraceus L. Lvs. sagittate-amplexicaul, runcin.-pinnatifld, subspinulous, den- 

tate ; ped. downy ; involucre at length smooth; fruit many-striate. Rubbish. 2 — of. § 

116. HUMEA ELEGANS. Tall, 4f, branching above into an ample 

papillary panicle ; lvs. lance-ovate, clasping; heads numerous, small, drooping, with dry, 
loose scales, and 3 or 4 carmine-red florets, with no pales or pappus. N. Hoi. July— Oct. 

117. CH APT ALIA, Vent. Invol. campanulate. Scales in few series, 
jnear, acute. Recep. naked. Ray-fls. ? , ligulate, disk-fls. 5 , but sterile, 
oilabiate, lips equal, outer 3-, inner 2-parted. Cypselae glabrous. Pappus 
capillary, if Acaulescent. Lvs. all radical. Head cyanic. Mar., Apr. 

C. tomentosa Vent. White-tomentous ; lvs. oblong-ovate to lance-oval ; hd. nodding 
in bud, erect in fl., on the scape. Moist barrens, S. 6—12'. Rays 20, rose-colored. 

Order LXXI. LOBELIACE^. Lobeliads. 

Herbs or shrubs with a milky juice, alternate, exstipulate leaves and scat- 
tered flowers. Calyx 5-lobed or entire. Corolla monopetalous, irregular, 
split down to the Ijase on one side. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, united 
into a tube at least by their anthers. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube. 
Style 1. Stigma surrounded by a fringe. Fruit a capsule 2-3-(rarely 1-) 
celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous. 

1. LOBELIA, L. Cor. tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base on 
the upper side, upper lip of 2 separate lobes, lower 3-lobed. Anth. united 
above into a curved tube. Stig. 2-lobed. Caps, opening at the summit. 
Seeds minute. (1) % Flowers axillary and solitary, or in terminal, bracted 
racemes. July — Sept. 

t Corollas scarlet or bright crimson, large. . .* Exotic, Nos. 15, 16 * Native, No. 1 

t Corollas blue, or blue and white t Exotic, Nos. 17, 18. . . .t Native. . (a) 



Order 71.— LOBELIACE^. 195 

a Calyx lobes auricled at base, denticulate, shorter than corolla tube Nos. 2—4 

a Calyx lobes auricled at base, entire, linear, long as corolla tube Nos. 5, 6 

a Calyx lobes not auricled, entire,— & very slender and long Nos. 7—9 

— b much shorter than corolla . . . (c) 

c Leaves cauline, entire, few. Eacemes loose, few-flowered Nos. 10—12 

c Leaves radical, entire. Racemes strict, few-flowered Nos. 13, 14 

1 li. cardinalls L. Cardinal Floiuer. Tall, simple, glabrous ; Ivs. oblong-lanceo- 

late, slightly toothed, acute at each end, sessile ; fls. in a terminal, bracted, secund 
raceme ; stam. longer than the corolla, if Swamps. 2 — 4f. Splendid. 

jS. iHteg-Srrima, Leaves all very entire ; stem naked above. Northern N. Y. 

y. Candida, Flowers white, the segments narrower. Mass. 

2 Bj. syphilitica L. Great Lobelia. Stem erect, angular ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 

acute or acuminate, unequally serrate, some hairy ; raceme lealy ; calyx hispidly cili- 
ate, with the sinuses reflexed. 2; By streams. 1 — 3f. Flowers 1'. 
j8. alba» Flowers pure white. N. Y. (E. L. Hankenson ; G. M. Wilbur). 

3 li. glandulosa Walt. Subsimple, leafless above; Ivs. lance-lin., acutish, and with 

the lanceolate, auricled sepals some glandular-toothed ; fls. few, remote, large (9") ; 
cal. hispid or smoothish, short, if Damp barrens, Va., and S. 1| — 2f. Sept.— Oct. 

4 li. brevifolia N. Erect, simple, hispid; Ivs. 1', crowded, oblong-lin., denticulate; 

sep. ovate, fringe-toothed, half as long as cor. Damp, Fla. to La. IS'. (L. Ludov. C-B.) 

u li. leptostacliys A. DC. Glabrous, erect, simple, virgate ; Ivs. lance-oblong ; fls. 

small (4"), spike not secund; auricles awl-shaped, long, u Prairies, W. and S. 1 — 2f. 

6 Li. puberula Mx. Downy or smoothish, erect, simple ; Ivs. elliptic-ovate, denticu- 

late ; fls. large (7—8"), iii a long, secund spike ; auricles ear-shaped. N. J., W. and S. 2f. 

7 If. amoeiia Mx. Erect, simple, smooth ; Ivs. lanceolate, pointed both ways ; fls. large 

(S-9"), secund, numerous, in a long rac. ; bracts very small. 2; Swamps, Va., and S. 2f. 

8 li. spicata Lam. Erect, simple, puberulent ; Ivs. oblong, mostly obtuse ; fls. small 

(3-4"), crowded in a slender rac. ; pedicels and bracts as long as the fl. Dry soils. l-2f. 

9 li. inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Erect, branching, hairy; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, ser- 

rate ; fls. short (4"), with leafy bracts ; caps, inflated, large. (T) Fields. If. Narcotic. 

10 li. Boykinii T. & G. Slender, smooth; branches erect; Ivs. awl-shaped, erect; 
fls. small (4"), on filiform ped. in long, loose racemes. Wet sands, Ga. Fla. 2f. Lvs. 6". 

1 1 li. Nuttallii DC. Erect, very slender, smooth ; Ivs. few, linear, remote ; fls. few, 
small (3") ; ped. as long as cor. ; cal. tube almost none. (2) Swamps, L. L, and S. l-l|-f. 

12 li. Kalmii L. Simple or branched; rt. Ivs. spatttlate, st. Ivs. lance-lin. tolin., all 
obtuse ; rac. loose, leafy ; ped. about equalling the showy blue-wh. fls., minutely bract- 
ed, or naked (in same specimen) ; cor. 5", lobes obovate. Eocky swamps, E. &W. 6-18'. 

13 li. paludosa N. Lvs. lin.-spat., thickish, obtuse, petiolate ; scape simple, nearly 
naked ; rac. loose, ped. about as long as the cal. (2) Bogs, Del., and S. 2-3f. Lvs. 5-10'. 

14 li. Dortmanna, L. Lvs. submerged, ttifted, linear, entire, hollow with 2 longi- 
tudinal cells, short, obtuse ; scape simple, nearly naked ; fls. in a terminal raceme, re- 
mote, pedicellate, nodding. Ti Li ponds, N. States. 2 — 3f. Only the fls. emerging. 

15 li, ruTGENS. Downy, erect, simple ; lvs. narrow-lane, revolute at edge. 2f Mex. 3f. 

1 6 li. SPLENDENS. Smooth, erect ; lvs. narrow-lane, flat ; fls. large, in long rac. Mex. 3f. 

1 7 li. Ertnus. Slender, diflitse ; lvs. toothed, ellip. to lin. ; fls. scattered, bluish. S. Afr. 

18 li. coELESTiNA, a garden variety, with larger blue flowers, yellow in the centre. 

2. DOWNINGIA, Torr. Sep. 5, linear. Cor. 2-lipped, tube not split, 
upper lip 2-parted, erect, lower lip 3-lobed. Stam. tube incurved. Caps, 
slligue-form, 1-celled, GO-seeded, opening by 3 linear valves. ® Low, with, 
axillary, solitary flowers. (Clintonia, Doug.) 

1 ©. ELEGANS. Stem few-branched, angular ; lvs. ovate, acute ; ovary curved, 3-angled, 

longer than the lvs. ; corolla blue Avith a white palate. Oregon ! 6—12'. July, Aug. 

2 1>. PULCHELLA. Stem much branched ; lvs. obtuse; fls. 8", middle lobe longest. Cal. I 



196 Ouber 72.— CAMPAKITLACE^. 



Order LXXII. CAMPAjS^ULACE^. Bellworts. 

Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves, and without stipules. Flowers 
mostly blue, showy. Calyx superior, generally 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla 
regular, campanulate, generally 5-cleft, withering, valvate in sestivation. 
Stamens 5, free from the corolla. Anthers distinct, 2-celled. Pollen spheri- 
cal. Ovary adherent to the calyx, 2 or more celled. Capsule crowned 
with the remains of the calyx, loculicidal. Seeds many. 

§ Calyx tube short. Pod roundish, opening at the sides. Cor. bell or wheel form Campanula. 1 

§ Calyx tube elongated. Pod prismatic, opening at the sides. Corolla wheel-form Specularia. 2 

§ Calyx tube short. Pod ovoid, opening at the top. Corolla bowl-form Platycodon. 3 

1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, 
or subrotate, 5-lobed, closed at base by the broad, valve-like bases of the 
5 stamens. Stig. 3-5-cleft. Caps. 3-5-celled, opening by lateral pores. 
Mostly If. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or few and axillary. 

§ Native or naturalized.— « Flowers rotate, deeply 5-lobed No. 1 

— a Flowers campanulate, few, or scattered Nos. 2—4 

— a Flowers funnel-form, crowded above No. 5 

§ Exotic— & Sepals appendaged at base. Stig. 3 or 5. Corolla bell-shaped. .Nos. 6, 7 

— & Sepals not appendaged. Stig. 3.— c Corolla bowl-shaped Nos. 8, 9 

— c Corolla bell-shaped Nos. 10, 11 

— c Cor. rotate-spreading Nos. 12, 13 

1 C. Americana L. Tall, erect; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, uncinately serrate, 

contracted to a winged petiole, veins often ciliate ; fls. axillary, sessile ; style exsert- 
ed, decurved. it Dry copses : common. 2 — 4f. Fls. V broad, spreading, flat. Aug. t 

2 C. rotundifolia L. Hare-bell. St. weak, slender ; radical Ivs. ovate or reniform- 

cordate, cauline linear', entire ; flowers few, nodding, bell-shaped and blue. 7i Damp 
rocks, N. States. If. Very delicate. June, July. Kt. Ivs. seldom found with the fls. 

3 C. aparinoides Ph. Stem weak, slender, branching above, triangular, the angles 

inversely aculeate ; Ivs. lance-linear, subentire ; fls. terminal, 4" long, white. In wet 
meadows. 1 — l^-f, leaning on the grass like a Galium. June — Aug. 

4 C. divaricata Mx. Glabrous, erect, with slender, divaricate, paniculate branches ; 

Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, pointed at each end, sharply dentate ; fls. campanulate, pendu- 
lous on the slender branchlets. Rocky woods, Va., W. and S. 2f. July. 

5 C. glonierata L. St. angular, simple, smooth ; Ivs. lance-oblong, cordate, the loAver 

petiolate ; fls. crowded above, cor. funnel-form, violet-blue. Fields, Mass. 2f. § t Eu. 
i8. AGGREGATA. Flowcrs pale blue, in a dense head, and other var. are cultivated. 

6 C Medium. Canterbury-bells. Erect, hispid; Ivs. lanceolate ; fls. 1^; stig. 5. ©Eu. 3f. 

7 C. SPECiosA. Erect; Ivs. lance-linear ; fls. racemed, nodding ; stig. 3. n Eur. 2f. 

8 C. PYRAMiBALis. Smooth, branched ; Ivs. lance-ovate ; fls. broad, racemed. % Eu. 6f. 

9 O. PEESiciFOLiA. Smooth; Ivs. lance-linear, thick ; fls. broad, axillary. U Eur. 3f. 
IOC. Trachelium. St. angular, hairy ; Ivs. ovate, coi'd. dentate ; ped. 1-3-tlwd. li Eu. 4f. 
lie RAPUNCULOiDES. Eougli ; Ivs. ovate, pointed ; rac. spicate ; fls. nodding. 7i Eu. 2f. 

1 2 C, LoRETi. St. erect, ang. ; Ivs. obov. to lance-ovate ; cal. hairy : cor. 2^ broad. ® Eu. 

1 3 C. Garganica. St. diffuse ; Ivs. cord.-reniform to ovate ; fls. small, star-shaped. U Eu. 

2. SPECULARIA, Heist. Calyx 5-lobed, tube elongated. Cor. rotate, 
5-lobed. Fil. hairy, shorter than the anthers. Sty. included, hairy. Stig. 
3. Caps, prismatic, 3-celled, opening laterally in the upper part, (i) Fls. 
axillary and terminal, sessile, erect. 



Order 73.— ERICACE^. 197 

1 S. perfoliata Lam. St. mostlj^ simple, erect; Ivs.reniform-ovate, cordate-clasping-, 

crenate ; fls. sessile, aggregate, axillary. Fields, copses. If. Fls. deep blue. Jn.,Jl. 

2 S. liUdoviciana Torr. St. branched, branches slender ; Ivs. ovate, acute, subentire, 

sess. or slightly clasping ; ovaries slender, fls. smaller {'i" broad). S. Cai\ to La. 1— 2f. 

S S. Speculum. Venus' Looking-glass. Stem diffusely branching ; Ivs. oblong, crenate ; 

fls. solitary, with shallow lobes, blue varying to white, all Summer. S. Eur. Hardy. 

3. PLATYCODON, A. DC. Cor. large, bowl-sliaped. Stig. 5, thick, 
spreading. Caps, ovoid, opening at the top by 5 acute valves. If Siberia. 
Smooth and glaucous. 
P, GEANDiFLORUM. Lvs. lance-ovatc, serrate ; fls. 2', blue var. to wh., few, terminal. 18'. 

Order LXXIII. ERICACE^. Heathworts. 

Plants shrubby or sufFruticous, sometimes herbaceous, with Leaves sim- 
ple, alternate or opposite, mostly evergreen, without stipules. Corolla regu- 
lar or somewhat irregular, 4-5-cleft, the petals rarely distinct. Stamens as 
many or twice as many as the petals,, free, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, 
generally open by pores, often appendaged. Pollen (except in Monotro- 
peae) fjompounded of 4 united grains. Embryo straight, lying in the axis of, 
or in the end of fleshy albumen. Figs. 64, 89, 90, 99, 114, 248, 255, 311, 438. 

§ Ovary adherent, in fruit a berry crowned by the calyx teeth. Shrubs. . .(Suborder I.) 
§ Ovary free. — x Shrubs, trees. Capsule or berry with the cells 00 -seeded. . .(Suborder II.) 
— X Shrubs. Fruit a capsule with the cells one-seeded. . .(Suborder III.) 
— X Herbs half-woody, low. — y Leaves evergreen. Stamens distinct.. .(Suborder IV.) 
— y Leaves evergreen. Filaments united. ..(Suborder V.) 
— f/ Leaves none. Plants without verdure... (Suborder VI.) 
L VACCINEjE. — a Fls. 5-parted. Berries 10-seeded. Shrubs often resinous-dotted. ..Gaylussacia. 1 

— a Flowers 5-parted. Berries GO -seeded. Shrubs dotless Vaccinium. 2 

— a Flowers 4-parted.— & Petals narrow, reflexed. Berries red Oxycoccus. 3 

— h Petals short, spreading. Berries white Chiogenes. 4 

II. ERICINEiE. — c Flowers 4-parted. Sepals colored, larger than the corolla Calluna. 5 

— c Flowers 4-parted. Sepals small. . .(Gen. 11, or) Erica. 6 

— c Flowers 5-parted. — d Petals distinct, or very nearly polypetalous. . .{m) 
— d Petals united, — monopetalous. . .(e) 
e Corolla funnel- or bell-form, with spreading lobes. . .(7i) 
e Corolla urceolate (ovoid, cylindric or globular), lobes small. . .(/) 

e Corolla saucer-form, holding the anthers in 10 pits Kauiia. 7 

e Corolla salver-form, very fragrant. Trailing shrublet Epig^A. 8 

/ Fruit fleshy, the matured ovary 5-seeded Arctostaphylos. 9 

/ Fruit fleshy, the matured calyx 00 -seeded Gaultheria. 10 

/ Fr. dry, capsular,— 17 septicidal. Lvs. linear, heath-like Menziesia. 11 

—g loculicidal. — h Lvs. linear, moss-like. .Cassiope. 12 
— h Lvs. ample. Shrubs... Andromeda. 13 

—h Lvs. ample. Trees Oxydendrum. 14 

k Stamens 5, included. Plant and leaves very small Loiseleuria. 15 

h Stamens 5 (rarely more), long-exserted. Cor. funnel-form. .Azalea. 16 

h Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), exserted. Cor. bell-form Khododendron. 17 

»u Corolla very irregular, open before the leaves appear .Rhodora. 18 

m Cor. regular,— n 7-petalled. Stamens 14 Befaria. 19 

— n 5-petalled. — o Capsule 5-celled Ledum. 20 

— o Caps. 3-celled.— p Fls. umbelled..LEioPHyLLtJM. 21 
— p Fls. racemed.. .Clethra. 22 

III. CYRILLE.S;.— r Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens and a 2-celled capsule Elliottia. 23 

— r Flowers 5-parted, — z with 5 stamens and a 2-celled capsule Cyrilla. 24 

—« vith 10 stamens. Caps. 3-celled, 2- winged. .Mylocarium. 25 



198 Order 73.— ERICACE^. 

IV. PYKOLE.E.— .>; Flowers racemed, many. Herbs nearly acaulescent Pyrola. 26 

— s Flowers umbelled, few. Stems ascending. Style very short Chimaphila. 27 

— .s Flowers solitary (one only). — t Capsnle 5-celled Moneses. 28 

— t Capsule 3-celled Shortia. 29 

V. ? GALACTNE.E. Anthers 5, one-celled. Capsule 3-celled. Scape spicate Galax. 30 

VI. MONOTROPE.E.— M Corolla polypetalous. Plant white, reddish or tawny Monotropa. 31 

— u Corolla monopetaloua, — v campanulate, in a short spike Schweinitzia. 32 

— y ovoid, in a loose raceme Pterospora. 33 

1. GAYLUSSAOIA, H. B. K. Huckleberry. Calyx adherent, 5- 

tootlied. Cor. iirceolate or campanulate, 5-cleft or toothed. Sta. 10. Anth. 

awnless, the cells produced upward into tubular beaks opening at the apex. 

Beriy drupe-like, globular, 10-celled, 10-seeded. ^) ^ Leaves alternate. 

Flowers in lateral, bracted racemes, white or reddish, small. Fruit black 

or dark blue, sweet. May, June. 

§ Leaves evergreen, very smooth, with no resinous clots, crenulate No. 1 

§ Leaves deciduous, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath, entire Nos. 2 — 4 

1 G. ■buxifoliiiMi (Salisb.) Box H. Lvs. oval to ovate, thick and firm ; rac. dense, 

ped. very sliort ; cor. short-ovoid ; berries light blue. Rocky hills, Pa. to Va. : rare. If. 

2 G. dnmosa T. & G. Minutely hairy and glandular ; lvs. obovate-oblong, mucronate ; 

bracts persistent ; cor. short-bell-form ; ber. black, large, insipid. - Me. to Fla. 1 — 2f. 

3 G. resinosa T. & G. Black H. Branches ashy ; lvs. oval to lance-obl. ; rac. 1-sided, 

deciduous bracts, ped. short as the fls. ; cor. 5-angled, contracted at mouth ; sty. exsert- 
ed; fr. black, round, sweet and eatable, ripe in Aug. Thickets, Can. to Ya., and W. 2f. 

4 G. frondosa T. & G. Blue Dangles. High Blueberry. Lvs. oblong-obovate, pale- 

glaucous beneath ; rac. loose, bracts deciduous, shorter than the ped. ; cor. egg-bell- 
form ; berries large, blue, sweet and eatable, in Aug. Thickets, N. Eng. to La. 3 — 6f. 

2. VACCINIUM, L. Blueberry. Calyx adherent, 5-toothed. Cor. 
urceolate, campanulate or cylindric, limb 4- or 5-cleft, reflexed. Sta. 8 or 
10, included. Anth. with 2 awns on the back, or awnless, the 2 cells pro- 
longed into a tube opening at apex. Berry 4 or 5 (or partly 8-10)-celled, 
cells Qo-seeded. ^) +> Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or racemous, 
white or reddish, small. Fruit generally eatable. Fig. 90. 

§ Anthers 2-awned back of the 2 horns. Leaves deciduous. . . {a) 

a Filaments smooth. Fruit 4-5-celled, blue. Shrubs If or less Nos. 1, 2 

a Filaments hairy. Fruit partly 10-celled. Taller (2— 20f high) Nos, 3, 4 

§ Anthers 2-horned, Avithout the awns. Filaments 10, hairy. . .{p) 

b Leaves evergreen. Flowers 4-parted. Fruit 4-celled No. 5 

b Leaves evergi-een. Flowers 5-parted. Fruit partly 10-celled Nos. 6, 7 

b Lvs. deciduous. Fr. partly 10-celled. Fls. in short, close racemes. . . (c) 

c Corolla bell-shaped. Leaves hairy both sides, entire No. 8 

c Corolla cylindrical. Leaves smooth or nearly so Nos. 9 — 11 

c Corolla ovoid, evidently contracted at the mouth. Nos. 11 — 13 

1 "V. uliginosuiM L. Bilberry. Procumbent ; lvs. obovate, obtuse, dull, glaucous 

beneath ; fls. solitary, axillary ; cor. ovoid-globous, 4-cleft ; stam. 8. White Mts. Jn., Jl. 

2 V. caespitosum Mx. Bilberry. Dwarf, caespitous ; lvs. obovate, attenuate at the 

base, thin, serrate, reticulate with veins, shining ; flowers subsolitary ; corolla oblong, 
5-toothed : stamens 10. White Mountains. 2—3'. July. 

3 V. stamineuin L. Deerberry. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute, dull, glaucous beneath ; 

pedicels solitary, axillary, nodding ; cor. bell-spreading, seg. acute, oblong ; anth. 10, 
with the long tubes exserted. Dry woods. 2— 3f. Fruit greenish-white. May, June. 

4 V, arl>oreum Mx. Lvs. obovate, acute at base, mucronate, veiny, shining above, 



Ordeh 73.— ERICACE^. 199 

pale gi'een and subpubescent beneath ; pedicels seciind, in leafy racemes ; cor. cylin^ 
dric-bell-shaped, rose-white ; anth. 10, included. Woods, S. 8-20f. Fr. black. May, Jn. 

5 V. Vitis-Idsea L. Decumbent, much branched, smooth, evergreen ; Ivs. 4-T\ oval, 

obtuse, thick, margin revohite, pale beneath ; fl.s. solitary or in short clusters, 4-parted ; 
corolla campanulate. Hills and mts., N. Eng. : rare. June, July. 

6 V. Myrsinites Mx. Erect, much branched ; Ivs. small, elliptical, acute at each end, 

glabrous, serrulate ; fls. in small lateral clusters of 2—5 ; cor. ovoid, urceolate ; stj'le 
slightly exserted. Woods, S. If. Whole plant often purplish. March, April. 

7 V. inyrtifoliiim Mx. St. simple, decumbent at base, from long, creeping roots ; 

Ivs. 1 — 2', cuneate-obovate or oval, pale beneath ; fls. in dense, sessile, lateral clus- 
ters of 6 — 12; cor. oblong-cylindric ; fr. round, black. Woods, S. If. Mar., April. 

8 "V. Canadleiise Eich. Branches reddish-green, pubescent, leafy ; Ivs. elliptic-lan- 

ceolate, acute at each end; rac. fasciculate, sessile, subterminal ; cor. campanulate; 
cal. lobes acute. Rocky thickets, N. Eng., and W. 8 — 12'. Berries blue, sweet. May. 

9 V. Pennsylvanicum Lam. Cominon Loiv Bluebem^y. Branches green, with 2 

pubescent lines ; Ivs. 1', crowded, elliptic-oblong, acute at each end, bristly-serrulate, 
shining ; fls. in short, bracteate, dense rac. Hard soils. Can. to Pa. Ber. blue, sweet. 

^.nigrum. Dark green ; berries black and shining, without bloom. 

y. alpinutn. Dwarf, decumbent ; Ivs. small (.3 — 4'0, narrow-oblanceolate. Mts. 

10 V, vacillans Soland. Low, bushy; Ivs. oval to ovate, acute or mucronate, pale 
green, dull, glaucous beneath, minutely serrulate ; rac. dense-flowered, preceding the 
full-grown Ivs. Hilly woods, N. Eng. to Tenn. 1 — 24-f. Fr. blue-black, sweet. May, Jn, 

1 1 V. corynibosum L. Coimnon High Blueberry. Tall ; flowering branches nearly 
leafless ; leaves oval to lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, entire, pubescent 
when young, often glaucous beneath ; rac. short, sessile ; cor. cylindrical to ovoid. 
Low woods. 5 — lOf. March — June. — Varies exceedingly. 

j3, virg-Tituni, Branchlets leafless, covered with rose-colored rac. Sts.virgate. 5f. S. 
y. amcenttm, Lvs. oblong ; fls. cylindric, large, roseate ; sty. included ; fr. blk. 8f. 
5. fuscdtum, Lvs. serrulate ; ped. elongated ; sty. exserted ; fls. striped with red. 3f. 
£ , g-lahrunit Plant glabrous throughout, the leaves entire. Rare. 

12 V. galezaiiiS Mx. Flowering branches leafy ; lvs. sessile, cuneate-lanceolate, sub- 
serrate, veiny, glabrous when old ; flowers in small, sessile fascicles ; corolla small, 
yellowish ; style exserted ; fruit small, black. Swamps, S. If. April +. 

13 V, liirsutuni Buckley. Whole plant, with fls. and fr., densely hirsute ; lvs. ovate, 
entire ; corolla oblong, nearly closed at mouth ; berry round. Mts. of N. Car. If. 

3. OXYCOCOUS, Pers. Ceanberrt. Calyx adherent, 4-cleft. Cor. 
4-partecl, with long, narrow, reflexed segments. Sta. 8. Anth. tubular, 2- 
parted, opening by oblique pores. Berries globons, 4-celled, many-seeded. 
^) [^ Delicate, with alternate lvs., red and purple berries on slender ped. 

* Stem erect, Avith membranous, deciduous leaves. Berries sw^eetish No. 1 

* Stem prostrate, slender. Leaves evergreen, small. Berries acid Nos. 2, 3 

1 O. erytlirocarpiis Ell. Lvs. oval, acuminate, thin, ciliate-serrulate; fls. axillary, 

solitary, the long segments at length reflexed. Mts. of Va. and Car. 1 — 2f. June. 

2 O. palaistris Pers. Sts. filiform, purple ; lvs. ovate, entire, revolute on the margin ; 

pedicels terminal, 1-flowered; corolla pink, segments ovate. Alpine bogs, N. 

3 O. maerocarpiis Pers. St. filiform ; lvs. oblong, obtuse at each end, edges revo- 

lute, glaucous beneath ; pedicels axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; corolla segm. linear- 
lanceolate. Sphagnous swamps, Ya., and N. Fruit large, valuable. June. 

4, CHIOGENES, Salisb. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Cor. broadly cam- 
.panulate, limb deeply 4-cleft. Stara. 8. Anth. cells distinct, awnless on 

the back, bicuspidate at apex, opening longitudinally. Ov. adherent. Fr. 



200 Order 73.— ERICACE^. 

white, 4-celled, many-seeded. [^ Delicate. Lvs. very small , alternate, with 

the flavor of the Checkerberry. Cor. small, wh., axillary, solitary. Fig. 248. 

C. liifspidula T. & G.— In old woods, N. Eug., N. and W. Stems creeping, slender, 
1— 3f. Leaves oval, 4^-6'\ Berries very small. May, June. 

5. OALLUNAj Salisb. Heather. Cal. of 4 scarious, colored sepals. 
Cor. campanulate, 4-parted, shorter than the calyx. Stam. 8. Anth.. 3- 
crested on the back, cells opening laterally. Stig. 4-lobed. Caps. 4-celled, 
8-seeded, 4-valved. ^) Lvs. opposite, minute, crowded. Fls. axillaiy, or 
crowded in 1-sided racemes, scarious, roseate, with 4 — 6 scarious bracts. 
C. vulgaris Salisb.— Low grounds, Tewksbury ! Mass., Me., and N. 2f. Lvs. J". 

6. ERICA, L. Heath. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. tubular, bell-, cup-, urn-, 
globe-, egg-, or salver-form, the limb in 4 short lobes. Stam. 8. Sty. fili- 
form. Caps. 4-celled, opening by 4 loculicidal valves. Sds. 2 — oo in each 
cell. ^) Very delicate, chiefly S. African, branching and brittle. Leaves 
whorled, rarely alternate, linear or acerous. Flowers nodding, cyanic. 

1 E. cinerea L. Scotch Heath. Stems clustered ; branchlets and linear lvs. (I'O in 

3's, crowded : fls. racemous-clustered on the upper branchlets ; cal. colored, with few or 
no bractlets, i'^ '• cor. purple, oval, 2" ; anth. included, awned beneath. Sandy " moors," 
Nantucket Is. ! Found by Mrs. E. E. Atwater, June, 1868. Apparently indigenous. 

2 E. CAKNEA. Very slender, 6 — 10'; leaves in 3's or 4's, 2— .3" long, obtuse ; flowers axil- 

lary ; corolla 2'', and calyx 1", flesh-color ; anthers dark-purple, exserted. Alps. 
April. — Of the 400 known species, only this is yet common in cultivation. 

7. KALMtA, L. American Laurel. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. with 10 
prominences beneath and 10 corresponding cavities within, including the 
10 anthers. Border 5-lobed. Fil. elastic. Caps. 5-celled, many-seeded. 
5 h Beautiful, IS". American. Leaves entire, evergreen, coriaceous. Flow- 
ers in racemous coiymbs, white and red, in May — July. 

* Flowers in terminal coiymbs. Leaves thick, mostly acute ISTos. 1, 2 

* Flowers in lateral corymbs. Leaves obtuse Nos. 3, 4 

* Flowers solitary, axillary. Sepals nearly as long as the corolla No. 5 

1 K. latifolia L. Calico Bush. Spoon-wood. Lvs. alternate and ternate, oval lance- 

olate, acute at each end. smooth and green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, viscidly 
pubescent. Woods, Me. to O., Ky.. andFla. 5-20f. Profusely and splendidly flowering. 

2 K.. glauca Ait. Swamp Laurel. Branches ancipitous ; lvs. opposite, subsessilc, 

lanceolate, polished, glaucous beneath, revolute at the margin ; corymbs terminal, the 
peduncles and bracts smooth. Bogs, Pa., and N. 2-3f. Lvs. 1'. Corymbs 8-10-flowered. 
^. rosmarinifblia. Leaves linear, more revolute, green beneath. 

3 K.. angustifolia L. Sheep-poison. Lvs. ternate and opposite, elliptical-lanceolate, 

petiolate, obtuse at each end, smooth ; corymbs lateral ; bracts linear-lanceolate. Hills 
and copses, Can. to Ky. and Car. 2— 4f. Flowers deep purple, few in each cluster. 

4 K. cuneata Mx. Lvs. scattered, sessile, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, glan- 

dular-pubescent beneath ; flowers white, in sessile clusters. Swamps, Car. : rare. 3f. 

5 K. liirsuta Walt. Slender, branched, hairy ; leaves scattered or opposite, ovate to 

linear-oblong, as long as the pedicels (4—6"). Barrens, S. : common. If. Fls. 7"- 

8. ETIG2EA, L. Trailing Arbutus. May-flower. Cal. large, 5- 
parled, with 3 bracts at base. Cor. salver- form, tube villous within, limb 



Order 78.— ERICACE^. 201 

5-pai'ted, spreading. Stam. 10. Anth. dehiscent by 2 longitudinal open- 
ings. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved. [^ Trailing, -with cordate, ovate, entire, 
alternate leaves, and axillary clusters. 

E. repens L. — Kocky woods, N. Eng. to Pa., Ky., and N. Stems half-shrubby, hairy, 
10 — 15' long. Lvs. evergreen, 2'. Fls. rose-colored, delightfully fragrant. Apr., May. 

9. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bear-berry. Cal. 5-parted, per- 
sistent. Cor. ovoid, diaplianous at tlie base, limb with 5 small recui^ved 
segments. Antli. 10, witli 2 long, reflexed awns, and opening by pores. 
Drupe or berry 5-10-celled, the cells 1-seeded. ^) Trailing. Leaves alter- 
nate. Racemes terminal. 

1 A. Uva-ursi Spr. Lvs. entire, thick, evergreen, shining above, obovatc ; flowers 

drooping ; drupe red, as large as a currant, the nut 5-seeded. Rocky hills, N. May, 

2 A. alpina Spr. Lvs. thin, serrate, deciduous, obovate, acute, strongly netted; ped. 

hardly longer than the bractlets ; drupes black. High mts.. Me., jST. H., and N. 
\ 

10. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Checkerberry. Wintergreen. Cal. 

5-cleft, with 2 bracts at the base. Cor. ovoid-tubular, limb with 5 small, 

revolute lobes. Fil. 10, hirsute. Caps. 5-celled, invested by the calyx, 

which becomes a berry. ^ Leaves alternate. Pedicels bibracteolate. 

Cr, proc^mbeiis L. St. procumbent, with the branches erect or ascending ; lvs. obo- 
vate, mucronate, denticulate, crowded at the top ; fls. few, drooping, terminal. Woods 
and pastures, Can. to Penn. and Ky. 3', Ked berries and leaves spicy. June — Sept. 
\ 

11. MBNZIESIA, Smith. Cal. deeply 4- or 5-cleft. Cor. urceolate or 

campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed. Sta. 8 or 10, anth, opening by terminal pores. 

Caps. 4- or 5-celled, opening septicidally. Seeds oo. Low, shrubby plants, 

of various habits. Flowers in terminal clusters. 

§ Phtllodoce, Salisb. Lvs. evergreen, heath-like. Fls. 5-parted, bell-form No. 1 

§ Mi^N ziE^j A p rope?'. Leaves deciduous. Flowers 4-parted, urceolate No. 2 

1 OT. taxifolia Robbins. Mountain Heath. St. prostrate at base ; lvs. linear, obtuse ; 

pedicels erect, slender, terminal, aggTegate, 1-flowered. Alpine bogs, N. H., Me., and 
N. 6 — 12'. Leaves 6—7''. Flowers purple, the ped. 18". June. 

2 IWE. ferrugiiiea Smith. /3. g-lobularis Sims. Shrub low, straggling, pubescent ; 

leaves lance-oval, ciliate ; flowers small, nodding, on slender pedicels, greenish-pur- 
ple. Mts., Penn. to Car. 3— 4f. June. 

\ 12. OASSIOPE, Don. Moss-plant. Sep. bractless, imbricated, ovate. 

Cor. globular-campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed. Anth. 8 or 10, pendulous, cells 

opening by a terminal pore, with a long reflexed awn behind. Caps. 4- or 

5-celled, valves 2-parted. Placentae pendulous, oo-seeded. 5 Small, 

alpine, moss-like or heath-like shrubs. Flowers solitary, pedicellate. 

C liypnoides Don. Stem filiform, tufted; leaves evergreen, subulate, smooth, 
crowded ; flowers 5-parted, purple, nodding. High mts., N. H., N. Y., Me. 2 — 3'. Jn. 

13. ANDROMEDA, L. Cal. 5-parted, persistent, not becoming fleshy 
in fruit. Cor. urceolate, the mouth more or less contracted, 5-toothed. 
Anth. 10, cells 2, opening by a terminal pore. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, 
often re-enforced with 5 external valvelets. Seeds Qo. 3 +> with entire, 
or serrulate, alternate leaves. Figs. 64, 438, 



202 Ordee 73.— ERICACEAE. 

§ Sepals valvate in the' early bud. Pis. in clusters. Caps, globular., .(c) 
§ Sepals imbricate in the bud. Capsule depressed. . .(a) 

a Fls. solitary, axillary. Pericarp double. Anth. awnless. (Cassandra). .Nos. 1, 2 
a Flowers in axillary racemes. Pericarp simple, with 5 entire valves ... (5) 

b Anth. awnless. Bractlets at the base of the pedicels. (Leucothoe). .Nos. 3 — 5 

5 Anth. 2-awned. Bractlets at the base of the calyx. (Eubotiys) Nos. 6, 7 

c Flowers in a terminal nodding umbel. Cor. globxilar. (Euandromeda) No. 8 

c Flowers in racemes, panicled or axillary. . .(c?) 

d Capsule with 5 narrow valvelets applied to the sutures. . .(e) 

(Z Capsule naked. Corolla ovoid. Anthers 2-awned. (Portunia).. .Nos. 9, 10 

e Corolla oblong. Filaments or anthers 2-awned. (Pieris) Nos. 11— 13 

e Corolla globular. Filaments and anth. awnless. (Lyonia). . .Nos. 14 — 16 

1 A. calyculata L. Leather-leaf. Lvs. oblong, obtuse, flat, acute at base, rusty 

beneath ; fls. white, each with a leaf, in leafy racemes ; cal. 2-bractleted at base, sep. 
acute ; inner pericarp 10- valved, thin. Bogs, Can. to Car. and Wis. 3f. April +. 

2 A. angustifolia Ph. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, the margins revolute; calyx 

segments acuminate, 2-bracteolate. Otherwise as No. 1. Swamps, S. Car., Ga. 

3 A. axillaris Lam. Leaves oblong, acute, denticulate, petiolate ; rac. dense, short; 

sepals roundish, obtuse. Banks, low country, Va. to Fla. 2 — 4f. Evergreen. Mar. 

4 A. Catesl»£ei Walt. Lvs. lance-ovate, conspicuously pointed, petiolate, finely ser- 

rulate ; rac. dense, nodding, nearly as long as the leaves ; sep. ovate, acute. Banks, 
up-country, Penn. to Ga. 2 — 5f. Eacemes 2—3', white. Evergreen. May. 

5 A. acuminata L. Pipe-tcood. Leaves very smooth, rigid, lance-ovate, gradually 

pointed, entire ; rac. loose, short ; branches hollow. Swamps, S. 3 — tOf. April. 

6 A. racemosa L. Lvs. lance-oval, slightly pointed, serrulate, deciduous ; rac. strict, 

ascending, terminal, naked, long and 1-sided ; sep. ovate, acuminate ; anth. cells each 
2-awned at apex ; seeds wingless. Wet woods. 2 — 6f. Rac. 2— 3', white. Jn.,July. 

7 A, reciirva Buckley. Lvs. deciduous, lance-ovate, acuminate; anth. cehs each 1- 

awned ; pod .5-lobed ; sds. winged, flat ; branches recurved-spreading. Mts.,Va., N. Car. 

8 A. polifolia L. ^^'^ld Rosemary. Erect, smooth, glaucous ; lvs. oblong-linear, with 

margins revolute, white beneath (2 — 3') ; umb. 5-9-flwd., roseate. Bogs, N. If. Jn. 

9 A. floi'ibunda Lyon (Ph.) Lvs. thick, evergreen, lance-oblong, acute or pointed, 

bristly-serrulate ; rac. paniculate, crowded ; bractlets minute ; cor. white ; anth. awns 
2, reflexed, white. Mts., Va. to Ga. 2— lOf. Flowers numerous and handsome. Apr. 

10 A. pliillyrjefolia Hook. Lvs. thick, shining, evergreen, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 
serrulate above ; rac. subterminal, loose ; sep. lanceolate ; cor. oval ; anth. each with 
2 long reflexed black awns. Woods, Quincy, Fla. 1— 3f. (A. Croomii, C-B.) 

11 A, jiitida Bartram. Fetter-bush. Lvs. thick, evergreen, shining, elliptical, acu- 
minate at each end, margins veined and revolute ; umbels axillary, nodding, roseate ; 
branches sharply angled. Low pine-barrens, S. 3 — Gf. March, April. Elegant. 

j3 ? rhombi folia t Leaves broad-oval ; sepals i as long as the ovoid corolla. Fla. 

12 A. Mariana L. Stagger-bush. Lvs. thin, deciduous, oval, entire, acutish; flow- 
ering branches leafless ; fls. large (4—5"), white or reddish, in lateral crowded fascicles ; 
sepals linear, ^ as long as the cylindric corolla. Sands, N. J. to Fla. 3f. June, July. 

13 A. speciosa Mx. Lvs. oval, obtuse, serrate, veiny, deciduous; flo'\yering stems 
mostly leafless, branched; sepals } as long as the large bell-shaped white corolla. 
Swamps, S. June. — Varies with the leaves broad, crenate, whitish beneath. 

14 A, ligustrina Muhl. Pubescent ; lvs. deciduous, lance-obovate to obovate, short- 
acuminate, serrulate ; rac. panicled on the leafless flowering branches. Wet soils, Ct. 
to Fla. 6f. June.— A^ar. Avith small lvs. scattered among the small (1") downy fls. S. 

15 A. ferrugsnea Walt. Lvs. thick, rigid, evergreen, obovate to oblanceoiate, rusty 
beneath, revolate-edged ; umb. axillary; fls. small (1"); valvelets nearly as broad as 
the valves. Pine-barrens, S. 3 — 20f. Shrub or small tree. Apr., May. (A. rigida Ph.) 

16 A. montana Buckley. Lvs. evergreen, lance-ovate, ciliate-serrulate ; fls. in large 
panicles ; pedicels pubescent, with 3 linear bractlets. Mts., N. Car. 4— 6f. 



Order 73.— ERICACE^. 203 

14. OXYDENDRUM, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sep. bractless, valvate in 
the early bud. Cor. urceolate, oyoid, 5-tootlied. Antb. 10, linear, erect, 
awnless, cells opening lengthwise. Capsule oblong, truncate, 5-celled, 5- 
valved. Seeds oo. ^ Lvs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- 
rulate. Flowers white, in terminal panicles of slender, spicate racemes. 
O. arboreum DC— Ohio, Penn., and S. along tlie Alleghany Mts. Tree 40-50ft. Jn., Jl. 

15. LOISELHURIA, Desv. Alpine Azalea. Calyx 5-parted, lobes 
equal. Cor. subcampanulate, 5-parted, regular. Sta. 5, equal, erect, shorter 
than the corolla, anth. dehiscing laterally. Style straight, included. Caps. 
2- or 3-celled, 2- or 3-valved, GO-seeded. 5 Delicate, procumbent, tufted, 
with opposite, petiolate, entire leaves. Pedicels terminal, solitary, 1-flow- 
ered. Corolla rose-color. 

li, proctim'bens Desv. — Summit of the White Mts., N. H. A tiny shrub, 3—6'. Lvs. 
elliptical, .3", margins revolute. Flowers nearly sessile. June, July. 
\ 

16. AZALEA, L. Swamp Pink. Cal. small, 5-parted. Cor. funnel- 
form, somewhat irregular, with 5 spreading lobes. Sta. 5. Fil. and style 
long, exserted, declined, anth. opening by pores. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, 
GO - seeded. +> Erect. Lvs. alternate, deciduous, oblong or obovate, en- 
tire. Flowers in umbelled clusters, terminal, large and showj^ Fig. 114. 

§ Calyx lobes all (or rarely one excepted) very short or minute Nos. 1, 2 

§ Calj'x lobes all oblong and of conspicuous length.— a Native Nos. 8, 4 

— a Exotic Nos. 5, 6 

1 A. viscosa L. Branchlets hispid ; leaves obovate-oblong, the edges, midvein, and 

petiole bristly ; fls. appearing after the lvs., very viscid, the tube much longer than the 
segments ; stamens exserted ; style much longer. Swamps. 4 — lOf. May — July. 

/3. nitida, Lvs. smooth, green, shining, oblanceolate. Dry woods, N. 1 — 2f. 

y. hispida, Lvs. very hispid above, smooth and glaucous beneath. Mts., Pa. 

2 A. Jiudiflora L. Finxter-Uoom. Young branchlets and lvs. beneath pubescent; 

clusters naked, appearing with or before the young lvs. ; corolla slightly viscid, tube 
downy, scarcely longer than the segm. Woods: more common S. 8— 7f. Apr. + . — ■ 
Varies with the flowers piiik^ deep purple^ lohite-variegated, white with a buff centre, 
and buff all over ; the latter two fragrant. Also, with 10 — 20 stamens. 

3 A. caleiidiilacea Mx. Flaming Finxter. Young branchlets pubescent ; lvs. at- 

tenuated to the base, corj^mbs nearly or quite leafless ; tube of the coi*. hirsute, not 
viscid, shorter than the ample lobes. Upland woods, O., Pa., and S. 3 — lOf. Maj% Jn. 
— The splendid flowers vary to yellow-scarlet, flame-color, hrick-red, saffron-yellow, &c. 

4 A. ai'l>orescens Ph. Branches smooth ; lvs. obovate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 

margins ciliate ; corymbs leafy with full-grown leaves ; corolla tube not viscid, longer 
than the lobes. Mts., Penn., and S. 10- 20f. May— July. 

5 A. Indica. Strigous, but not glandular ; lvs. wedge-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate; 

fls. terminal, 1 — 3 together. Japan. Fls. scarlet, crimson, white, &c. Splendid. 

6 A. PoNTicA. Lvs. oblong, acute, margin ciliate ; fls. viscid, corymbed, after the 

leaves ; tube equalling the limb, yellow, very fragrant. Asia Minor. 

17. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose Bay. Calyx small, deeply 5-part- 
ed, persistent. Cor. campauulate, often slightly unequal, 5-lobed. Stam. 
10 (rarely fewer), mostly declinate, anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. 

-Caps. 5-celled, o-valyed, many-seeded. 5 5 With alternate, entire leaves. 
Flowers in dense, terminal umbels from large, scaly buds. Figs. 99, 311. 



204 Order 73.— ERICACE^. 

* Leaves obtuse at each end. Flowers purple or lilac, not spotted Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves acute or acuminate, dotted or discolored beneath. FLs. spotted. . .Nos. 3, 4, 5 

* Leaves acuminate, scarcely paler beneath. Fiowers very broad, purple No. 6 

1 IS. liappoiiicusia Wahl. Lapland Eose Bay. Dwarf; Ivs. elliptical, very small, 

roughened with concave rusty scales both sides ; fls. small (7'0i lobes equal, purple ; 
sta. 5, 7, or 10, exserted. High mts., N. Eng., N. Y. 8— 10^ very bushy. June, July. 

2 12.. Cata-w^bieuse Mx. Catawba Eose Bay. Lvs. oval, rounded-obtuse at each 

end, paler beneath, smooth; cal. lobes oblong, elongated; coi-. broad-campanulate, 
lilac-purple, large (14'0 ; stam. 10. High mts., Va., N. Car. 3— 6f. Lvs. 3—5'. Jn. t 

3 H. punctatum. Andr. Lvs. elliptical, acute or acuminate, glabrous, the lower sur- 

face and dense corymbs covered with resinous dots; fls. bell-funnel-form, pink-red, 

green-spotted within, the lobes wavy. Uplands, Car., Ga. 4— 6f. Lvs. 2 — 3'. Jn., Jl. t 

jS. Chapmdnii, Lvs. oval-obovate, obtuse, small (1—2') ; sepals minute. W. Fla, 

4 R.. inaximum L. Lvs. obovate-oblong, acute, smooth, coriaceous, rusty beneath, 

revolute on the margin ; cal. lobes oval, obtuse ; cor. Avhite to roseate, spotted with- 
in ; lobes unequal, roundish. Along streams, N. Eng. to Ga. 6— 20f. Splendid, t 

5 R.. ARBOREUM. Lvs. lanceolate, silvery-spotted beneath ; cor. lobes crenulate and 

curled, white, bufl", red, crimson, &c. ; calyx downy. Himmaleh Mts. 5— 20f. 

6 R. PoNTicuM. Lvs. lance-oblong, attenuated to each end, smooth, green both sides ; 

corolla bell-rotate ; calyx smooth. Asia Minor. Low bush, flowers broad (20, purple. 

1 8. RHODORA, Dunham. Cor. adnate to tlie 5-tootlied calyx, deeply 
divided into 3 segments, upper one much the broadest, 2-3-lobed at the 
apex, in bud enfolding the 2 lower. Sta. 10, declinate, fil. unequal, anthers 
opening by 2 pores. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved. Cells many-seeded. +) 
With alternate leaves, and pale-purple flovrers. April, May. 

R, Canadensis L. — Woods or swamps, N. Eng. to Penn. 2 — 3f. Fls. in terminal 
clusters, 1', appearing before the oblong leaves, which are downy-canescent beneath. 

19. BEJARIA, Mut. Fls. heptamerous. Calyx 7-toothed, campanu- 
late. Corolla of 7 distinct petals. Sta. 14. Caps. 7-celled, 7-valved, many- 
seeded. ^) With alternate, entire lvs., and fls. in dense, racemous panicles. 

B. racemosa Vent. Branches hispid and glutinous ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glabrous ; 
racemes terminal, white. Sandy soils, Ga., Fla. 3 — 4f. June, July. 

20. LEDUM, L. Labradoe, Tea. Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Cor. 

5-petalled, spreading. Sta. 5 — 10, exserted, anthers opening by 2 terminal 

pores. Caps. 5-celled, opening at the base. +> Lvs. alternate, entire, fer- 

ruginous-tomentous beneath, coriaceous. Fls. in terminal corymbs, white. 

li. latilwlium Ait. Lvs. elliptic-oblong, strongly revolute at edge ; sta. 5— 7, scarcely 
exserted. Mountains, Penn., to Greenland. 2 — 4f. May — July. 

21. LEIOPHYLIiUM, Pers. Sac^d Myrtle. Calyx 5-parted. Pet. 
5, ovate-oblong, spreading. Sta. 10, exserted, anthers dehiscing by lateral 
clefts. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. +> Glabrous, with erect 
branches. Lvs. alternate, entire, oval, coriaceous, revolute-edged. Co- 
rymbs terminal. Flowers white. 

Ei, ■buxifoliuiBi Ell.— Pine-barrens, N. J. to Car. 8— 12f. Leaves shining. May. 

22. OLETHRA, Gsei't. Sweet Pepper-bush. Cal. 5-parted, persist- 
ent. Pet. 5, distinct, obovate. Sta. 10, exserted, anth. inverted in the bud, 
at length erect. Style persistent, stigma 3-cleft. Caps. 3-celled, 8-valved 



Order 73.— ERICACE^. 205 

00 - seeded, enclosed by the calyx. +) ^ Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Flo-Wei's 
Tvliite, in downy-canescent racemes. Bracts deciduous. 

1 C alnifolia L. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both 

sides, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath ; racemes terminal, elongated, simple or 
branched ; bracts subulate. Swamps, N. Eng. to Ga. 3— 8f. Fragrant. July, Aug. 
p. tomentosa, Lvs. tomentous beneath ; spikes subpanicled ; fls. 3''. S. Apr.-Jn. 
y. scahra, Lvs. coarsely serrate, rough-downy both sides. Ga. (Bainbridge). Pet. S". 

2 C. acnminata Mx. Arborescent ; lvs. glabrous, glaucous beneath, oval, acuminate, 

abruptly acute at base, finely serrate, on slender petioles ; rac. terminal, solitary ; 
bi'acts long, caducous. Mts., Ya., Ky., to Car. 10 — ISf. Lvs. 4—6'. July, August. 

23. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. Calyx small, 4- toothed. Corolla of 4 petals 
slightly cohering at base. Stamens 8, anth. sagittate. Style slender, with a 
capitate, undivided stig. Caps. 3-celled,8-seeded. ^ With virgate-branched, 
alternate, lanceolate, entire leaves, and terminal racemes of white flowers. 
E. raccmosa Muhl. — ^Dry, rich soils, S. Ga. 4r— Sf. Racemes bractless. June. 

24. CYRILLA, L. Cal. 5-pai-ted, minute. Pet. 5, distinct, spreading. 
Sta. 5, anth. opening lengthwise. St3^1e short, with 2 stig. Caps. 2-celled, 
2-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds suspended. +) Branches irregularly whorl ed, 
with entire, elliptic-oblanc. lvs., and the white fls. in slender clustered rac. 
C. racemiflora Walt.— Sandy swamps, S. 12 — ISf. Lvs. 2—3'. Eac. 4—6'. June. 

25. MYLOCARIUM, Willd. Buckwheat Tree. Calyx 5-toothed, 
minute. Pet. 5, obovate, obtuse. Sta. 10, very short, fil. thickened below. 
Caps, corky, 2- or 3-winged, 3-celled, with 3 subulate seeds. 5 Very 
smooth, with branches irregularly whorled, elliptical leaves, and terminal 
racemes of white, fragrant flowers. 

M. ligustrinum Willd. — Borders of swamps, Ga. and Fla. 4— 8f. April, May. 

26. PYROLA, Salisb. WintergreejST. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, equal. 
Sta. 10, anth. large, pendulous, fixed by the apex, 2-horncd at base, open- 
ing by 2 pores at top. Style thick, as if sheathed. Stig. 5, appearing as 
rays or tubercles. Caps. 5-celled, opening at the angles, many-seeded. If 
Low, scarcely shrubby, evergreen herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. 
Scapes mostly racemous, from a decumbent stem or rhizome. Fig. 99. 

§ Stamens and style straight. Stigmas peltate, 5-rayed. June, July Nos. 1, 2 

§ Stamens ascending. Style declined and curved. Stigma 5-tubercled. ..(a) 

a Leaves dull (not shining). Petals greenish-white Nos. 3, 4 

a Leaves thick and shining. Flowers white or rose-colored Nos. 5, 6 

1 l*. minor L. Lvs. round-ovate, repand-creuulate, longer than their petioles ; rac. 

spike-like ; corolla globular, including the short style. Woods, N. H., and N. July. 

2 P. seciknd.a L. Lvs. broadly ovate, acute, subserrate, longer than the petiole ; rac. 

secund; cor. oblong; stj'^le exserted. Woods, N. States. 5 — 8'. Lvs. near the base. 
|3. pitmila (Paine). Lvs. nearly orbicular, thin ; scape 3-6-flowered, 4—8'. N. Y. 

3 P. clilorantlia Swartz. Lvs. orbicular, crenulate, shorter (1') than the petiole ; 

scape tall (6 — 12'), few-flowered ; segm. of the cal. very short, obtuse ; pet. half-open, 
oval, greenish ; anth. conspicuously tubular. Woods, N. States and Can. June, July. 

4 P. elliptica N. Leaves oval or elliptical, thin, longer than their petioles ; scape 

naked, 6-10-flowered ; sep. very short and obtuse ; anth. pores blunt ; fls. nodding, 
fragrant. Woods, N. States and Can. 3—9'. Petioles white. June, July. 



^06 Order 73.— ERICACE^. 

F, rotundifolia L. Lvs. round-ovate, shorter than the petiole, thick ; scape 3 

angled, bracted below, 00-flowered ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; anther pores distinctly 
tubular. Woods, Can. to Car., and W. 8 — 14'. Flowers large. June, July. 
p. tilig-inosa, Lvs. dull, 1|-', the stalk much longer ; sep. acute ; lis. smaller, 
6 P. asarifolia Mx, Lvs. round-reniform, thick, shining, shorter than the petiole ; 
scape angular ; rac. las, 00-iiowered ; sepals lanceolate, acute; anther pores blunt. 
Old woods, N. States and Can. 6—12'. Flowers purple. June. 

27. CHIMAPHILA, Ph. PipsissiwA. Cal. S-parted. Pet. 5, spread- 
ing. Stamens 10, fil. dilated in the middle, antli. cells produced into tubes, 
opening by a 2-lipped pore at apex. Style very short, thick. Capsule 5- 
celled, opening from the summit. ^) Small, glabrous. Leaves cauline, ser- 
rate, thick. Ped. scape-like. Flowers terminal, nodding, roseate. Fig. 255. 

1 C. uinbellata Nutt. Prince'' s Pine. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, shining, 1-colored, 

serrate, in 4's — O's ; umbel 4-7-flowered. Dry woods. 8—12'. July. 

2 C maculata, Pursh. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotely ser- 

rate, discolored, opposite or in 3"s ; ped. 2-3-flowered. Sandy woods. 6—8'. Jn., Jl. 

28. MONESES, Salisb. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 5-parted, rotate. Sta. 
10, regular, 2-spurred at base, opening by 2 tubular pores at apex. Style 
straight. Stig. 5-lobed. Caps. 5-valved, 5-celled, (X-seeded. U Low, sim- 
ple, smooth. Lvs. at top of the stem, roundish, serrulate, petiolate, veiny. 
Peduncle terminal, longer than the stem, 

M. grandifloi'a Salisb.— Mossy woods, N. Eng.,N. Y. : rare (com. in Oreg.) 3'. Scape 
with a bract in the midst, and a single, terminal nodding white flower, 6" broad. Jn, 

29. SHORTIA, Gray, (This genus was founded upon an imperfect 
specimen in the Herbarium of Michaux, labelled, " High mountains of 
Carolina." It has never been seen in this country, but grows in Japan.) 

30 ? GALAX, L. Beetle-weed. Cal. of 5 distinct, persistent sepals. 
Cor. of 5 oblong-obovate, distinct petals. Fil. 10, united into a tube with 
as many teeth, those opposite the petals sterile. Anth, 5, 1-celled, open- 
ing across the top. Caps. 3-celled. Seeds oo, enclosed in a loose, cellular 
testa. U Roots tufted, creeping, deep red, sending up roundish-cordate, 
long-stalked, glabrous leaves and a scape bearing a dense raceme of white 
flowers. (The order of Galax is yet undetermined.) 
C. aphylla L.— Damp woods, Md. to Tenn., and S. Lvs. 2 — 3'. Scape 1— 2f. Jl., Aug. . 

31. MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine Sap. Sep. 1—5, bract- 
like. Pet. 4 — 5, connivent in a bell-shaped corolla, gibbous at base. Sta. 
8 — 10, anthers opening transversely at apex. Stig. 5-rayed. Caps. 4-5- 
celled, 4-5-valved. Seeds go, minute. — Low, parasitic herbs, destitute ot 
green herbage, furnished with scale-like bracts instead of leaves. 

§ Sepals (or bracts) 1—3. Flowers solitary, scentless. Style very short No. I 

§ Sepals 4 or 5. Flowers in a secund raceme, fragrant. Style long No. 2 

1 M. Tiniflora L. Indian Pijje. Bi^^d's-nest, St. short ; scales approximate ; fl. 

nodding ; fr. erect. Common in Avoods. 6— S'. Plant whitish. June— Sept. 

2 M. Mypwpitys L. Pine Sap. Bird's-nest. More or less downy ; pedicels as long 

as the flower ; caps, subglobous. Woods : com. 6—10', Plant tawny. June— Aug. 



Order 73.— ERICACE^. 207 

32. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Carolixa Beech-drops. Calyx persist- 
ent, of 5 erect, ovate-acuminate sepals. Corolla persistent, campanulate, 
limb 5-lobecl. Sta. 10, anthers awnless, opening by pores at apex. Style 
thick, stig. large, o-angled, caps. 5-celled, o-valved. Seeds numerous, mi- 
nute. Plant leafless, bro^ynish. Flowers subsessile, capitate, reddish- 
white, with the odor of the yiolet. 

S. odorata Ell.— Woods, Md. to Car. 3—5'. Habit of Monotropa. February, March. 

33. PTEROSPORA, Kutt. Albany Beech-drops. Calyx 5-parted. 

Cor. urceolate, roundish-ovoid, the limb o-toothed and reflexed. Sta. 10, 

anthers peltate, 2-celled, 2-awned, opening lengthwise. Caps. 5-celled, o- 

valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the apex. U Leafless, 

brownish-red, simple, viscid-woolly. Fls. racemed, white. 

P. Andromed^a Xutt.— Near Albany, N. Y. (A. Stores), N. aud W. : rare. 12—30'. 
Eac. erect, loose, with. 40 or more drooping fls. resembling those of Andromeda. Jl. 

Order LXXIY. AQUIFOLIACE^. Holltworts. 

Slirubs or trees, with simple, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. F'oicers 
small, axillary, sometimes dioecious. Sepals 4 — 6, imbricate in bud, verj- 
minute. Corolla regular, 4-6-cleft or parted, hypogynous, imbricate in 
aestivation. Stamens inserted into the very short tube of the corolla and 
alternate with its segments. Anthers adnate. Ovaries free from the calyx, 
2-6-celled, with a solitary, suspended ovule in each cell. Fruit drupa- 
ceous, with 2 — 6 stones or nucules. Albumen large, fleshy. 

§ Habitually tetramerous. Drupe with 4, bony, sulcate nutlets Ilex. 1 

§ Habitually tetramerous. Drupe with 4, horny, smooth nutlets Xemopaxthks. 2 

§ Habitually hexamerous. Berry with 6 (7, 8) smooth, cartilaginous seeds Peinos. 3 

1. ILEX, L. Holly. Fls. 4- (rarely 5-) parted, mostly perfect, but many 
abortive. Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Pet. 4, distinct or scarcely united 
at base. Sta. 4. Stig. 4, or united into one. Drupe red, with 4 bony nut- 
lets, ribbed and furrowed on the convex back. ^ J) t) Leaves alternate. 
Flowers small, white, lateral, single or clustered. 

* Trees evergreen. Leaves armed Trith spinous teeth No. 1 

* Shrubs evergreen. Leaves unarmed, serrate or entire ISTos. 2 — 4 

* Shrubs deciduous. Lvs. thin. — a Pedicel? short as the petioles Nos. 5, 6 

—a Ped. (the sterile) longer than petioles No. 7 

1 I. op lea Ait. Lvs. thick, smooth, oval, spinescent at apex, and with remote, re- 

pand, spinescent teeth ; drupe ovoid, nutlets 5-ribbed on the back. "Woods, Mass. 
to Ga. and La. 15 — 30f. A beautiful evergreen. June. 

p. integ-ra, Lvs. entire, only a few of them 1-3-toothed. Tree, S. 

2 I. Bahoon Walt. Downy, more or less ; lvs. 2 — 3', oblong to oblanceolate, thick, 

shining above, pale beneath, entire, acute or obtuse ; sterile ped. oo-flowered, fertile 
few-flowered ; nutlets 3-ribbed. Swamps, Ya.. aud S. 5 — 12f. May. 

p. lig'ttstrina has narrow, wedge-lanceolate, acute, subserrate leaves. South. 

3 ¥. myrtifolia Walt. Nearly smooth ; lvs. very small (5—9"), oblong-linear, thick, 

serrulate when young, subsessile ; pedicels 1-9-flowered. Pine-barren ponds, Md. to 
Fla. 12— 20f. Stems straggling, light gray. Yery unlike No. 2. May. 



208 Order 76.— STYRACACE^. 

4 I. Cassejia Walt. Cassena Tea. Smooth ; Ivs. small (10 — IS'O, elliptical, obtuse, 

crenate, thick, shining; ped. about G-flovvered. Coastvvard, S. : common. 6— 15f, 
bushy, March, April. Was used as a tea by the Creek Indians. 
6 I« decid.ua Walt. Nearly smooth; Ivs. thin, 1 — 2', lance-oval, pointed, blunt-ser- 
rate ; ped. short as the petioles, the $, clustered ; seeds obtusely ribbed. S. 6 — 9f. 
|3. ttrbana, Lvs. 2—3', oval, obtuse, tapering to the base. 111., and S. May. 

6 I. Amelaiicliier Curt. Leaves (variable) ovate, oblong to lanceolate, acute or 

pointed, serrulate, thin, downy beneath ; ped. short as the petioles, $ clustered, ? 
solitary ; drupe red. Hills and mts., N. Y. to S. Car. (Prinos ambiguus Ph.) 

p. monticola. Lvs. large (3 — 5'), glabrous, the short ped. and cal. some downy. 

7 I. aiubigua Chapm. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acute (scarcely pointed), serrulate or 

nearly entire, smoothish ; $, ped. much longer than the pet., clustered, ? short, soli- 
tary. Wet grounds, S. 4 — Sf. March, April. (Prinos ambiguus Mx.) 

2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Parts of the flower in 4's or 5's. Calyx 
very small. Petals linear-oblong, shorter than the stamens. Stig. sessile 
Drupe globulai-, red, with 4, rarely 5, smooth, horny nutlets (seeds). +) 
Lvs. entire, smooth, thin. Fls. white, small, on slender pedicels, 5 ? 5 . 
N. Canadensis DC— N. Eng. to Mich. Shrub 4— Gf. Lvs. 2'. Ped. 9—12'. May, Jn. 

3. PRINOS, L. WiNTER-BERBY. Fls. small, habitually 6-parted and 

perfect, but often fruitless. Calyx 6-cleft. Cor. monopetalous, subrotate, 
6-parted. Sta. (in the sterile flowers rarely fewer, in the fertile rarely 
more). Berry 6-seeded, seeds with a smooth, cartilaginous testa. J) +) 
With alternate lvs., small white fls., and red or black berries. 

§ Leaves deciduous, thin. Berries red Nos. 1—3 

§ Leaves evergreen, thick, shining. Berries black Nos. 4, 5 

1 P, vcrticillatiis L. Blade Alder. Lvs. oblanceolate or elliptical, acuminate, mu- 

cronate-serrate, small ; pedicels shorter than the petioles ; berries scarlet, in close 
bunches as if verticillate, all Winter. Low woods. 8f. Leaves 1 — 1^'. July. 

2 I*, lanceolatus Ph. Lvs. lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharp-serrate, glab., 1 — 3' ; 

fls. subsessile, the sterile 3-androus ; berries large, red. Swamps, S. (Dr. J. Hale.) 

3 P.Iaivigatus Ph. Leaves lanceolate, appressed-serrulate, glabrous, shining above, 

short-acuminate ; ped. longer than the pet., in 2's or 3's, Swamps, Can. to Va. 7f. Jn. 

4 P. glaber L. Ink Berry. Lvs. coriaceous, cuneatc-lanceolate, glabrous, serrate at 

the end ; ped. longer than the pet., 1-3-flowered. Swamps, Ms. to La. 3 — 4f. Jn., Jl. 

5 P. coriaceus Ph. Lvs. thick, obovate, serrate at the end, glabrous, shining ; fls. 

all solitary, on very short peduncles, 6-8-parted. Woods, ti. 4— 6f. Lvs. 2'. May. 

Order LXXVI. STYRACACE^. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves, destitute of stipules. Flow- 
ers or racemes solitary, axillaiy, bracteate. Calyx 5-, rarely 4-lobed. Corolla 
5-, rarely 4- or 6-lobed, imbricated in bud. Stamens definite or go, unequal 
in length, usually cohering. Anthers innate, 2-celled. Ovaries adherent, 
2-5-celled, the partitions sometimes hardly reaching the centre. Fruit 
drupaceous, generally with but one fertile cell. Seeds 5 — 1. 

Tribe I. SYMPLOCINEiE. Calyx 5-cleft. Anth. OC . innate, globular. Fls. j'ellow Symplocos. 1 

Teibe II. STYRACEjB. Calyx mostly truncate. Anthers 8—12, linear-oblong, adnata. 

Flowers white, — a 5-parted. Fruit wingless, 1-seeded Sttrax. 2 

—a 4-parted. Fruit winged, 2- or ,S-seeded Halesia. 3 



Order 77.— EBENACE^. 209 

1. SYMPLOOOS, Jacq. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. S-parted, spreading. Sta.. 
CO , in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of each petal. Fil. slender. Anth. 
globnlar. Ovary 3-celled, half-adherent. Drupe dry, with a 3-celled, mostly 
1-seeded nut. +> 5 With clusters or racemes of small yellow flowers. 

S. tinctoria L'Her. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acuminate, acute at base, thick; fls. ses- 
sile, in axillary, dense clusters of 6—12 ; calyx lobes ovate, obtuse. Va., and S. 10 — ^20f. 
Drupe ovoid, &". The dried leaves dye yellow. March, April. 

2. STYRAX, Tourn. Cor. deeply 5-parted, much longer than the cam- 
panulate calyx. Sta. 10, joined to the base of the corolla, fil. united into 
a short tube at base. Anth. linear, erect. Ov. adherent at base. Fr. cori- 
aceous, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded. '^ With alternate leaves and axillary 
racemes of white, drooping, showy flowers. March — May. 

1 S, pvilverulenta Mx. Pulverulent-downy; lvs. broadly oval, obtuse, j^laudular- 

serrulate ; fls. axillary and terminal. Ya. to Fla. 2 — 3f. Petals 6'^ 

2 S. Americana Lam. Plant glabrous ; lvs. oblong or elliptical, acute at each end ; 

rac. leafy, few-flowei'ed, cor. often downy. Swamps, Ya., and S. 4— 8f. 

3 S. grandifolia Ait. Lvs. ample, broadly obovate, acute or short-acuminate, hoary- 

tomentous beneath ; racemes leafless, longer than the leaves. Ya. to Fla. 6 — 12f. 

\ 

3. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowdrop Tree. Cal. obconic, briefly 4-lobed. 

Cor. inserted into the calyx, campanulate with a narrow base, 4-parted. 
Sta. 8 — 12, connate into a tube below. Sty. filiform. Fr. dry, 2-4-winged. 
Sds. 1 — 3. J) ^ Lvs. alternate, abruptly acuminate, finely denticulate or 
entire. Flowers in advance of the leaves, pendulous, in lateral clusters 
of 3 — 5, white, showy. 

1 H. tetraptera L. Lvs. oblong-ovate ; fls. 6" long ; pet. half-united ; stam. 12 ; fr. 

equally 4-winged. Woods, Ya. to Ky., and S. Shrub 10— 20f. April. 

2 H. diptera L. Lvs. oblong-ovate ; fls. V long ; pet. slightly united ; stam. 8 ; fruit 

2-winged. Woods, S. Tree 15— 30f, often 50f. Lvs. 6'. Pods near 2'. April, May. 

Order LXXVII. EBENACE^. Ebonads. 

Trees or shrubs without milky juice and with a heavy wood. Leaves al- 
ternate, exstipulate, coriaceous, entire. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers by 
abortion dioecious, seldom perfect. Calyx free, 3-6-cleft, divisions nearly 
equal, persistent. Corolla regular, 3-6-clefr, often pubescent, imbricate in 
aestivation. Stamens twice or 4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla. 
Fruit a fleshy, oval, or globous berry. Seeds large, suspended, albuminous. 

DIOSPYROS, Dalesch. Persimmon. Fls. $ $ . Cor. tubular or cam- 
panulate, convolute in bud. $ Sta. mostly 16. Fil. shorter than the 
anthers. Style 0. ? Sta. mostly 8, without anthers. Style 2-4-cleft. 
Berry ovoid or globous, 4-12-, mostly 8-celled, cells 1-seeded. J) 5 ^ 
large genus, mostly tropical. 

D. Virginiana L. Lvs. elliptic, abruptly acuminate, entire ; racemes axillaiy, 3-1- 
~ flowered, pedicels shorter than the flowers ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 8. Woods, lat, 
42°, and S. 10— 30f. Berry large as a plum, sweet after frost. 

14 



210 Order 81.— PRIMULACEJE. 



Order LXXVIII. SAPOTACEJE. Soapworts. 

Trees or sJirubs, mostly with a milky juice, and simple, entire leaves. 
Flowers small, regular, perfect, mostly in axillary clusters. Calyx free, per- 
sistent. Corolla liypogynous, short, stamens usually as many as its lobes 
and opposite to them, inserted into its tube along with one or more rows 
or appendages. Anthers extrorse. Ovary 4-12-celled, with a single ana- 
tropous ovule in each cell. Seeds large. (Included Theophrastacese.) 

* Corolla 6-8-cleft, with a pair of appendages at each sinus. S. Fla Mimusops Sieberi DO. 

* Corolla 5-cleft, — a with a single appendage at each sinus. S. Fla SiDEEOXYLONpaZZjdi/m Jq. 

— a with a pair of, &c. — h Sterile stamens fringed. S. Fla.. .Dipholis HalicifoliaA. Dd 

— h Sterile stamens entire Bumelia. ] 

\ 

BUMELIA, Swartz. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-cleft, with a pair of ap- 
pendages between the lobes. Sta. 5, opposite the lobes, alternate with 5 
petaloid, sterile stamens. Ov. o-celled. Sty. filiform. Drupe ellipsoid, 1- 
seeded, exalbuminous. J) ^ Wood hard and firm. Lvs. entire, of a firm 
texture. Fls. aggregated, white or greenish. Our species are all more or 
less spiny, and with very tough twigs. 

* Leaves hairy beneath. Nos. 1,2. ** Leaves glabrous both sides Nos. 3, 4 

1 IS. tenax Willd. Silky-ferrnginous ; lvs. wedge-oblong to obovate, obtuse ; clusters 

20-.35-flwd., v\ath slender pedicels; drupe oval, corrugated. Sands, S. 20— 30f. Jn.,Jl. 

2 B. lanuginosa Pers. "Woolly-ferruginous; lvs. oval, acutish, thin; fascicles 6-12- 

flwd., with short pedicels ; drupe globular. Damp. S. 111., and S. 8— 12f. June, Jl. 

3 B. lycioides Gsert. Lvs. wedge-elliptical, rather acute ; clusters densely 20-30-flwd., 

ped. shorter than petioles (2-3")- Damp, Ky., and S. 15-25f. Branches virgate. May. 

4 B. recUnata Vent. Lvs. obovate, obtuse, small (9 — 12'') ; clusters i5-20-flwd. ; ped. 

slender, half as long as the leaf. River banks, S. Car. to Fla. A straggling shrub. Jn.,Jl. 

Order LXXXI. PRIMULACE^. Primworts. 

Herbs low, with the leaves mostly radical or mostly opposite. Flowers 
5- (rarely 4-6-) parted, regular and monopetalous. Stamens 5, inserted on 
the corolla tube and opposite to its lobes. Ovary 1-celled, with a free cen- 
tral placenta. Style 1. Stigma 1. Capsule 1-celled, oo-seeded. Seeds with 
fleshy albumen. Figs. 22, 133, 249. 

§ Ovary half-inferior. Capsule opening by valves. Leaves undivided. (Tribe IV.) 
§ Ovary superior. — * Capsule opening by valves. Leaves pectinate. (Tribe I.) 
— * Capsule opening by valves. Leaves undivided. (Tribe IL) 
— * Capsule opening by a lid. Leaves undivided. (Tribe III.) 

I. HOTTONIE^. Corolla salver-form. Plants floating. Leaves verticillate Hottonia. 1 

II. PRIMULEjE. — a Acaulescent.— & Corolla limb spreading, tube cylindrical. ...Primula. 2 

— I) Corolla limb spreading, tube ovoid Androsace. 3 

— h Corolla lobes reflexed.— c Stam. exserted. . .Dodecatheon. 4 

— c Stam. included. . . Cyclamen. 5 

—'-a Caulescent. — d Corolla wanting. Leaves opposite Glaux. 6 

—d Corolla 7-parted. Leaves in one whorl Tuientalis. 7 

— c? Cor. 5- or 6-parted. Lvs. opp. or whorled. . . .Lysimachia. 8 

III. ANAGALLIDE.(E,— e Flowers 5-parted, scarlet. Leaves opposite Anagallis. 9 

— e Flowers l-parted, white? Leaves scattered Centunculus. 10 

IV. SAMOLE^. Flowers 5-parted, Leaves alternnte ^.Samoi.us. 11 



Order 81.— PRIMULACE.E. 211 

1. HOTTONIA, L. Water-feather, Calyx S-parted. Cm: salver- 
form, with a short tube, and a fiat, 5-lobed limb. Sta. inserted in the tube 
of the corolla, included. Stig. globous. Caps, globous-acuminate. x;r U 
Fleshy, with pectinate-pinnatifid, submersed, radical leaves. 

M. iniiata Ell. St. immersed, with a whorl of Ivs. (1-20 at or near the surface ; scapes 
clustered, jointed, hollow, S — 10', bearing several whorls of small white lis. Pools, 
N. and S. April— June. Curious. 

2. PRIMULA, L. Primrose. Auricula. Cal. angular, 5-cleft. Cor. 
salver-shaped or often rather funnel-shaped, with 5 entire or notched or 
bifid lobes. Sta. included, fil. very short. Caps, ovoid, 5-valved, valves 
often bifid, opening at the top, oo-seeded. — Herbs with the leaves all radi- 
cal and flowers in an involucrate umbel, often showy. 

* Native, wild species. Corolla salver-form, the lobes abruptly spreading. . .Nos. 1, 2 

* Exotic. — a Corolla salver-form, the lobes abruptly spreading Nos. .3, 4 

— a Corolla funnel-form.— 6 Leaves rugous, hairy, toothed Nos. 5, 6 

— b Leaves plain, smooth, often entire Nos. 7, 8 

1 P. Mistassinica Mx. Lvs. spatulate, dent-crenate, green both sides ; invol. 1-8- 

flwd., i as long as pedicels ; cor. lobes obcordate, tube much exserted. Lake shores, 
Vt. (Willoughby) N. Y. (Seneca), and N. 3—7'. Fls. 5" broad, white. Jn. Delicate. 

2 P. farinosa L. Bird's-eye P. Lvs. lance-elliptic, obtuse, dentic. at apex, whitish- 

mealy beneath, as well as the &-20-flwd. invol. ; cor. pale-purple, with a yellow centre, 
its lobes bifid. Lake shores, Mich., Me. (A. H. Smith), and N. 6—12'. June, July. 

3 P. GRANDiFLORA. Common P. Lvs. obovate-oblong ; umb. radical ; cor. limb flat, yel- 

low, varying to all shades of orange, and red, to white, single or double. Europe. 

4 P. PUKpfjREA. Lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, yellowish-mealy beneath ; scape longer than 

the leaves ; invol. GO-flwd., as long as the pedicels ; lobes entire, dark-purple. Nepal. 

5 P. OFFICINALIS. Cowslip P. Lvs. oblong, hairy beneath ; fls. all nodding ; cal. angu- 

lar ; cor. concave. Endless varieties are raised from the seed. Europe. (P. veris.) 

6 P. ELATiOR. Ox-lip P. Lvs. hairy both sides; outer fls. nodding; cor. flat. Eur. If. Yel. 
'i P. Auricula. Lvs. obovate, fleshy ; scape 00-flowered, as long as the leaves ; bracts 

short ; calyx powdery. Alps. The varieties are innumerable and beautiful. 
8 P. CALTCiNA. Leaves lanceolate, entire, acute, edged with white ; invol. 3-5-flwd., as 
long as the pedicels ; cal. tube inflated ; corolla lobes emarginate. Austria. Purple. 

3. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Cal. 5-cleft or toothed. Cor. funnel-form 
or salver-form, the 5 lobes entire, tube constricted at the throat, ovate, 
shorter than the calyx. Fil. and style very short. Caps, globous. Minute 
csespitous herbs, with radical, rosulate leaves. 

A. occidentalis Ph. Lvs. oblong-spatulate and ovate, entire, glabrous ; scape CO- 
flowered ; bracts oval, pedicels slender ; calyx angular, segments longer than the 
small white corolla, (i) Gravelly shores, lU., and W. 1—3'. 
/ 

4. DODEOATHEON, L. American Cowslip. Pride of Ohio. 

Cal. 5-parted, refiexed. Cor. tube very short, limb o-parted, segm. reflexed. 

Sta. 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Fil. very short. Anth. large, 

acute, connivent at apex. Style exserted. Caps, oblong-ovoid, 5-valved, 

GO - seeded. 'U Root fibrous, with radical, oblong leaves, an erect, simple 

scape, and a terminal umbel of nodding white flowers and erect fruit 

D. Meadia L.— Ohio, Penn. to Cal. ! common in prairies. Whole plant glabrous, l—2f; 
scape 9-20-flowered, usually about 12 flowered. Singularly elegant. May, June. 



212 Order 81.— PRIMULACE.E. 

5. CyOLAMEN, L. Cal. bell-shaped, 5 -parted. Corolla tube ovate, 
short, limb 5-parted, reflexed. Anth. 5, included, sessile. Caps, globous, 
5-valved. — Oriental herbs. Boot a large tuber. Leaves all radical, ovate or 
roundish, cordate. Scapes naked, erect, with one nodding flower, but in 
fruit coiling up and hiding the capsule in the ground. 

1 C EuROP^EUM. Lys. crenate ; petals lance-ovate, fragrant, roseate. Europe. 

2 C CouM. Lvs. entire ; petals round-ovate, inodorous, purple. Asia Minor. 

6. GLAXJX, L. Black Saltyv^ort. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, col- 
ored. Corolla none. Sta. 5. Caps, roundish, surrounded by the calyx, 5- 
valved, 5-seeded. il Maritime, branching, glabrous, with opposite leaves 
and small, axillaiy, solitary flowers. 

G. mar itima L.— Salt marshes, Can. to N. J. Plant fleshy, branching, leafy, 4 — & ; lvs. 
round-ovate, obtuse, entire, darkly glaucous ; calyx reddish-white. July. 

7. TRIBNTALIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen. Cal. and cor. 7- 

(6-8-) parted, spreading. Sta. 7 (6 — 8). Fruit capsular, somewhat fleshy, 

00 -seeded. 2^ St. low, simple. Lvs. subverticillate. Pedicels 1 -flowered. 

T. AmcricsLna Ph. St. erect, simple, leafless at base; lvs. glomerate at top of the 
stem, few, narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ; sepals linear, acuminate. Eocky 
woods : com. 3 — 6', Pedicels 1—4, filiform ; corolla white, starlike, %". May, June. 

8. LYSIMACHIA, L. Loose-strife. Fls. 5-(rarely 6- or 7-) parted. 

Cor. wheel-shaped, the petals nearly or quite distinct. Sta. 5, on the base 
of the corolla. Fil. often somewhat connate or with intervening, sterile 
ones. Capsules globous, 5-10-valved, opening at the apex. Seeds few or 
many. U With opposite or verticillate entire leaves. (Flowers yellow.) 

§ Petals 5—7, distinct, dotted, with 5 — 7 intervening teeth. (Naumbergia) No. 1 

§ Petals 5, united at base, that is, monopetalous ... (a) 

a Sterile filaments 0, the perfect stamens monadelphous . . . (c) 

a Sterile filaments 5 short teeth alternate with the perfect stamens. . .(c?) 

c Flowers whorled, in a long, terminal, bracted raceme Nos. 2, 3 

c Flowers not racemed — axillary or paniculate Nos. 4 — 6 

d Leaves acute at base, tapering to the short petiole Nos. 7, 8 

d Leaves rounded or abrupt at base, long-petioled Nos. 9, 10 

1 li. tliyrsiflora L. St. simple : lvs. dotted, linear-elliptical, pointed, sessile ; thjrr- 

soid racemes from the middle axils pedunculate, shorter than the leaves ; pet. linear, 
brown-dotted. Meadows, N. Eng. to O., and N. 2f. June. (Naumbergia C-B.) 

2 Ti* stricta Ait. Lvs. opposite, rarely in 3's, lanceolate to lance-linear, acute, sessile, 

dotted ; axils producing bulblets after flowering ; fls. whorled, in a long, open, termi- 
nal raceme, yellow, with purple streaks. Low grounds. 1 — 2f. July. 

|8. «n^M*S/rolm (Chapm.) Lvs. very narrow, obtuse ; petals acute. South. 

3 li. IIerl>eiii©iiti Ell. St. simple: lvs. whorled in 4's or 5's, ovate to lance-ovate, 

pointed, sessile, revolute at edge, dotted ; fls. racemed, dotted. Carolina : rare. 2f. 

4 li. Frlseri Duby. Glandular-downy at top; lvs. opposite, ovate or ovate-cordate, 

pointed, petiolate, dotted; fls. in a terminal panicle ; sep. fringed. S. Car. (Eraser). 

5 li. quadrifolia L. Erect, simple ; lvs. in whorls of 4's (rarely 5's or 3's), lanceo- 

late, pointed, sessile, dotted ; ped. slender, solitary in each axil ; pet. oval, obtuse. 
Damp shades. Can. to Car. and Ky. 18'. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. June. 

6 li. nummularia L. Moneywort. Trailing, weak; lvs. roundish, subcordate, on 

short petioles, oi)po8ite, dotless ; fls. solitary, large, showy. Fields and gardens. § 



Order 82.— PLANTAGINACE^. 213 

7 1*. loug'ifolia Ph. St. slender, flexuous, 4-angle(i; Ivs. linear, shining, revohite at 

edge ; fl?. large, in pairs or 4"8, terminal on the stem or short branches ; petals broad- 
ovate, erose-dentate ; anthers large. Low prairies. W. and S. If— 20'. July. 
|3. tenuis. Leaves lance-linear, flat, edges not rpvolute. Miss, and La. 

8 li. hybrida Mx. St. strict, angular above ; leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end, 

subsessile, veiny, ciliate at base ; ped. solitary, axillary. Meadows. 12— 18^ July. 
j8. heterophylla. Lower Ivs. oval or oblong, petiolate ; flowers at the summit. 

9 li. ciliata L. St. erect, 4-angled ; Ivs. opposite, ovate to lance-ovate, rounded at 

base, petioles distinct, ciliate ; flowers nodding, mostly opposite, in the upper axils, 

large (10 ; stamens distinct. Thickets, along streams. 2 — 3f. Often branched. Jl. 

jS. tonsa. Pet. entire, destitute of cilise ; Ivs. and fls. smaller. Mts., Ky., Tenn. 

10 li. radicans Hook. St. square, long, trailing, rooting at the joints ; br. slender; 
Ivs. lance-ovate, acute, on long pet. ; fls. small (4'0. Swamps, Va., and S. 2 — 4f. Jl. 

9. ANAGALLIS, L. Scarlet Pimpernel. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 
rotate, deeply 5-parted, tube 0. Sta. 5, hairy, anth. introrse. Caps.- globu- 
lar, thin, opening all around (pyxis). — Herbs with square stems and oppo- 
site or whorled entire leaves. Pedicels axillary, solitary. Fig. 249. 

A « arvensis L. Procumbent ; Ivs. broad-ovate, sessile, shorter (6 — lO'O than the curved 
ped. ; sepals lance-linear, as long as the roundish crenate-glandular, red petals, (i) 
Fields, waysides. The flowers (sometimes blue. Dr. Buel) close at 2 p. m., or on the 
approach of foul weather ; hence called the Poor Man's Weather-glass. 

10. CENTUNOULUS, L. False Pimpernel. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 

urceolate-rotate, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Sta. 4, beardless, united 

at base. Capsules globous, circumscissile. Seeds very minute, (i) Very 

diminutive, with alternate Ivs. Fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile, white ? 

C minimus L. St. ascending, branched; leaves subsessile, oval, obtuse, entire, the 
lower opposite ; sep. linear-subulate. Wet, 111., and S. 1— 6^ April — July. 
\ 

11. SAMOLUS, L. Water Pimpernel. Calyx partly adherent, 5- 

cleft. Corolla salver-form, 5-cleft. Sta. 5, alternating with 5 scales (sterile 
filaments). Caps, dehiscent at top by 5 A^alves, many-seeded. — Herbs with 
alternate Ivs. Flowers corymbous or racemous. May — Aug. Figs. 22, 133. 

1 S. Valerandi L. (S. floribnndus K.) St. simple or branched ; Ivs. obtuse, wedge- 

oval, the lower petiolate ; fls. in a raceme or panicle of racemes, pedicels with a mi- 
nute bract near tbe middle ; petals longer than the sepals. "Wet gravels. 6—12'. 

2 S. el>raetea.tus Kunth. Erect, leafy below ; Ivs. obovate-spatulate ; fls. racemed, 

ped. bractless ; cor. white, 3 times longer than the calyx (3"). Marshes. Fla.,andW. 

Order LXXXII. PLANTAGINACE^. Eibworts. 

Herbs rarely shrubby, with radical leaves and the flowers in spikes on 
scapes. Flowers regular, tetramerous. Stamens 4 — 2, alternate with the 
lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Anthers versatile, filaments 
usually slender and exserted. Fruit a membranous pyxis, with 1, 2, or 

many albuminous seeds. 
/ 
PIjANTAGO, L. Plantain. Ribwort. Sep. 4, membranous, per- 
sistent. Cor. limb 4-toothed, spreading, persistent on the fruit. Stamens 
4 (rarely 2), the long, slender filaments exserted, or in some of the fls. in- 



214 Oedeh 88.— PLUMBAGINACE.'E. 

eluded. Ovary 2-(4-) celled. Pyxis membranous, opening below the middle 
by a lid, when the loose dissepiment falls out with the seeds. — Herbs acau- 
lescent. Fls. small, whitish, in a slender spike raised on a scape. 

§ Flowers uniform ; stamens exserted in all of them. . .{a) 

§ Flowers dimorphous, the anthers included in most of them. . .(b) 

a Seeds T — 16. Leaves broadly ovate, 7-veined. Spike dense No. 1 

a Seeds 4 only. Leaves oblong or cordate, 3-7-veined Nos. 2, 3 

a Seeds 2 only. Leaves lanceolate. Scape tall. May — October Nos. 4, 5 

a Seeds 2 or 4. Leaves linear, fleshy No. G 

b Corolla lobes permanently spreading. Seeds 2, concave Nos. 7, 8 

b Corolla lobes closing, and erect on the fruit. Summer Nos. 9—11 

1 P. major L. Common P. Leaves ovate, some toothed, smoothish, palmately 7- 

veined, ample ; spikes 1 — 2f high, zf Door-j-ards : common. Long white elastic 
fibres are drawn from the veins when the leaf is plucked. 

2 P. Kamptscliatica Cham. Leaves elliptic- oblong, obtuse, 3-5-veined ; spikes 

loose-flowered ; bracts acute, shorter than the sepals. Ala. (P. Kugelii C-B.) 

3 P. cordata Lam. Lvs. ovate, cordate or very abrupt at base, obscurely toothed, 

subpinnately 5-7-veined ; fls. loosely spicate, larger than in No. 1 ; the bracts ovate, 
obtuse, u Along streams, Can. Wis., and S. As large as P. major. June, July. 

4 P. lanceolata L. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed at each end ; scape angular, longer than 

the leaves ; spike dense, ovate or cylindric, brown, u Meadows. 1 — 2f. 

5 P. sparsiflora Mx. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, pointed each way ; scape terete, 

longer than the leaves ; spike long, loose, interrupted. S. and S-W. 6 — IS'. 

6 P. maritinia L. /3. Juticoides, Leaves linear, glabrous, fleshy, nearly as long as 

the slender scape ; spike loose, bracts roundish. Coast, N. J., and N. 4 — 12'. 

7 P, aristata Mx. Lvs. linear, woolly at base, smoothish above ; scape longer; spike 

dense ; bracts long, rigid, awn-like (5'0 ; petals round-cordate, spreading, conspicuous ; 
seeds 2, boat-shaped. Prairies, 111. 6—10'. June, July. (P. Patagonica, jS. (Gray.)) 

8 P. gnaplialoide-s L. White-woolly ; lvs. oblong to linear ; spike dense, exceed- 

ing the lvs. ; bracts deltoid, not exceeding the calyx. Wis. to Tex. 3 — 6'. June, Jl. 

9 P. Virgiiiica L. Hoary pubescent ; lvs. elliptical, 3-5-veined ; scapes and spikes 

elongated, dense-flowered ; cor. closed on the pod, erect ; seeds rarely more than 2 ; 
bracts shorter than thecal. (2) Dry hills and rocks. Conn., W. and S. 5—10'. May— Sept. 

10 P. laeteropliylla N. Lvs. linear, entire, or some of them with a few slender 
teeth ; ped. many, as long as the leaves ; spikes loose ; pod conoid, twice longer than 
the calyx, crowned with the closed cor., 10-24-seeded. (2) Wet, Penn., and S. 4 — 8'. 

IIP, pusilla, N. Thinly pubescent; lvs. filiform-linear, shorter than the capillary, 
few-flowered scapes ; pod crested, longer than the calyx, 4-seeded. ® Conn. (Mr. 
Bowles), W. and S. 1—3'. Seeds oblong. May— July. 

Order LXXXIII. PLUMBAGINACE^. Leadworts. 

Herbs or undershrubs with the leaves alternate or all clustered at the 
root. Flowers regular. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Co- 
rolla hypocrateriform, of 5 petals united at base, or sometimes almost dis- 
tinct. Stamens 5, hypogynous and opposite the petals, or inserted on their 
claws. Ovary 1-celled, free from the calyx. Styles 5 (seldom 3 or 4). P)'uit 
a utricle, or dehiscent by valves, containing 1 anatropous seed. 

I. STATICE^. Styles distinct, at least above. Utricle not valvate. Leaves radical. ..(a) 

II. PLUMBAGINE^. Style 1, with 5 stigmas. Pod subvalvate. Leaves cauline.. .(&). Plumbago. 3 

a Stigmas filiform. Styles glabrous. Scape branching Statice. 1 

a Stigmas filiform. Styles plumous. Scape capitate Armeria. 2 



_ Order 84— LENTIBULACE^. 215 

1. STATIOB, L. Marsh Rose^iary. Calyx funnel-form, limb sca- 
rious, 5-neryed, o-parted. Pet. scarcely united at base. Fil. 5, adnate to 
the very base of the corolla. Ovary crowned with the 5 glabrous, filiform 
styles, utricle opening crosswise, if Herbs with the scape branching, the 
flowers 3-bracted, sessile on the 3-bracted branchlet. 

S. Liimoiiium L. Very smooth. Leaves oblong to oblancelate, acute, tipped -witli a 
bri:?tle, long-stalked : scapes terete, corymbous-paniciilate ; fis. separate or in pairs, 
on the upper side of the branchlets, blue-purple. Marshes. 6 — 12'. July — October. 

\ 

2. ARMERIA, Willd. Thrift. Flowers collected in a dense head. 

Invol. 3- to many-leaved. Cal. tubular-campanulate, 5-angled, with 5 shal- 
low lobes, scarious and plaited. Pet., sta., etc., as in Statice. U Lvs. radi- 
cal, mostly linear. Scape simple, appendaged above with a sheath. 

1 A. VULGARIS. Scape terete, smooth ; lvs. linear, flat, obtuse ; outer bracts of the in- 

vol. ovate-acute ; fls. rose-colored. Sea-coast, Oreg., &c. If. June — August. 

2 A. LATiFOLiA. Scape solitary, tall ; lvs. broad-oblong, 5-7-veined ; flowers rose-red ; 

bracts cusp-pointed, scarious. Portugal. 1— 2f. June — August. 

\ 

3. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. Leadwort. Cal. 5-lobed. Corolla salver- 

foiTQ, tube longer than calyx, limb twisted in aestivation, Anth. 5, linear. 
Stig. 5, filiform. Utricle membranous, mucronate with tlie persistent style. 
+) If Flowers cyanic, numerous through the season. 

1 Vm Capexsis. Shrubby ; lvs. oblong, entire, white-scaly beneath ; fls. in short termi- 

nal spikes, pale blue, the tube 1' or more in length. S. Africa. 2 — 4f. Hardy S. 

2 P. ccERULEA. Herbaceous: lvs. acuminate; fls. in loose spikes, blue. 6". U S.Am. 

3 I*. cocciNEA. Herb tall ; lvs. oblong, large ; spikes long, loose ; fls. scar. 1 — 2'. India. 

Order LXXXIV. LENTIBULACEJE. Bctterworts. 

Hei'bs small, growing in water or wet places, with showy, bilabiate fls. 
on scapes. Cal2/x inferior, of 2 or 3 sepals. Corolla irregular, bilabiate, 
personate, spurred. Stamens 2, isiclnded within the corolla and inserted on 
its upper lip. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with a free, central pla- 
centa. Style 1. Stigma cleft. Fruit, capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute. 
Embryo straight, with no albumen. Fig. 399. 

§ In wet, rocky places. Leaves broad, entire. Corolla throat open Pijtgutcula. 1 

§ In water, floating. Leaves dissected. Corolla throat closed Utricclaria. 2 

/ 

1. PINGUIOULA, L. BuTTERWORT. Cal. 5-parted, somewhat bila- 
biate. Cor. bilabiate, ringent, upper lip bifid, lower trifid, spurred at base 
beneath. Sta. 2, veiy short. Stig. sessile, 2-lobed. Caps, erect. Sds. go. 
2f Lvs. radical, rosulate, entire, greasy to the touch. Scapes 1-flowered, 
nodding. March — 3Iay. 

* Corollas blue, purple, or white, lobes very unequal Nos. 1—3 

* Corollas yellow, the lobes nearly equal No. 4 

1 P. vulgaris L. Scape and calyz a little downy; cor. lips very unequal, lobes ob- 

tuse, entire ; spur cylindrical, straightish. N. Y. (rare), and N. 6 — 8'. Cor. V long. 

2 P. elatior Ms. Lvs. ovate to spatulate ; scapes villous near the base : cal. glandu- 



216 Order 84.— LEKTIBULACE^. 

lar ; corolla lobes obtuse, 2-lobulate ; spur half as lon^? as the tube, blunt. S. Car. to 
Fla. Scape very slender, 8—12' high, Lvs. 1' or less. Fls. 1^ (P. australis N.) 

3 ^. puMiiia Mx. Lvs. glabrous, rounciish-ovate ; corolla tube oblong, lobes emargi- 

uate ; spur acute, nearly as long as tube. Ga., Fla. 2—4'. Fls. 4— S^'Mong. 

4 P. liatea Walt. Lvs. elliptic to obovate; cor. bell-shaped, nearly regular, the lobes 

sinuate-dentate ; spur slender, i as long as corolla. S. 5—8'. Fls. 9''' broad. 

2. UTRICUIiARiA, L. Bladder>yort. Cal. 2-parted, lips subequal. 
Cor. irregularly bilabiate, personate, spurred. Stamens 2. Stig. bilabiate. 
Caps, globular, 1-celled. aw'' Loosely floating, or fixed in the mud. Lvs. 
radical, multitid or linear and entire, mostly furnished witli little inflated 
utricles (whence the name) as buoys. Scape erect. June — Sept. Fig. 399. 

§ Floating. Scape involucrate with a whorl of large inflated petioles No. 1 

§ Floating. Scape naked, branches bearing bulblets and bladders. . .(a) 
§ Stems creeping and rooting in mud, with few or no air-bladders. . .{b) 

a Flowers purple. Branches whorled, submersed No. 2 

a Flowers yellow. — c Bladders borne on the capillaceous leaves., .{d) 

— c Bladders and leaves borne on separate branches Nos. 3, 4 

d Spur acute or retuse, about as long as the lips Nos. 5 — 7 

d Spur obtuse, short.- e Fls. of 2 kinds, the lipless down on the stems No. 8 

— e Fls. of 1 kind only, all on the scapes Nos. 9 — 11 

b Spur appressed to and scarcely equalling the lower lip of the corolla Nos. 12, 13 

b Spur remote from the corolla, slender, acute Nos. 14, 15 

1 U, inflata Walt. Upper lvs. in a whorl of 5 or G at the surface of the water ; pet. 

and midvein inflated, lower lvs. capillaceous, dissected, submerged ; scape 4-5-flwd. 
71 In ponds and ditches. Ehizome or stem long. Scape 8'. Fls. 8" broad, yellow, 
upper lip rounded, entire, lower lip 3-lobed. August. 

2 U. purpurea Walt. Leaves all submersed, fibrinous, whorled on the long stem ; 

scape assurgent, 2-3-flowered ; lower lip 3-lobed, bisaccate, longer than the conical 
spur beneath it. (i) Ponds. Scape 3 — 5'. Flowers 6" broad, violet-purple. 

3 tl. intermedia Hayne. Lvs. 2-ranked, crowded, 4—5 times forked, divisions lin- 

ear-subulate, ciliate-denticulate, rigid, 2 — 3" long ; bladders all on leafless branches ; 
scape 2-3-flowered ; spur conical, acute ; corolla 6—8''''. (x) Pools, Pa., and N. 6 — 8'. 

4 U. Robbinsii Wood. Leaves alternate, 3 — 4 times forked, divisions flaccid, linear- 

capillary, entire, S — 12''' long ; bladders all on leafless branches ; scape tall (8 — 13'), 
4-7-flowered ; spur fusiform ; corolla 4—5". (i) Mass. (Dr. Robbins.) 

5 U, striata Le Conte. Lvs. 3-4-furcate, divisions capillary ; scape 2-6-flowered, 8 — 

12' ; fls. &\ on slender pedicels, lips subequal, 3-lobed, the upper striate with red, 
concave, the lower as long as the obtuse, notched spur. ® L. I. to Fla. 

6 TJ. longirostris Ell. Lvs. 2-.3-furcate, with setaceous segments ; scape 1-3-flow- 

ered (3 — 4') ; lower lip entire, shorter than the subulate spur. South. 
T XJ. biflora Lam. Lvs. capillary, root-like, bearing numerous bladders ; scape 2 — 5'', 
2-flowered ; spur obtuse, notched, equalling the lower lips. W. and S. 

8 TJ. clandestina N. Lvs. capillaceous-multifid, scattered, bladder-bearing; scape 

slender, 3 — 4', 2-3-flwd., seldom seen ; cor. b", spur shorter than the 6-lobed lower lip ; 
ped. down on the stems 1', with 1 apetalous flower, u Ponds, Mass. to N. J. and Pa. 

9 XJ. gibba L, Minute, with hair-like leaves and few utricles ; scape 1-2-flwd., naked 

(2 — 3') ; corolla spur blunt (gibbous) and short, lips many-lobed. "K R. I. to Car. 

10 U. vulgaris L. Lvs. capillaceous-multifid, fibrinous ; sc. scaly, 5-12-flwd., 6 — 12' ; 
spur conical, shorter than the closed lips (3—4"), divergent ; fr, nodding, u Ponds. 

11 U. minor L, Lvs. short, several times forked; sc. 3-(i-flwd., 4 — 7' ; cor. ringent, 
spur blunt, deflesed, much shorter than the obovate, flat lower lip ; fr. nodding, u. 

12 U. bipartita Ell. Lvs. fibrilious-multifid ; sc. 1-3-flwd., 2—3' ; cal. lower lip 2- 
parted ; spur obtuse, half as long as the entire lower lij). Soft mud. South. 



Order 85.— OROBANCHAGE^. 217 

13 U. sul>ula,ta L. Minute, creeping; Ivs. few, linear, entire, obtnse; sc. few, 1-5- 
flwd., 3', with, ovate bracts ; spur acute, appressedto the lower 3-lohecl lip. Springs. 

14 fJ. resupiii»ta Green. Rooting; Ivs. linear-capillaceous, erect, undivided (10; 
scapes GO, simple, 1-flwd., l-bracted (3—60 \ ^P'>ir ascending, remote from and shorter 
than the erect lips of the light-purple corolla (which is 4'0. Muddy shores, IST. Eng. 

15 U. cornuta Mx. Scape rooting, tall (9—120, ^caly, 2-5-flwd. ; Ivs. fugacious orO; 
flowers subsessile, palate very prominent ; spur subulate, decurved away from the 
erect tube and limb. Mud or shallow pools. Flowers large, yellow. 

Order LXXXV. OROBAKCHACE^. Broom-rapes. 

Herbs flcsliy, leafless, growing parasitically upon tlie roots of other plants. 
Calyx 4-5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, imbri- 
cate in sestivation. Stamens 4, didynamous. Anthers 2-celled, cells dis- 
tinct, parallel, often bearded, at base. Ovary 1-celled, free from the calyx, 
with 3 or 4 parietal placentae. Capsule enclosed within the withered co- 
rolla, 1-celled, 3-valyed. 8eeds very numerous and minute, with albumen. 

* Flowers polygamous, on spicate branches, sterile above, fertile below Epiphegus. 1 

* Flowers perfect, — a in one dense spike. Calyx split in front Conopholis. 2 

— rt in one dense spike. Calyx 5-toothed Phelip^a. 3 

— a solitary on long peduncles or scapes Aphyllon. 4 

\ 

1. EPIPHEGUS, Niitt. Beechdrops. 5 5? Upper fls. complete, 
but sterile, with a tuljular, curved, 2-lipped cor. barely including the sta- 
mens. Lower fls. ? , with a short, 4-toothed cor. and imperfect stamens. 
Caps. 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each valve. — h. smooth, dull-red, leaf- 
less, branching plant, with sessile flowers all along the branches. 

E. Virginiana Bart.— In beech-woods : common. If. Fls. brownish, 5". Aug., Sept. 

2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. Squaw-root. Fls. 5 , crowded in a 
thick, scaly spike. Cal. with 2 bractlets at base, 4-toothed, split down in 
front. Cor. ringent, upper lip arched, notched, lower 3-lobed. Sta. ex- 
serted. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each valve. — Stem 
simple, thick, short, covered with scales, the flowers in the upper axils. 

C. Americana Wal.— In old woods : com. 4-7' high, and V thick, pale-yellowish. J!. 

3. PKBLIP.ffiA, Tourn. Broom-rape. Fls. ^ , spiked or racemed. 

Cal. 2-bracted at base, 4:-5-cleft. Cor. 2-lipped, including the stam. Caps. 

1-celled, 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each valve. — Stem thick, scaly. 

P. liUdoviciana Don. Glandular-pubescent ; stem thick, short ; spike dense ; caL 
5-cleft ; cor. funnel-form, lips subequal ; bracts ovate, obtuse. Alluvion, 111, 

4. APHYLLON, INIitchell. Naked Broom-rape. Fls. 5 , solitary, on 
long, bractless ped. or scapes. CaL 5-cleft Cor. tube elongated, curved, 
limb spreading, subequally 5-lobed. Anthers included. Capsule with 4 
placentae. — Plants glandular-pubescent Stem nearly subterraneous. 

1 A, uniflora T. & G. Ped. z?ii?a«?>\ simple, naked, each 1-flwd. Woods and thick- 

ets. Ped. 4r— 5', scape-like, purplish-yellow, like the nodding flowers. June. 

2 xl. fasciculata T. & G. Stem 1—?j' high, bearing many peduncles from near the 

summit, each with few scales and 1 purple flower. Mich., and W. 4--C'. May, 



218 Order 86.— BIGNONIACE^. 



Order LXXXVI. BIGNONIACE^. Trumpet-flowers. 

Trees^ shrubs, or herbs, often climbing, with opposite, exstipulate leaves, 
and large, showy, monopetalous, irregular, 5-parted flowers. Stamens 2 
or 4, often with 1 or 3 sterile rudiments. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-car- 
pelled. Style 1. Stigma divided. Capsule woody, 2-valved, with few or 
many large seeds. Figs. 30, 31, 95, 199, 445. 

§ Plants woodj', with the leaves mostly opposite, and the flat seeds winged. ..(I.) 
§ Plants herbaceous, leaves all simple, some alternate. Seeds wingless.. .(II.) 

I. BIGNONIADS. — Trees, with simple leaves, and long, cj'lindric pods Oatalpa. 1 

— Shrubs climbing. Leaves compound (binate). Calyx truncate.. .Bignonia. 2 

— Shrnbs climbing. Leaves pinnate. Calyx 5-toothed . Tecoma. 3 

— Half-shrubby climbers (exotic). Lvs. compd. (bipinnate). . .Eccremocarpus. 4 

II. SESAMEyE.— Coarse, clammy herbs, the fleshy pods 2-horned Martynia. 5 

— Smoothish, erect. Pods dry, 4-celled, not beaked Sesamcm. 6 

1. CAT ALP A, Scop. Catalpa. Cal. 2-parted. Cor. campanulate, 4- 
or 5-cleft, the tube inflated. Sta. 2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile. Stig. 2-lipped. 
Caps. 2-celled, long, cylindric. ^ Lvs. opposite or in 3's, simple, petiolate. 
Flowers in large, showy, terminal panicles, May — July. Figs. 30-1, 445. 

1 C. l>igiionioides Walt. Lvs. ample, thin, cordate-ovate, lustrons above, downy 

beneath, lonj^-petioled ; fls. in erect, pj'ramidal panicles, large, irregularly bell-shaped, 
Avhite, with yellow and violet spots. A beantifnl tree 30 — 50f. Native and cultivated. 

2 C. Kempfeei. Lvs. smaller, entire or lobed, glabrous both sides ; fls. smaller. Japan. 

2. BIGNONIA, Touni. Cal. mai'gin nearly entire. Cor. somewhat bi- 
labiate, 5-cleft, bell-funnel-shaped. Sta. didynamous, 4 fertile, 1 a sterile 
filament. Caps, long and narrow, valves flat or scarcely convex, parallel 
with the partition. t> t) ^ Often with tendrils. 

1 B. capreolata L. Climbing, smooth ; leaves binate, consisting of a pair of ever- 

green, cordate-lanceolate leaflets and a branching tendril between them ; fls. axillary, 
near 2^ red-yellow ; pod 6 — V long. Woods, S. 50f. Very slender. March — May. 

2 B, TwEEDiANA, With yellow fls. 2', in panicles ; cal. bilabiate. From Buenos Ayres. 

3. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. Cal. campanulate, 5-toothed. 
Cor. tube short, throat dilated, limb 5-lobed, subequal. Sta. 4, didynamous, 
with the rudiment of a fifth, anther-cells 2, diverging. Caps. 2-celled, 2- 
valved, the valves contrary to the partition. Seeds winged, "h h ^ Lvs. 
opposite, odd-pinnate in the following, 

1 T. radicans Juss. Climbing by radicating tendrils ; Ifts. 4 or 5 pairs, ovate, den- 

tate-serrate, pointed ; corolla thrice longer than the calyx ; etam. included. Woods, 
thickets, Penn., S. and W. 20— 80f. Fls. red, 2' long. June— Aug. Very showy. 

2 T. Capensis. Climbing; Ifts. broad-ovate, crenate-seiTate ; cor. long, trumpet-shaped, 

incurved, stam. and style exserted. S. Afr. Flowers corymbed, 2' long, orange. 

3 T. GRANDiFLORA. Climbing ; Ifts. lance-ovate, pointed, dent-serrate ; cor. scarcely 

longer than the 5-toothed calyx (80, scarlet. China and Japan. 

4 T. jasminoides. Climbing ; Ifts. ovate, shining, entire ; pan. tenninal ; cor. tram- 

pet-shaped, white, roseate in the throat. Australia. Common in greenhouses. 

4. ECCREMOCARPUS, R. & P. Calyx acutely 5-cleft, broader and 
much shorter than the tubular corolla, whose lobes are 5. rounded, reflexed. 



Order 87.— GESNERIACE^. 219 

Sta. 4, included. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, valves placentiferons in the mid- 
dle. Half-slimbby climbers, from S. Am. Tender. (Calampelis, Don.) 

1 E. SCABEK. Lvs. bipinnate ; coi*. tube inflated above the calyx, scarlet, drooping, 1'. 

2 E. LOXGirLORA. Lvs. tripinnate ; cor. tube cylindric, curved, yellow, 3', drooping. 

/ 

5. MARTYNIA, L. IJNicoRisr Plant. Cal. 5-cleft, bracteolate at base. 

Cor. campanulate, tube gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, unequal. Sta. 5, one 
rudimentaiy and sterile, four didynamous. Caps, coriaceous, ligneous, 4- 
celled, 2-valved, each valve terminating in a long, hooked beak, (i) Chiefly 
southeiTi, branching, viscid-hairy, sti'ong-scented. Flowers large. 

1 HI. proboscidea Glox. Branches mostly decumbent ; lvs. cordate, entire, round- 

ish, villous, upper ones alternate ; fls. on long, axillary peduncles ; beaks 2 (when the 
valves separate), hooked ; corolla dull yellowish. Fields, thickets, S. and W. 2f. Jn. 

2 OT. FRAGEANS. Lvs. roundish-3-lobed, sinuate-dentate ; raceme few-flowered ; corolla 

purple, yellow inside, fragrant ; beaks shorter than the pod. Mexico. 

3 M. LUTEA, with large yellow funnel-form corollas, is from Brazil. 

6. SSSAMUM, L. Oil-seed. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. campanulate, 3- 

cleft, the lower lobes the longest. Sta. 4, didynamous. Stig. lanceolate. 

Caps. 2-celled, the cells divided by the inflexed edges of the valves. ® 

E. India. Leaves petiolate, the lower opposite, upper alternate. 

S, Indicnm DC. Lvs. lance-ovate, lower ones 3-lobed, upper ones undivided, serrate ; 
flowers axillary, sessile, pale purple. Fields and gardens. Seeds rich in oil. § 

Order LXXXVII. GESNERIACE^. Gesnerworts. 

Tropical plants^ somewhat fleshy, with opposite or radical leaves, no stip- 
ules, and showy, somewhat irregular flowers. Calyx half adherent to the 
ovary (in the following genera), 5-parted. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, imbri- 
cated in bud. Stamens 2 or 4, didynamous, with a rudiment. Style 1. 
Fruit a capsule nearly free, l-celled, with 2 double, many-seeded placentae. 

Corolla tube bell-form, equally tumid at base, limb oblique Gesneria. 1 

Corolla bell-funnel-form, gibbous at base, limb short Gloxinia. 2 

Corolla salver-form, subequal, limb flat-spreading Achimenes. 3 

\ 

1. GESNERIA, L. if With tuberous roots and toothed leaves. Sta. 
4, with a rudiment, anthers cohering at first. Brazil. 

1 G, LmDLEYi. Lvs. opposite, ovate-oblong, rugous ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; 

corolla 18", scarlet or red, the limb very short. Brazil. 

2 G. DotJGLAsii. Leaves whorled, ovate, pubescent, with the numerous red-yellow 

flowers in their axils.— The species are many and much mixed. 
/ 

2. GLOXINIA, L'Her. Has often radical leaves (or with very short 
stems), crenate, and large axillary or radical flowers. Stamens 4, with a 
fifth rudiment, anthers cohering. Brazil. 

G. sPECiosA. Leaves oval-oblong, on long radical petioles; ped. subradical, 1-flow- 
ered ; corolla bell-shaped, IV, violet, varying to M'hite. 

3. ACHIMENES, Br. Erect, downy herbs, with scaly buds. Anth. 
4, separate, the rudiment on the base of the corolla. 



220 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE.E. 

1 A, LONGiFLORA. Leaves oblong, pointed at both ends, serrate ; corolla violet-purple, 

15" ; calyx 4—5", pedicel still shorter, 1-flowered, axillary. Mexico. 

2 A. coccxNEA. Leaves ovate, acuminate ; corolla scarlet, 10''', calyx 5'-', the pedicel 

longer, axillary, erect, with the flower nodding. Jamaica. 

Order LXXXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE^. FigwoRts. 

Herbs chiefly, without fragrance, the leaves and inflorescence various. 
Flowers irregular, 5-parted, didynamous or diandrous (rarely pentandrous). 
Calyx free from tlie ovary, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, imbricated 
in bud. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla, 1 or 3 of them usually 
rudimentary. Ovary free, 2-celled, with 1 style, a 2-lobed stigma, and be- 
coming in fruit a 2-celled, Qo-seeded capsule, with axile placentae and al- 
buminous seeds. Figs. 70, 106, 134, 167, 434, 502. 

1 Leaves alternate (or opposite, and the corolla spurred or saccate behind). . .(2) 
1 Leaves opposite, and the corolla lower lip an inflated sac. (Tribe 2.) 
1 Leaves opposite, and the corolla not spurred nor saccate. . .(5) 

2 Inflorescence compound, centrifugal or terminal. Exotics. Tribe 1 ... (.r) 
2 Inflorescence simple, centripetal or axillary. . .(3) 

3 Stamens 5. Corolla large, rotate, more or less irregular. Tribe 3... (a) 
3 Stamens 4 or 2. Corolla minute, 4- or 5-lobed. Little herbs. Tribe 7. . .(A-) 
3 Stamens 4. Corolla large, upper lip exterior in the bud. Tribe 4. . .(b) 
3 Stamens 4 or 2. Corolla lower lip exterior in the bud. . .(4) 

4 Corolla bell- or thimble-shaped, oblique, lobes spreading. Tribe 8. . .{in) 
4 Corolla bilabiate, upper lip vaulted and arched. Tribe 12. . .(p) 
5 Stamens 2, exserted. Corolla rotate or salver-form. (Tribe 9.) 
5 Stamens 2 (rarely 3), included. Corolla tubular, labiate, rotate, &c. Tribe 6. . .(e) 
5 Stamens 4, perfect, — * the 5th a large, conspicuous rudiment. Tribe 5. . .(c) 
— * the 5th a minute rudiment, or none. . .(8) 
8 Inflorescence compound, in cymes or panicles. Tribe b. ..(d) 

8 Inflorescence simple. — + Corolla wheel-shaped, largest lobe upward. Tribe 3. . .(a) 
— \ Corolla salver-form, lobes about equal. (Tribe 10.) 
— t Corolla bell-shaped, not helmeted. Tribe 11. ..(n) 
— t Corolla bilabiate and helmeted. Tribe 12. . .($) 

I. SALPIGL0SS1DE..E. (Corolla in bud plicate at the clefts. Inflorescence cymous.) 

Tribe 1. Salpiglossie^. — ^x Stamens 2. Corolla deeply many-cleft Schizanthus. 1 

— X Stamens 4.—?/ Coi-olla tubular-funnel-form Salpiglossis. 2 

— ?/ Cor. salver-form. Anth. unlike Browallia. 3 

— 2/ Cor. salver-form. Anth. all alike. .Brunfelsia. 4 

II. ANTIRRHINIDE^E. (Corolla in bud imbricate, the upper lip covering the lower.) 

Tribe 2. Calceolarie^e. Flowers in cymes, very showy, cultivated Calceolaria. 5 

Tribe 3. Verbasce^. — a Stamens 5, corolla not inverted, subregular Verbascum. 6 

— a Stamens 4. Cor. inverted on the twisted pedicels Alonsoa. 7 

Tribe 4. Antirrhine^. — & Corolla spurred. Pod opens by valves Nemesia. 8 

— 6 Corolla spurred. Pod opens by pores Linaria. 9 

— 6 Corolla saccate at base, throat closed Antirrhinum. 10 

— 6 Corolla throat open, naked inside. Climbers Maurandia. 11 

— 6 Corolla throat open, with 2 hairy lines. Climbers.. Lophosperm:um.12 

Tribe 5. Chelone^s;. — c Sterile filament a scale. Flowers small, lurid Scrophularia. 13 

— c Sterile filament shorter than the rest. Seeds winged. . . Chelone. 14 

— c Sterile filament equalling the rest. Seeds wingless Pentstemon. 15 

— d Herbs. Corolla labiate, blue and white Collinsia. 16 

— d Shrubs slender. Corolla tube straight Rttssellia. 17 

— d Shrubs erect. Corolla tube incurved Phvgelius. 18 

— (Z Trees. Corolla blue, tubular-bell-form Pawlonia. 19 

Tribe 6. GRATiOLE^.—e Calyx 5-angled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed, large Mimulus. 2C 

— e Calyx 5-angled. Corolla oblique, 4-lobed, large Torexia. 21 



Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 221 

— e Calyx 5-parted, equal. Leaves many-cleft Co>"Obea. 22 

— e Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Leaves entire Herpestis. 23 

—f Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filament short, or Gkatiola. 24 

—/Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filament esserted Iltsanthes. 25 

—f Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 2. Flowers minute Micranthemum. 26 

—/ Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 3. Flowers small. S. . .Htdraxthelium.27 
III. EHINANTHEDE-(E. (Corolla in bud imbricate, the lower or lateral lobes exterior.) 

Tribe 7. Sibthorfeje.— 7c Stamens 2. Corolla 4-clert Amphiaxthus. 28 

—7^ Stamens 4. Corolla 5-cleft Liitosella. 29 

Tribes. DiGiXALEiE. — 7?i Stamens 2. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers small Stnthiuis. 30 

— m. Stamens 4. Calyx 5-parted. Flowers large Digiaths. 31 

Tribe 9. Veroxiceje.— Stamens divergent. Upper leaves often alternate Veroxica. 32 

Tribe 10. Buchnere^. — Stamens approximate by pairs. Upper Ivs. altern Buchxera. 33 

Tribe 11. Gerardie^. — n Stamens loag-exserted. Corolla tubular Macranthera. 34 

— n Stamens short. — o Cor. yellow, tube short as limb...SEYMERiA. 35 

— o Corolla yellow, tube elongated Dasystoma. 36 

— o Cor. purple. Lvs. very slender. ..Gerardia. 37 

Tribe 12. Euphrasies.— j5 Anther-cells unequal, separated Castilleja. 38 

— p Anther-cells equal. — r Calyx lO-ribbed Schwalbea. 39 

— r Calyx not ribbed Pedicularis. 40 

— q Calyx inflated. Seeds many, winged Rhixanthus. 41 

— g Calyx not inflated. — s Seeds many, wingless. . .Euphrasia. 42 

— s Seeds 1 — 4, oblong Melampyrum. 43 

1. SCHIZANTHUS, R. & P. Cut-flower. Cor. iiTegular, the upper 
lip 5-cleft, external in aestivation, lower much smaller, 3-parted. Fil. 4, 3 
of them sterile. Capsules 2-cellecl. (i) Chili. Leaves pinnatifid, alternate. 
Cymes supra-axillaiy. 

S* PiKNATTjs. Lvs. once or twice pinnatisected ; cor. segm. longer than tube, the middle 
segin. of the posterior lip 2-lobed and hood-like ; stam. exserted. 1 — 2f. Fls. delicate 
and handsome, V broad, purple and yeUow, with a dark spot in the midst. Aug. — Oct. 

2. SALPIGLOSSIS, R. & P. Trumpet-tongue. Corolla obliquely 
tubular-fannel-form, with an ample throat, lobes all emarginate. Sta. 4, 
fertile, with a short rudiment. Style trumpet-shaped at apex and incurved. 
Capsules oblong, valves bifid, if Chili. Resembles Petunia. 

S. siNUATA. Annual in our gardens, 1— 2f, weak, viscid-downy. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 
sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid. Fls. 1^' long, very sliowy, dark-purple, striped, &c. 

3. BROWALLIA, L. Cor. salver-form, with a long tube, and oblique, 

5-lobed limb. Anth. of the two posterior stamens halved, sub-1-celled. 

Lobes of the stigma broad, divaricate. Caps, membranous, valves bifid. — 

S. American herbs, with alternate, entire leaves and cyanic flowers. 

1 B. DEiiissA (also elata). Leaves petiolate, ovate ; lower fls. axillary, upper racemed ; 
calyx hairy ; cor. tube (i", limb 1', blue or violet, varying to wh. (I) 1 — 2f. Summer. 

4. BRUNFELSIA, Sw. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube, and a 
broad 5-lobed limb. Sta. 4, all equal. Style incurved at apex, stig. of 2 
broad lobes. Caps, coriaceous, valves entire. — S. American shrubs, with 
alternate, entire leaves and large blue flowers. (Francisea, Pohl.) 

1 B. HoPEAXA. Lvs. obovate to ovate ; fls. solitary ; cor. tube little exceeding the cal., 

lobes rounded, subequal, violet, bhie, or white, V broad. 3f. Much branched. 

2 B. LATEPoLiA. Leaves elliptic to oblong; fls. in loose cymes ; cor. tube thrice longer 

than the calyx, and longer than the limb (10- Leaves 3—5' long, shining above. 



222 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

5. CALCEOLARIA, L, Slipper-flower. Calyx 4-parted, valvate 
in bud. Cor. tube very short, limb 2-lobed, lobes entire, concave or spur- 
like, the lower inflated, Sta. 2, lateral, with no rudiments. Caps, ovoid- 
conical, valves bifid. — S. American and New-Zealand herbs or shrubs, 
with opposite or whorled leaves and very curious flowers, of all colors, 
endlessly varied in cultivation. 

§ Leaves pinnatisect. Anther cells separated, one empty. Annual No. 1 

§ Leaves ovate to lanceolate. Fls. corymbous. Anth. cells contiguous Nos. 2 — 4 

1 C, FiNNATA. Rough-downy, weak, If, the lower lip orbicular, pale-yellow. 

2 C. CORYMBOSA. Erect ; lower lip broad-ovate, obtuse, open beyond the middle, ylw. 

3 C. CRENATiFLORA. Yillous ; lowcr lip hanging, large, obovate, 3-furrowed, spotted, ylw. 

4 C iNTEGRiFOLiA. Yiscid ; lower lip orbicular, little longer than the upper, scarcely 

contracted at the base ; upper lip twice longer than the calyx. Shrub. 2 — 3f. 

6. VERBASOUM, L. Mullein. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed, unequal. Sta. 

5, declinate, all perfect. Caps, ovoid-globous, 2-valved. @ Rarely if or 

sufli-uticous. Leaves alternate. Flowers in spikes or paniculate racemes. 

June — August. Fig. 434. 

§ Leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers in a long, thick spike, yellow No. 1 

§ Leaves not decurrent. — a Flowers in racemes, white, yellow or purple Nos. 2, 3 

— a Flowers paniculate, white or yellow Nos. 4, 5 

1 V. Tliapsus L. Common Mullein. Leaves decurrent, densely tomentous on both 
sides ; rac. spiked, dense ; 3 of the sta. downy, 2 of them smooth, (g) Fields, way- 
sides. 3 — of. Almost never branched, woolly all over. Flowers numerous. § 

H V. Blattaria L. Moth Mullein. Lvs. clasping, oblong, smooth, serrate; ped. 1- 
flwd., solitary, racemous ; filaments all bearing violet wool, (x) Waste grounds, Avay- 
fides. 3f. Flowers 1', w^hite or yellow. Stem often bi'anched. 

3 V, Phceniceum. Leaves mostly radical, ovate to oblong, petiolate, smooth above, 

downy beneath ; racemes rarely branched ; flowers violet to red. @ Eur. 3f. 

4 V. liyclinitis L. WJiite Mullein. Whitish tomentous ; st. angular ; leaves green 

above, the lower petiolate ; tls. in loose fascicles, forming a pyramidal panicle ,• fli. all 
white-woolly. @ Sandy fields, N. Y. to Ga. : rare. Flowers pale yellow. § Eur. 

5 V, PTJLVERtJLENTUM. Clothed in cottony, deciduous tomentum ; lvs. tomentous both 

sides, ovate-oblong ; fls. numerous, yellow, in a large panicle, (g) Eur. 

7. ALONSOA, R. & P. Cor. resupinate by the twisted pedicel, rotate, 
5-cleft, lobes very obtuse, unequal. Sta. 4, short, declinate. Caps, obtuse, 
flattened, septicidal. — S. American, very branching herbs, with opposite 
leaves, square branches, and terminal racemes of scarlet flowers. 

1 A. iNCisiEFOLiA. Leaves lance-ovate, incisely serrate, petiolate ; cor. 1' or less wide, 
3 — 4 times longer than the calyx, (i) All Summer. From Chili. 

8. NEMESIA, Vent. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, saccate or 
spurred behind, upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire. Sta. 4, lower pair circum- 
flexed at base. Caps, compressed, with 2 keeled valves, and winged seeds, 
(i) S. Africa. Lvs. opposite. Fls. solitary and axillary, or racemed. 

1 N. VERSICOLOR. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate and linear, entire or toothed ; cor. lobes ob- 

long, all subequal (4—5"), spur 4'^ incurved, acute. 3f. Blue- white. 

2 N. FLORiBUNDA, has ovate leaves, an obtuse spur, and white-yellow flowers. 

9. LIN ARIA, Juss. Toad-flax. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, 



Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 223 

tipper lip bifid, reflexed, loTver 3-cleft, throat closed by the prominent pal- 
ate, tube inflated, Avith a spur behind. Caps. 2-celled, bursting below the 
summit. — Herbs. Lower leaves generally opposite, upper alternate. Fls. 
solitaiy, axillary, often forming terminal, leafy racemes. Fig. 70. 

* stems prostrate, creeping. Leaves broad, reniform or hastate. Eur Nos. 1, 2 

* Stems erect, with narrow leaves, mostly scattered ISTos. 3 — 5 

* Stems erect, with broad lanceolate leaves, all verticillate No. 6 

1 Ij. Cj'inbala.ria, Lvs. palmate-veined, reniform, 5-7-lobed, mostly alternate ; fls. 

axillary, small, yellow, spur shorter than tube, zc Smooth, delicate. 

2 li. Elatine L. Hairy; lvs. feather-veined, hastate, entire, alternate; ped. solitary, 

long; cor. yellow and purple. (T) Fields. 1— 2f. Very slender. § Eur. July. 

3 Ij. Canadensis Dumont. Lvs. scattered, erect, linear, obtuse; fls. racemed; st. 

simple ; scions procumbent ; fls. blue. ® Fields, waysides. 6 — 12'. Very slender. 
Flowers small, in a loose raceme. Spur filiform, long, short, or 0. June— Sept. 

4 li. vulgaris Mill. Common Toad-flax. Leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded ; spikes 

terminal ; fls. dense, imbricate ; cal. smooth, shorter than the spur, u Meadows, way- 
sides. 1 — 2f. Very leafy, with showy rac. of yellow and orange fls. Jl., Aug. § Eur. 
/3. Pelbria, Corolla with 3 — 5 spurs, and a regular border of 3—5 lobes, with 5 
stamens. Penn. (Dr. Darlington). Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Q!Lv. W. E. Gerard). 

5 li. BiPARTiTA. Erect ; lvs. linear, alternate ; ped. much longer than the lance-linear, 

scarious-edged sepals ; cor. 8 — 10", violet, the palate orange. 

6 li. TRioRKiTHOPHOKrM. Three Birds. Smooth, glaucous ; leaves in 3"s and 4's ; fls. 

whorl ed, each resembling 3 little birds. 2C Eur. 2— 8f. Curious. 

10. ANTIRRHINUM, L. Sxap-dragox. Calyx o-sepalled. Corolla 
gibbous (not spurred) at base of tube, throat closed (personate) by the 
prominent palate, upper lip bifid, reflexed, lower trifid. Sta. 4 Capsules 
opening by 2 or 3 pores, as in Linaria. — Herbs, European, &c., with the 
lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers axillary, large, ra- 
cemed above. Fig. 502. 

1 A. MAjrs. Erect ; leaves lanceolate ; fls. evidently racemed ; sep. hairy, shorter than 

the cor. tube ; cor. pink, purple, or scarlet, mouth yellow. ii 18'. Fls. V. Summer. 

2 A. ORONTiTjai. Low, spreading; lvs. oblong-lanceolate; fls. smaller than in A. majus 

(6"), the sepals equalling the cor., which is rose or white, with purp. spots. (I) Sum. 

11. MAURANDIA, Ort. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. bilabiate, tube scarcely 
gibbous at base, throat open, with 2 prominent glabrous folds, upper lip of 
2 rounded lobes, lower of 3. Sta. 4. Caps, oblique, opening by chinks 
below the apex, li Mexican, climbing and twining, with large purple 
flowers all Summer. 

1 in. ANTiRRHiNiFLORA. Leavcs mostly triangular-hastate ; fls. glabrous, 1', tube some 

gibbous at base, throat partly closed by the prominent hairy palate. lOf. 

2 M. SEMPERFLOREXS. Lvs. cordatc-hastatc, angular ; calyx glabrous ; cor. bell-form, 

not gibbous (throat open), li' long, pale violet or rose-colored. lOf. 

3 M. Barclataxa. Leaves broadly triangular-cordate or hastate ; calyx clothed with 

long glandular hairs ; cor. near 2' long, very oblique, purple, throat open. lOf. 

12. LOPHOSPERMUM, Don. Corolla tubular-campanulate, limb 5- 
lobed, subregular, throat open, between two hairy lines. Caps, globular. 
Seeds winded. Otherwise as in Maurandia. Fig. 106. 



224 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACEvE. 

1 li, ERUBEscENs. Lvs. triaiij^ular-cordate, dentate-lobed, pubescent ; cal. segm. ovate, 

hirsute ; cor. downy, 2^—3' long, red, with an ample border. 10— 20f. 

2 ti. SCANDENS. Lvs. cordate-ovate, pointed, coarse-toothed, smoothish; calyx segm. 

lance-ovate; cor. glabrous, 2', scarlet, limb erect- spreading. lOf. 

13. SCROPHULARIA, L. Figwort. Calyx in 5 acute segments. 
Cor. subglobous, limb contracted, sub-bilabiate, lip witli an internal, inter- 
mediate scale (sterile filament). Capsules 2-celled. Valves with 2 inflated 
margins. — Herbs or suflruticous, often fcetid. Leaves opposite. Cymes in 
simple or compound, terminal, thyrsoid panicles. Fig. 167. 

S. nodosa L. Glabrous, tall, branching ; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate ; fls. in 
loose pedunculate cymes, combined into an oblong panicle ; sterile anther a roundish 
green scale on the dull, olive-colored corolla. 2f Thickets. 4— 6f. July— Oct. 
\ 

14. CHELONE, L. Turtle-head. Snake-iiead. Calyx deeply 5- 

parted, with 3 bracts at base. Coi". inflated, bilabiate. Sta. 4, woolly, the 
sterile filament shorter than the rest. Caps, valves entire. Seeds broadly 
winged. U With opposite leaves and sessile flowers in the upper axils. 

1 C. glabra, L. Smooth ; lvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, acute 

at base ; flowers densely spiked. By brooks and in wet places. 2f. Stems simple, in 
clumps. Flowers 1' long, white or roseate, with short gaping lips. Aug., Sept. 
p. purpurea, Lvs. distinctly petiolate, acuminate ; flowers rose-purple. West. 

2 C. liyoni Ph. Smooth; lvs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, serrate, the lower cordate ; 

fls. in a dense spike. Mts. of Car. and Ga. 1— 2f. Corolla purple, IJ'. July— Sept. 

15. PENTSTEMON, L. Beard-tongue. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Cor. 
elongated, often ventricous, lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. The fifth filament 
(tongue) sterile, bearded, longer than the rest or about as long ; anth. smooth. 
Seeds go, angular, not margined. 21 N. American, branching, paniculate. 
Leaves opposite, the lower petiolate, upper sessile or clasping. Flowers 
showy, red, violet, blue, or white, in Summer. 

* Native E. of the Mississippi River, sometimes cultivated. . .(a) 

a Leaves dissected. Corolla bell-shaped, lobes rounded, subequal No. 1 

a Leaves undivided, serrulate. Sterile filament (tongue) bearded Nos. 2, 3 

a Leaves entire. Tongue puberulent, widened and incurved at the apex No. 4 

* Native W. of the Mississippi, cultivated for ornament. . .(6) 

b Leaves incisely pinnatifid. Corolla lobes subequal. Tongue smoothish. . .No. 5 

b Leaves serrate, with pale purple or blue flowers. Tongue bearded Nos. 6 — S 

b Leaves entire.— c Cor. strongly bilabiate, scarlet. Tongue bearded No. 9 

— c Cor. scarcely bilabiate, — d scarlet or crimson Nos. 10 — 12 

— d blue or violet Nos. 13 — 15 

1 JP, dissectus Ell. Lvs. pinnately divided into linear segm. ; fls. in a loose panicle^ 

cor. with a curved tube, 9 — 10'^, purple ; tongue bearded at apex. Dry. Ga. 2f. Jn., Jl. 

2 P. pubescens Sol. Pubescent or glabrous ; lvs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; fls. in a 

loose panicle ; cor. tube 7 — 9", gradually enlarged upward, pale purple, lower lip with 
two bearded folds inside, some longer than the upper. Hills and blulFs. 1 — 2f. + 

3 p, Bigitalis N. Glabrous; lvs. elliptic to lanceolate, the upper clasping ; fls. many, 

large, corolla tube abruptly enlarged to bell-form, pale blue or purplish, 12—15''' long, 
throat widely open, beardless. Eich soils. Pa., W. and S. 3f. Leaves 3—6'. 

4 P. graixdiflorus Eras. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. oblong-obovate to roundish- 

ovate, upper clasping, all entire ; panicle long, slender ; corolla bell-shaped, 15", limb ^ 
nearly regular, bluish purple. LI., Wis., and W. 3f. Handsome, + 



Order SS.—SCROPHULARIACE^. 225 

5 P. RiCHARDSoNi. Smoothish, branching ; fls. 1', violet, in leafy panicles. Oreg. 2f. 
ft JP. ovATUS. Pubernlent ; Ivs. cordate-clasping; fls. 9", numerous, light blue. Oreg. 2f. 
T I*. CoB^A. Puber., tall ; Ivs. lance-ovate, clasping ; fls. 2', broad-campanulate. Tex. 

8 P. CAMPANULATUs. Glabrous ; Ivs. lance-linear to lance-ovate, long-pointed ; panicle 

long, loose, 1-sided ; corolla tube inflated, large, bell-shaped. Mexico. 

9 P. BARBATUS. Smooth and glaucous ; Ivs. oblong to lance-linear ; cor. tube long (13"), 

scarcely dilated upward, lower lip and tongue densely bearded. Mexico. 2 — 4f. 

10 P. MuRRAYANUS. Glaucous ; Ivs. connate-clasping, upper roundish ; cor. J S*", bright 
red, dilated upward, in a long virgate panicle ; tongue smooth. Texas. 3f. 

11 P. Hartwegi. Upper Ivs. clasping ; cor. tubular, 2', crimson ; tongue glab. Mex. 3f. 

12 P. glaber. Smooth and glaucous ; sts. in bunches, simple ; Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, 
entire ; flowers 18", in slender panicles, blue-crimson. Nebraska, and W. 2f. 

1 3 P. sPECiosus. Tall ; st. Ivs. lanceolate, sessile ; cor. blue, 18". mouth ample, tongue 
filiform, the panicle long, virgate, secund, each cyme with 5 — 9 fls., very showy. Oreg. 

1 4 P. GENTiANOiDES. Tall ; St. Ivs. broad-clasping ; cor. 16", violet, mouth ample, tongue 
glabrous, dilated and retuse at apex, the panicle long, some leafy. Mexico. 3 — 4f. 

15 P. ccERULEUs. Low, leafy; Ivs. lance., sessile; cor. blue, 8"; tongue bearded. Neb. 

16. COLLINSIA, Nutt. Innocence. Calyx 5-cleft. Cor. bilabiate, 
orifice closed, upper lip bifid, lower trifid, Tvitli the middle segment carl- 
nately saccate and closed over the declinate style and stamens. Caps, with 
2 bifid valves. Seeds large, concavo-convex. ® With verlicillate or oppo- 
site leaves, axillary and terminal flowers, very pretty. 

1 C. verna N. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, the cauline cordate-clasping, dentate ; verti- 

cils 4-0-llwd. ; cor. blue and white, twice longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times shorter 
than the pedicel. Banks of streams, N. Y., and W. 8—18', branching. May, June. 

2 C. parviflora Doug. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate; verticils 2-6-flwd ; cor. blue, little 

longer than the calyx and little shorter than the pedicels. L. Sup., and W. 6-10'. Jn. 

3 C. bicolor. Stem lvs. ovate, crenate, sessile ; verticils 6-10-flvvd. : calyx hairy, longer 

than the ped. ; cor. 9", rose-violet and white. California. 2f. Hardy and handsome. 

4 C. GRANDiFLORA has Ivs. tMckish and all entire, with GO large bine-purple fls. Oreg. 

17. RUSSELLIA, Jacq. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tubular, limb sub-bilabi- 
ate, of 5 short rounded lobes, the 2 upper twin. Sta. 4, the fifth a small 
rudiment. Caps, subglobous, septicidal, valves bifid. Sds. oo, mixed with 
hairs. 5 Mexican. Lvs. opposite or whorled, often minute or scale-like. 

R. JUNCEA. Very smooth, with long, drooping, rush-like branches ; lvs. lanceolate to 
linear, or scale-like on the branches. Flowers scarlet, 1', remote in drooping racemes. 

18. PHYGELIUS, Mey. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tube long, enlarged above, 
limb oblique, lobes rounded. Fifth stamen a minute rudiment. Caps, very 
oblique, with unequal cells. ^) Caffraria. Leaves opposite. Flowers in 
a loose panicle of cymes. 

P, Capensis.— Shrub 2f, smooth and beautiful. Leaves lance-ovate, crenate, petiolate. 
Flowers pendulous, IJ^', crimson, yellow within. 

19. PAULO WNIA, Siebold. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy. Cor. tube 
long, declinate, enlarged above, limb oblique, with rounded segments. Sta. 
4, arched downward, with no rudiment. Caps, acuminate, valves septifer- 
ous in the middle. Seeds oo, winged. !5 From Japan, with very large 
cordate, ovate leaves and lai'ge bUie-purple fragrant panicles. 



226 Okder 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

P, iMPERiALis.— In parks, 40f high. Flower-buds formed in Autumn, opening in the 
following Spring. Corolla near 2', Tree of rapid growth and kingly port. 

20. MIMULUS, L. Monkey-flower. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5- 

toothed. Corolla ringent, the upper lip reflected at the sides, palate of the 

lower lip prominent. Stig. thick, bifid. Caps. GO-seeded. — Herbs prostrate 

or erect, with square stems and opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flwd. 

§ Leaves pinnate-veined. Flowers blue (wild) or yellow (cultivated) Nos. 1, 2, 6 

§ Leaves palmate-veined. Flowers yellow or scarlet Nos. 3, 4, 5 

1 OT. ringens L. Lvs. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, longer 

than the flowers. 2f A common inhabitant of ditches and mud soils. 2f, Flowers 
large, (!'), pale blue, yellow-mouthed, appearing in July and August. 

2 M. ala.tus Ait. Leaves petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate ; ped. shorter than the 

fls. ; St. winged at the 4 corners, of N. Y., W. and S., in muddy places. 2f. Aug. 

3 M. Jaiuesii Torr. Stems difl'use, rooting ; leaves subentire, round-reniform, 5-7- 

veined, the upper as long as the pec^uncles of the small yellow fls. L. Sup., and W. 

4 M. LUTEUS. Lvs. round-ovate, the cauline sessile or clasping, shorter than the pedun- 

cles ; calyx ovoid, half as long as the broad, large, yellow, spotted flowers. Cal. 

5 M. CARDiNALis. Branching, villous-clammy ; leaves ovate, narrowed to the clasping 

base, shorter than the long ped. ; cal. large, inflated ; cor. ample, rose-orange. Cal. 

6 M. MOSCHATUS. Musk Plant. Decumbent, hairy-viscid ; leaves ovate, dentate ; cor. 

tube exceeding the calyx, yellow. Oregon. Smells strongly of musk, 

21. TORENIA, L. Calyx tubular, with prominent angles, oblique. 
Cor. ringent, upper lip notched, lower larger, trifid. Sta. 4, arched beneath 
the upper lip, the longer pair appendaged at base. Stigma double. Cap- 
sules included. — Herbs tropical, diffuse, with opp. leaves and racemed fls. 

T. AsiATicA. Lvs. petiolate, lance-ovate, crenate-dentate ; calyx acute at base, f ' ; cor. 
twice longer, ample, pale purple tipped with violet. 2f + , trailing. 

\ 

22. CONOBEA, Aublet. Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the 

coj'olla 2-lobed, lower lip 3-parted. Fertile sta. 4, anth. approximating by 
pairs, cells parallel. Caps, round-ovoid, oo-seeded. — Herbs, with opposite 
leaves. Peduncles axillary, solitary or in pairs, 1-flowered. 

C miiltifida Benth. Low, diffusely-branched, puberulent ; leaves petiolate, pinnately 
dissected ; segments linear or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtuse ; cor. greenish, scarcely 
exserted (2'0, lobes entire, (i) Sandy banks of rivers, O. to La. 6—12'. July. 

23. HERPESTIS, Gsert. Calyx unequally 5-parted, Corolla subbila- 
biate, upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed. Sta. 4,^ fertile. Caps. 
2-furrowed, valves parallel with the dissepiment. Seeds oo, small, if 
Obscure weeds with opposite leaves. Peduncles 1-flowered, axillary, or 
subracemous, often with two bractlets near the calyx. 

§ Leaves feather-veined, or obscurely 1-3-veined. Cor. yellow, or bluish Nos. 1, 2 

§ Leaves palmately many-(5-9-)veincd, subentire. Corolla blue Nos. 3, 4 

1 H. nigreseens Benth. Erect ; st. square, branched ; leaves oblanceolate, crenate- 

serrate above ; ped. equalling or exceeding the leaves ; corolla yellowish, upper lip 
rounded, entire. Wet pi., S. 1— 2f. Cor. rather longer (5") than cal. Blackens in drying. 

2 H. Monniera Ilumb. Prostrate, fleshy ; lvs. wedge-obovate, subentire ; ped. as 

long (9") as the lvs. ; fls. few, bluish ; cor. A" wide, nearly regular. Wet banks. Pa., & S. 

3 H. amplexicaulis Ph. Stem submersed, woolly ; leaves ovate, cordate-clasping, 



Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 227 

obscurely crenate, obtuse ; ped. shorter than the calyx, cor. i longer, the upper lip 
emarginate ; disk 10-toothed. Swamps, X. J., and S. 6 — 12'. August. 
4 BT. rotundifolia Ph. Creeping, smooth ; Its. round-obovate, entire; ped. 2 or 3 
times longer than cal. ; cor. upper lip notched. Pools, HI. to La. If. Fls. 5". Aug. 

24. GRATIOLA. Hedge Hyssop. Calyx 5-partecl, subequal. Cor. 
upper lip entire or slightly bifid, lower trificl, the palate not prominent, 
Sta. 2, fertile, mostly with 8 sterile filaments. Capsules 2-celled, 4-Yalved, 
valves inflexed at margin. U Low, with opposite leaves. Peduncles ax- 
illary, 1-flowered, usually bibracteolate near the calyx. 

§ Flowers sessile. Cells of anthers vertical. Plants rigid, bristly-haiiy Nos. 7, 8 

§ Flowers pedunculate. Anther cells transverse. Plants smooth or viscid. . .(a) 

a Sterile filaments none, or very minute and pointed Nos. 1 — 3 

a Sterile filaments thread-like, tipped with a small head Nos. 4 — 6 

1 G. Virginian a L. St. ascending, branched ; leaves lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; 

ped. as long or longer than the Ivs. ; cor. twice longer than the cal. ; sterile fil. none. 
71 Common. 4— S'. St. terete, branching, with white or pale-yellow flowers. July. 

2 G. Floridana IS'utt. St. erect, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, few-toothed ; ped. longer 

than the leaves ; cor. 4 times longer than the calyx (T'O, yellow. (§) Fields, S. 6—9'. 

3 G. spliaerocarpa Ell. Ascending, branched ; leaves lance-ovate, attenuate to the 

base, sparingly toothed ; ped. scarcely longer than the cal. Damp. 3 — T. W. and S. 

4 G. aiirea Muhl. Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, clasping ; ped. as long 

as or longer than the leaves ; cor. golden yellow. Muddy soils. 6—8'. August. 

5 G. viscosa Schw. Viscid-downy; leaves lance-ovate, sharp-serrate, clasping; ped. 

longer than the leaves ; corolla white, twice longer than calyx, which is 2 or 3 times 
longer than the capsule. Wet places, Ky. to X. Car., and S. 9—12'. (G. Drnmmondii.) 

6 G. ramosa Walt. St. terete, creeping at base ; leaves linear, acute, with few teeth 

near the apex ; bractlets nearly ; sep. linear ; cor. white. Muddy shores, S. May-Jl. 

7 G. pilosa Mx. Erect, hispid ; Ivs. ovate, few-toothed, clasping, rugous ; cor. tube 

scarcely longer than the calyx, white. Wet, Md., and S. 9 — 12'. July— September. 

8 G. subulata Baldw. Erect, hispid ; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, margins revolute, 

entire ; cor. tube slender, thrice longer than the calyx. Wet sands, Ga., Fla. Sept. 

25. IIiYSANTHES, Raf. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. upper lip short, erect, 
bifid, lower lip larger, spreading, trifid. Sta. 2, fertile ; 2 sterile fil. forked, 
one of the divisions tipped with an obtuse gland, the other acute, or rarely 
with half an anther. Caps, ovate or oblong, about equalling the calyx. 
(i) With opp. Ivs. and axillaiy, 1-flwd. ped., resembling Gratiola in habit. 

1 I, gratioloides Benth. Branching, ascending 3—8' ; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, subses- 

sile, obscurely dentate ; cor. twice longer than the calyx, bluish-white, 4". A small 
weed-like herb, in Avet places : common. Peduncles 3 — 6". July, August. 

2 I. grandiflora Benth. Diffusely creeping ; Ivs. thick, roundish, entire, subclasp- 

ing ; ped. hirsute, 1', corolla 6" long, violet-blue. Sandy swamps, Ga. (Xuttall.) 

3 I. refracta Benth. Erect, slender ; Ivs. clustered below, obovate to oblong, entire, 

the cauline remote, bract-like, linear-subulate ; ped. filiform, refracted in fruit ; cor. 
light-blue, 4 times longer than the calyx (5"). Damp pine woods, S. 6—10'. June. 

4 I. saxicola (Curtis). Stems leafy, clustered ; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile ; 

ped. 3-4 times longer than the leaves (T— 9'0, reh-acted in fr. ; cor. blue, 4". S. Aug. 

26. MIORANTHEMUM, Rich. Cal. 4-toothed or cleft. Cor. upper 
lip shorter, entu'e, lower trifid. Sta. 2, fertile, a glandular scale at the base 
of each, sterile filament none. Style short, apex clavate or spatulate. Caps. 
2-valved. ;r @ Slender, glabrous, with opposite Ivs. and minute fls. 



228 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

M. orl>iculd,ta Mx. Stems creeping and rooting, branches ascending 1—2' ; Ivs. or- 
bicular to obovate, 3-veined, entire, snbsessile ; fls. ^" long, lower lip of cor. longer 
than the calyx. Brackish mud, Del., and S. (M. micrantha, &c.) 

27. HYDRANTHELIUM, H. B. K. Calyx 4-cleft. Cor. 3-cleft, the 

upper lobe broader, euiarginate. Sta. 3, on the corolla, anth. cells parallel, 

distinct. Style with two short lobes. Caps, co-seeded. ^ Tropical, with 

opposite leaves and minute, axillary flowers. Habit of Callitriche. 

H. cren^tum "Wood. Submersed stems flaccid, bearing the Ivs. above; Ivs. round- 
ish, glabrous, crenate^ abrupt at base, 7-0-veined, on flat, veiny petioles ; pedicels 3", 
reflexed ; Corolla little exserted, white. Pools, Miss., La. (Dr. Hale). 

28. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla small, funnel- 
form, limb 4-lobed, lower lobe larger. Sta. 2, included, slyle lightly bifid, 
lobes acute. Capsule obcordate, compressed, oo-seeded. (i) Minute, with 
floAvers both axillary, and on terminal, 2-bracted peduncles 1' long. 

A. pusilliis Torr.— On wet rocks, Newton Co., Ga. Leaves nearly radical, linear, ob- 
tuse ; 1—2''' long ; flowers minute, white. Maixh, April. 

/ 

29. LIMOSELLA, L. Mudwort. Calyx 5-cleft. Cor. shortly cam- 

panulate, 5-cleft, equal. Sta. approximating in pairs. Capsule partly 2- 

celled, 2-valvecl, many-seeded. ^ (i) Minute. Scape 1-flowered. 

li. tenuifolia Nutt. Lvs. linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole : scape as long as 
the leaves ; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than the cal. Mud, Penn., and N. V. 

\ 

30. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla subcampanulate, 

segments 4, erect-spreading or 0. Sta. 2 (rarely 4), on the cor., exserted, 
anth. cells parallel, distinct. Caps, compressed, obtuse or emarginate. li 
N. American, with a thick root. Radical leaves petiolate, cauline bract- 
like, on the scape-like stem, alternate. Fls. racemed or spicate. May. 

S. Houglitoniana Benth. Hairy; lvs. ovate, subcordate, crenulate, obtuse; stem 
or scape dense-flwd. above ; cor. greenish, as long as the cal. Hills, Mich., and W. If. 

\ 

31. DIGITALIS, L. Fox-glove. Calyx 5-parted. Cor, campanulate, 

ventricous, upper lip reflexed, spreading, middle segment of the lower lip 

broadest. Caps, ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double dissepiment, if 

Europe, Asia. Lower leaves crowded, petiolate, upper alternate. Flowers 

in showy racemes. Poisonous and medicinal. July, August. 

§ Corolla light-yellow, tube twice longer than the lower lip Nos. 1, 2 

§ Corolla purple, white, brown, often spotted, tube inflated and short Nos. 3 — 5 

1 I>. GRANDiFLORA (or ochrolcuca). Great Yellow F. Leaves ovate, veiny, serrulate, 

clasping ; racemes downy, loose ; corolla 1|-' long, segments very broad. 4f. 

2 D. LUTEA. Plant very smooth, with lance-oblong leaves ; raceme smooth, with many 

flowers, all on one side ; corolla 8 — 10''' long, tube not inflated. 2f. 

3 D. PURPUREA. Purple F. Lvs. oblong, rugous, petiolate, crenate, large ; flowers in 

a long, 1-sided raceme, thimble-shaped, purple or white, spotted. 2— 3f. 

4 D. FERRUGiNEA. Leavcs very smooth, lance-oblong ; corolla rusty-brown, the lower 

lip densely bearded, its middle segment ovate. 4f. 

5 D. LANATA. Leaves lance-oblong, often woolly ; flowers downy or woolly, white or 

brown ; lower segment of the corolla obovate. 2f. 



Gkdeii 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 229 

32. VBRONIOA, L. Speedwell. Calyx 4-partecl. Cor. subrotate, 

deeply 4-cleft, lower segments mostly narrow, Sta. 2, inserted into the 
tube, exserted. Caps, flattened, often obcordate, 2'Celled, few-seeded. — Our 
species are lierbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary or in ra- 
cemes, blue, flesh-colored, or white. 

§ Tender shrubs (Australian) with axillary racemes of blue flowers Nos. 16, 17 

§ Herbs tall (European) with opposite Ivs. and terminal rac. of blue fls Nos. 14, 15 

§ Herbs tall, with whorled leaves, terminal racemes, and tubular flowers Nos. 1, 2 

. § Herbs low, weak (3 — 12'). Leaves opposite (at base). Corolla rotate. . .(a) 

a Eacemes opposite, axillary. Capsule roundish, emarginate Nos. 3, 4 

a Racemes alternate, axillary. Capsule not rounded, very flat Nos. 5, 6 

a Racemes terminal, or the flowers axillary and not racemed. . .{b) 

b Floral Ivs. like the rest, not longer than the recurved peduncles. . .Nos. 7 — 9 
b Floral leaves bract-like, longer than the erect peduncles. . .(c) 

c Perennial. Peduncles equalling or exceeding the calyx Nos. 10 — 11 

c Annual. Peduncles shorter than the calyx or none Nos. 12 — 13 

1 V. Vlrginica L. Culver's Physic. Erect, tall, glabrous ; Ivs. verticillate in 4's, 5's, 

or 6's, lance-ovate to lance-linear ; spikes mostly sevei-al, paniculate. % In thickets, 
Vt., W. and S. 2 — 5f. Corolla white, Avith exserted style and stamens. July. 

2 v. SiBiRiCA. Hardly difl"erent from No. 1, but it has blue flowers. Siberia. 3f. 

3 V, Anagallis L. Glabrous, erect ; Ivs. sessile, clasping and subcordate, lanceolate, 

acutish, entire or serrulate ; rac. in opposite axils ; caps, orbicular, slightly notched. 
Ti Brooks and pools. Plant fleshy, If. Flowers small, blue-purple. June, July. 

4 V. Americana Schw. BrooMime. Glabrous, decumbent at base, erect above; 

Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, serrate, petiolate, abrupt at base ; rac. loose ; caps, round- 
ish, turgid, emarginate. % In clear streams. 12—18', fleshy. Fls. blue. June, July. 

5 V, scutellata L. Glabrous, ascending, weak ; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, sessile, 

acute, remotely denticulate ; rac. very loose ; capsule flat, broader than long, cordate 
at both ends. % Swamps, N. and W. If. Fls. flesh-color, rather large. June — Aug. 

6 V, officinalis L. Roughish-downy, prostrate, branching ; Ivs. wedge-oblong, ob- 

tuse, serrate, short-petioled ; racemes dense, with pale-blue flowers ; capsule downy, 
triangular-obcordate. u Dry fields. 6 — 12'. May — July. § Europe, 
•y "V, Buxbaumii Tenore. Prostrate, hairy; Ivs. roundish-ovate, coarsely crenate- 
serrate, the floral similar, all on sbort petioles ; ped. longer than the Ivs. ; caps, trian- 
gular-obcordate, broader than long. (2)Wastegrounds, E. : rare. 7-12'. Cor. blue. §Eu. 

8 V. agrestis L. Neckweed. Hairy, procumbent, difi"use ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, deeply 

crenate-serrate, floral similar, all petiolate ; ped. as long as the Ivs. ; caps, roundish, 
acutely notched, QO-seeded. (i) Fields, E. : rare. 2—8'. Light blue. May— Sept. § Eu. 

9 V. hederaefolia L. Prostrate, pilous ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, roundish, coarsely 

3-5-toothed or lobed, shorter than the ped. ; sep. triangular, subcordate, acute, closed 
in fruit ; caps, turgid, 4-seeded. (1) Hard soils, E. : rare. Cor. blue. Mar.— May. § Eu. 

1 V. alpina L. Branched at base, ascending 1— ,5' ; Ivs. roundish-oval to elliptical, 
very obtuse, toothed or entire, subsessile ; racemes hairy., densely few-flwd. ; capsule 
obovate, notched. % Summits of White Mts,, N. H., and R. Mts. Fls. small, blue. 

11 v. serpyllifolia L. Branched below, ascending 3—12' ; Ivs. oval, obtuse, subcre- 
nate, the lower rounded and petiolate, upper bract-like, oblong, entire ; rac. s7noolhish, 
loose ; caps, obcordate, broader than long, if Pastures : com. Cor. blue-wh, May-Aug. § 

12 V. peregrina L. Smoothish, ascending; Ivs. petiolate, oblong, few-toothed, ob- 
tuse, upper obl.-lin., entire ; fls. subsessile, whitish ; caps, roundish, slightly notched, 
00 -seeded. (T) Clay soils, fields : com. 4 — 10'. Plant rather fleshy. May, June. 

13 V. arvensis L. Corn S. Hairy, branched ; Ivs. below round-ovate, subcordate, 
petiolate, crenate, the upper lanceolate ; corolla pale blue, pencilled, shorter than th"e 
calyx (as in No, 12) ; caps, obcordate, (i) Diy fields : com. 2— G', May, June. § Eur. 



230 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACEJE. 

14 "V, SPICATA. Erect, l—2f; leaves opposite, lanceolate, petiolate, serrate; racemes 

mostly solitary ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; corollas blue, showy, n Enrope. 

15 V. PANicuLATA. Ercct, busliy, 1 — 3f; Ivs. opposite and in 3's, lanceolate, acute at 
base, petiolate ; rac. panicled ; ped. longer than the calyx. 2; Many garden varieties, 
hybrids between this and No. 14, all with handsome blue racemes. Europe. 

16 V. sPECiosA. Very smooth, shrubby, with oblong-obovate entire Ivs., dense short 
(2') racemes in the upper axils, and violet-blue flowers, very beautiful. 1 — 3f. 

1 7 V, SALiciFOLiA. Smooth (tree-like at home), with lanceolate, acute, entire leaves, 
dense glandular-downy racemes (.3'), and innumerable blue flowers. 2 — 5f. 

33. BUOHNERA, L. Blue-hearts. Calyx 5-tootlied. Cor. salver- 
form, with a slender tube, and flat limb in 5 subequal lobes. Stam. 4, in- 
cluded, Avitli halved (1-celled) anthers. Caps. 2-valved. if Turns blackish 
in drying. Leaves opposite. Flowers in a terminal spike. June — Aug. 

B. Americana L. Eough-hispid, slender ; leaves oblong to linear, few-toothed, ob- 
tuse, 3-veined ; spike long-stalked, 6-12-flowered ; cor. tube 6 — 7" long, limb half as 
long, deep blue. Woods, N. Y., and S. 2 — 3f, nearly leafless above. 

34. MACRANTHERA, Torr. Calyx lobes 5, long and narrow. Cor. 
tubular, with an oblique limb, short entire segments, and 4 long exserted 
subequal stamens. Style long, filiform. Caps, ovate, acuminate. U Tall, 
with opposite pinnatifid leaves and yellow fls. on long decurved peduncles. 

KI. fuclisioid.es Torr.— Pine-barrens, Ga., Fla., and W. 2— 3f. Lvs. lanceolate in 
outline, with lanceolate segments. Eac. long, loose, 1-sided. Cal. seg. denticulate, 
shorter than the corolla (or entire and still shorter in |3. Lecontii). Sept., Oct. 
\ 

35. SEYMERIA, Ph. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Cor. tube short, dilated, 

lobes 5, ovate or oblong, entire. Stam. 4, subequal, valves of the capsule 

loculicidal, entire. Seeds 00. — Herbs erect, branching. Cauline leaves 

mostly opposite and incised. Flowers yellow. 

§ Tube of the corolla woolly within, incurved, as long as the limb No. 1 

§ Tube of the corolla much shorter than the subrotate limb. Leaves small. .Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. macrophylla N. Tall, smoothish ; lvs. large, pinnatifid, with lance-oblong in- 

cised segments, upper serrate or entire. 2f ? Woods, W. 4 — 6f. Cor. 6^\ July. 

2 S. pectinata Ph. Viscid-downy, profusely branched ; lvs. small (1' and less), pin- 

natifid, seg. few, narrow and entire ; caps, acute at base. Dry, S. 3f. Aug.— Oct. 

3 S. tenuifolia Ph. Smoothish, much branched ; lvs. bipinnatifid, 6'' long, segments 

and rachis filiform ; capsule obtuse at base. Wet, S. 2— 3f. Cor. 4''. Aug., Sept. 

36. DASYSTOMA, Raf. Wool-mouth. Wild Foxglove. Cal. cam- 
panulate, 5-cleft. Cor. tube dilated, longer than the 5 entire lobes, w^oolly 
within. Stam. didynamous, scarcely included, woolly, anthers all equal, 
awned at base. Caps, ovate, acute, 2 valves bearing a septum in the mid- 
dle. Seeds 00. 71 Tall, erect. Lower leaves opposite. Corolla large, 
yellow. July — Sept. All blacken in drying. (Gerardia, L.) 

* Calyx segments entire.— a Plants pubescent Nos. 1, 2 

—a Plants glabrous Nos. 3, 4 

* Calyx segments toothed or pinnatifid. Plants downy Nos. 5, 6 

1 I>. flava Wood. Plant pubescent, subsimple ; lvs. lance-oblong, entire, or toothed, 

the lower pinnatifid or incised ; cal. lobes oblong, obtuse, shorter than the tube ; ped. 
very short. Woods. 2— If. A showy herb. Corollas 18". (G. flava L.) 



Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE.E. 231 

2 I>. grandiflora Wood. Minutely pixbescent, branched ; Ivs. peliolatc, lance-ovate, 

pinnatifid, toothed, or entire ; ped. as long as the calyx ; cal. tube as long as the lobes 
ii'), corolla 2' long. Wis., 111. (J . Wolf), and S. (G. grandifiora Benth.) 

3 D, q^uerciiolia Benth. Glabrous and glaucous, branched ; Ivs. petiolate, the lower 

bipinuatifid, upper lance-oblong ; cal. lobes longer than the tube, both as long as the 
pedicels ; corolla 2'. Thickets. 3— 5f. Common. 

4 I>. integrilolia Wood. Glabrous, subsimple ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, entire or 

nearly so ; pedicels shorter than the calyx. Woods, Pa., and W. 1 — 2f. August. 

5 I>. pedlcularia Benth. Smoothish or downy ; Ivs. lance-ovate, pinnatifid with 

toothed segments ; pedicels longer than the hairy calyx, whose toothed segments are 
about as long as its top-shaped tube. Dry woods. 2 — 3f. Corolla 15". 

6 a>. pectinata (Torr.) Very hairy ; Ivs. lanceolate, pectinate-pinnatifid, seg. toothed ; 

calyx longer than the pedicels, segm. longer than tube. Woods, S. 8f. Corolla IS". 

37. GERARDIA, L. Cal. 5-tootbed or cleft. Cor. tubular, venti'icous 
or subcampanulate, tube longer than the 5 broad, entire, unequal lobes. 
Sta. didynamous, in pairs, shorter than the corolla. Caps, obtuse or pointed, 
CO -seeded. — American herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves opposite (except 
No. 4). Flowers axillary, solitary, purple or rose-color. July — Sept. 

§ Otophylla. Calyx segments longer than its tube. Two anthers smaller No. 1 

§ O'ER ARDiA 2)ro2)er. Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal. . .(«) 

a Cor. 2-Iipped, upper lip very short, straight. Peduncles slender. S. . .Nos. 2, 3 
a Corolla lobes subequal, all spreading, throat often hairy. . .(&) 

b Leaves all alternate, filiform. Flowers large, on long peduncles. S.. . .No. 4 
b Leaves opposite, rarely the upper alternate and bract-like . . . (c) 

c Peduncles equalling or exceeding the small (t-incli) flowers Nos. 5 — 7 

c Peduncles much shorter than the flowers.— (^ Lvs. setaceous or none Nos. 8, 9 

—d Lvs. linear, 1—2' long. . .Nos. 10—13 

1 Cr. auricula.ta. Mx. Erect, subsimple, rough-hairy ; lvs. lance-ovate, the upper au- 

riculate at base ; fls. nearly sessile, 7" long, (i) Low grounds, Pa. to Car., and W. 2f. 

2 G. Miettaueri Wood. Smooth, slender, diffusely branched ; lvs. linear-filiform ; ped. 

filiform, many times longer than the calyx ; cor. 8", upper lip vaulted, notched, lower 
of 3 rounded lobes, tube with spots and 2 yellow stripes within. 1) Wet sandj' places, 
Mid. Fla. (Dr. Mettauer, 1S3.5). 1— 2f. Lvs. 1^—1''. (G. divaricata Chapm.) 
^. ? claiisa. Cor. tube flattened on the back, throat closed by the inflected lip. Fla. 

3 Cr. iiuda Wood. Smooth, filiform, branched ; lvs. (except a few at the base) all re- 

duced to minute bracts scarcely 1" long ; fls. all terminal, small (5'0 ; caps, globous, 
exceeding the calyx. Middle Fla. (Dr. Mettauer, 1855). (G. filicaulis Chapm.) 

4 Cr. filifolia. N. St. terete, much branched ; leaves filiform, alternate and fascicled ; 

ped. 1', much longer than the leaves ; cor. smooth, 9". (2) Barrens, Ga.. Fla. 2 — 3f. 

5 G. liiiifolia N. u Stems virgate, clustered at root, smooth ; lvs. opposite, erect, 

linear, 3—1' ; ped. 8—12", cal. 2", truncate ; cor. V, spotted. Wet barrens, S. 2— 3f. 

6 G. tenuifolia Vahl. Smooth, paniculately branched ; leaves linear to filiform, 1', 

often coiled ; ped. as long as the leaves, longer than the flowers, which are W long ; 
calyx teeth very short, acute ; capsule globular. Fields and woods. If. 

7 G. Skinneriaiia Wood (1843). Roughish ; st. virgate, angular, few-branched ; lvs. 

linear, rather obtuse, V ; ped. axillary, very long (1 — 2') ; cal. l'\ teeth obtuse ; cor. 
small (5'0, rose-color, not fringed. Low grounds, W. and S. 1 — 2f. Unlike all the 
rest, this species does not blacken in drying. (G. parvifolia, Cham.) 

8 G. set icea Walt, (not Benth.) Glabrous, widely branched ; lvs. bristle-form, 1'' and 

less ; fls. mostly terminal on the filiform, bracted branchlets, large ; ped. 2 — 4" ; cal. 
1", teeth .very acute, short ; cor. 10'^ densely fringed. (I) Barrens, Pa., S. and W. 2f. 

9 G. aphylla N. Slender, angular, branched above ; lvs. minute, setaceous, 1", or ; 

ped. lateral and term., 1—3" ; calyx 1", teeth obtuse ; corolla 8", (i) Wet, S. 2— 3f. 



232 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

10 O. maritiiiia Eaf. St. angular, with short branches ; Ivp. linear, fleshy, 6—8" ; 
cor. 7", some of the lobes fringed ; ped. very short ; cal. trunc. (T) Salt marshes. 4 — 10'. 

1 1 €5^. purpisrea L. St. angular, branched ; leaves linear, acute, rough-edged, 1 — 2' ; 
ped. shorter than the calyx, tube truncate with setaceously acute teeth ; corolla large 
(10, smooth or downy. (T) Low grounds. 1—2 — 4f. Variable. 

13 6. aspera Doug. St. roughish, branched ; Ivs. narrowly linear, rough-hispid, 1';; 
ped. 1—2 times as long as the cal. (3— G'Oi teeth lance-acute ; cor. 1'. (I) W. 1— 2f. 

3S. OASTILLE JA, L. Painted Cup. Calyx tubular, 2-4-cleft. Cor. 
upper lip linear, very long, arched and keeled, enfolding tlie didynamous 
stamens, anth. oblong-linear, with unequal lobes, the exterior fixed by the 
middle, interior pendulous. U b Leaves alternate, the floral often colored 
at the apex. Flowers subsessile, in terminal, leafy bracts. 

1 C coccinea Spreng. Lvs. sessile, pinnatilid with linear segments ; bracts about 

.3-cleft, scarlet (sometimes yellow)^ exceeding the corolla ; cal. 2-cleft, nearly equalling 
the cor., segments notched. 24; Wet meadows, E. (rare) and W. 8 — 12'. May, June. 

2 C. sessiliflora, Ph. Hairy-downy ; lvs. sessile, clasping, oblong-linear, mostly tri- 

fid, not colored / calyx sessile, elongated ; spikes dense ; corolla long, exserted, arched, 
segments of the lower lip acuminate. 2f Prairies, N-W. If. May. 

3 C pallida Kunth. Lvs. linear, undivided, 3-veined, the upper lanceolate, the floral 

eubovate, subdentate at the end, whitish ; calyx with acute teeth, shorter than the 
corolla, u ? White Mountains, Green Mountains, and N-W. If. August. 

39. SCHWALBEA, L. Chaff-seed. Calyx tube 10-ribbed, inflated, 
obliquely 4-cleft, upper division small, lower large, emarginate or 2-toothed. 
Cor, ringent, upper lip entire, arched, lower 3-lobed. Caps, oblong. Sds. 

00 , chaffy. U With alternate leaves and flowers in a terminal spike. 

S, Americana L.— Sandy marshes, N. Y. to Fla. 1— 2f, stout, simple, downy. Lvs. 
lance-ovate, 3-veined, diminishing upward ; corolla brown, 1 — ly long. June. 

40. PEDICULARIS, L. Lousewoet. Calyx inflated, 2-5-cleft, the 
segments leafy, or sometimes obliquely truncate. Cor. vaulted, upper lip 
compressed, emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 
oblique, mucronate. Seeds angular. — Herbs. Leaves often pinnatifid. 
Flowers spicate, yellowish. 

1 P. Canadensis L. Hairy, simple ; lvs. alternate, petiolate, lance-oblong, pinna- 

tifid with toothed segments ; spike short, dense, leafy ; cor. abruptly incurved, with 
2 setaceous teeth ; capsule ensiform-beaked. 2f Pastures, copses. If. May — July. 

2 P. lanceolata Mx. Smoothish, branching ; lvs. subopposite, lance-oblong, doubly 

cut-crenate ; spike elongated, loose at base; corolla upper lip larger and covering the 
lower ; capsule short, ovoid. 71 Shady banks, N. Y. to Va. and Wis. 1— 2f. Sept. 

41. RHINANTHUS, L. Yellow Rattle. Calyx 4-toothed, ventri- 
cous. Cor. tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, limb ringent, galea ap- 
pendaged, compressed, lip broader, deeply divided into 3 obtuse segments. 
Caps. 2-valved, compressed, obtuse. @ Erect, with opposite leaves. 

R. Crifsta-galli L. Mostly glabrous; lvs. oblong or lanceolate; cor. ^ longer than 
the calyx ; appendages of the galea (upper lip) transversely ovate, broader than long ; 
seeds winged, rattling when ripe. Plymoiith, Mass., Lake Superior, and N. If. 

42. EUPHRASIA, L. Eyebright. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the 



Order 89.— ACANTHACE^. 233 

cor. galeate, concave, apex 2-]obed, the lobes broad and spreading-, lower 

lip spreading, trifid, palate not folded. Sta. unequal, ascending beneath 

the galea. Capsule oblong, compressed, GO-seeded. — Herbs with opposite 

leaves and the flowers in spikes. 

E. officinalis L. Lvs. ovate or oblong, the cauline obtuse, crenate, bracts acute, cut- 
serrate with cuspidate teeth ; calyx lobes subequal ; coi'oHa light-blue, lower lobes 
deeply notched. ® White Mountains, Lake Superior. 2— G'. Leaves 1 — 3'^. 

43. MELAMPYRUM, L. Cow Wheat. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip 
of the corolla compressed, the margin folded back, lower lip grooved, tri- 
fid. Caps. 2-celled, oblique, opening laterally. Seeds 1 — 4, cylindric-ob- 
long, smooth. — Herbs with opposite lvs. Fls. solitary in the upper axils. 

M. prateiise, p. Jimericdnum (Benth.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, petiolate, glabrous, 
the upper broader and toothed at base ; fls. axillary, distinct ; cal. teeth slender, half 
as long as the yellowish corolla, (i) Woods : common. 6 — 10', branched. Jn. — Sept. 

Order LXXXIX. ACANTHACE^. Acjlnthads. 

Herhs or shrubs with opposite, simple leaves and regular, bracted flowers. 
Calyx 5-parted, equal or unequal, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-merous, 
tubular below, limb more or less bilabiate, convolute in bud. 8tamens 
didynamous or diandrous, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Fruit a 
2-celled, 4-12-seeded capsule. Seeds supported b}^ hooks or cup-shaped 
processes of the placentae, exalbuminous. 

S Seeds destitute of hoolced supports. . .(a) 

a Corolla regular. Seeds few, resting on little cups. Vines Thunbeegia. 1 

Corolla bilabiate. Seeds many, with no supports Elyteaeia. 2 

§ Seeds resting on books proceeding from the placentae (b) 

h Corolla funnel-form, subregular. Stamens 4, unequal Ruellia. 3 

b Corolla bilabiate, ringent. Stamens 4. Pod terete Hygrophila. 4 

h Corolla labiate, the upper lip wanting. Stamens 4. t Rare Acanthus mollis. 

1 Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2.— c Corolla inverted, upper lip 3-toothed Dicliftera. 5 

— c Corolla straight, lower lip 3-lobed Dianthera. 6 

— c Corolla straight, lower lip 3-parted. Cyrtandra. 7 

1. THUNBERGIA, L. Calyx short, toothed or truncate, with 2 large 

bractlets at base. Cor. funnel-bell-form, limb 5-lobed, nearly regular. Sta. 

4, unequal, included. Caps, beaked, 3-4-seeded. ]j ^ Fls. showy, axillary. 

T. ALATA. A climbing vine, silky-hairy, with cordate-sagittate lvs. on winged pet. ; 
fls. li' deep and broad, purple, with a j^ellow, buff, orange or white border. E. Africa. 

2. ELYTRARIA, Yahl. Calyx with 4 or 5 unequal segments. Cor. 
bilabiate, lower lip of 3 bifid segments. Sta. 2 fertile, 2 sterile, included. 
Caps. 8-seeded. — Herbs acaulescent, with (oblong) leaves at base and clasp- 
ing bracts on the scapes, and the small flowers in a terminal spike. 

E. virgfeita Mx. Scapes several, glabrous, covered with the bracts, which are ovate, 
cuspidate, ciliate, the upper subtending the white flowers ; calyx with 2 linear bract 
lets at base, ciliate. n Wet plains, S. Car. to Fla. If. August. 

3. RUELLIA, L. Calyx 5-parted into slender segments. Cor. funnel- 
form, limb spreading, subequally 5-lobed. Sta, 4, included, didynamous 



234 Order 89.— ACANTHAOEvE. 

Caps, narrow. Seeds 4 — IG, resting on hooks, if Low, witli tumid joints, 
opposite leaves, and showy axillary blue or purple flowers. 

§ DiPTERACANTHUs. Anthers pointless. Style bifid. Seeds 8— 12 Nos. 1— 3 

§ Calophanes. Anthers pointed at base. Style simple. Seeds 4. South... (a) 

a Stems erect from a creeping base, with obtnse leaves Nos. 4, 5 

a Stems creeping, diffuse, with the leaves entire Nos. 6, 7 

1 R. strepens L. Erect, smoothish, with obovate to oblong-petiolate Ivs. ; ped. very 

short, 1-4-flowered ; bractlets as long as the narrow sepals, little shorter than the 
slender corolla tube. Dry soils, W. and S. 9—16'. Leaves 2—5'. June, July. 

2 IS-, ciliosa Ph. Erect, white-hairy, with Ivs. obovate to oblong, abrupt at base and 

subsessile ; bractlets and sepals not half as long as the tube of the corolla. Rich 
soils, W. and S. If or more. Leaves 1 — 2'. Flowers 2 — 2^'. June — September. 
i3. h^briilus. Low, decumbent, and very hairy. Georgia (Dr. Feay). 

3 R. tubiflora Le Conte. Downy; leaves oblong to lanceolate, sessile ; fls. solitary; 

sep. Iance-linea7\ i as long as the long tube of the white cor. Ga., Fla. June — Aug. 

4 R.. oblongifolia Mx. Very downy; Ivs. obovate to oval, subsessile ; fls. 1—3 to- 

gether, bractlets and sepals as long as tube of the spotted corolla. Dry, Ga., Fla. 

5 R. riparia (Chapm.) Smoothish, simple ; Ivs. oblong, petiolate ; flowers clustered, 

small (6'0, white, bractlets, sepals, and corolla tube equal. Mid. Fla. 12—18''. 

6 R. humistrata, Mx. Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-oval, petiolate ; flowers 1—3 together, 

bractlets shorter than the setaceous sepals. Rich soils, S. Car. to Fla. 

7 R, linearis T. & G. Small, rough-downy ; leaves linear-oblong, imbricated, the 

bractlets similar ; capsule 4-augled, with 2—4 seeds. S. Fla. 

4. HYGROPHILA, R. Br. Calyx half-5-cleft, with narrow segments. 
Cor. ringent, lower lip trifid. S^.a. 4, unequal, cells of the anth. divergent- 
sagittate, violet. Stig. subulate. Caps, terete, oo-seeded. li ^ Stolonif- 
erous, 4-angled. Flowers clustered in the axils. 

H. lacisstris Nees. Erect, simple, smooth; leaves lance-oblong, sessile (3—4'); fls, 
sessile, appearing whorled, white. Borders of lakes. New Orleans. 1 — 2f, 

5. DICLIPTERA, Juss. Fls. in bracted heads. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 
bilabiate, inverted, upper lip 3-tootlied, sta. 2, anth. cells equal, one placed 
above the other. Caps. 4-seeded, the partitions and valves separating, if 



. V 



1 I>, bracbiata Spr. Smooth ; st. 6-angled, brachiately branched ; leaves lanceo- 

late, long-petiolate, acuminate ; heads few-flowered, the upper approximate, sessile, 
lower often pedunculate ; flowers purple, 5—6". River banks, S. 1 — 2f. June — Aug. 

2 I>. Halei Riddell. St. downy, mostly simple ; leaves lance-ovate, petiolate ; bract- 

lets and sepals fringed with long hairs ; corolla 5" long. Fla. to La. 1 — 2f. Jn. — Aug. 

3 I>. assurgens Juss., Avith scarlet (1') corollas in 1-sided spikes, grows in S. Fla. 

6. DIANTHERA, Gron. (Rhytiglossa, E'ees, and C-B.) Cal. 5-parted. 
Cor. bilabiate, upper lip notched, lower 3-lobed. Stamens 2, anth. cells un- 
equal, one placed above the other. Capsule flattened, 4-seeded above the 
middle. U ^ Lvs. smooth, entire. Flowers in bracted spikes or heads. 

1 I>. Americana L. Erect, angular, tall ; leaves long-lanceolate, wavy, as long 

(3—40 as the peduncles ; bracts and sepals lanceolate, 3'', the ringent corolla 6", 
violet-purple. Banks, N. Y., W. and S. 2— 3f. June, July. 

2 I>. ensiformis Wood. Erect from a creeping base, slender ; leaves linear, oblique 

or ensiform, thick, shorter (3 — 4') than the peduncles ; flowers spicate ; calyx 6" ; co- 
rolla purple, 1'. Fla. April. (D. crassifolia Chapm.) 



Order 90.— VERBENACE.E. 235 

3 I>. ovata Walt. St. i^quare, ascending, 4—8' ; leaves lance-ovate, acute, longer than 

the .S-4-flo,vered peduncles ; corolla pale-purple, 3—4". S. Car. to Fla. 

4 J>. IiaiBnilis Wood. Erect, square, 1 — l^f; leaves lance-elliptical, shorter than the 

CO -flowered, 1-sided spikes ; corolla 5", purple. Fla. to La. (Justicia Mx.) 

7, OYRTANTHERA, Nees. Corolla riugent, upper lip falcate, lower 

in 3 narrow segments. Sta. 2, antli. nodding. Caps. 4-seeded ? U Brazil. 

C CARNEA. Stem tall, stout, with ample ovate to oblong leaves, and large, showy, ter- 
minal spikes of many flesh-colored flowers. In the greenhouse. 

Order XC. VERBENACE^. Vervains. 

lle?'hs (or generally shrubs and trees) with opposite, exstipulate leaves. 
Floicers with a bilabiate or more or less irregular monopetalous corolla. 
Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely equal, sometimes only 2. Style 1. Fruit 
dry or drupaceous, 2-4-celled (1-cellcd in Phryma), forming as many 1- 
seeded nutlets. Seeds erect or pendulous, with little or no albumen. 

§ Herbs. Fruit dry, consisting of— 

a 4 one-seeded nutlets. Stamens 4. Corolla 5-lobed Verbena. 1 

a 2 two-seeded nntlets. Stamens 4. Corolla 5-cleft, minute, spicate. S. Fla Feiva echinafa. 

a 2 one-seeded nntlets. Stamens 2. Flowei's spicate, imbedded. S. Fla Stachytarpha. 

a 2 one-seeded nutlets. Stamens 4. Corolla 4-parted Lipfia. 2 

a 1 one-seeded nutlet, reflexed. Stamens 4. Corolla bilabiate Phryma. 3 

§ Shrubs. Fruit fleshy, berry-like (or a 2-celled capsule in No. 7). . .{b) 

b Leaves compound, digitate. Flowers 5-parted. Seed 1 Vitex. 6 

b Leaves simple, toothed. — a Cymes axillary. Drupes 4-seeded Callicarpa. 4 

— c Heads axillary. Drupes 2-seeded Lantaxa. 5 

& Leaves simple, entire.— 'i Drupe 2-seeded. Spikes terminal (Aloysia.) 2 

— d Drupe 4-seeded. S. Fla Citharexylxjm villdsum. 

— d Drupe 8-seeded. S. Fla Duranta PlumUri. 

— d Capsule 4-seeded. Flowers in heads ,. Avicennia tomenldsa. 

1. VERBENA, L. Vervain. Calyx 5-toothed, with one of the teeth 
often shorter. Cor. funnel-form, limb somewhat unequally 5-lobed, lobes 
emarginate. Sta. 4, included, the upper pair sometimes abortive. Drupe 
splitting into 4, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels. — Herbs or undershrubs. 
Leaves opposite. Flowers sessile, mostly in spikes or heads. 

§ Corymbed ; the open corollas of the spike forming a corymb. Stems weak. . .{a) 

a Leaves 3-cleft or pinuatifid, the lobes cut-serrate or toothed Nos. 1 — 3 

a Leaves merely serrate or toothed, somewhat incised Nos. 4—7 

§ Spicate ; the open corollas lateral, in slender spikes. . .(6) 

b Stem simple (mostly), bearing a single spike. Leaves oblong Nos. 8, 9 

b Stem branched, with many spikes.— c Leaves mostly simple Nos. 10—12 

— c Leaves much divided Nos. 13—15 

1 V, Aubletia L. Lvs. ovate-oblong in outline, 3-parted, cut, acute and petiolate at 

base ; spikes pedunculate ; bracts half as long as the cylindrical calyx. Dry soils, Ya. 
to m., and S. If. Flowers lilac, varying in the gardens to purple. April, May. 

2 V. iNcisA. Leaves oblong to deltoid, rugous, cut-lobed and serrate, abrupt at base, 

petiolate ; bracts ovate, a fourth as long as the glandular calyx ; corolla rose-purple. 
U Brazil. Stems some shrubby, ascending. 

3 V. MULTiFiDA. Small, creeping, branched ; leaves multifid into narrow, acute seg- 

ments ; bracts subulate, shorter than calyx. (I) Brazil. Red to white. 



236 OiiDER 90.— VERBENxiCExE. 

4 V. VENosA. Nearly simple, with rigid, oblong-sessile, ciit-serratc leaves ; bracts sub- 

ulate, longer than the calyx, both colored ; corolla lilac to blue. it. Brazil. 

5 V. CHAM.EDRiFOLiA. Lcavcs oblong-ovatc, short-petiolale ; bracts subulate, not half 

the length of the long calyx ; corollas scarlet to crimson. U Buenos Ayres. 

6 V, PHLOGiFLoRA. With niauv erect branches, and long-petioled, lance-deltoid leaves ; 

bracts lanceolate, half as long as the calj-'x. Flowers large, red to blue. 

7 V. TEUcKioiDES has very hairy, wrinkled, ovate-triangular, crenate leaves on short 

stalk:', with largo white to roseate sweet-sceuted flowers, u Brazil. 

8 V. aiigustifolia Mx. Leaves oblong-linear, tapering to base, serrate, with far- 

rowed veins ; spikes 1 or few, slender ; corolla deep-blue, bracts as long as the calyx 
(TO- ^ Kocks and hills, N. Y. to Va., and W. If. Leaves 2— 3'. July. 

9 V. Carolini .na L. Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong,* crenate-toothed, sessile; 

spike loose ; corolla large, roseate, bracts minute. 14. Dry soils, S. 1— 2f. June. 

10 V. liastata L. Common Vervain. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, petio- 
late, the lower lobed or hastate ; spikes panicled, dense, slender, erect and parallel ; 
flowers blue, li Waysides : common. 3— 6f. § Europe. July— September. Hy- 
brids occur, with cleft leaves and loose-flowered spikes. 

11 V. urticaelolia L. Leaves ovate to lance-ovate, serrate, acute, petiolate ; spikes 
axillary and terminal, filiform, lax ; bracts shorter than the calyx, if A homely weed, 
in waste grounds. 3f. Flowers minute, white. § Europe. July, August. 

1 2 V, stricta Vent. Mullein V. Hairy and hoary, rigidly erect ; leaves oval to obo- 
vate, unequally dentate, sessile, rugous ; spikes dense. 2; Dry fields, W. 1 — 3f. 
Very leafy, rather handsome. Corolla blue, i" broad. July. 

1 3 V, bracteosa Mx. Hairy, divaricately branched, leaves laciniate ; bracts lance- 
linear, squarrous on the peduncle and spikes, longer than the small blue flowers. 2f 
Dry fields, roadsides, N. Y., W. and S. 8 — 16'. June — September. (V. canescens.) 

14 V, officinalis L. Smoothish, erect; leaves lanceolate to oblong, pinnately lobed 
or toothed, subsessile : spikes sleuder, panicled ; bracts not longer than the calyx ; 
flowers purple, small. 21 Waysides, Conn, to Ga. 2— 3f. (V. spuria L.) 

1 5 V, strigosa Hook. Hoary, rough-downy, rigid ; leaves oblong, 3-parted, incised, 
sessile ; spikes strict, lax-flowered bracts long as calyx ; corolla large. N. Orl. 2— 3f. 

2. LIPPIA, L. Fog-fruit. Cal. 2-parted. Cor. funnel-shaped, limb 
sublabiate, upper limb entire or emarginate, lower 3-lobed. Sta. didyna- 
mous, included. Drupe dr}'-, thin, enclosed in the calyx, 2-seeded. +> U 
Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers small, whitish, in heads or spikes. 

1 li. nodiflora Mx. St. 4-angled, geniculate, simple, creeping; lvs. lanceolate to ob- 

lanceolate, cuneate at base, petiolate, shorter than the ped. Banks, Pa. to El., and S. 

2 li. (Aloysia) ciTrvioDoRA. Lemon Verbena. Shrub smooth; leaves in 3' s, lance-lin- 

ear, punctate beneath, straight-veined, delightfully fragrant. 3f. 

3. PHRYMA, L. Lor-SEED. Cal. cylindric, bilabiate, upper lip longer, 

o-cleft, lower lip 3-toothed. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, much 

smaller than tlie 8-lobed lower one. Stamens included. Fruit dry, oblong, 

striate, 1-celled, 1-seeded. li AVith opposite leaves. Flowers opposite, 

spicate, defiexed in fruit. 

P, leptostacliya L. — Rocky woods. 2 — 3f. Leaves large (3 — 6'), thin, coarsely- 
toothed ; flowers small, light-purple, in very slender spikes. July. 

4. OALLIOARPA. L. Frekch Mulberiiy. Calyx 4-toothed, bell- 
shaped. Corolla short-bell-shaped, limb of 4 obtuse segments. Sta. 4, un- 
equal, exserted. Stig. capitate, 2-lobed. Drupe juicy, enclosing 4 nutlets. 
J) With opposite leaves and axillary cymes. 



Ordek 91.— labiate. 237 

C. Americana L. Pubescent ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate at each end, crenate-dentate, 
smooth above ; clusters shorter than the petioles ; fruit forming dense verticils. Light 
soils, S. Shrub much branched, 3— Gf, with purple flowers and fruit. 

5. LANTANA, L. Cal. minute, obsoletely 4:-tootliecl. Corolla fiinnel- 
form, the tube long-exserted, limb oblique, upper lip bifid or entire, lower 
ti'ifid. Sta. 4, didynamous, included. Drupe fiesliy, double, the parts sep- 
arable, 1-seeded. +> 3 — 6f. Tropical, with square stems, opposite petio- 
late leaves, and capitate, handsome flowers, often fragrant. 

* Corollas w^hite or lilac, not becoming yellow or scarlet Nos. 1 — 3 

* Corollas white or yellow, changing to saffron, scarlet, crimson, &c Nos. 4, 5 

1 li. NiVEA. Branches with reversed prickles ; Ivs. ovate to elliptic, crenate-serrate, as 

long as the pec^uncles ; no involucre ; flowers white, turning to blue. Brazil. 

2 Ii. Sellowiana. Branches strigous ; Ivs. rhombic to oblong, coarse-serrate, shorter 

than the peduncles ; heads some involucrate ; flowers reddish lilac. Brazil. 

3 L«. involucrata L. Whitish-downy ; Ivs. obovate to roundish, crenulate, as long 

as the peduncles ; heads involucrate with the outer ovate bracts, lilac. S. Fla. 

4 li. MIXTA. Prickles reversed or ; Ivs. ovate, crenate, abrupt at base, shorter than 

the peduncles ; bracts as long as the corollas, which are white at first, then changing 
to yellow, then orange, and lastly red. Brazil. 

5 Li. Camara L. Often prickly ; Ivs. as in No. 4, but equalling the peduncles ; bracts 

half as long as the corollas, which are successively yellow, orange, red. Ga., Fla. 

6. VITEZ, L. Chaste-tree. Calyx 5-toothed. Cor. cup-shaped, 5- 
lobed, somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4, unequal, exserted. Drupe entire, 4- 
celled, 4-seeded. +> With opposite, digitate leaves and paniculate cymes. 

1 V, Agnus-castus. Leaflets 5 or 7. lanceolate, entire, pointed both ways ; panicles 

white-tomentous, terminal, interrupted ; corolla purplish. Hardy. S. 

2 V. Negundo. Leaflets 3 or 5, oblong, serrate, acuminate. Mauritius. 

3 V. iNcisA. Leaflets 5 or 7, incisely pinnatifid, acuminate. China. 

Order XCI. LABIATE. Labiate Plaints. 

Herbs with square stems, and opposite, aromatic, exstipulate leaves. 
Ftoicers axillary, in verticillasters, sometimes as if spiked or in heads. Co- 
rolla labiate (rarely regular), upper lip external in the bud. Stamens 4, 
didj^namous, or only 2. Ovary free, deeply 4-lobed, the single style arising 
from between the lobes. Fruit composed of 4 (or by abortion fewer) sep- 
arable 1-seeded nuts or achenia. Figs. 23, 69, 96, 281, 292, 318, 384. 

§ stamens 2, perfect,— p ascending beneath the galea ; anthers 1-celled. (Tribe IV.) 
—p ascending through a cleft in the galea ; anthers 2-celled. . .{b) 
— p exserted, distant ; anthers 2-celled. . .((?) 
§ Stamens 4, perfect, — q all declined toward the lower lip. (Tribe I.) 
— q erect, or ascending toward the upper lip. . .(2) 
2 Stamens of equal length, corolla almost regular, 4-5-lobed.. .(*c) 

2 Stamens, the upper pair longer than the lower (outer), and calj'x 13-15-veined. CTribe V.) 
Stamens, the lower pair longer than the upper (interior) pair. . .(3) 
3 Stamens divergent, apart, mostly straight and exserted. . .(e) 
1 3 Stamens parallel, ascending and long-exserted from the upper side. ..(b) 

3 Stamens parallel, ascending in pairs beneath the upper lip. . .(4) 
4 Calyx 13- veined, 5-tootlied, and somewhat 2-lipped. . .(/) 
4 Calyx 5-10-veined, or irregularly netted. . .(5) 



238 Order 91.— LABIATE. 

5 Calyx strongly 2-lipped, upper lip truncate, closed in fruit. . .(h) 

5 Calyx not 2-lipped, 3 or 4-lobed, open in fruit. . .(A;) 

5 Cul3'x subequally 5-toothed, teeth not spinescent. . .(??i) 

5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth spinescent. . .()0 

5 Calj'x unequallj' 8-10-toothed. . . (o) 

I. OCIMOIDE.(E. — r Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire, flattish Ocimum. 1 

— r Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower saccate, defiexed Hyptis. 2 

— r Corolla upper lip 3-4-fid, lower boat-form, involving the sta. .Coleus. 3 

— r Corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed Lavandula. 4; 

II. AJUGOIDE.iE. — b Stamens 2, exserted through a fissure in the tube Amethystea. 5 

— h Stamens 4, exserted through a fissure in the tube Teucrium. 6 

— & Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla Trichostemma. 7 

— *c Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short Isanthus. 8 

III. SATUKEJE^. — (Stamens diverging or ascending, 2-cellcd. Corolla lobes flattish, spreading.) 

— *c Corolla limb obliquely 5-lobed. Leaves purple Perilla. 9 

— *c Corolla limb 4-lobed, upper lobe broadest .^Mentha. 10 

d CoroHa nearly regular, 4-lobed. Calyx naked in the throat Lycopus. 11 

d Corolla bilabiate, — s cyanic, throat naked. Stamens straight Cunila. 12 

— s cyanic, throat naked. Stamens ascending Hedeoma. 13 

— s yellow, throat with a hairy ring inside Collinsonia. 14 

e Calyx 15-veined. Stamens exserted, divergent Hyssopus. 15 

e Calyx 10- veined, the veins obscured by hairs. Corolla yellow, fringed Collinsonia. 14 

e Calyx 10-13-veined, — ( throat naked. — u Stamens straight, divergent Pycnanthemum. 16 

—M Sta. ascending, anth. spurless Satureja. 17 

— u Sta. ascending, anth. spurred Dicerandra. 18 

—t throat hairy.— I) Bracts roundish, large Origanum. 19 

— u Bracts narrow, minute Thymus. 20 

/ Tube of the corolla straight. Leaves small, subcrenate or entire Calamintiia. 21 

/ Tube of the corolla curved upward. Leaves large, coarse-crenate Melissa. 22 

IV. MONAKDE.1E. — Connectile long, transverse, distancing the anther cells Salvia. 23 

— Connectile continuous with fil. toothed at the juncture Rosmarinus. 24 

— Connectile inconspicuous. — w Calyx subequally toothed Monarda. 25 

— 10 Calyx bilabiate, aristate Blephyllia. 26 

V. NEPETE.(E. — Stamens distant, exserted. Flowers in terminal spikes Lophanthus. 27 

— Stamens all ascending. — x Anther cells divergent, much Nepeta. 28 

— X Anther cells divergent, little Dracocephalum. 29 

— X Anther cells parallel. Fls. large Cedronella. 30 

VI. STACHYDE.E.— (Stamens parallel, ascending. Cor. upper lip galeate. Cal. 5-10-veined.) 

h Calyx lips toothed, upper 3 teeth minute, lower 2 large Brunella. 31 

h Calyx lips entire, upper with an appendage on the back Scutellaria. 32 

7c Calyx 3-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Flowers purple streaked Macbridea. 33 

k Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, the highest pair connate Synandra. 34 

m Corolla tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Lips small . .Physostegia. 35 

m Corolla tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lower lip long Lamium. 36 

m Corolla inflated in the broad, concave upper lip, purple or yellow Phlomis. 37 

m Corolla not inflated, short. — y Calyx salver-form, 10-ribbed Ballota. 38 

—;/ Calyx broad-bell-form, netted Mollucella. 39 

n Anthers opening transversely, ciliate-fringed. Leaves notched Galeopsis. 40 

n Anthers opening lengthwise. — s Achenia rounded at the top. Native. ..Stachys. 41 

— z Achenia rounded at the top. Cultivated. .Betonica. 42 

— z Achenia truncate, 3-angled at top Leonurus. 43 

o Corolla white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid Marrubium. 44 

o Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unequally bifid. South. .Leucas. 

o Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest , . . .Leonotis. 45 

1. OCIMUM, L. Sweet Basil. Upper lip of calyx orbicular, lower 
4-fid. Cor. resupinate, one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided. Stam. 4, de- 
clined, the lower pair longer, the upper often with a process at their base. 
Verticils 6-flowered, in terminal, interrupted racemes. 

O, basilicuiti L. Lvs. Bmooth, ovate-oblong, subdentate, petiolate ; cal. ciliate. (i) 
Plant 6 — 12', in the kitchen-erardens. Yerv fraorrant. 



Ordeh 91.— labiate. 239 

2. COLEUS, Lour. Cal. deflexed in fruit, unequally 5-tootlied. Cor. 
decurved, upper lip obtusely 3-4 cleft, lower longer, entire, concave, in- 
volving the 4 stamens, (i) Verticils 6- oo-flowered. Asia. 

C Blumei. Leaves large, ovate, bluntly serrate ; verticillasters distinct, 00-flowered. 
2f. Tender, cultivated for its splendid leaves, which are marked with crimson, green, 
and bronze. Flowers inconspicuous. 
/ 

3. HYPTIS, L. Calyx 5-tootlied, teeth acute or subulate. Cor. tube 

cylindric, limb 5-lobed, the lower abruptly deflexed, contracted at its base, 
the 4 others flat, erect or spreading. Stam. 4, declinate. Ach. ovoid or ob- 
long. — In our species the flowers are in involucrate heads. Summer. 

H. radiata Willd. Erect, glabrous ; leaves lance-ovate to lance-linear, unequally and 
bluntly serrate, tapering to the petiole ; heads opposite, pedunculate, at length 
globular, bracts seeming radiate. 2f Damp, S. 2 — 3f. 

4. LAVANDULA, L. Lavender. Cal. ovoid-cylindric, with 5 short 
teeth, the upper one often largest. Cor. upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, 
lobes all nearly equal, tube exserted, stamens included. 5 

li. spiCA. Leaves hoary, linear-oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rolled at edge, sessUc, 
in the interrupted spike bract-like ; flowers small, lilac. Very fragrant, and yielding 
the well-known OU-of -Lavender. 12 — IS'. July. 

5. AMBTHYSTEA, L. Flowers as in Teucrium, but the stamens are 

only 2. (i) From Siberia. 

A. c<ERUi>EA. — A branching, smooth herb, If high, with the leaves 3-parted and incised, 
and blue (to white) corollas little exceeding the calyx. July — Oct. 

V 

6. TEUCRIUM, L. Germander. Cal. subcampanulate and subregu- 
lar, in 5 acute segments. Cor. with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the 
lowest largest, roundish. Stam. 4, exserted from the deep cleft in the 
upper side of the tube. 

T. Canadense L. Plant erect, hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, 
petiolare; bracts linear-lanceolate, about as long as the calyx ; spike long, of many 
crowded verticils of odd-looking purplish flowers, if Damp grounds. 2f. July. 

7. TRICHOSTEMMA, L. Blue Curls. Calyx very oblique, veiny, 
lower lip of 2 short teeth, upper twice as long, of 3, all acute. Cor. tube 
slender, limb obliquely 5-lobed. Filam. 4, very long, exserted and curved. 
(i) Cymes loose, pauicled. Corolla blue. 

1 T. dicliotoma L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, obtuse, entire pubes- 

cent, as well as the stem and branches. Dry soils, Mass., and S. If. August. 

2 T, lineare N. Leaves linear, nearly smooth ; stem and branches puberulent. Dry 

soils, N. Y. (at Salem), and S. If. Flowers as in the other, 4". July, Aug. 

8. ISANTHUS, I^Ix. False Pennyroyal. Calyx equally 5-toothed, 

throat naked. Cor. 5-parted, tube straight and narrow, segm. ovate and 

equal. Stam. subequal, incurved, ascending, longer than the corolla, li 

Viscid, pubescent, with entire leaves acute at each end. Flowers axillary. 

I. coeruleus Mx. — Dry fields, N. and W. 1 — Hf. Branching and leafy, resembling 
Pennyroyal. Leaves lance-elliptic, 3-veined. Flowers 1 — 2 in each axil, blue. July. 



240 Ordek 91.— labiate. 

9. PERILLA, L. Calyx subeqiiaUy 5-tootlied, in fruit becoming gib- 
bons and 2-lipp8d. Cor. bell-form, 5-cleft, upper lobe a little longer. Sta. 
4, erect, distant, included. — Asia. 

p. ociMOiDES, /3. Nankinensis, is the Purple Perilla, a fine leaf-plant, 2f high, with 
large bronze-purple, ovate, cnt-fringed leaves. (j8. crispa Benth.) ® 

10. MENTHA, L. Mint. Cal. equally 5-tootlied. Cor. nearly regu- 
lar, tube scarcely exserted, border 4-cleft, the broadest segment emarginate. 
Stam. 4, straight, distant, anth. cells parallel, til. naked, if Strong-scented 
herbs. Flowers in dense verticils, pale purple. Summer. 

* Leaves sessile. Verticils in a slender, terminal spike Nos. 1—3 

* Leaves petiolate. — x Verticils in dense oblong spikes Nos. 4, 5 

— X Verticils axillarj"-, not in spikes Nos. 6 — 8 

1 M. viridis L. Speannint. Smoothish ; Ivs. lance-oblong, acute, cut-serrate ; spikes 

interrupted, attenuate above. Damp soils. 1 — 2f. § Europe. 

2 M. rotuiidifolla L. Whitish-downy; Ivs. roundish to broad-ovate, shai-p- serrate ; 

.spikes cylindric, nearly continuous. N. J., Pa. (at Easton, Prof. Porter). Ascending 
2— 3f. Spikes 2—3'. § Europe. 

3 IWI. sylvestris L. WooUy-tomentous ; Ivs. lance-ovate, canescent, finely serrate ; 

spikes conic-cyiindric. Delaware Co., Pa. (A. H. Smith). 

4 M. piperita L. Peppennint. Smooth; Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, serrate; spikes 

1', oblong to cylindric ; calyx smooth. Wet. 2f. § Europe. 

5 M. aquatiea L. Stem reflex-hairy; leaves ovate, serrate, hairy or smoothish; 

spike globular or oblong, calyx villous. ]VIuddJ^ § 

6 M. sativa L. Stem reflex-hairy, erect, branched ; leaves ovate, canescent beneath ; 

calyx teeth subulate-awned. Lancaster, Pa. (Porter). § Europe. 

7 M!. arvensis L. Smoothish, ascending ; leaves ovate, serrate above, entire and 

acute at base ; calyx teeth acute. Fields, M. and W. : rare. § 

8 M. Canadensis L. Ilorsemint. L'pright, hoary-pubescent with spreading hairs ; 

leaves lanceolate, A'ery acute both ways ; cymes shorter than the petioles ; stamens 
exserted. Damp. Can. to Pa. and Ky. 
/3. borehlife. Plant nearly smooth, with narrower leaves. 

11. LYCOPUS, L. Water Hoarhound. Cal. tubular, 4-5-cleft. Cor. 
subregular, 4-cleft, the tube as long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, 
emarginate. Stam. 2, distant, diverging, simple. U Bog herbs, with the 
very small flowers in axillary, dense clusters. 

1 li. Virginicus L. Bugle Weed. Lvs. broad lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire 

at both ends ; calyx teeth 4, obtuse, spineless, shorter than the achenia. Common. 
1 — ll^f. Plant often purple, and often with long slender runners. July, August. 

2 li. Europaeus L. Lvs. lance-ovate to lance-oblong, petiolate, acute, sinuate-toothed 

or lobed, the lower incised ; calyx teeth 5, acuminate-spinescent, longer than the 
smooth achenia. Common, and very variable. 1 — 2f. August. 
p. rubillus^ with creeping stolons, and downy toothed lvs. (L. rubellus Moench.) 
y. sinuatusy with smooth sinuate-dentate leaves— no runners. (L. sinuatus Ell.) 
S. exaltdtus. Tall, with smooth leaves cut into linear teeth. (L. exaltatus Ell.) 
S, ang-ustif otitis , Leaves narrow, slightly toothed or subentire. (L. angust. N.) 
^. sessilif alius, Lvs. oblong, sessile or clasping, remotely toothed. N. J. (Porter). 

12. CUNILA, L. Dittany. Cal. 10-ribbed, equally 5-toothed, throat 
densely villous ; upper lip of corolla flat, emarginate. Stam. 2, erect, ex- 
serted, distant. — Flowers numerous, pale red. 



Order 91.— LABIATE. 241 



. V 



C Mariana L. Lvs. ovate, serrate, subsessile, 1'; cymes pedunculate, corymbous, 
axillary and terminal, n Eocky woods, N. Y. to Ga. and Ark. 1— 2f. July, Aug. 

13. HEDEOMA, Pers, American Pennyroyal. Calyx 13-striate, 
gibbous at base, bilabiate, throat liaiiy, upper lip 3-tootlied, lower 2-cleft. 
Cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, flat, emarginate, lower spreading, 3-lobed. 
Stani. 2, fertile, ascending. — Low, fragrant herbs. 

1 H. pulegioides Pers. Lvs. oblong, few-toothed, petiolate, narrowed to each, end ; 

verticils axillary, 6-flo\vercd ; corolla equalling the calyx. ® Dry pastures. 6 — 12'. 
June— Aug. A small herb of pungent fragrance and taste, common and much used. 

2 H. hispida Ph. Hairy, branching, with sessile, linear, obtuse leaves and verticils 

6-fiowered ; corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx, (i) Banks, W, 2—5'. July. 
\ 

14. COIiLINSONIA, L. Horse Balm. Cal. ovoid, 10-striate, upper 

lip truncate, 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft. Cor. exserted, bell-ringent, upper lip 
in 4 subequal lobes, lower longer, declined, fringed. Stam. 2 or 4, muck 
exserted, divergent. 21 Coarse, strong scented, with large, ovate, serrate, 
petiolate lvs. and yellowish fls., in a terminal, leafless panicle or raceme. 

* Stamens 4, perfect, long exserted. Leaves very large. South Nos. 1, 2 

* Stamens 2, perfect, — a the upper pair of filaments mere points Nos. .3, 4 

— a the upper pair of filaments capitate. South No. 5 

1 C. verticillata Baldw. Viscid-downy above; lvs. broad-oval, 6—8', acute, peti- 

oles 1 — 2' ; racemes long, naked ; flowers in whorls, 9" ; lower lip strongly fringed. 
Lookout Mt., Tenn., and Middle Ga. 1— 2f. Raceme If. May, June. 

2 C. anisata Ph. Viscid-downy; lvs. cordate, acuminate, crenate, .5 — 7', petiole 1''; 

panicle 3— (y, bracts ovate, flowers 5— G". Ga., Fla., Ala. 1— 2f. July— Sept. 

3 C Canadensis L. Sparsely downy ; leaves niucronate-serrate, acuminate, abrupt 

at base, 4—7' ; lower petioles slender ; panicle 5— 8', loose, bracts ovate ; flowers 
5—6". Damp shades. Can. to La. (Hale). 3— 4f. Summer. 

4 C. scal>rliiscula Ait, Leaves scabrous above, small (li — 2'), acuminate, acute at 

base, petioles slender, 1' ; panicle leafy, fls. 4—5", calyx 1". Woods, S. 2f. Sept. 

5 C punctata Ell. Pubescent; lvs. 4 — 7^ lance-ovate, pointed, acute at base, resin- 

ous-punctate beneath ; panicle leafy below, flowers 5". Woods, S. 2 — 6f. Sept. + 

15. HYSSOPUS, L. Hyssop. Calyx tubular, 15-striate, equally 5- 
toothed. Upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower 3-parted, 
the middle segment largest, tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 4. 

H. officinalis L. — ^Native of Europe and Asia, occasionally cultivated for its medici- 
nal properties. A bushy herb, 2f, with oblong-lanceolate leaves, and bright blue 
fls. m 1-sided verticils approximate in a terminal spike. St. exserted, diverging. § 

16. PYCNANTHBMUM, Mx. Basil. Calyx tubular, 10-13 -striate, 
5-toothed, teeth equal or subbilabiate, throat naked within. Upper lip of 
corolla nearly entire, lower trifid, middle lobe longest, all ovate, obtuse, 
stam. 4, distant, subequal, anth. with parallel cells. U Erect, rigid branch- 
ing herbs, all N. American. Verticils dense, many-flowered. Aug., Sept. 

§ Calj'x 2-lipped, in flat or loose cymes. Leaves petiolate, subserrate. . .(a) 
§ Calyx subregular, in roundish dense heads ... (6) 

a Teeth of the calyx ovate, acute, awnless No. 1 

a Teeth of the calyx tipped with bearded awns Nos. 2 — 4 

b Calyx teeth and bracts with naked awns as long as the corolla Nos. 5, 6 

1/ Calyx teeth awnless, shorter than the corolla. . .(c) 



242 Order 91.— LABIATE. 

c Heads panicled. Leaves subpetiolate, siibentire Nos. 7—9 

c Heads corymbed. Leaves sessile, entire Nos. 10—12 

c Heads solitary, involucrate. Leaves serrate No. 13 

1 P. albescens T. & G. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, whitened beneath, the upper 

■whitened both sides ; flowers in little secund racemes. Ala. to La. 2 — 3f. 

2 P. Tiillia Benth. Yillous-pubescent ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed ; 

the floral whitened ; inflorescence as in No. 1. Mountains, S. 

3 P. incanum Mx. ITild Basil. Whitish, with a soft down ; leaves ovate, rounded 

at base, slightly acuminate ; the floral whitened both sides ; cymes V and less broad, 
not racemed ; corolla pale red, dotted. Eocky woods, N. and W. 2 — 4f. 

4 P. clinopodoides T. & G. Yillous-canescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute both 

ways ; cymes small, dense, terminal and subterminal. Dry soils, N. Y., N. J., and 
W. 2— 3f. Plant not whitened. Heads d" diameter. 
it P, aristatum Mx. Smoothish ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, subserrate, rounded 
at base, petiolate ; bracts rigid ; heads few, 6 — ^' diara. Barrens, N. J., and S. 1 — 2f. 

6 P. liyssopilolium Benth. Smoothish; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly ses- 

sile and entire ; heads few, large, V diameter. Barrens, Ya. to Fla. 1 — 2f. 

7 P. Torreyi Benth. Slightlj^ pubescent ; Ivs. lin. -lanceolate, acute, subentire ; bracts 

and subulate calyx teeth white-pubescent. Dry hills. New York Island, N. J. : rare. 

8 P. pilosuiii N. Hoary with soft, spreading hairs ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each 

end, subentire, subsessile ; calyx teeth ovate-lanceolate, and with the bracts white- 
tomentous. Pi-airies, W. States, to Ga. 2f. Cymes dense, Q—%". 

9 P, muticiim Pers. Minutely white-downy at top ; leaves ovate to lance-ovate, 

acute, rounded or subcordate at base ; calyx teeth short, merely acute. In dry woods. 
2-3f. Heads roundish, dense, 4—6". 

10 P. lanceolatum Ph. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, rigid, abrupt at 
base, sessile ; calyx teeth short, hairy ; heads small (3 — 5"). Dry woods, Mass. to 
Car., and W. 1 — 2f. Handsome, fragrant, nearly smooth. 

11 P. linifolium Ph. Glabrous; leaves linear, attenuated both ways ; heads com- 
pact, corymbed ; calyx teeth pungently awn-pointed. Dry soils. 1 — 2f. 

12 P. nudum N. Glabrous, pale, subsimple ; leaves few and small, ovate-oblong, 
obtuse, entire, sessile ; calyx teeth acute, pubescent. Mts., N. Car. to Ga. 1 — 2f. 

1 3 P. montanum Mx. Glabrous except the villous-ciliate ovate and linear bracts ; 
leaves lanceolate, serrate, acute ; heads involucrate. Mountains, Ya. and Car. 1— 2f, 
Resembles a Monarda. Fragrant. 

17. SATUREJA, L. Summer Sayory. Calyx tubular, lO-ribbed, 
throat not hairy. Segments of the bilabiate corolla not equal. Stamens 
diyergiug-, scarcely exserted. — Herbs with small leaves and purplish fls. 

S. liorteiisis L. St. branching ; Ivs. linear-oblong, entire, acute at the end ; ped. ax- 
illary, cymous. u) River banks, W., escaped from gardens : rare. § 

18. DICBRANBRA, Benth. Calyx 13-stnate, tubular, upper lip sub- 
entire, lower bifid, throat hairy. Cor. tube exserted, straight, strongly 3- 
lipped, the upper erect, emarginate, the lower spreading. Sta. 4, exserted, 
distant, anther cells divaricate, each with a little horn, (T) Branching, 
smooth, with loose cymes. 

1 I>, linearifolia B. Stem and branches strict ; Ivs. linear, or linear-oblong; cymes 

stalked, of 1—5 showy pink flowers, forming slender panicles. Dry woods, Prince 
Edward County, Ya. (Dr. Mettauer), to Fla. (Miss Keen). If. October. 

2 I>. deusiflora B. Leaves lance-oblong ; cymes sessile, 5-10-flowered. E. Fla. 

19. ORIGANUM, L. Marjoram. Calyx tube lO-striate, o-toothed, 



OiiDER 91.— LABIATE. 243 

hairy in throat. Corolla tube scarcely exserted, upper lip erect, flat, emar- 
ginate, lower with 3 nearly equal segments. Stamens 4, ascending, distant. 
U Leaves subentire. Fls. in dense oblong spikes, with imbricated bracts. 

1 O. vulgare L. THM M. Leaves ovate, petiolate, hairy ; spikes coiymbed ; bracts 

ovate, purplish ; calyx teeth equal. Fields : rare. If. June, July. 

2 O. Marjokana. Sweet M. Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse, petiolate, hoary -pubes- 

cent ; bracts roundish ; calyx tube split below. If. A kitchen vegetable. 

20. THYMUS, L. Thy^ie. Cal. 2-lipped, ovoid, 13-veined, upper lip 
of 3, the lower of 2 subulate teeth, throat hauy. Cor. moderately 2-lipped. 
Sta. straight, exserted, distant. ^ Leaves small, entire, strongly vemed. 
Bracts minute. Flowers purple. European culinary herbs. 

1 T. Serpyllum. L. Wild T. Stems creeping and ascending, leafy, each terminated 

■with a small, dense, oblong head of flowers grateful to bees, t §. June. 

2 T. VULGARIS. Stems erect from the decumbent base ; Ivs. oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 

the sides revolute ; fls. in term., leafy spikes. Much branched. 6 — 10' high. Jn., Jl. 

21. CALAMINTHA, Moench. Calaminth. Cal. tubular, 13-nerved, 
throat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft. Corolla tube straight, 
exserted, throat inflated, limb bilabiate, upper lip erect, entire or emargi- 
nate, lower spreading, its middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, the lower pair 
longer, usually ascending. IC 

§ Herbs hairy. Cymes dense, capitate, bracted. Calyx tube curved, 2-lipped.. No. 1 

§ Herbs hairy. Cymes loose, pedunculate. Calyx tube straight, 2-lipped No. 2 

§ Herbs smooth. Cy. loose, sessile, bracted. Cal. straight, teeth subregular. . .No. 3 
§ Shrubs low, slender, nearly smooth. Cymes few-flowered. Fls. large Nos. 4—7 

1 C Clinopodinm Benth. Vnld Basil. Plant clothed with whitish hairs ; leaves 

ovate, subserrate ; fls. purplish, in dense verticils or heads, with many subulate 
bracts. Low woods, N. and W. 1 — 2f Heads near V wide. June — August. 

2 C Nepeta Link. Branched below, soft-villous ; leaves small, broad-ovate, obtuse ; 

cymes few-flowered, becoming some racemed ; corolla white, 3 — 4"; caiyx 1". Va., 
Tenn., to Ga. Roadsides, «fcc. 2f. Strongly aromatic. July, August. § Europe. 

3 €. glabella B. Smooth, decumbent at base, difi"usely branched ; leaves narrowly 

oblong, tapering to base ; verticils 6-10-flowered. Rocks, O. to Ark. 18'. Cor. 4 — 5", 
pale violet. Fragrant like Pennyroyal. Often produces runners, and runs into 

^. iliversif'olia. Flowering stems nearly erect, the barren prostrate like runners, 
■ bearing small ovate leaves (.3 — 4")- Rocks, Niagara, and N-W. 10'. 

4 C. Carolisiiana Sw. Smooth, simple ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrate ; bracts 

similar ; cy. few-flwd., on short stalks ; cor. rose-purp., 7 — 9''. Dry woods, S. 15'. Jl. 

5 C cocciiiea B. Shrub with virgate branches ; Ivs. narrowly ovate-oblong ; verti- 

cils of 2 — 6 ample scar, fls, ; cor. 15 — 18", gland. -pubescent. Sandy shores, Fla. 2f. 

6 C. canescens T. & G. Low shrub, minutely canescent-downy ; leaves linear, with 

rolled edges, obtuse, crowded ; fls. sol., opp., 8", rose-red. Sandy shores, Fla. 8 — 12'. 

7 C. dentata Chapm. Tomentous; Ivs. wedge-obovate, 2^toothed at apex. Fla. 2f. 

22. MELISSA, Toum. Balm. Calyx 13-ribbed, the upper lip 8- 
toothed, flattened and dilated, lower bifid. Cor. tube recurved-ascending, 
upper lip erect, flattish, lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe mostly 
broadest. Stamens ascending. 

M. officinalis L. Pubescent ; st. erect, branching : fls. in loose, axillary cymes ; 



244 Order 9L— LABIATE. 

leaves ovate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ; bracts similar ; corolla 7'^ yellowish. Gar- 
dens, -ivhence it has escaped into the fields and woods. 1— 3f. July, August, 

23. SALVIA, L. Sage. Cal. striate, bilabiate, upper lip 3-tootlied or 
entire, lower bifid, throat naked. Corolla ringent, tube equal, upper lip 
straight or falcate, lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed. Stamens 2, con- 
nectile transverse on the filament, supporting at each end a cell of the 
halved anther. ^ u Figs. 96, 281. 

* Native species.— § Calyx limb 3-lobed. Lower anther cell wanting Nos. 1— b 

— § Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Both cells present. .Nos. 4—6 

* Species cultivated (No. 7 spontaneous).— a Flowers blue Nos. 7—9 

—a Flowers white Nos. 10, 11 

—a Flowei-s yellow No. 12 

—a Flowers red.— 6 Herbaceous. .Nos. 13, 14 
—b Shrubby Nos. 15, 16 

1 S. aziirea Lam. Smoothish, branching ; Ivs. linear-oblong and linear, subentire, 

acutish ; racemes slender ; verticils 2-6-flowerecl ; corolla pubescent, tube barely ex 
serted ; limb azure blue. 2j: S. Car. to Fla. and La. 1 — 3f. Summer. 

2 S. long'ifolia N. ? Tall, branched, puberulent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; 

racemes slender ; corolla 8— 9". tube twice longer than calyx, u Ga. to Ark. 3— 6f. 

3 S. iirticifolia L. Thinly pubescent ; leaves rhomb-ovate, acute, serrate, decurrent 

on the petiole ; verticils 4-10-flowered, distant in the raceme ; corolla smooth, tube 
little longer than the calyx, u Hilly woods, Va., and S. 18'. May. 

4 S. lyrata L. Lvs. radical, lyrate, erose-dentate, many, stem Ivs. about 1 pair, linear- 

spatulate, bract-like ; fls. in Avhorls, racemed at top of the square scape. 2f In woods. 
6—15'. Flowers 1', violet-purple. April— June. 

5 S. obovata Ell. Lvs. broad-obovate, entire, the floral ovate ; verticils remote in 

the raceme ; corolla blue, 8", calyx 3". if Ga. to La. 1— 2f. June, July. 

6 S. Claytoni Ell. Lvs. cordate- to lance-ovate, sinuate-pinnatifid, and toothed, ru- 

gous, bracts ovate, pointed, i; Sandy fields, S. Car. 

7 S. Sclarea L. Lvs. ample, rugous, broad-cordate, doubly crenate ; bracts colored ; 

corolla pale purple, upper lip high-arched, (g) Gardens, § in Penn. 

8 S. OFFICINALIS. Garden Sage. Shrubby ; leaves lance-oblong, crenulate, rugous ; co- 

rolla upper lip vaulted, equalling the lower. From S. Europe. If. July. 

9 S. PATEKS. Hispid and hairy ; leaves ovate-deltoid or ovate-hastate, crenate ; flowers 

very large ; calyx bell-form, 1!'' ; corolla blue, 2' long ; stamen exserted. Mexico. 3f. 

10 S. AEGENTEA. Lcaves white with wool, large, ovate, sinuate-lobed, the floral con- 
cave ; flowers IS'-', racemed, the upper lip long-falcate. S. Europe. 

lis. CHiONANTHA, with large white-woolly, linear-lanceolate leaves and veiy large (20 
white flowers with arched galea, is from Asia Minor. 

12 S. AUREA. Shrub 3 — 4f, with roundish ovate whitened leaves, the splendid yellow 
flowers 2y, calyx 1', in dense racemes. From Africa. 

13 S. cocciNEA. Stem and ovate-cordate leaves beneath hoary-downy ; verticils of 6 — IC 
red smooth flowers (S'O in a raceme ; cal. 2-colored, 4". n Cuba, § in Ga., &c. 1 — 2f. 

1 4 S. PSEUDO-cocciNEA, 3f high, is hispid with long spreading hairs, has ovate leaves 
rounded at base. Otherwise like No. 14. Of 

1 5 S. FULGENS. Plant branching, weak-stemmed, pubescent, with lance-ovate, subcor- 
date leaves, the corollas 2', bright red, opposite, in terminal racemes. Mexico. 

1 6 S. SPLEND"ENS. Plant erect, smooth, with ovate lvs. and opposite pubescent flowers ; 
calyx 1', scarlet as well as the 2' corollas. The commonest species. Mexico. Sf. 

24. ROSMARINUS, L. Rosemary. Calyx Tipper lip entire, lower 
bifid. Cor. upper lip 2-parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divisions, of which 



Order 91.— LABIATE. 245 

the mividle is the largest. Fil. 2, fertile, elongated, ascending toward the 

upper lip, having a tooth on the side. }j S. Europe. 

R. officinalis. Shrub evergreen with opposite, linear-oblong, obtuse, shining leaves. 
Flowers axillary and terminal, bright blue, fragrant of camphor. 4f. 

25. S;^ONARDA, L. MoUiSTTAEsr MrrsT. Calyx elongated, cylindiic, 
striate, subequally 5-toothed. Cor. ringent, tubular, upper lip linear, lower 
lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrowest. Sta. 2, fertile, ascending 
beneath the upper lip, and mostly exserted, anth. cells divaricate at base, 
connate at apex. U Verticils few, dense, many-flwd., bracted. Jl. — Sept. 

* Calyx densely hairy in the throat. Corolla purple or whitish Nos. 1, 2 

* Calyx naked in the throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow.' Nos. 3, 4 

1 M. fistulosa L. Ilorsemint. Wild Bergamot. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, pointed, 

serrate or subentire, petiolate ; flowers in large terminal heads ; corollas 1', exserted, 
greenish white, pale lilac, or blue. Thickets, W, Yt., W. and S. 2 — 4f. Variable. 

2 M. Bradburiana N. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, acute, rounded at base, subsessile ; 

cal. curved, teeth spinescent (as in No. 1) ; bracts and corolla purple. Prairies, W. 3f. 

3 M. punctata L. Lvs. lance-oblong, tapering to the petiole ; bracts leafy, colored, 

longer than the pale yellow, brown-spotted corollas. Barrens, N. J., S. and W. 2 — 3f. 

4 M. didyma L. St. branching, acutely 4-aDgled ; lvs. broad-ovate, pointed, short- 

pettolate ; heads terminal and subtermiual, with large (IS*") showy crimson corollas, 
and bracts stained with the same hue. Swamps : rare. Often cultivated. 2f. 

26. BLEPHILIA, Eaf Calyx 13-veined, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 
lip shorter, 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous. Cor. upper lip short, erect, ob- 
long, obtuse, entire, lower lip of 3 unequal, spreading lobes, the lateral 
ones orbicular. Stam. 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. U Verticils dense, 
approximate in a spike. 

1 B. hirsuta Benth. Hirsute all over, wide-branched ; lvs. ov.-lanceolate, pointed, 

serrate, petiolate ; bracts oblong, acuminate, colored, shorter than the pale, purple- 
spotted flowers ; cor. 5". Damp woods, N. Eng., W. Pa., and "W. 1— 2f. June, July. 

2 B. ciliata Eaf. Thinly hirsute, simple; lvs. lance-oblong, distant, subsessile; ver- 

ticils 3—5, the ovate bracts long as the calyx. Barrens, Pa., S. and W. 2-4f. Jl.-Sept. 

27. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Hedge Hyssop. Cal. 15-ribbed, oblique, 
5-cleft, upper segments longer. Cor. upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower 
lip o-lobed, the middle lobe broader and crenate. Stam. diverging. If 
Tall, erect. Verticils spicate. 

1 li. nepetoides B. Stem smooth, stout, angles sharp ; lvs. ovate, pointed, serrate; 
calyx teeth ovate, obtusish, green, in spikes 2—3' long; corollas inconspicuous, 
greenish white. Fence-rows, &c., M. and W. 3 — 6f. July, Aug. 

3 L<. scropliularifolius B. Stem pubescent, angles obtuse ; leaves ovate, crenate- 

serrate ; calyx teeth lanceolate, acute, colored ; corolla pale purple. Borders of fields, 
M. and W. 3 — 4f. July, Aug. Closely resembles No. 1. 
3 li. anisatus B. Smooth; leaves ovate, &c., whitened beneath; calyx teeth as in 
No. 2 ; corolla azure-blue, fragrant of anise. Wis. to Dak. (Dr. Matthews.) 

28. NEPETA, L. Catjitnt. Groukd Ivy. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed ; 
Cor. tube slender below, dilated and naked in the throat, upper lip emar- 
ginate, lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of the 
orifice reflected. Sta. ascending, anther cells divergent. Figs. 318, 384. 



246 Ordek 91.— labiate. 

§ Tall. Verticils in a terminal raceme. Calyx nearly regular No. 1 

§ Glechoma. Low, clifluse. Flowers axillary. Calyx curved, oblique No. 2 

1 N. cataria L. Catnip. Erect, hoary-tomentous ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, deltoid- 

ovate, coarsely crenate-serratc ; flowers spiked, the whorls slightly peduncled. U 
About old buildings, &c. 2— 3f. July. §. The delight of cats. 

2 N, Gleclioma B. Gill-over-the- Ground. Leaves reuiform, crenate ; corolla -3 times 

longer than the calyx (lO'O, bluish purple, anthers forming 2 little crosses. %. Creep- 
ing in grass, about walls, «S.c. 3' — If. May. § Europe. 

29. DRACOCEPHALUM, L. Dragon-head. Calyx subequal, ob- 
lique, 5-cleft, upper segment larger. Cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, emar- 
ginate, throat inflated, lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, middle lobe much larger, 
rounded or subdivided. Sta. 4, distinct, ascending, the upper pair longer. @ 

I>. parvifloriini N. Plant some down}^ slender : leaves petiolate, lanceolate, deeply 
serrate ; flowers small, bluish, spicate. N. New York, and W. : rare. 18'. July. 

30. OEDRONELIiA, Moench. Cal. subcampanulate, 5-toothed. Cor. 
tube exsertcd, throat dilated, upper lip straight, flattish, emarginate or cleft, 
lower 3-fid, middle lobe largest. Stam. 4, ascending, the upper longer, an- 
ther-cells parallel. Flowers spicate, bracted. Summer. 

1 C cordata N. Pubescent, producing runners ; leaves cordate, petiolate, bluntly 

crenate; spikes unilateral, corolla pale blue, 1'. 2f Rocks, O., Va. : rare. If. June. 

2 C. Mexicana. Erect, with cordate-lanceolate, dentate leaves ; flowers in a «pike of 

close Avhorls, pui-ple, large. Mexico. 2— yf. (Gardoquia (Lind.)) 

31. BRUNELLA, Toum. Self-heal. Blue-curls. Cal. about 10- 
ribbed, upper lip dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth, lower lip with 2 lan- 
ceolate teeth. Filam. forked, one point of the fork bearing the anther. % 

B. vulgaris L. Stem simple ; leaves oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate ; flowers blue, 
in a large oblong-ovoid spike of dense verticils with reniform bracts. Low grounds, 
very common, varying from 8^ to 2f. All Summer. 
\ 

32. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skull-cap. Cal. campanulate, lips entire, 

upper one appendaged on the back and closed after flowering. Cor. upper 

lip vaulted, lower dilated, convex, tube much exserted, ascending, throat 

dilated. Stam. ascending beneath the upper lip, anthers approximate in 

pairs, achenia tubercular, if 

§ Flowers large (T to 13" long), racemed at top of the stem, with bracts. . .(«) 

a Bracts ovate, abrupt at base. Lips of corolla short. Petioles long. . .Nos. 1, 2, 3 
a Bracts lance-oblong, acute at base. Leaves notched, petiolate. . .(6) 

h Galea of the corolla longer than the lower lip Nos. 4, 5 

h Galea of the corolla not longer than the lip Nos. fi, 7 

a Bracts leaf-like, longer than the calyx. Leaves entire, subsessile . . Nos. 8 — 10 

§ Flowers large or small, opposite, solitary, in the axils of the leaves Nos. 11 — 13 

§ Flowers small (3" long), in slender, axillary, one-sided racemes No. 14 

1 S. versicolor N. Glandular-hairy, erect, branched ; leaves broad-ovate, cordate, 

crenate, veiny ; racemes long, many-flowered ; bracts ovate, entire, eubsessile ; co- 
rolla 6 — 7", lips blue, subequal, lateral lobes distinct. Pa., and W. States. 1| — 4f. 

2 S. rugosa Wood. Hairs and leaves as in No. 1, but the stem is weak, ascending, 

bracts petiolate, and the lower lip of the (8") corolla pendent and twice longer than 
the upper. Rocky shores. Harper's Ferry, Ya., and S-W. l.S'. 



Okder 91.— LABIAT^E. 247 

3 S. saxatilis Rid. Smoothish and not glandular, weak, ascending ;' leaves as in Nos. 

1, 2 : bracts as in No. 2 ; corolla 8", lips equal, upper 3-lobed. Del., Va., and W. 2f. 

4 S. canescens N. Erect, pubescent ; leaves ovate to oblong, lower cordate ; rac. 

terminal and axillary ; bracts lance-linear ; corolla 8", canescent, upper lip arched, 
remote from the lower. Dry soils, M. and W. : common. 1— .3f. (S. arguta Bkly.) 

5 S. villosa Ell. ? Slender, erect, stem finely tomentous ; leaves lanceolate, acute 

both ways, serrate ; flowers paniculate, bracts lance-linear ; corolla 9''', tube slender, 
galea strongly arched, 5 times longer than lip. Ga. (Dr. Feay). 2— ^f. 

6 S. serrata Andr. Erect, subsimple, green, smoothish ; leaves ovate, pointed both 

ways, serrate ; rac. few-flwd. ; cor. 13", lips subequal. Woods, E. Pa., 111., and S. 2— 3f. 

I S. pilosa Mx. Erect, subsimple, pubescent ; leaves rhomb-ovate or oval, obtuse, re- 

mote, crenate-serr. ; racemes terminal ; corolla 9 — 12'', lips distant. Pa. to Ga. 2f. 

8 S. integrifolia L. Erect, subsimple, tomentous or downy ; leaves ovate to lance- 

linear, obtuse, entire, or the lower crenate ; flowers 9", much enlarged above, the 
lips subequal, in a terminal raceme. Dry soils, M. and S. 9' — 2f. 

9 S, JFloridana Chapm. Slender, branching ; leaves all linear, obtuse, entire, with 

rolled edges, lowest minute ; corolla 1', enlarged above, lips subequal. W. Fla. If. 

10 S. MACRANTHA (or Japonica). In gardens, If, smooth (except the hairy calyx) ; Ivs. 
clasping, lance-linear ; flowers 1', blue, with subequal lips, handsome. China. 

II S. nervosa Ph. Slender, erect, producing runners ; leaves sessile, broad-cordate, 
crenate-serr., 3-5-veined ; fls. few, 4'', with small floral Ivs. Rocks, M. and W. 8—15''. 

12 S. parvula Mx. Root a string of tubers, stem erect, 3—9'; Ivs. ovate to oblong, 
obtuse, small (G"), sessile, entire ; fls. 3'', exceeding the Ivs., blue. Fields, M, andW. 

1 3 S. galericulata L. Common S. Erect, branched, smoothish or do^vny ; leaves 
nearly sessile, cordate-oblong or lanceolate, obscurely crenate, acute ; flowers few, 
large (9 — 12"'), sessile, axillary. Low meadows, Can. to Penn. 12 — 18'. 

14 S. lateriflora L. Mad- dog S. Smoothish, subsimple; Ivs. petiolate, lanceolate, 
serrate ; fls. 4" ; rac. axillary, secund, equalling the Ivs. Ditches, N., W., M. 1— 2f. 

33. MAOBRIDBA, Ell. Calyx 3-lobecl, upper lobe oblong, narrow, 
lower rounded. Cor, tube long-exserted, throat inflated, upper lip erect, 
concave, lower short, spreading, the middle lobe rounded, broadest. Sta. 
ascending under the upper lip, anthers approximate by pairs. If Erect, 
subsimple, with large purple-white flowers in heads. 

1 TW, piklclira Ell. Lvs. wedge-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, the floral ovate ; corolla 

18", streaked with purple and white. Wet puie-barrens, S. 12—18'. Aug., Sept, 

2 M. alba Chapm. Lvs. wedge-oblong, obtuse, dentate ; the floral roundish ; corolla 

white ; lower lobes of the calyx notched. Pine-barrens, W. Fla. 12—18'. July, Aug. 

34. SYNANDRA, N, Cal. 4-cleft, segm. unequal, subulate, converg- 
ing to one side. Upper lip of corolla entire, vaulted, the lower obtusely 
and unequally 3-lobed, throat inflated. Sta. ascending beneath the galea, 
upper pair of anth. cohering, having the contiguous cells empty, (§) Flow- 
ers solitary, axillary, somewhat spicate above. Figs. 69, 292. 

S. grandiflora N.— Woods, O. to Tenn. 6—18'. Stem simple. Lvs. cordate-ovate, 
acuminate, petiolate. Cor, white, 1', with large lobes, purple-striate. June. 

35. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Lion-heart, Cal, bell-form, 5-toothed. 
Cor. much exserted, throat inflated, upper lip concave, entire, lower of 3 
broad-spreading lobes. Sta, 4, separate, ascending beneath the upper lip. 
1( Smooth, with lane, serrate lvs. and term, spikes of showy rose-white fls. 
P. Tirginiana B. Stems mostly simple ; lvs. oblong to narrow-lanceolate, sessile 



248 Order 91.— LABIATE. 

thick; spiked 4-rowed, 00-flowcred ; corollaS— 15", spotted inside. Wet banks, M., 
W., and S. Often cultivated. 1 — 4f, August, September.— "Variable. 

36. liAMIUM, L. Henbit. Cal. 5-veined, witli 5 subequal, subulate 
teeth. Cor. dilated at throat, upper lip vaulted, galeate, lower lip broad, 
emargiuate, lateral lobes truncate, often toothed on each side near the 
margin of the dilated throat. Stamens 4, ascending. May — November. 

* Weeds in waste grounds, with roundish leaves and small purple flowers.. .Nos. 1. 2 

* Lvs. cordate, ovate. Fls. larger (!'), hairy in throat, side-lobes toothed.. .Nos. 3, 4 

1 li. amplexicaiile L. Leaves cut-crenate, petiolate, the floral sessile-clasping; 

corolla slender (6"j, galea entire, side-lobes not toothed, throat spotted, (i) 6—10'. 

2 li. piirpureuin L. Lvs. roundish to ovate, ci-enate, all petiolate ; corolla slender, 

<»", hairy within, side-lobes with a subulate tooth, galea entire. (I) Penn., &c. : rare. 

3 li. alba L. Lvs. hairy, petiolate ; cor. white, curved, a hairy ring within, and the 

side-lobes with a tooth. Waysides : rare. Flowers in whorls. Cultivated. 

4 li. MACULATUM (or riigosum). Leaves hairy, rugous, petiolate, marked with a white 

oblong spot along the midvein. Flowers as in No. 3, but purplish. Cultivated. 

37. PHLOMIS, L. Jerusalem Sage. Calyx truncately 5-toothed. 
Cor. galea broad, keeled, lower lip spreading, 3-fid. Stamens ascending be- 
neath the galea, the upper pair appendaged at base. Leaves rugous. 
Verticils showy, axillary. 

P, tuberosa. Tall, smoothish, with large ovate-cordate, crenate leaves ; fls. 30 — 40 in 
a whorl, purple, hairy inside. Scarce in gardens and waste grounds. 

38. BALLOTA, L. Black HoARnouND. Cal. funnel-form, 10-veined, 
5-toothed. Cor. tube cylindrical, as long as tlie calyx, upper lip concave, 
crenate, lower lip 8-cleft, middle segment largest, emarginate. Sta. 4, as- 
cending, exserted. Achenia ovoid-triangular. If 

B. nigra L. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, serrate ; bracts linear-subulate ; cal. throat di- 
lated, teeth spreading, acuminate. Waste places, N. Eng. : rare. July. § Europe. 
/ 

39. MOLUCCELLA, L. Molucca Balm. Shell Flower. Calyx 

campanulate, very large, the margin expanding, often repand-spinous. 

Corolla tube included, limb bilabiate. Stamens 4, ascending, (i) 

jn;. L^vis. A curious plant, noted for its ample calyx, much larger than its small, yel- 
lowish corolla. Stem smooth, 2f ; leaves round-ovate, cut-crenate. Syria. 
/ 

40. GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp Nettle. Cal. 5-cleft, spinescent. Up- 
per lip of the corolla vaulted, subcrenate, lower lip with»3 unequal lobes, 
having 2 teeth on its upper side, middle lobe largest, cleft and crenate. 
Sta. exserted, antli. cells transverse. @ Vert, distant, many-flwd. ^ Eur. 

1 G.Tetraliit L. St. hispid, the internodes thickened upward j leaves ovate, hispid, 

serrate ; cor. twice as long as the calyx, upper lip nearly straight, concave ; corolla 
white-purple. A common weed in fields and waste grounds, N. States. 1 — 3f. Jn., Jl, 

2 G.Iiadaiium L. Internodes equal ; lvs. lanceolate, subserrate, pubescent ; upper 

lip of the corolla slightly crenate ; corolla roseate. Waste soils : rare. If. Aiigust. 

41. STACHYS, L. Hedge Nettle. Cal. tube angular, bell-form, 5- 
or 10-ribbed, with 5 acute or pungent teeth. Cor. upper lip erect-spreading 
or some vaulted, lower spreading, 3-lobed, mid-lobe largest. Stamens as- 



Order 91.— LABIATE. 249 

cending, lower pair longer, anthers approximating by pairs. Verticils 2- 

10-flowered, approximating in a terminal raceme. 

Our species are much alike, yet easily distinguished. They have stems mostly hispid, 
leaves elliptic-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, uarrowed to an abrupt base, and corolla pale- 
purple with deeper spots. Summer. 

* Plants If, leaves smooth. Calyx teeth divaricately spreading Nos. 1, 2 

* Plants hispid or hairy. — a is. Calyx teeth spinesceut. Lvs. subsessile Nos. 3, 4 

—a Calyx teeth acute. Leaves petiolate Nos. 5, 6 

1 S. liyssopifolia Mx. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, serrulate, small (1—20 ; 

calyx teeth half as long as the 7'^ corolla. Mass. to Mo., and S. 6 — 12'. 

2 S. glabra Rid. Leaves all petiolate, serrate ; calyx teeth much spreading, as long 

as the corolla tube. Woods, N. Y. to Mich., and S. 15'— .3f. Racemes 3—7'. 

3 S. palitstris L. Stout, hirsute ; leaves some pointed, large, hoary beneath ; corolla 

twice longer (7 — 8'0 than the calyx teeth. Moist shades. Can. to Car. 1 — 4f. 

4 S. aspera Mx. Slender, hispid : leaves pointed, sharp-serrate ; calyx glabrous, 

teeth hispid, equalling the corolla tube. Damp soils ; common. 2f. Not leafy. 

5 S. cordita Rid. Stout, with large, pointed leaves, crenate-dentate ; calyx teeth 

triangular, much shorter than the corolla. 2f Shady banks, W. 2— 5f. 

6 S. arvensis L. Weak, diffuse; lvs. ovate-cordate, obtuse; bracts very short ; cal. 

teeth lanceolate ; corolla tube included, lips short. (I) Waste groimds, N. : rare. § 

42. BETONICA, Tourn. Betony. Calyx tubular-bell-form, with 5 
awn-like teeth. Cor. as in Stachys, but beardless inside. Stam. ascending 
parallel beneath the galea. Style bifid. Lower leaves long petioled, cor- 
date, all crenate. Verticils large, dense, in a terminal spike. 

1 B. officinalis L. Wood B. Spike interrupted at base ; flowers purple, cor. twice 

longer than calyx (7"), galea entire. Gardens, and escaped. If. Rare. § Europe. 

2 B. GKANDiFLORA. Yillous ; floral leaves clasping ; verticils separate ; corolla violet, 

large (15'0i handsome, galea obcordate, glabrous. Gardens. 2f. Siberian. 
\ 

43. LEONURUS, L. Mother-wort. Calyx 5-10-striate, 5-toothed, 

teeth subspinescent. Upper lip of the corolla entire, hairy, concave, erect, 
lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate. Stam. 4, ascending beneath 
the upper lip. Mostly y. Verticils axillary. Flowers purplish. Summer. 

1 li. Cardiaca L. Lvs. palmate-lobed, 3-fid, to lanceolate ; corolla longer than the 

calyx, a hairy ring within. About dwellings. 3 — 5f. § Asia. 

2 li. marrubiastruin L. Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely cut-serrate ; cor. shorter 

than the calyx teeth, naked within. Waste grounds. 2 — 4f. § Europe. 

44. MARRUBIUM, L. Hoarhound. Cal. tubular, 5-10-striate, with 
5 or 10 subequal teeth. Cor. upper lip erect, flattish or concave, entire or 
bifid, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe broadest, emarginate, tube 
included. Stam. included in the tube. U Fls. in dense verticils, white. 
KI. vnlgare L. Hoarj'-pubescent ; lvs. roundish, ovate, crenate-dentate, downy canes- 
cent beneath ; cal. of 10 setaceous, hooked teeth. Fields, «fec. 1 — 2f. Jn.,Jl. § Eur. 

45. LEONOTIS, Br. Lion's-ears. Calyx 10- veined, apex incurved, 
throat oblique, sub-10-toothed, upper tooth largest. Cor. tube exserted, up- 
per lip concave, erect, entire, lower short, spreading, trifid. Sta. 4, under 
the galea, anth. in pairs. — Vert, dense, with numerous lin.-subulate bracts. 
li. nepetaefolia Br. Erect, stout ; lvs. thin, ovate, crenate, on slender petioles ; cal. 

teeth 8, spinescent ; whorls very large ; cor. scarlet, 10". (T) Fields, S. 4— 7f. § Afr. 



250 OiiDER 92.— BORRAGINACE^. 

Order XCII. BORRAGINACEiE. Borrageworts. 

Herhs (shrubs or trees), with round stems and branches, not aromatic. 
Leaves alternate, generally rough, with stiff hairs. Stipules none. Flowers 
seldom yellow, generally in a coiled (scorpoid) inflorescence. Sepals 5. 
Petals 5, united below, regular, very rarely irregular. Stamens 5, inserted 
in the tube. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming m fruit 4 separate, 1-seeded 
achenia in the bottom of the persistent calyx. Figs. 141, 455. 

I. EHRETIE^. Ovary entire, style terminal. Fruit 4-seeded, fleshy. Shrubs... (a) 

a Calyx 4-5-tootlied, in heads. Corolla funnel-form, white. Fla. and t CoRDiA bullata. 

a Calyx i-S-toothed, in corymbs. Corolla funnel-form, white. Fla Ehretia Beurreria. 

a Calyx 5-parted, in secund spikes. Corolla salver-form, pale Tournefortia. 1 

II. HELI0TR0PE.(E. Ov. entire, style terminal. Fr. dry, separating into parts. ..(6) 

h Corolla tube C5'lindrical, throat open. Fruit separating into 4 parts Heliotrofium. 2 

h Corolla tube conical, throat constricted. Fruit separating into 2 parts Heliophytum. 3 

III. BORRAGE^. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, style basilar. Fruit 4 achenia.. .(c) 

c Corolla irregular, blue, — d having the border obliquely lobed Echium. 4 

— d having the slender tube bent Lycopsis. 5 

c Corolla regular in both tube and border. . Ae) 

e Achenia armed with barbed prickles.—/ Corolla salver-form Echinosfermum. 6 

—f Corolla funnel-form Cynoglossum. 7 

e Achenia unarmed. Corolla throat closed by scales. ..(jj) 

ff Corolla wheel-form, no tube. Anthers exserted Borrago. 8 

g Corolla wheel-form, a very short tube. Anthers included Omphalodes. 9 

g Corolla tubulai--bell-form, white. Style exserted Symphytum. 10 

g Corolla funnel-form, blue. Stamens included Anchusa. 11 

e Achenia unarmed. Corolla throat not closed with scales. ..(h) 

h Corolla tubular, with erect, acute lobes, white Onosmodium. 12 

Ti Corolla lobes rounded, convolute in the bud Myosotis. 13 

7i Corolla lobes rounded, imbricate in bud,— /■; white or yellow Lithosfermum. 14 

— Jc purple-blue Mertensia. 15 

1. TOURNEFORTIA, L. Sumivier Heliotrope. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 

salver-form, throat naked. Sta. 5, included. Sty. short. Fr. 2-carpelled, 
4-celled and 4-seeded. ^) "^ With entire leaves and secund spikes. 

1 T. HELiOTROPOiDEs Hook. Shrubby at base, erect, bairy, with oval obtuse wavy-edged 

leaves ; ped. terminal, 2 or 3 times forked, with numerous small inodorous, pale-lilac, 
pretty flowers. Buenos Ayres. 

2 T, gnaplialoides, all white-silky, and T. voliiljilis, climbing ; in S. Fla. 

2, HELIOTROFIUM, Tournef Heliotrope. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 

salver-form, throat open, folded between the lobes. Anth. sessile. Sty. short, 

stigma conical, the achenia cohering at base, at length separable, U 5 Fls. 

white or purple, in 1 -sided, scorpoid spikes. Summer. 

§ Flov/ers white, in forked terminal spikes, or single lateral ones Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers white-purple, in a cluster of terminal spikes. Cultivated Nos. 3, 4 

1 M. Europseum L. Erect, pubescent ; Ivs. oval, veiny, obtuse, petiolate ; calyx 

spreading in fruit, hairy. (I) Kocky banks, moist fields, Va., and N. : rare. 8 — 12''. § 

2 H. CurassavicuiM. L. Glabrous, ascending; leaves linear-oblong to spatulate, 

obtuse, tapering to base, veinless and glaucous, (i) Shores, W. and S. If. 

3 H. Peruvianum. Shrubby, erect, pubescent ; leaves rugous, lance-ovate, short-petio 

late ; corolla twice longer than the calyx, peculiarly fragrant. Peru. 

4 H. coKYMBosuM. Pubescent, with lance-oblong leaves tapering both ways ; flowers 

deep purple, less fragrant, but larger than in No. 3. 



Order 92.— BORRAGINACEzE. 251 

3. HELIOPHYTUM, DC. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. salver-form, throat 
constricted, 5-rayed. Anth. included. Sty. very short. Nuts 2, each 2-celled 
(sometimes with 2 additional empty cells). — Herbs with habit of Heliotrope. 

H. Indicum DC. Erect, branching, hairy ; Ivs. ovate, erose-serrulate, acute, veiny, 
rugous, abrupt or subcordate at base ; spike terminal, single (rarely forked) ; corolla 
much exserted ; fruit with four empty cells. (T) Fields, Yi. and S. 1— 2f. § 

4. EOHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bugloss. Calyx 5-parted, segm. subu- 
late, erect. Cor. campanuiate, obliquely and unequally lobed, with a short 
tube and naked throat. Stigma cleft. Achenia tuberculate, base flat. 
Flowers irregular, in spicate, panicled racemes. Summer. 

£. viilgare L. Plant rough with bristles and tubercles ; Ivs. lanceolate ; fls. large, 
handsome, violet-blue, many and crowded. (I) Fields, Pa. to Va. IJf. 

5. LYOOPSIS, L. Wild Bugloss. Calyx 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-form, 
tube incurved, throat closed with ovate, converging scales. Ach. perforated 
at base, ovoid, angular, (i) Distinguished mainly by the curved cor. tube. 

li. arvensis L. Plant hispid, erect, branched above, with lanceolate, repand-denticu- 
late leaves ; flowers small, sky-blue with white scales, the bent tube longer than the 
calyx, in leafy racemes. Fields and waysides. If. § S. Europe. 

- 6. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Burr-seed. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 

hypocrateriform, throat closed with concave scales. Ach. erect, bearing 

1 — 3 rows of echinate prickles, smooth between, compressed or angular, 

fixed to a central column. — Herbs with bracted racemes and small blue fls. 

E. liappula Lehm. Branched above; Ivs. hairy, lanceolate to linear; corolla longer 
than calyx, border concave ; ach. with prickles in two rows, (i) Dry soils. If. July. 

7. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Hound's Tongue. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 

short, funnel-form, concave, throat closed by 5 converging, convex scales. 

Ach. covered with echinate prickles, depressed, forming a broad pyramidal 

fruit, each fixed laterally to the style. Lvs. large. Cor. blue, purple or white. 

§ Racemes without bracts, or nearly so Nos. 1, 2 

§ Racemes bracted at base, but the pedicels always extra-axillary No. 3 

1 C officinalis L. Common H. Silky-pubescent, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong- 

lanceolate, the upper sessile ; naked racemes panicled ; corolla dull purple, u Pas- 
tures, &c. 1 — 2f. Plant dull green, ill-scented. July. § Europe. 

2 C. Virginicum L. Plant hairy, leafless above, with oblong-oval lvs. below, and a 

terminal cluster of short spikes of pale-purple flowers, u Woods, Va., N. and W. 

3 C. Morrisoni DC. Beggar-ticks. Eough-pubescent, widely-branched ; leaves acu- 

minate ; racemes forked ; flowers very small, Avhite ; fruit v,'ith doubly barbed 
prickles adhering to all that pass. (I) Rocky places. 2 — 3f. July. 

8. BORRAGO, Tourn. Borrage. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, with 

acute segments, a scale at base of each. Sta. converging. Ach. ovoid, muri- 

cate, excavated at base, inserted lengthwise into an excavated recep. — Eur. 

B. OFFICINALIS. Rough-haired, branching ; leaves ovate ; flowers sky-blue, showy, iu 
terminal, loose racemes. (2) In old gardens, sowing itself. 1 — 2f. All Summer. 

9. OMPHALODES, Tourn. Nayelwort. Calyx deeply 5-parted, 



252 Order 92.— BORRAGINACE^. 

Cor. rotate, tube shorter than the calyx tube, throat closed. Sta, included. 
Acheuia cup-form, toothed at the edges. — Oriental herbs. 

1 O. LiNiFOLiA. Erect, smooth, glaucous ; leaves obovate to linear-lanceolate ; corolla 

white, twice louger than calyx. (I) Spain. If. June — August. 

2 O. VERNA. Eunners creeping ; leaves cordate to ovate, puberulent ; racemes in pairs, 

few-flov.'ered ; flowers bright blue. U S. Europe. 6'. April, May. 

10. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tubular- 
campanulate, orifice closed with 5, subulate scales, converging into a cone. 
Ach. smooth, ovoid, fixed by an excavated base, if Oriental herbs. 

S. officinale L. Stem hairy, winged with the decurrent, lance-ovate leaves ; fls. white 
or pink, in revolute racemes. Gardens and fields. 2 — 4f. Summer. 

11. ANCHUSA, L. BuGLoss. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. funnel-form, throat 

closed with 5 scales. Sta. included. Achenia excavated at base. — Europe. 

A. Italica. Plant bristly-hispid, with lanceolate leaves and panicled racemes of numer- 
ous bright-blue, small mellifluous flowers. A hardy biennial. Summer. 

12. ONOSMODIUM, Mx. Cal. deeply 5-parted, with linear segments. 
Cor. cylindrical, having a ventricous, half 5-cleft limb, with the segments 
converging and the throat open. Anth. sessile, included. Style much ex- 
serted. Achenia whitish, shining, if North American. Racemes ter- 
minal, subspicate, one-sided. Flowers white. Summer. 

1 O. Virglnianum. A. DC. Veiy rough with appressed, stiff bristles ; Ivs. oblong, 

sessile, 5-veiued ; cor. hispid, i longer than the lance-linear sepals, the segm. lance- 
subulate ; anthers arrow-shaped. Dry soils. 15—30'. Corolla 4 — 5'\ 

2 O. Carolinianum DC. Shaggy with long, spreading, rusty-Avhite bristles ; leaves 

lance-oblong, 7-veined ; flowers shaggy-bristly ; corolla near twice longer than sepals, 
the segments ovate, obtuse. By streams, M., W., S. 2 — 4f. 

3 O. molle Mx. Hoary with soft appressed hairs ; Ivs. oblong-ovate ; corolla hirsute, 

lobes triangular, pointed. Dry soils, W. 2 — 3f. 

13. MYOSOTIS, Dill. Forget-me-not. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. salver- or 
funnel-form, tube about equalling the calyx, the 5 lobes convolute in bud, 
throat closed with short, concave scales. Ach. ovate, smooth, with a small 
cavity at base. — Herbs slightly villous. Racemes bractless, or with a few 
small leaves at the base. Flowers never axillary. May — Aug. Fig. 455. 

§ Racemes one-sided. Calyx clothed with minute, appressed hairs, if any No. 1 

§ Rac. two-sided. Calyx beset with spreading, minutely-hooked bristles Nos. 2, 4 

1 an., pala'istris Roth. Roughish-downy, or nearly smooth, branching ; leaves lance- 

oblong, obtuse ; ped. spreading, longer (2—3") than the equal cal. ; cor. 2 — 3'^ broad, 
blue, with a yellow centre, u Gardens ; from Europe, alsQ escaped in fields, &c. 
|3. laxa^ taller (If), very slender ; Ivs. iin.-obl. ; ped. 4—6" long. Swamps, ditches. 

2 in. arvensis L. Rough with tubercled hairs, branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 

acute ; rac. loose, naked ; ped. twice as long as the open, equal cal. (2) Fields. 6 — 15' 

3 M. verna N. (stricta Link.) Rough-bristly, with spatulate to lin. -oblong Ivs. ; ped. 

ascending, as long as the closed, bilabiate calyx ; racemes leafy at base. ® Dry hills. 

4 M. versicolor Pers, Stem- very slender, hispid-villous : leaves oblong; racemes 

leafless ; pedicels shorter than the deeply and equally 5-cleft calyx ; flowers yellow, 
varying to blue. Del. (Canby, Porter). § Europe. The true Forget-me-not. 

14. LITHOSPERMUM, L. Gromwell. Puccoon. Cor. funnel- or 



Order 93.— HYDROPHYLLACE^. 253 

salver-form, limb 5-lobed, orifice open, with or witliout appendages, antli. 
included. Stig. obtuse, bifid. Ach. bony, rugous or smooth, flat at base. 
— Herbaceous or sufiruticous, generally with a thicli, reddish root. Flow- 
ers spiked or racemed, bracted, white or yellow. 

§ Achenia rugous-tubercled. Corolla throat open, not appendaged, white No. 1 

§ Achenia smooth and white. Corolla throat appendaged. — a Fts. white. . .Not?. 3—4 

—a Fls. yellow.. Nos. 5 — 7 

1 It, arveiise L. Wheat-thief. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, hairy ; calyx neai-ly 

equal to the corolla, with spreading segments. (T) A rough weed in fields. If— IS'. 
Root reddish. Fls. small, solitary in the upper axils. May, June. § Europe. 

2 li. officinale L. Erect, very branching above ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, veiny ; calyx 

nearly equal to the tube of the corolla. U Dry soils, N. and M. 1— 2f. Flowers 
small, pedicellate, in recurved, leafy racemes. July. § Europe. 

3 Ij. latifolium Mx. Rough, erect, subsimple ; leaves ovate, sessile, pointed both 

ways ; racemes leafy, sepals lance-linear, ij. Thickets, N. Y. to Va., and W. 2f. 

4 li. aiLgustifolium Mx. Ascending, much branched; leaves linear, rigid ; flowers 

scattered ; corolla hardly exserted. U Sandy banks, W. 6 — 15''. Leaves 1'. 

5 li* canescens Lehm. Puccoon. Erect, subsimple, soft-villous ; leaves oblong or 

linear-oblong, obtuse ; stem revolute at top, with the showy orange-yellow flowers 
axillary. 2; Fields, prairies, N. Y., W. and S. 8 — 12'. June, July. 

6 li. hirtum. Lehm. Erect, simple, rough-haired; Ivs. lance-linear, the floral lance- 

ovate ; corolla twice longer than the linear sepals. 2f Pa., W. and S. 8 — 15'. May. 

7 li. long'ifloruni Spr. Slender, simple, cinereous-strigous ; leaves linear ; corolla 

tube 4 times longer than the calyx (9—12"). Plains, W. 10—15', July. 

15. MERTENSIA, Roth. Smooth Lungwort. Calyx short, 5-cleft. 
Cor. tube cylindric, limb subcampanulate, 5-cleft, throat open, often with 5 
folds or ridges between the insertion of the stamens. Sta. inserted at top 
of the tube. Ach. smooth or reticulated. U St. and Ivs. usually glabrous, 
pellucid-punctate, the radical many-veined, cauline sessile. Rac. terminal. 

1 M. Virginica, DC. Ascending, very smooth ; root leaves large, obovate to ovate, 

stem leaves sessile, lance-oblong, all entire, obtuse ; fls. somewhat trumpet-shaped, 
pendent, 10", blue to lilac, very handsome. Rich soils, N. Y., S. & W. 1 — lif. May. t 

2 M. maritima Don. Glabrous, weak ; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, fleshy, glaucous ; corolla 

twice longer than calyx, blue-purple. Sea-shore, N. H., and N. : rare. 

3 IWT. panlculata Don. Scabrous, erect ; Ivs. acuminate, cordate-ovate to oblong ; 

corolla thrice longer than calj'x, blue to white. Lake Superior, and N. t 

Order XCIII. HYDROPHYLLACE^. Hydrophylls. 

Herbs mostly, with alternate-lobed leaves and regular bluish flowers. 
Calyx 5-cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent, free. Co- 
rolla 5-lobed, often with 10 honey scales or furrows near the base. Stamens 
5, inserted into the corolla, with a deeply bifid style. O^ary entire, ovoid, 
free, 1-celled, with 2 parietal, several-seeded placentse. Fruit 2-valved, 
filled by the placentse. Seeds reticulated, albuminous. 

8 HYDROPHYLLEiE. Ovary and pod 1-celled, Style bifid. Leaves cleft. . .(a) 

§ HYDROLE^. Ovary and pod 2-celled, 00 -seeded. Stj'les 2. Leaves entire... (e) 
a Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. . .(6) 
a Loben of the corolla imbricate (quincuncial) in the bud. , ,(c) 



254 Order 93.— HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

6 Stamens exserted. Flowers in forked, revolute cymes Hydrophyllum. 1 

6 Stamens included. Flowers solitary, opposite the leaves Nemophila. 2 

c Flowers solitary. Calyx enlarged in fruit Ellisia. 3 

c Flowers racemed.— tZ Lobes of the corolla fringe-toothed CoSMANTHtrs. i 

— d Lobes of the wheel-bell-form corolla entire Phacelia. 5 

— d Lobes of the tube-bell-form corolla entire Whitlavia. 6 

e Corolla wheel-bell-form. Leaves ordinary, with soft hairs IIydrolea. 7 

e Corolla funnel-form. Leaves large, with stinging hairs Wigandia. 8 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. Water-leaf, Burr-flower. Se- 
pals slightly united at base. Corolla bell-form, convolute in bud, with 5 
double folds (nectaries) inside. Sta. exserted. Caps, globous, 1-celled, 2- 
valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive. Placentae 2, fleshy, free 
except at the base and apex. U Leaves large, long-stalked, pinnately or 
palmately veined, cauline alternate. Cymes scorpoid, bractless. 

§ Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as the cor. . .No. 1 
§ Calyx not appendaged. Filaments much exserted Nos. 2 — 4 

1 H. appendiculatum Mx. Hairy; Ivs. palmately 5-lobed, the lower pinnately 

divided, lobes pointed and toothed ; sta. often included ; appendages deflexed, much 
shorter (1") than sep. (4—5") ; cor. blue. Woods, N. Y. to Wis., & Va. 1— 1^- May. 

2 H, Virgiiiicum L. Nearly smooth ; leaves pinnatifld ; segments oval-lanceolate, 

pointed, incised, the upper 3 confluent ; petioles long ; ped. still longer, bearing a 
roundish tuft of pale flowers with hirsute calyxes. Moist woods. If. June. 

3 H. Canadense L. Lvs. emoothish, palmate, roundish, with 5—7 shallow lobes, 

unequally dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate ; fls. in crowded fascicles ; ped. shorter 
than the forked petioles ; cor. white or purplish. Alpine woods. 1 — lit June, Jl. 

4 H. macropliylluBML N. Whitish, with reversed hairs ; leaves oblong-oval in out- 

line, pinnatifld, and cut into blunt-mucronate teeth ; cymes dense, globous, on long 
peduncles ; corolla white, 6" ; stamens 10". Rocky woods, W. and S. If. June. 

2. NEMOPHILA, N. Cal. 5-parted, the sinuses with reflexed ap- 
pendages. Cor. wheel-bell-form, lobes rounded, convolute in bud, tube 
with 5 pairs of folds within. Sta. included. Ov. and caps, as in Hydro- 
phyllum, the placentae each 2-12-ovuled. (i) Tender and fragile, with pin- 
nately-parted leaves and solitary, showy flowers. 

* Leaves all or the lower alternate. Flowers not spotted Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves all opposite. Flowers spotted with blue or brown Nos. 3, 4 

1 N. microcalyx F. & M. Smooth ; leaves triangular, 5-3-cleft, with rounded, mu- 

cronate teeth ; ped. and petioles slender ; corolla 1 — 2", white, calyx still smaller ; 
seeds 1 or 2. Damp woods, S. 3 — 12', very weak. April. 

2 N. iNsiGNis. Lvs. oblong, with 7—9 ovate, acute lobes, shorter than peduncles ; fls. 

V or more broad, the border pure blue with a white centre. California. 

3 N. MACXJLATA. Leaves 3-7-lobed, tapering and entire at base ; flowers on long ped., 

H' broad, white, Avith a violet spot on the apex of each lobe. California. 

4 N. ATOMAKiA. Leaves and peduncles nearly as in the last ; flowers white, 10—12", 

sprinkled all over with small brown spots. Sierra Mountains. 

3- ELLISIA, L, Cal. 5-parted, equalling the tubular-bell-form corolla, 

enlarged in fruit. Cor. tube minutely appendaged within. Sta. included. 

Caps, 2-valved, 4-2-seeded. Leaves pinnatifld, flowers white. May — July. 

E. Nictelaea L. Weak, slender; lvs. petiolate, the upper alternate, lobes 9—11, lln.- 
oblong ; ped. 1-flowered. with calyx larger than corolla. Woods, Pa., W. and S. If. 



Order 93.— HYDROPHYLLACE.^. 255 

4. OOSMANTHUS, Nolte. MiA^n Mist. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. wlieel- 
bell-form, tube not appendaged, lobes delicately fringe-toothed, as long as 
the stamens. Oyary hairy. Capsule 2-valved, 4-seeded. ® Delicate, with 
alternate leaves and small pale liovv^ers in long, bractless racemes. 

1 C Pisrsliii Wood, Nearlj- smooth, erect; Ivs. pinnatiScl, the upper sessile, lobes 

5—7, oblong, acute ; rac. 9-15-flowered ; pedicels longer than the lance-linear, ciliate 
sepals ; fls. light blue, 5— G". River bottoms, 111., Ky., to Ga. 8—12'. May, June. 

2 C fimbriatus Mx. Pubescent ; stems clustered, assurgent ; leaves pinnate, -with. 

5 — 7 roundish or oblong-obtuse lobes ; pedicels as long as the oblong-spatulate, ob- 
tuse sepals ; corolla white, 4—5". Mountains, Tenn., Ya., to Ga. May. 

5. PHACELIA, L. Cal. not appendaged. Corolla tubular-bell-form, 
lobes entire, imbricate in bud, tube appendaged within. Sta. 5, generally 
exserted. Ov. and caps, hispid, ovoid, 4- co-seeded. — Herbs hispid, with 
alternate leaves and 1- sided racemes. May, June. 

§ Capsule 4-seeded. Corolla tube evidently appendaged within Nos. 1—3 

§ EuTocA. Caps, (or ovary) 8- 00-seeded. Cor. obscurely appendaged. . . (a) 

a Seeds or ovules 6 — 8. Racemes simple. Native South Nos. 4 — 6 

a Seeds or ovules 20 or more. Rac. forked or corymbed. Gardens. (I). .Nos. 7 — 9 

1 P, bipiniiatifida Mx. Stem hairy, suberect, much branched ; Ivs. cut-pinnatifid, 

long-petioled, segm. again incised ; rac. forked or simple, loose ; corolla twice longer 
than calyx, 6", blue. ® Hilly woods, 111. to N. C. and Ala. 1— 2f. 

2 P. TANACETiFOLiA. Hispid or hairy, tall, with pinnatisect leaves, long, dense ra- 

cemes, corollas blue, and long, exserted stamens. California. 1 — 2f. 

3 P. coNGESTA. Hoary-pubescent ; Ivs. pinnate with very unequal alternate-cut Ifts. ; 

racemes loose, spicate ; flowers small, blue; stamens little exserted. California. If. 

4 P. parviflora Ph. Stems smoothish, weak; Ivs. all petiolate, pinnatifid or 3-fid, 

lobes distant, small ; fls. 4'', pale ; sep. smoothish. @ Shady banks. Pa., and S. 9^ 

5 P. maculata Wood. Erect, branched, sparingly hirsute ; Ivs. pinnatifid, 5-7-lobed, 

lower petiolate, upper sessile ; lis. 7", violet-blue, 10-spotted around the yellow throat ; 
sepals bristly-ciliate, linear-oblong. (2) Stone Mountain, Ga., and W. 6 — 12'. 

6 P. pusiJIa Buckley. Pubescent; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, lobes abruptly pointed ; 

fls. pale-blue or white ; sepals linear-oblong ; stamens exserted. Prairies, Ala. 

7 P. Franltlinii Gray. Soft-hairy, erect ; Ivs. bipinnatifid with crowded lobes ; ra- 

cemes short, dense, crowded, with blue fls. Isl. Royal (Porter) to Oreg. ! Cultivated. 

8 P« visciDA. Viscid with glandular hairs, ovate, coarsely-toothed leaves, and long, 

revolute racemes, uncoiling as the large (9") purple-blue flowers expand. Cal. If. 

9 P. Menziesii. Lvs. linear, entire, or the lower with few linear-oblong lobes ; flow- 

ers sessile, light-blue, in short spikes. Oregon. 

6. WHITLAVIA, HaiTey. Cal. o-parted. Cor. tubular-campanulate, 
the 5 lobes abruptly spreading, throat slightly contracted. Sta. exserted. 
Capsule 00-seeded. (i) From Texas and California. 

"W. GRANDiELOKA. Somc viscid, with broad, ovate, petiolate, coarsely-toothed leaves, 
loose racemes of large (1') deep-blue (or white) bell-shaped flowers. June— October. 

7. HYDROLEA, L. Sep. 5. Cor. rotate-campanulate, 5-lobed, bear- 
ing the 5 stamens. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valvr,d, the pla- 
centae large, with oo minute seeds. — Herbs with entire leaves and cymes 
of blue flowers. July — September. 

1 H. corymbosa Macbride. Not spiny, some hairy above ; lvs. lance-ovate, sessile ; 
branchlets corymbed, each with a terminal, showy, azure flower. Ponds, S. 1— 2f. 



256 Order 94.-^P0LEM0NIACE.^. 

2 H.' qnadrivalvis Walt. Spiny, hispid ; leaves lanceolate, petiolate ; cymes 4- 6 
flowered ; cor. aznre-blne, 5—6'' broad; sep. ovate. Slow watene, S. C, and W. 2f. 

8. WIGANDIA5 H. B. K. Cor. funnel-form. — Herbs with large leaves. 

"W, Caracasana. Half-shvubby, with ovate-cordate, doubly-crenate, variegated, ample 
leavee, stinging hairs, and revulute spikeg of small flowers. S. Am. Greenhouse. 

Order XCIV. POLEMONIACE^. Piiloxworts. 

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and 5-partecl, regular, showy 
flowers. Corolla monopetalous, the lobes convolute, rarely imbricate in 
aestivation. Stame?is 5, adherent to tlie corolla tube, and alternate with its 
lobes. Ovary 3-celled. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculi- 
cidal. Seeds few or many, albuminous, attached to a permanent colu- 
mella. Fig. 46. 

I. POLEMONIE^. Sepals united at base. Lobes of the corolla convolute in bud. . .(a) 

II. DIAPENSIE^. Sepals distinct, oval. Lobes of the corolla imbricated in bud Diapensia. 7 

a Stamens unequal, included in the tube of the salver-form corolla Phlox. 1 

a Stamens unequal, in the tube of the funnel-form (scarlet) corolla Collomia. 2 

a Stamens equal and protruded from the corolla tube. Seeds CO ...{h) 

b Leaves undivided, opposite. Corolla wheel-funnel-form, dentate Fenzlia. 3 

b Leaves variously divided. Ovary and pod 00 -seeded. ..(c) 

c Stamens equal and straight. Corolla of various forms GiLiA. 4 

c Stamens declined in the bell-form corolla. — d Low herbs Polemonicm. 5 

— d Climbing shrubs. CoBiEA. 6 

1. PHLOX, L. Phlox. Lychnidea. Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft. 
Corolla salver-form, the tube more or less curved. Sta. very unequally in- 
serted, and included in the tube. Caps. 3-celled, cells each 1-seeded. — A 
highly ornamental North American genus. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile, 
simple, entire. Fls. in terminal cymes, corymbed or panicled. Fig. 46. 

* Lobes of the corolla rounded and entire at the end ... (1) 

1 Panicle of cymes oblong or pyramidal, many-flowered Nos. 1, 2 

1 Panicle of cymes corymbed, level-topped, flowers fewer. ..(2) 

2 Plants glabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube Nos. 3, 4 

2 Plants hairy. Calyx teeth attenuated, longer than the tube. . . (.3) 

.3 Leaves narrow, linear, or nearly so Nos. 5, 6 

3 Leaves broad, ovate or lanceolate, &c Nos. 7, 8 ^, 9 

* Lobes of corolla notched or bifid at the end.— 4 Leaves distant Nos. 8, 10 

— 4 Leaves imbricated No. 11 

1 P. paniculata L. Smooth, erect; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at 

each end ; fls. numerous, in a terminal panicle, pink-purple, varying to white ; calyx 
teeth setaceous-pointed, u Shady banks, Penn., W. and S. 2 — 3f. July — Sept. t 
p. acuminata, Lvs. ovate-acuminate, downy beneath ; stem hairy. 

2 P. ntiaculata L. Stem roughish, purple-spotted, upright ; leaves thickish, lanceo- 

late, the upper ovate-cordate ; fls. many, purple, in an oblong panicle ; calyx teeth 
lanceolate, acute. 21: Moist fields, Penn. to Car., and W. 2— 3f. June— August. 

/3. g-raciliorm Tall, slender, rough ; leaves lance-linear and linear. Ga. (Feay). 

y. suatealens, Smootii ; flowers white, sweet-scented. Gardens. 

3 P. Ciirolina L. Ascending, often branched ; leaves lanceolate, rounded at base 

pointed ; fls. rose-purple, in small, dense cymes. 7i Prairies, woods, Pa., W. and S, 
9'— 2f. May— July.— /3. ovhta has roughish stems and ovate leaves. 



Oedeii 94.— POLEMONIACEiE. 257 

4 P. glaberrima L. Slender, erect ; leaves oblong- to lance-linear, taper-pointed, 

thick, Avith rolled margins; calyx teetli eharp-pointed ; corollas pale-pink, few. 2j: 
Prainc:-? and barrens. Wis. to Ga. 1 — 3f. June, July. 

5 P. pilosa L. Ascending, slender, glandular-hairy above ; Ivs. lanceolate to linear, 

attenuate to an acute apes ; corjTiibs loose ; calyx teeth iDristle-poiuted, much longer 
than the tube ; corolla small, if Wis. to IST. J., and S. May, June. 
/3. floriddnat Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx teetli lance-setaceous. Fla. 

6 Pt invoiuerata Wood. Hoary-pube?cent, branched and ascending at base ; Ivs. 

linear-oblong, rather obtuse, clasping, flat, the floral similar and closely subtending 
the dense corymbs as if inxolucrate ; calyx teeth linear or subulate-spatulate ; flowers 
purple to carmine, il Dry soils, S. 6 — 12'. May, June. 

7 P. reptans Mx. Assurgent, with creeping stolons ; Ivs. obovate to ovate, obtuse ; 

fis. few ; sep. linear-subulate ; cor. blue-purple. 2{ Hills, Ind. to Pa., and S. 9'. Jn. 

8 P. divaricata L. Low, diffuse, downy ; Ivs. ovate to lance-oblong, acute ; flowers 

grayish-blue, lobes notched ; sep. lin. -subulate. %. N. Y. to Wis., and S. If. Apr., May. 
p. Ijaphamti, Leaves ovate ; corolla lobes obtuse, entire. Wis. (Lapham). 

9 p. Drummoiidii Hook. L^pright, forking, glandular-hairy ; Ivs. lanceolate to ob- 

long, mostly alternate ; sepals lance-setaceous, revolute; flowers in dense corymbs, 
all shades in the gardens, white to purple, with a star. (T) Ga. ! to Texas. 

10 P. 'bifida Beck. Low, assurgent, difliise ; Ivs. lance-ovate to lance-linear ; fls. few, 
sepals linear, petals deeply bifid, purple, it I'd. to Mo. : rare. 6'. April. 

IIP, subulata L. 3Ioss Pink. Procumbent, much branched and very leafy, in 
tufts ; leaves rigid, linear to subulate, fascicled ; flowers pink to white, covering the 
tufts in May. 5 — 8'. Penn., S. and W., and in gardens.' 
\ 

2. COLLOMIA cocciNEA. ® From Chili, lias bright carmine-red fls. 

in heads subtended by broad bracts. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, often 3-cleft at apex, alter- 
nate. Pods .3-seeded. 10—15'. June, July. 

3. FENZLIA DiAN'THOiDES. (D California. A small pink-like herb; 
3— G', with exquisitely beautiful flowers, V, solitary, pink with 5 purple dots around a 
yellow ej e, and the 5 lobes evenly notched at the end. Leaves linear, opposite. 

4. GIIilAj K. & P. Cal. teeth acute. Cor. mnnel-form, the tube short 

or long, bearing the equal sta. more or less exserted and not declined. Pet. 

entire. Pod co-seeded. — Herbs with elegant, showy flowers. 

§ Ipomopsis. Corolla tube long exserted, in thyrse-like racemes. Tall No. 1 

§ Leptosiphotst. Corolla tube long, slender, in involucrate heads. Low No. 2 

§ EuGiLiA. Corolla tube included in the calyx, scattered or capitate Nos. 3, 4 

1 G. coronopifolia Pers. Standing Cypress. A splendid herb 2 — 4f, plume-like in 

form, closely beset with delicate pinnatifid Ivs. and bearing at top a long (If) thyree 
of bright red flowers (15'0. (§) Sandy banks, S. C. to Fla., and W. July— Sept. t 

2 G. ANDEOSACEA. Strict, simple, downy ; Ivs. opp., digitately 5-9-cleft into very nar- 

row segments ; cor. 1' or more long, lilac, purple or white. (T) Cal. 6 — 12'. May, Jn. 

3 G. TRICOLOR. Ditfusely branched ; Ivs. 2-.3-pinnatifid ; flowers many, 3-colored, limb 

lilac, throat purple, tube yellow. A great favorite, from California. 

4 G. CAPiTATA, with the blue 6" flowers at length in round dense heads. Cal. and Greg. 

\ 

5. POLEMONIUM, L. Greek Valerian. Calyx and corolla bell- 
form, with suberect segments. Stamens equally inserted, declined, hairy at 
base. Capsules 3-valved, 3-celled. — Herbs weak, with altenaate pinnately- 
diyided leaves and terminal cymes, blue to white. 

1 P. reptans L. Difiusely branched ; leaves T-ll-foliate, leaflets acute ; fls. nodding; 
pod cells 2- or B-seeded. 2f Damp uplands, N. Y. to Wis., and S. 1— IJ^f. May. 



258 Ordeh 95.— CONVOLVULAOE^E. 

2 P. coer iileuin. Tall, with erect branches ; leaflets 11—17, pointed ; fls. erect ; seeds 
00 . Swamps, Vt., N. Y., N. J. (Dr. Howe, Prof. Porter). 2— 3f. Often cultivated. 

6. COB^A SCANDENS. Calyx large and leaf-like. Cor. large, throat 
ample, limb spreading, dull purple. Leaves pinnatisect, ending in a tendril. Coarse 
climbers, from Mexico. The lower leaf-segments resemble stipules. 

7. DIAPBNSIA, L. Cal. of 5 oval sepals, closely subtended by bracts. 
Corolla bell-form, imbricated in the bud. Fil. flat, arising from the sinuses 
of the corolla, anth. cells diverging at base and the dehiscence transverse. 
Caps. 3-celled, oo-seeded. [^ Prostrate, Avith densely imbricated, entire 
leaves and solitary terminal flowers. 

§ DiAPENSiA proper. Anthers without awns. Flowers pedicellatt; No. 1 

§ Pyxidanthera. Anthers with the lower valve awned. Flowers sessile No. 2 

1 I>, liappoiiica L. A little tufted shrublet, with fleshy, evergreen, obtuse leaves, 

and the tiny white fls. raised on pedicels V long. White Mountains. 2 — 3'. July. 

2 I>. l>a,rbulikta Ell. Prostrate, creeping, forming dense beds, with short branches ; 

flowers terminal, sessile ; anth. short-awned at base. Barrens, N. J., and S. 3-6'. Jn. 

Ordeh XCV. CONVOLVULACE.^. Bindweeds. 

Chiefly twining or trailing Jiei'bs, sometimes parasitic, sometimes shrubby. 
Leaves (or scales when leafless) alternate. Floicers regular, pentamerous 
and 5-androus. Sepals imbricated. Corolla monopetalous, 5-plaited or 
lobed, convolute in bud. Ovarp free, 2-(rarely 3-)celled or falsely 4-celled, 
or of 2 distinct, 1-ovuled pistils. Capsule 2-6-seeded. Embryo large, coiled 
in mucilaginous albumen. Figs. 48, 65, 81, 82, 209-10, 262. 

III. CUSCUTINE/E. Leafless, twining, ovange-yellow parasites Cuscuta. 11 

II. DICHONDREjE. Leafy. 2 distinct ovaries with 2 distinct styles Dichondra. 10 

I. C0NV0LVULE.E. Leafy. Ovary 1. Capsule dehiscent. Seed-lobes leafy... («) 
a Styles united into one. . .(h) 
a Styles 2 or 3, distinct or nearly so. Stamens included. . .(;) 

h Ovary and pod 4-celled. — c Stamens exserted. Flower.s small Quamocht. 1 

— c Stamens included. Flowers large Batatas. 2 

b Ovary and pod 3-celled. Stigma capitate, granulate Pharbitis. 3 

b Ovary and pod 2-celled. ..(d) 

d Stigma 1, capitate. — e Stamens included Ipom(EA. 4 

—e Stamens exserted Calonyction. 5 

d Stigmas 2, — x ovate, flattened. S. Fla Jacqukmontta violacea, 

—X linear-terete. Calyx not bracted CojSTOLvulus. 6 

— X oblong-terete. Calyx in 2 large bracts .C.u.ystkgia. 7 

z Styles each bifid. Peduncle very short Evci.vi:j.ds. 8 

z Styles each simple. Peduncles longer than the leaves. . . STYLi.-iii.i.. 9 

1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. Cypress-vine. Sep. 5, most, y irnicronate. 
Cor. tubular-cylindric, with a salver-form border. Sta. exserted. Style 1, 
stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Ov. 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. '2 From Tropical Am. 

1 Q. vulgaris Choisy, Cypress-vine. Lvs. piunatifld to the midvein. scgm. linear, 

parallel, acute ; ped. 1-flwd. ; sep. ovate-lanceolate ; cor. scarlet. (1) An exceedingly 
delicate vine, in gardens, and often escaped S. July, Aug. § 

2 Q,. coccinea Moench. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angular at base ; ped. 

elongated, about 5-flowered ; calyx awned ; flowers light scarlet, lunb nearly entire, 
9" broad. ® Along rivers, S. and W. June— Aug. § t 



Order 95.— CONVOLYULACE^. 259 

2. BATATAS, Rumpli. Sweet Potato. Cal. of 5 sepals. Cor. cam- 
panulate, with a spreading limb. Stam. 5, included. Style simple, stigma 
capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, with 4 erect seeds. ^> Herbs, 
or shrubby, with milky juice. 

1 B. littoralis Chois. Creeping, sending ont runners ; Ivs. smooth, thick, sinuate 

with 3—5 rounded lobes and cordate at base ; ped. 1-flowered, as long as the leaf; sep. 
abrupt-pointed ; seeds tomentous ; corolla white. 2; Coast sands, S. Aug. — Oct. 

2 B. macrorliiza Wood. Creeping or twining ; Ivs. cordate, lobed or entire, soft- 

downy beneath ; ped. 1-5-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; cor. purple ; seeds vil- 
lous. 21 Sands, S. C. to Fla. Root very large. (Ipotncea Michauxii Swt.) 

3 B. edulis. Siveet Potato. Lvs. 3-5-lobed or angled, lobes acute ; ped. 3-.5-flowered, 

as long as the petioles, n W. Indies. Extensively cult, for its sweet tubers. Purple. 

3. PHARBITIS, Chois. Mornixg Glory. Calyx 5-sepalled. Cor. bell- 
funnel-form. Sty. single, stig. capitate, granulate. Ov. 3-(rarely 4-)celled, 
cells 2-seeded. ^ Beautiful, cultivated and spontaneous. 

1 P. purpurea Wood. Twining stena clothed Avith reversed hairs ; lvs. cordate, en- 

tire ; ped. 2-5-flowered ; corolla large, dark purple, varying to blue, flesh-color, &c., 
appearing in long succession, in fields and gardens. June, July. 

2 P. Nil Chois. Some hairy ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed ; ped. 1-3-flowered, shortei 

than the petioles ; sepals ovate, long-pointed, corolla tube white, border indigo (nil) 
blue. Gardens, and in fields. July, Aug. 

3 P. HEDERACEA, from S. Am., differs from P. Nil in the middle lobe of its lvs., which is 

ovate, and contracted at base ; ped. 1-flwd. ; cor. 2' or more broad, varying in purple 
and blue, blue and white, pink and white, &c. — The hybrid P. limbata has a purplt; 
star with a white border and leaves scarcely lobed. (1), 

4 P. Learii, from Mexico, has ped. longer than the cordate, velvet-silky leaves, each 

bearing a cluster of magenta-blae-red flowers. Greenhouse. 2;. 10 — 15f. 

\ 

4. IPOMCEA, L. Cal. 5-sepalled. Cor. bell-funnel-form. Sta. included. 

Style 1, stigma capitate. Ov. and capsule 2-celled, cells 2-seeded. — Herbs, 
slirubs, or trees. Our species are herbs creeping or climbing. 

* Flowers capitate, involucrate, small, blae. Sepals hairy No. 1 

* Flowers separate.— a Sepals bristly ciliate, capsules somewhat hairy Nos. 2, 3 

— a Sepals glabrous. — 6 Flowers purple. Maritime Nos. 4, 5 

— b Flowers white, rarely yellow. . .Nos. 6 — 8 

1 1. tamnifolia L. Hairy : leaves ovate, cordate, acuminate, large, equalling the 

peduncles ; fls. crowded, 9'^, with linear bracts and sepals. (1) Ga. to La. Jl. — Sept. 

2 I. commutata R. & S. Smoothish ; lvs. cordate, entire or 3-lobed ; ped. as long 

as the petioles : flowers 2 — 5, purple to pink, 18'''' ; sep. 5''. (1) Fields, S. July— Oct. 

3 I. lacunosa L. Puberulent ; lvs. cordate, entire or angular-lobed ; ped. i as long 

as the petioles ; flowers 1 — 3, white, with a purplish rim, 1', sepals i as long. (T) Dry 
fields and hills, Penn. to HI., and S. 2— 6f. August, September. 

4 I. Pes-Capras Sw. Eoughish ; leaves roundish, emarginate or 2-lobed, thick ; ped. 

as long as the petioles ; fls. 1 — 5, purple, 3' long. Coasts of Ga. and Fla. June -f- . 

5 I. sagittitolia (Mx.) Glabrous ; lvs. cordate-sagittate ; ped. as long as the petiole, 

much shorter than the one large (3') purple flower. 7i Marshes, S. June-t-. 

6 I. sinuata Ort. Lvs. palmately 7-cleft, varying to sinuate-lobed ; segments pinna- 

tifid ; ped. 1- or 2-flowered ; corolla white, 1'. n Ga., Fla. 20f. July— October. 

7 I, ciliolata Pers. Leaves cordate, entire, acuminate ; ped. 1-flowered, 2-bracted 

above; corolla large, yellow; sepals S''' long, ic N. Car. and Tenn. 

8 I. paudurata Meyer. WVd Potato. Leaves broad-coniato to panduriform ; pod. 



2G0 OiiDEii 95.— CONYOLVULACE^'E. 

l-5-flowered, longer than the petioles; sepals i as long as the corolla; corolla 3', 
white with a purple centre, u N. Y. to 111., and S. July, August. 

5. OALONYCTION sfECiosuM (or Ipomoea Bona-nox), Good-night, 

is a tall climber of tlie W. Indies and S. Fla., often cultivated in the greenhouse. Flow- 
ers 4 — 7 on each long peduncle, very large, funnel-form, white. 

6. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed. Sep. 5. Cor. bell-form. Style 

1, Stigmas 2, thread-form, often revolute. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, 4- 
seeded. — Herbs or slirubs, twining or erect. 

1 C. arvensis L. Pi-ostrate or climbing ; leaves arrow-s-haped to ear-shaped ; ped. 

bearing 1 small rose-white flower and 2 bracts, u Fields : rare. June. § 

2 C. TRICOLOR. Stem weak, 1 — 3f high ; leaves lance-obovate, sessile, shorter than the 

1-flowercd ped. ; corolla yellow in centre, white nest, border blue. (I) Europe, 

7. OALYSTBGIA, Br. Calyx 5-parted, included in 2 leaf-like bracts. 
Cor. bell-form, 5-plicate. Style 1. Stigmas 2, obtuse. Capsule 1-celled, 4- 
seeded. — Herbs, with the flowers solitary. 

1 C spltliamaea Br. Erect or assurgent, 6— 8' (a span)high.; leaves lance-oblong, as 

long as the peduncles ; flowers white. 7i Can. to Penn., and W. June. 

2 C. Sepiiini Bi*. Rutland Beauty. Glabrous, twining; Ivs. cordate-sagittate, lobes 

truncate ; bracts cordate ; flowers many, large, white with a reddish tinge. 2f Hedges, 
thickets. Can. to Fla. 6— lOf. May— July. 

/3. Catesheiana, Pubescent, with small leave? and short peduncles. S. 

y. ? paradoxa , Tomentous ; bracts linear, remote from the flowers. (Pursh.) 

8. E VOLVULUS, L. Sep. 5. Cor. bell-, funnel-, or wheel-form. Sty. 

2, each bifid. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Herbs diffuse. 

E. sericeus Swtz. Stem dividing at base into simple, filiform, procumbent branches ; 
leaves lance-linear, sessile, 3-veined, silky beneath, 9" ; ped. 1 — 2'^, 1-flowered ; co- 
rolla wheel-form, 5''', white. 2f Prairies, Ga., Fla., to La. If. 

9. STYLISMA, Eaf. Sepals 5, equal. Corolla bell-form. Stamens 
included. Styles 2, rarely 3. Stig. capitate, li Slender creepers. 

1 S. humistra,ta (and aquatica) Walt. Hairy or smoothish ; leaves oval, oblong, or 

linear, obtuse or retuse both ways, on short petioles ; ped. longer than the leaves, 3- 
(1 — 5-)flowered ; bracts minute ; styles less than ^ united ; corolla 6—9", white. 
Sandy soils, Va. to O., and S. 2— 5f. Lvs. 12—18". (S. evolvuloides Choisy.) Jn.-Sept. 

2 S. Piclteringii (Torr.) Leaves linear, narrowed to subsessile base ; bracts leafy, 

equalling the flower ; styles more than i united, otherwise as No. 1. N. J. to N. C. 

10. DICHONDRA, Forst. Sep. 5, obtuse. Corolla bell-form, 5-cleft. 

Pistils 2, distinct. Capsules 2, utricular, 1-seeded. 11 Prostrate. 

I>. repens Forst. Lvs. round-cordate or reniform, the petiole longer than the blade 
or the 1-flowered peduncles ; calyx villous, larger (3'0 than the whitish corolla (^"). 
Wet grounds, S. 3—12'. March— May. 

11. OUSOUTA, Tourn. Dodder. Fls. 5-(rarely 4-)parted. Corolla 

globular-bell-form. Sta. appendaged with scales or fringes at base. Styles 

2. Caps. 2-celled, 4-seeded. (i) Stems yellow to orange, thread-form, with 

minute scales for leaves, twining against the sun and living on other plants. 

§ Stigmas filiform as well as the styles. Capsule regularly circumscissile No. 1 

§ Stigmas capitate. Capsule indehiscent or bursting irregularly. . . (*) 



Ordeb 96.— SOLANACE^. 261 

* Sepals distinct, with imbricated bracts added. Flowers sessile Nos. 2, 3 

* Sepals united, bracts few and scattered. Flowers pedicellate. . . [a) 

a Corolla cylindrical, withering on the top of the capsule. Nos. 4—6 

a Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of the capsule. . .(&) 

b Lobes of the corolla acute or acuminate Nos. 7, 5 

b Lobes of the corolla obtuse Nos. 9—11 

1 C.Epilinum Weih. FlaxD. Fls. sessile in small, dense, remote heads ; calj^x 5- 

parterl, scarcely shorter than the globular corolla or capsule. Flax fields. Jn. § Eur. 

2 C. glotnerAta Choisy. Fls. in compact masses surrounding the foster stem v.'hile 

its own filiform stems decay ; sepals 1", with many squarrous bracts ; corolla white, 
2'^ tube-bell-form, 5-lobed. On the Compositse, &c., W. and S. 

3 C. compacta Juss. Fls. in large (1 — 2') masses, with thick stems ; sep. and 3—5 

bracts minute {\") ; cor. slender, with 5 oblong lobes. N. Y., W. and S., on shrubs. 

4 C tenuiflora Eng. Pale, much branched, on high plants; fls. short-pedicelled ; 

cor. tube slender, twice longer than the calyx or its own short obtuse lobes ; capsule 
often but 1- or 2-seeded. Wet grounds, N. J., Pa., to 111., and W. 

5 C. inflexa Eng, Fls. pedicelled, mostly 4-parted ; cor. fleshy, its lobes erect and 

inflexed, margins crenulate ; capsule brown, capped with the dead corolla. Prairies 
and open woods, 111. to Va. and Ga. On Hazel, Rhus, &c. 

6 C. decora Chois. Fls. pedicellate, 5-parted, large (li'O, fleshy, white ; cor. broad- 

bell-form, lobes acute ; capsule enveloped by the dead corolla. Wet, 111. to Fla. 

7 C. chlorocarpa Eng. Low, branching, orange; fls. 4-parted, short-pedicelled, 

V\ bell-form, the lobes of cal. and cor. acute ; caps, large, greenish. Wis. to Del., & S. 

8 €. arveiisis Beyr. On low plants ; flowers small (fO, 5-parted, pedicellate ; corolla 

tube shorter than its pointed lobes, or the rounded sepals. N. Y. to 111., and S. Jn., Jl. 

9 C obtusiflora H. B. K. Low, bright orange ; fls. pedicell.. dotted with red glands 

(/3. glandulosa) ; sep. round-obtuse ; caps. 1^'^ Mostly on Polygonum. Ga., S. and W. 

10 C Gi'onovii Willd. Stems thick, often high-climbing; fls. mostly 5-parted, at 
length densely panicled ; corolla tube bell-form, longer than the calyx, its lobes ob- 
tuse, entire, spreading. Common in all the country. Flowers \\''. 

lie. rostrata Shutt. Fls. large (2— 3'0i in loose cymes; corolla deeply bell-form, 
lobes obtuse ; capsule 2—3", with a 2-pointed beak. Mountains, Md. to S. Car. 

Order XCVI. SOLANACE^. Nightshades. 

Plants herbaceous, rarely shrubby, with a colorless juice and alternate 
leaves often in pairs. Flowers mostly regular, often extra-axillary, 5-parted, 
on bractless pedicels. Corolla valvate or plicate in the bud, and often con- 
volute. Calyx persistent. Stamens 5, adherent to the corolla tube, alter- 
nate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled. Fruit a 2 -(rarely 3- or more)celled 
capsule or berry. Seeds oo, with a curved embryo in fleshy albumen. 
Figs. 66, 113, 168, 260, 483-4. 

§ NOLANE^. Ovaries few or 00, distinct, simple. Corolla funnel-bell-form Nolana. 1 

§ SOLANE.(E. Ovary 1, compound, 2-(or more)celled...(*) 

* Corolla wheel-form, the tube very short. Anthers convergent. . .QA 

* Corolla bell-form, the broad tube including the erect anthers. . .(c) 

* Corolla funnel-form, tube long and — a the limb somewhat unequal. . .((7) 

— a the limb quite regular. . .(e) 

h stamens connate, opening by slits inside. Berry torous Ltcopersiccm. 2 

h Stamens conniveut, opening by terminal pores. Berry round Solanum. 3 

h Stamens connlvent, opening by slits. Berry dryish, angular Capsicum. 4 

V c Corolla bluish. Berry dry, enclosed in the enlarged calyx Nicandra. .5 

c Corolla yellowish. Berry juicy, enclosed in the enlarged calyx Physalis. 6 

e Corolla purplish. Berry blackish, sitting on the open calyx , . . . Atropa. 7 



262 Order 96.— SOLANACE^. 

d Stamens exserted, dedinate. Capsule opening by a lid HrosCTAMtJS. 8 

d Stamens included, unequal. Capsule opening by valves Petunia. 9 

c Stamens exserted, growing to the summit of the tube Neieembergia. 10 

e Stamens exserted, growing to the bottom of the tube Lycium. 11 

e Stamens included. — x Flowers 3' — 12' long. Calyx prismatic Datura. 12 

— X Flowers l' — 4/ long. Calyx terete Nicotiana. 13 

— X Flowers 6—10" long. Calyx terete, short Cestrum. 14 

— X Flowers 5^^ long. Leaves very small Fabiana. 15 

\ 

1. NOLANA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. sliowy, funnel-bell-form. Ova- 
ries 3 — 40, distinct, 1-6-celled, becoming as many drupes around tlie base 
of the style. ^) ^) From S. America, with blue flvowers. 

1 N. ATKiPLiciFoLiA. Stems procumbent ; leaves thick, entire, ovate to spatulate, ob- 

tuse ; flowers solitary, supra-axillary, with a yellow tube, azure-blue border, and 
white zone, numerous all Summer. 

2 N, PROSTRATA. Lcavcs ovate-oblong, tapering both ways ; calyx segments triangu- 

lar-arrow-shaped ; corolla blue with dark-purple streaks. Otherwise as No. 1. 

2. LYCOPERSIOUM, Tom-n. Tomato. Calyx 5-6-oo - parted. Cor, 
rotate, witli a short tube and a plicate-valvate limb. Stamens 5-6 - oo, ex- 
serted, anth. connate at apex, longitudinally dehiscent on the inner face. 
Berry fleshy, 2-3-go - celled. Ped. extra-axillary, oo-flowered. 

li. ESCULENTUM Mill. Hairy ; st. herbaceous, weak ; Ivs. unequally pinnatifid, segments 
cut ; corolla many-lobed ; fruit torulous, furrowed, smooth. (I) A coarse, strong- 
scented herb with yellowish flowers and splendid fruit. 
\ 

3. SOLANUM, L. Potato. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Cor. rotate, 

subcampanulate, tube very short, limb plicate, 5-cleft, lobed or angular. 
Anth. erect, connivent, distinct, opening at the top by 2 pores. Berry 2- 
celled, subglobous or depressed. Seeds go. — Herbs or shrubs. Peduncles 
terminal, becoming lateral by the extension of the axis. Figs. 260, 483-4, 

§ Prickles none. Anthers obtuse. . . (a) 

a Herbs, with the flowers and fruit in clusters Nos. 1, 2 

a Shrubby climbers, with clustered flowers and fruit Nos. 3, 4 

a Shrubs erect, with ox*ange or scarlet berries Nos. 5, 6 

§ Plants armed with prickles. Anthers linear-oblong, pointed. . .(b) 

b Flowers 5-parted. Calyx open in fruit. Anthers equal Nos. 7 — 9 

b Flowers 5-parted. Calyx closed on the fruit. Anthers unequal Nos. 10, 11 

b Flowers 6-9-parted. Calyx open with the large fruit Nos. 12, 1? 

1 S. tuberosum L. Common Potato. Subterranean branches bearing tubers ; leav 

pinnatifid unequally and interruptedly; corolla 5-angled, ped. jointed. S. America. 
Cultivated since the 17th century. Many varieties. 

2 §. nigrum L. Nightshade. Smoothish ; leaves ovate, toothed, wavy, or entire ; 

umbels lateral, drooping, flowers small (2 — 3'0, whitish ; berries black, as large as a 
peppercorn. Weed in old fields. 2 — 3f. Summer. § Europe. 

3 S. Dulcamara L. Bittersweet. Stems shrubby, slender, climbing ; leaves cordate, 

entire or with 1 or 2 pairs of lobes at base ; clusters terminal and lateral, corolla pur- 
ple, with 5 green spots ; fruit red. July. § Europe. 

4 S. JASMiNoiDES. Climbing high, smooth, Ivs. ovate, entire ; clusters blue-M'h. Brazil. 

5 S. Pseudo-Capsictjm. Jerusalem Chernj. Erect, like a dwarf tree ; leaves oblong- 

lanceolate, smooth, shining ; flowers solitary, white, berries scarlet, as large as cher- 
ries. Mauritius. 2 — 4f. Handsome. 

6 S. LACiNiATunr. Shrub erect, smooth ; Ivs. pinnatifid ; fls. blue ; fr. orange. Australia. 



Order 96.— SOLANACE^. 263 

7 S, Carolinense L. Sorse Nettle. Prickles large, yellow, scattered on the stem, 

petioles, aud veins ; leaves angular-lobed, acute ; flowers white, 10—15", racemed ; 
berries yellow. Eoadsides, N. Y., S. and W. 1— 2f. Jnne. 

8 S. Virginianum L. Hairy and prickly ; leaves deeply pinnatifid with angular- 

sinuate lobes ; flowers pale-violet, 15", in leafy racemes. Va., and S. Julj^ 

9 §. mammosum L. Aj^ple-of- Sodom. Villoas and with scattered spines ; leaves 

roundish-ovate, subcordate, lobed ; berries inversely pear-shaped, (i) Waste grounds, 
Ga., Fla., and W. Flowers violet, 15". Fruit yellow. 

10 S. KOSTRATUM. Hoary-tomentous and very prickly; leaves doubly sinuate-lobed ; 
flowers yellow, 12 — 15" ; fruit closed in the burr-like calyx, (i) Kansas. 

lis. HETERODoxuM. Very hairy and prickly ; leaves doiibly pinnatifid, lobes runci- 
nate; flowers violet-blue. (I) From Texas. Fruit black. 

12 S. Melongena (or esculenta). Egg Plant. Prickly; Ivs. ovate, wavy or sinuate; 
flowers violet ; fruit very large, glossy-purple, prized as a great delicacy. E. India. — 
A variety has white fruit exactly imitating a goose-egg. 

1 3 S. Texanum. With scarlet fruit depressed-globous and lobed. From Tex. Mex. 

4. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Pepper. Calyx erect, 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 

tube very short, limb plaited, 5-lobed. Anth. connivent. Fr. capsular, dry, 

inflated, 2-3-celled. Seeds flat, very acrid. — Herbs or shrubs, with hot and 

acrid taste. Leaves often in pairs. Ped. axillary, solitary. 

C. annuum. Eed or Cayenne P. Herb with angular, branching stem, smooth ovate 
entire leaves and large roundish or lance-form red fruit. ® Many varieties. 
/ 

5. NICANDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru, Cal. 5-cleft, 5-angled, the 

angles compressed, sepals sagittate. Cor. campanulate. Sta. 5, incurved. 

Berry enveloped in the persistent calyx. (D Peruvian. Summer. 

N. pliysaIoid.es Adans. Herb smooth, with ample ovate-oblong, sinuate-angled Ivs. ; 
flowers solitary, axillary, white, with blue spots. Gardens and fields. 2 — 5f. § 

6. PHYSALIS. L. Ground Cherry. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, at 
length inflated. Cor. bell-rotate, tube very short, limb obscurely 5-lobed. 
Sta. 5, connivent. Berry globous, enclosed within the 5-angled calyx. — 
Herbs (rarely shrubs) with angular branches. Leaves alternate or un- 
equally twin. Flowers solitary, nodding, extra-axillary, all Summer. 

§ Anthers yellow. Ped. elongated. Fruit edible, not fiUing the calyx. . . (a) 

a Corolla yellow with brown-purple in the centre Nos. 1 — 3 

a Corolla yellow in centre as well as border Nos. 4, 5 

§ Anthers blue or violet. Ped. shorter than the petioles. . . (b) 

b Peduncles near 1' long. Berry not fiUing the closed calyx Nos. 6 — 8 

b Peduncles 2—3" long. Berry filling the open calyx No. 9 

1 P, viscosa L. Viscid-pubescent, diflfuse ; leaves ovate to oblong, mostly abrupt at 

base and bluntly toothed ; corolla 8—10''' ; fruiting-calyx IJ'. 71 Dry soils. If. 

2 P. Pennsylvanica L. Puberulent, decumbent ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, re- 

pand-toothed or entire, base obtuse or acute ; corolla slightly spotted, 6— 8" ; fruit- 
calyx rounded, 1'. U Dry soils, Penn., S. and W. 6 — 15'. 
p. lanceolata. Pubescent ; leaves tapering and acute both ways. S. 

3 P. angustifolia N. Glabrous ; leaves lance-linear, entire, thickish ; fruit-calyx 

wing-angled, V ; corolla 10—12". U Wet sands, Fla. 6—12'. 

4 P. nyctaginea Dun. Pubescent ; leaves small, elliptic-ovate, bmnt-toothed ; 

calyx hairy ; corolla small (5—6"), wholly yellow. South. 6 — 12^. 

5 P. Allteliengi L. Straicberry Tomato. Pubescent, erect ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 

acuminate, repand ; calyx reddening in fruit, V Gardens and fields. 1— 2f. 



264: Order 96.— SOLANACE^. 

6 P. pubescens L. Yiscid-tomentons, decumbent ; leaves ovate or cordate, base iin- 

equal, repand ; corolla spotted, 6" • fruit-calyx 5-angled. (i) Damp. S. andW. 9—18'. 

7 P. aiigulata L. Smooth, erect ; Ivs. ovate to oblong, acutely toothed ; cor. small 

(3—6") ; fruit-calyx ovoid-conic, longer than it? stalk, (i) Dry fields. 

8 P. Iiiiikiaiia Nees. Smooth, diffuse, 2f or more ; leaves lance-oblong, attenuate 

both way;?, sitbulafe-tooihed ; corolla 6" ; fruit-calyx ly. (i) S. C, Ga. (Dr. Feay). 

9 P. Pliiladelpliica Lam. Smoothish, erect ; Ivs. obliquely ovate, pointed, anga- 

lar-repand ; corolla 9", spotted and striped ; berry large, red. (i) M. and W. t 

7. ATROPA, L. Deadly Nightshade. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. cam- 
panulate, liml) 5-cleft, valvate-plicate in bud. Stam. 5, distant, included. 
Berry globous, 2-celled, sitting on the enlarged calyx, if Herbs of lurid 
colors. Leaves often twin. 

A, Belladonna. — Europe. Leaves ovate, entire, large. Berries dark-purple, handsome 

but poisonous, like the whole plant. Medicinal. 

8. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Henbane. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. 

funnel-form, one of the 5 obtuse lobes larger. Sta. 5, declinate. Stigma 

capitate. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, opening with a lid near the summit. — 

Coarse herbs, native in Eastern countries. 

U. niger L. Branched, very leafy, viscid-hairy and foetid ; leaves sinuate-lobed, clasp- 
ing ; corolla straw-color, netted with purple, in one-sided spikes. (2) In old fields, 
and rubbish. 2f. Poisonous — medicinal. July. 

\ 

9. PETUNIA, Juss. Cal. segments oblong-spatulate. Cor. funnel- or 

salver-form, tube cylindric, limb spreading, slightly unequal. Sta. 5, in- 
serted in the middle of the tube, unequal, included. Caps. 2-celled. Seeds 
minute. South American herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, the floral twin. 
Flowers solitary, large, all Summer, Fig. 66. 

1 P. NTCTAGiNiFLoRA. Ercct, difi"usely branched, viscid-hairy ; flowers white, tube 

slender, thrice longer than the calyx, limb spreading 1^ — 3'. 2f 

2 P. vioLACEA. Prostrate at base, then erect, viscid-hairy : flowers violet-purple, tube 

inflated, twice longer than the calyx. By admixture numerous varieties, single, 
double, striped, &c., are raised. 

10. NIEREMBERGIA, Ruiz & Pav. Cal. curved, 5-cleft. Cor. fun- 
nel-form, tube long and slender, limb ample, spreading, plicate, slightly 
unequal. Sta. 5, inserted in the throat, unequal, connivent, anth. hid be- 
neath the stigma. Capsule 2-celled, oo-seeded. — South American, chiefly 
herbs, creeping, with elegant, solitary, extra-axillary flowers. 

N. GRACILIS. Stems very slender and much branched ; Ivs. linear to spatulate ; flow- 
ers 1' or more, white, lilac, purple, Avith a yellow eye. 

11. LYCIUM, L. Matrimony Vine. Cal. 2-5-cleft. Cor. tubular, 
bell- or funnel-form, 4- or 5-lobed. Sta. 4 or 5, exserted. Berry 2-celled, 
seeds several. "^ J) Often spiny. Leaves alternate, entire, often clustered. 
Flowers small, solitary or in pairs. 

1(. Sarljarum L. Branches spiny, slender, pendulous or climbing; leaves lanceo- 
late ; corolla greenish-purple, 5-parted ; calyx 3- or 4-toothed ; berries email, orange- 
red. From Barbary. Planted for arbors, walls, «fcc. 



Order 96.— SOLANACE^. 265 



. V 



2 I^. Carolinianum ^Mx. Branches rigid, spiny, upright; Ivs. fleshy, club-shaped, 

clustered ; flowers small, 4-parted, purple. Salt marshes, S. 3f. 

12. DATURA, L. Thorx Apple. Calyx large, tubular, inflated, de- 
ciduous, or spatlie-form. Cor. funnel-form, limb plicate in bud, with 5 or 
10 cuspidate angles. Sta. 5. Caps. 2-celled, 4-Yalyed, cells 2-parted. (i)^ 
Coarse, fcetid, poisonous, with large, often handsome flowers. Fig. 168. 

§ Calyx deciduous, its base persistent. Flowers suberect. (T)...(a) 

a Limb of the corolla 5-toothed. Pods erect Xos. 1 — 3 

a Limb of tlie corolla 10-toothed. Pods drooping Nos. 4, 5 

§ Calyx persistent, splitting and spathaceous. Flowers erect, (i) No. 6 

§ Calyx persistent, often splitting. Flowers pendulous. Tree-like Nos. 7 — 9 

1 ©, Straiuoniiim. L. Jimsoa Weed. Stem forked ; Ivs. large, ovate, with rmequal 

sides and angular teeth ; corolla cream-white, 2' long. Waste grounds. 3f. § 
^. Tdttiia. Stem purple ; flowers bluish-white ; stem 3 — 4f. S. and W. § 

2 D. QUERCiFOLiA. Lcaves sinuate-pinnatifid : flowers white, 5' broad. Mexico. 2f. 

3 I>. FASTUOSA. Stem dark purple, with whitish, shining dots ; Ivs. lance-ovate ; cor. 

violet without, white within, single or double, 7' long. (I) Egypt. Splendid. 

4 D. Metel. YiUous-pubescent ; Ivs. ovate ; flowers white, 4' broad. Mexico. 3 — if. 
a D. METELoiDES. SmootMsh, slender ; leaves ovate-oblong ; flowers pure white or 

tinged with blue, 5' broad. Very fine. From Mexico. 

6 I>. CERATocArLA. Stem terete, thick, purple ; leaves lance-ovate ; corolla thrice 

longer (5 — 7') than the calyx, tube incurved, limb 10-toothed. Cuba. 

7 1>. AKBOREA. Leaves lance-ovate, downy; calyx spathaceous, entire; corolla 8 — 10' 

long, white, green-veined; anthers distinct. Peru. Flowers often double. 

5 K. SUAVEOLEXS. Leavcs ovate-oblong, entire; calyx 5-toothed; corolla 9 — 12' long, 

sweet-scented, white ; anthers cohering. Mexico. 
9 I>. SAXGUtNEA, has flowers 8' long, limb red, tube yellow, with purple veins. Peru. 

13. NIOOTIANA, Tourn. Tobacco. Calyx urn-shaped, o-toothed. 
Cor. funuel-form, 5-lobed. Sta. 5. Caps. 2-celled, 2-4-valved. (i) Coarse 
narcotics, with large, entire leaves and terminal fls. Jn. — Aug. Fig. 113. 

1 N. rustica L. Yiscid-pubescent ; Ivs. petiolate, ovate ; corolla tube cylindric, lobes 

round-obtuse, greenish-yellow. Weed in N. Y., &c. 1 — l}f. § 

2 rv, Tabacum. Virginia T. Yiscid-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, sessile and decur- 

I'ent ; corolla tube inflated in throat, lobes acute, rose-color. 4 — 6f. 

3 N. LOXGiFLORA. Branches Spreading ; upper leaves sessile, cordate-lanceolate ; flow- 

ers racemed, white-purple-yellow, tube slender, 4'. Hardy South. 

14. OESTRUM, L. Calyx often colored, 5-cleft. Cor. tubular-funnel- 
form, tube clarate, limb 5-cleft or 5-parted, plicate in bud. Sta. o, included, 
adnate to cor. below. Style 1. Beriy few-seeded. 5 S. American, with 
entire leaves and brilliant flowers in clusters, fragrant. 

§ Habrothamxus. Corolla clavate, red or purple, limb suberect Nos. 1, 2 

§ EucESTRUM. Corolla club-funnel-form, yellow-orange, limb spreading Nos. 3, 4 

1 C. ELE6ANS. Lvs. lancc-ovate ; corolla purple, shining, 9" ; calyx purple, 3". 5 — 6f. 

2 C. FAScicuLATiTM. Lvs. broad-ovate ; corolla scarlet, 9" ; calyx reddened, S'''. o — 6f. 

3 C, ArRAXTiACUM. Leaves lance-ovate ; corolla tube inflated, orange-colored, o". 4f. 

4 C. Parql'i. Leaves narrow-lanceolate ; corolla dull yellow, 6", tube terete. 

15. FABIANA niBEicATA, Ruiz & Pa v., is a fine little shrub resembling 
a Tamarix. with small (6'' long) ovate leaves covering the numerous branches, and small 
violet-white flowers. -^ Chili. 



266 • Order 97.— GENTIANACE^. 



Order XCYII. GENTIANACE^. Gentianworts. 

Herbs smooth, with a colorless, bitter juice, with entire, exstipiilate 
leaves. Flowers regular, mostly centrifugal in inflorescence and convolute 
in the bud. Calyx persistent. Corolla withering, its lobes alternate with 
the stamens. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2 more or less projecting parietal 
placentae. Fruit a 2-valved, septicidal, oo-seeded capsule, rarely baccate. 
Seeds with a minute, straight embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Fig. 140. 

I. GENTIANEiE. Corolla convolute (in No. 8 imbricate) in the bud. Leaves opposite. . .Qi) 

II. MENYANTHE^. Corolla valvate-induplicate iu the bud. Leaves alternate or radical. ..(a) 

a Petals beardless or nearly so. Leaves simple, floating Limnanthemum. 10 

a Petals bearded inside. Leaves trifoliate, erect Menyanthes. 9 

h Sepals only 2. Corolla 4-parted, tubular-campanulate Obolaria. 8 

h Sepals as many as the petals, more or less united. . .(c) 

c Corolla lobes furnished each with a spur in the middle of the back Halenia. 7 

c Corolla lobes furnished each with a large central gland Fuaseka. 6 

c Corolla lobes plain, without spurs or glands. . .{d) 

d Leaves reduced to scales. Corolla deeply 4-parted Bartonia. 5 

d Leafy.— e Stj-le none, stig. sessile. Corolla tubular Gentiana. 4 

— e Style present. — x Corolla tube longer than the limb PjRYTHr^a. 3 

— X Corolla tube shorter than the limb Eustoma. 2 

— X Corolla wheel-form, tube none Sabbatia. 1 

1. SABBATIA, Adams. American Centaury. Calyx 5-12-parted. 
Cor. rotate, 5-12-parted. Sta. 5 — 12, anth. soon recurved. Style 2-parted. 
Caps. 1-celled. ® (2) Slender, with very beautiful flowers, in Summer. 

§ Lapithjea. Corolla 7-12-(mostly 9-)parte(l, rose-red Nos. 1, 2 

§ Sabbatia ivoper. Corolla 5-(rarely 6-)parted. . . (a) 

a Flowers white, paniculate or scattered Nos. 3, 4 

a Flowers white, in a level-topped cyme. Branches opposite Nos. 5, 6 

a Flowers rose- red. — b Branches opposite Nos, 7, 8 

—b Branches alternate Nos. 9, 10 ' 

1 S. cliloroides Ph. Simple or forked ; flowers 1 — 5, pedunculate^ 20''' ; petals ob- 

lanceolate, 10" ; sepals linear-spatulate, 6" ; leaves lanceolate to ohlong. Wet 
grounds, Plymouth, Mass., K. I., and S. 1 — 2f. + 

2 S. gentianoides Ell. Strict, subsimple ; leaves linear, exceeding the internodes ; 

flowers sessile^ 2-hracted, solitary, or several together; petals obovate, lO" ; sepals 
lance-subulate, 4'''. Wet barrens, Ga., Fla., and W. 1— Sf. 
/3. Boykinii (Gray). Leaves lance-oblong, at least the lower. Ga. 

3 S. calycosa Ph. Rigid, divaricately-forked ; flowers few, distant ; sepals oblanceo- 

late (5— 8'0, as long as the petals ; leaves oblong, 3-veined. Va., and S. If. 

4 S. paniculata Ph. Stem much branched, terete, with 4 thread-like ridges ; 

branches mostly opposite ; leaves small, oval, oblong to linear ; panicle diff"use ; se- 
pals subulate, Z" ; petals C. Low grounds, Va., and S. 1— 2f. 
^. JEUiottii, Branches alternate ; leaves mostly linear ; petals 7 or 8". 

5 S. lanceolata (Walt.) Corymbously -branched and 4-angled above ; leaves ovate 

to lanceolate, 3-5-veined; flowers 6-parted, 1' broad. Barrens, N. J. to Fla. 2f. 

6 S. macropliylla Hook. Stem terete throughout, corymbed at top ; leaves erect, 

thick, ovate, acuminate, 3-5-veined; flowers small (y broad). Fla., La. 
•7 S, annularis Ph. Stem with 4 winged angles, corymbous-panicled ; leaves ovate, 

5-veined, clasping ; flowers 15 — 18" broad, with a greenish star. Wet meadows, 

N. Y. to 111., and S. 10—18'. 
8 S. brachiata Ell. Stem obtusely 4-angled, panicled ; leaves lance-linear to linear, 



Oeder 97.— GENTIANACEJE. 267 

lowest ovate ; flowers 15", the star purple, bordered with green ; petals oblong-oho- 
vate, obtuse. Prairies, Ind. to Va., and S. If. 

9 S. gracilis Salisb. Very slender, diffuse ; leaves oblong to linear-filiform : flowers 

distant ; pet. elliptic, obtuse, 5" ; sep. filiform, 4". Wet, Mass. to Fla., and La. 2f. 
j8. gtellhris. Suberect, the flowers larger (13" broad), the star yellow. 

10 S. cAMPESTRis. Low (6—10'), erect ; Ivs. ovate to oblong; fls. few, 15''' broad, the 
star yellow ; calyx tube 5-winged ; sepals as long as the broad petals. La. 

2. EUSTOMA, Don. Calyx 5- or 6-parted, with, subulate segments. 
Cor. wheel-funnel-form, 5-6-parted. Sta. shorter than the style. — Herbs 
glaucous, with few large splendid blue flowers. 

1 E. EussELLiANUM. Stem 1 — 2f, forked ; Ivs. ovate, cuspidate, subconnate ; fls. long- 

stalked, expanding 3—4', petals oval. (I) Ark. (Mr. Robertson). ^ 

2 E. exaltatum, taller, with flowers 2' broad, grows in S. Fla. (Chapman). 

\ 

3. ERYTHR.ffiA, Renealm. Calyx 5-4-parted, angular. Cor. funnel- 
form, 5-4-parted, tube slender. Anth. 5-4, exserted, spirally twisted. Style 
slender, (i) Stem squarish, 3 — 10'. Leaves connate at base. 

1 E. ramosissima, |8. Jfluhlenbirg-ii (Griseb.) Stem 1-3-times-forked into a loose 

cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong ; flowers pedicellate, bright purple, 4'^. L. Is. to Va. : rare. 

2 E. spicata Pers. Stem forking, erect ; leaves oval to lanceolate ; fls. sessile, 8", 

spicate on the long branches, rose-white. Nantucket to Md. § Europe. 

3 E. CeiitaiiriuiWL Pers. Erect; Ivs. oblong, acutish at each end; flowers subses- 

sile in the loosely corymbed cymes, rose-purple, %". Oswego, N. Y. August. § 

\ 

4. GENTIAN A, Tourn. Gentiai^. Calyx 5- or 4-parted or entire. 

Cor. tubular, limb 5- or 4-cleft, closed or open. Sta. 5 or 4. Stig. 2, style 
or very short. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, seeds numerous and minute.— 
Herbs with showy flowers in August to October. 

§ Fls. 4-parted, fringed, sky-blue ; no crown or folds. ® Nos. 1, 2 

§ Fls. 5-parted, blue, pedicellate, clustered ; no fringe or folds, (i) No. 3 

§ Fls. 5-parted, corolla with folded appendages between the lobes. 2f . . . (a) 

a Flower solitary, terminal, somewhat stalked. Leaves linear No. 4 

a Flowers clustered, sessile,— 6 ochroleucous or whitish Nos. 5, 6 

— b blue ; the corolla always closed No. 7 

— b blue ; the corolla open or expanding. . .Nos. 8 — 10 

1 G-. crinita Froel. Fringed G, Stem and branches erect ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; 

petals obovate, finely fringed at margin. @ Moist soils, Can. to Ga., and W. If. A 
beautiful and interesting plant. 

2 O. detonsa L. Stem and few branches strict ; leaves lance-linear ; flowers solitary, 

long-stalked, petals crenate-ciliate. (i) N. Y. to Wis. If. 

3 G. quinqueflora L. St. 4-angled ; Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, acute ; fls. 7—8", pedi- 

cellate, clustered ; sepals subulate, very short, or (in (3. parviA'ora) lance-linear, 4" ; 
corolla segments bristle-pointed. (2) Fields and woods. If. 
4: G. angustifolia Mx. Slender, erect ; fl. 18 — 20" long ; Ivs. linear ; sepals linear, 
7 — 10" ; corolla blue, lobes ovate, the cleft folds much shorter. N. J. to Fla. If. 
/3. viridifiora. Flower nearly sessile, 15", greenish white, folds very short. S. 

5 G. ocliroleuca Froel. Lvs. smoothish, oval to elliptical, acutish both ends ; calyx 

segments lance-linear, nearly equalling the 20" corolla. Pa. (Prof. Porter) to Fla. If. 

6 G. alba Muhl. Very smooth, stout ; lvs. lanceolate, the broad base clasping ; fls. 

2' long, calyx segments ovate, very short. Woods, prairies, M. and W. li — 2f. 

7 G, Andrewsii Griseb. Closed Blue G. Simple, smooth; leaves oval-lanceolate; 



268 Order 97.— GENTIAKACE^. 

cluster dense, terminal ; calyx segments ovate-oblong, 3—4" ; corolla 18", inflated, 
never ope?iing, folds as long as segments. Woods, N. Eng. to Fla. 2f. 

8 G. Saponaria L. Subsimple, stout, smooth ; leaves oblanceolate to lance-oblong, 

3-veined ; calyx segments linear, 6—8''' ; corolla 2', folds much shorter than the opea 
erect lobes. N. J., Pa., to 111., and S. 2f. Leaves 2—3'. 

9 Cr, linearis Wood. Simple, slender ; Ivs. lance-linear to linear, l-(rarely 3-)veined ; 

calyx segments subulate, 4 — T^ ; corolla folds subentire, much shorter than the erect 
or spreading lobes. N. Eng. (rare) to low^a and Ky. 1— l^f. July— Sept. 

10 G, puberula Mx. Slender, rough or puberulent ; leaves 1', oval to ovate, very 
rough-edged, clasping, acute ; calyx segm. lanceolate, 5" ; corolla subcampanulate, 
15", lobes very acute, folds short, cleft. Prairies, W. and S. 9—18'. 

\ 

5. BARTONIA, MuW. ScREw-STEisr. Fls. 4-partecl, persistent. Cor. 
subcampanulate, pet. slightly united. Stig. thick, some bifid. Sds. very 00 
and minute. U Slender, erect, with scale-like Ivs. and small white fls. 

1 B. verna Muhl. Low, simple, 3—5', clustered ; ped. 1-flowered, petals 3", oblong, 

obtuse, sepals 1", acute. Bogs and barrens, Va. to Fla. March, 

2 B. tenella Muhl. Branched above, very slender, 5—12' ; ped. opposite, erect, sub- 

equal, 4" ; petals pointed, 1", sepals nearly as long. Wet. Mass. to Fla. August. 
p. brachiata. Pedicels bent outward and upward, some alternate. S. 

\ 

6. FRASERA, Walt. Columbo. Fls. mostly 4-parted. Pet. united 

at base, oval, spreading, each with 1 or 2 bearded glands in the middle. 
Sty. 1, stig. 2, distinct. Caps, compressed, 1-celled. Seeds few, large, ellip- 
tic, margined, if Siiowy and tall, with opposite or verticillate leaves. 

F. Carolinensis Walt. Smooth, 4 — 9f high 1 paniculate above ; Ivs. oblong, sessile, 
in 4's — 6's ; petals greenish with blue dots, and a large purple gland. Rich soils, 
N. Y., S. and W. A stately plant, and a good tonic, June, July, 
\ 

7. HALENIA, Borkh. Felwort. Flowers 4-parted, broad bell-form. 

Each petal prolonged at base into a spur, which is glandular at the end. 

Stigmas 2, sessile. — Flowers panicled. 

H. deflexa Griseb. Erect, branched, lower leaves oblanceolate, upper lance-ovate, 
3-5-veined ; spurs slender, curved outward, half as long as the 4" greenish-yellow 
petals. @ N. Eng. (rare) to Wis. 18'. August. 

8. OBOLARIA, L. Pennywort. Calyx of 2 wedge-oblong sepals. 

Corolla tube-bell-form, 4-cleft. Sta. on the corolla. Stigma sessile, bifid. 

Seeds oo, very minute, if Flowers sessile, pale. 

O "Virgiiiica L.— Woods, N. J., W. and S. Stem 4—8', subsimple. Leaves roundish, 
sessile, thick, crowded above, sepals similar. April, May. 

9. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buck Bean. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate 

or funnel-form, limb spreading, 5-lobed, villous within, no glands at the 

base. Stamens 5. Style 1, stigma biiid. Capsule 1-celled. — Bitter herbs, 

actively medicinal. Leaves trifoliate, nearly radical, 

M. trifoliata L.— In muddy places, Penn. to Cal., and N. 8—12'. Petioles long and 
round. Scapes bearing racemes of handsome, flesh-colored flOAvers. May. 

10. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmel. Floating Heart. Cal. 5-parted. 
Cor. rotate, each seg. with a glandular scale at base. Sty. short or 0, stig. 



Order 99.— APOCYNACE^. 269 

2-lot)ed. Caps, opening by decay. ^ Stagnant water. Pet. long, bearing an. 
nmbel of small white lis. below the roundish leaf-blade, also oblong tubers. 

1 Ii. lacunosum Griseb. Leaves small (1—20, smooth, rouud-reniform ; seeds 

smooth and shining. N. Eng. to Fla. (Villarsia lacunosa Vent.) 

2 Ii. tracliyspermum Gray. Lvs. large (3—50, dotted and pitted beneath; seeds 

muricate about the margins. Md. to Fla. and La. (Menyanthes, Mx.) 

Order XCVIII. LOGANIACE^. 

Herhfi or shrubs with opposite leaves, stipules between the petioles or at 
least a ridge, and with 4- or 5-parted regular gamopetalous flowers. Ovary 
superior, stigmas as many as the cells. Fruit a 2-celled capsule, or a 1-2- 
seeded drupe. Seeds winged or peltate, with albumen. Fig. 47. 

* Delicate, twining shrubs, with large yellow flowers. S Gelsemiitm. 1 

* Low herbs. — x Flowers scarlet, tubular, with one style Spigelia. 2 

— X Flowers small, white, 5-parted, in l-sided racemes Mitreola. 3 

— X Flowers small, white, 4-parted, in axillary cymes Polypremcm. i 

\ 

1. GELSEMIUM. Juss. Yellow Jessamine. Cor. bell-funnel-form 
with 5 short rounded lobes. Sta. 5, now longer and now shorter than the 
style {dimorphous). Caps, flattened, twin, cells each with 4 — 6 winged sds. 
■^ Very slender, with numerous flowers. The stipules a mere ridge. 

G, sempervireiis Ait. — Woods and banks, Va., and S., overrunning bushes and low 
trees. Leaves thick, shining, lanceolate. Flowers 1'. March — ^May. 

2. SPIGELIA, L. Pink-root. Calyx seg. linear-subulate. Cor. nar- 
rowly funnel-form, limb 5-cleft. Anth. 5, convergent. Caps, twin-lobed, 
few-seeded. — Herbs, with the flowers sessile in terminal spikes. Fig. 47. 

S. OTarilandica L. Stem square, erect, simple; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate; 
spike scorpoid, uncoiling as the 3 — 8 handsome flowers expand ; corolla 1^—2' long. 
U Thickets, Pa. to 111., and S. June. Medicinal. 

3. MITREOLA, L. Corolla tubular, short, 5-cleft, hairy in the throat. 
Sta. 5, included. Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, united only at top with 1 stigma. 
Capsule 2-horned, go -seeded, (i) Flowers in several scorpoid spikes at 
top of a long terminal peduncle. June — August. 

1 M. petlolata T. & G. Branching ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, tapering at base to 

a petiole ; raceme loose-flowered. Va., and S. 1 — 2f. 

2 M. sessilifolla T. & G. Nearly simple ; leaves oval to elliptical, sessile, shorter 

than the iuternodes ; raceme close-flowered. S. C to Fla. 10 — 18'. 
\ 

4. POLYPREMUM, L. Calyx seg. 4, subulate. Corolla broad bell- 
form, lobes a little unequal, obtuse, throat bearded. Stamens 4, included. 
Stigma subsessile. Capsule ovoid. ® Smooth, diff'usely branched from 
base, with linear-subulate leaves. Flowers sessile. 

P, prociJinbens L.— Dry fields, Va., and S. 6—12'. In dense patches. May— Sept. 

Order XCIX. APOCYNACE^. Dog-banes. 
Plant with an acrid, milky juice, entire, exstipulate, mostly opposite lvs. 



270 . OiiDER 99.— APOCYNACE^. 

Flowers 5-partecl, regular, the calyx persistent, the corolla twisted in aesti- 
vation. Stamens 5, with distinct filaments, anthers filled with granular pol- 
len. Ovaries 2, distinct, but their stigmas blended into a head-shaped mass. 
Fruit 1 — 2 follicles, or capsular or baccate, with albuminous seeds. 

§ Herbs erect, native. — a Corolla bell-form, whitish. Leaves opposite Apoctnctm. 1 

— a Corolla salver-form, blue. Leaves alternate Amsonia. 2 

§ Half-shrubby, cultivated, trailing or erect. Corolla wide-spread Vinca. 3 

.^ Shrubs twining. — h Native. Flowers small, yellowish Foesteronia. 4 

— h Cultivated. Flowers large, white Echites. 5 

§ Shrubs erect. — c Leaves opposite or in 4's. Corolla yellow Allamanda. 6 

— c Leaves opposite or in 3's. Corolla roseate Neeium. 7 

— c Leaves alternate. Flowers 3". Fruit a drupe. S. Fla Vallesia. 

1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dog's-bane. Cor. bell-form with short lobes. 
Sta. included, alternating with 5 glandular teeth on the base of the corolla. 
Ovaries 2. Stigma connate. Follicles slender, distinct. Seeds comous. li 
Leaves entire, mucronate, opposite. Flowers pale, in cymes, June — Aug. 

1 A. androsaemifoIiuRi L. Leaves ovate; cymes terminal and lateral; cor. 3", 

with red stripes, tube longer than the calyx, lobes spreading. Hedges and fields. 3f. 
A handsome plant, smooth or downy. 

2 A. cannabinum L. Leaves oval to lance-oblong, often downy beneath ; cymes 

terminal; corolla l", tube not longer than the calyx, lobes erect. In shades. 2— 4f. 
Pods 3' long. (A. hypericifolium Ait.) 

\ 

2. AMSONIA, Walt. Calyx segment pointed. Cor. tube hispid, fun- 
nel-form, limb in 5 linear segments twisted in bud. Style 1. Ovaries 2, 
connate at base, follicles 2, erect, slender. Seeds not comous. if Leaves 
alternate, entire. Clusters terminal, blue. 

1 A. Tabernaemontana Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals lance- 

acuminate ; corolla 8", livid blue. Damp grounds, W. and S. 2f. May, June. — 
Varies with leaves lance-elliptic, and sepa,ls acute. 

2 A. ciliata Walt. Leaves more or less crowded, linear or filiform, the margins cili- 

ate ; cluster long-stalked, corymbed, or soon panicled ; corolla glabrous outside. 
Sands, S. : common. 1 — 2f. April, May. 

3. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Corolla funnel-form, deeply 5-cleft, twisted 

in bud. Anthers adherent to the stigma. Stigma 2-lobed. Follicles 3, 

spreading, seeds comous. "^ Leaves opposite. 

F. diflormis DC. Climbing; leaves round-oval to lance-oval, cuspidate-pointed; 
cymes axillary and terminal, stalked : calyx segments ovate, long-pointed ; corolla 
3 — 4", pale yellow. Swamps, Va., and S. May — August. 

4. VINCA, L. Periwinkle. Cor. funnel- or salver-form, convolute, 
with the 5 lobes oblique, orifice 5-angled. Two glands at base of the ovaiy. 
Follicles 2, erect, slender. [^ ^) Lvs. opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary. 

1 V, MINOR. Procumbent ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, not ciliate ; sepals lanceolate ; 

flowers scentless, violet, purple, or white. May, June. Europe. 

2 V, MAJOR. Decumbent ; leaves ovate, ciliate at edges ; sepals long, bristle-pointed. 

In shades, forming loose masses, leaves often silver-edged. Europe. 

3 V, ROSEA. Erect, soft-downy; leaves oval, obtuse; flowers large, roseate, often 

white or white-edged, perpetual. From Madagascar. 



Okder 100.— ASCLEPIADACEiE. 



271 



5. EOHITES, Br. Cor. funnel- or salver-form, not appenclaged, lobes 
convolute, bearing the subsessile anthers in the throat ; 5 glands at base of 
ovaries. Foil. 2, slender. Sds. comous. "^ 5 Lvs. opp. (Mandevilla, Lindl.) 

E. suAVEOLENS. Climbing ; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, ehorter than the axillary 

or terminal racemes ; flowers fragrant, 2'. S. America. 
E. uml>ella.ta Jacq. and E. Andrewsii Chapm. are indigenous in S. Fla. 

6. ALL AM AND A cathabtica. Shrub from Guyana, with slender 
branches, oblong thin-pointed leaves, and bright-yellow flowers 2^—3'. Cor. fnnnel-bell- 
Corm, lobes 5, rounded, throat appendaged. Ova. 1, becoming a prickly, 1-celled capsule. 

\ 

7. NBRIUM, L. Oleander. Corolla salver-form, convolute, throat 

crowned with 5 cleft scales. Anth. arrow-shaped, tipped with a long hairy 
bristle. J) Lvs. lanceolate, acute both ways, thick and leathery, in 2's or 3's. 

1 N, Oleander. Leaves lanceolate ; scales of the crown each of 3 or 4 pointed unequl 

teeth ; fls. clustered, inodorous, often double, 2'. Palestine. 5 — lOf, very handsome. 

2 N. ODORUM. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; scales of the crown each 4-7-cleft ; appenda- 

ges of the anthers exserted ; flowers fragrant. India. 

Order C. ASCLEPIADACE^. Asclepiads. 



Plants (chiefly herbs in the United States) with a milky juice, often 

twining. Leaves opposite (rarely whorled 
or scattered), without stipules, entire. 
Flowers generally umbellate, 5-parted, re- 
gular, the sepals and also the petals united 
at base, both valvate in aestivation. Sta- 
mens united, adherent to and covering 
the fleshy mass of the two united stig- 
mas. Pollen cohering in masses. Ovaries 
2, forming follicles in fruit. 




Fig. 530.— 1. Asclepias cornuti. 2. A flower, the 
petals and sepals reflexed, and the corona erect. 
3. One of the segments of the corona with the 
horn bent inwardly. 4. A pair of pollen masses 
suspended from the glands. 5. A mature follicle. 
6. Vertical section of P. phytolaccoides showing 
the two ovaries. 7. Lobe and horn of the corona. 



IV, V. § stems erect, leafy, herbaceous. . .(«) 

t>j^"* § Stems climbing, often shrubby ... (c) 

§ Stems low, leaves flesliy, all radical. . .Stapelia. 

a A little horn in each hood of the crown. Petals reflexed Asclefias. 

a No horns in the crown.— & Petals reflexed or spreading Acerates. 

— h Petals erect Podostigma. 

c Corolla salver-form, white, the crown in the bottom of the tube Stephanotis. 

c Corolla M'heel-form, flattish, the lobes spreading. ..(n) 

c Corolla segments erect, crown 5-leaved, — d each leaflet 2-awned Enslenia. 

—d leaflets awnless ; Metastelma.. 



272 Order 100.— ASCLEPIADACE^. 

n CrowTi double, the outer a ring, the inner 5-leaved. S. Fla SaRCOSTEMMA. 

n Crown simple, — x deeply 5-parted. Leaves linear Seutera. ; 

— X of 5 awned scales. Leaves ovate Periploca. 3 

— X a ring 5-10-lobed, or merely wavy. . .(y) 

y Anther slits vertical, pollinia pendulous. Leaves thin Vincetoxicum. 7 

»/ Anther slits horizontal, pollinia spreading. Leaves cordate Gonolobus. 8 

y Anther slits vertical, pollinia erect. Leaves thick Hoy A. 11 

1. ASOLiEPIAS, L. MiLK-WEED. Silk-weed. Calyx and cor. segm. 
soon reflexed. Staminal crown of 5 distinct hoods (cucullate leaflets), each 
with a little curved horn from within. Anth. consolidated with the stig,, 
forming a 5-angled truncate mass (antheridium), opening by 5 chinks. 
Pollen masses (pollinia) 5 paii's, hanging vertically by a pedicel from a cleft 
gland. Follicles 2, lance-shaped, seeds comous. % Erect, with the flow- 
ers in simple umbels which are between the petioles or terminal. Jn. — Aug. 

* Flowers whitish, greenish, or purple in various shades ... (a) 

* Flowers orange-colored or scarlet. Leaves narrowly lanceolate Nos. 15 — 17 

a Leaves ovate to lanceolate, narrowed to a petiole. ..{b) 

a Leaves ovate-oblong to cordate, sessile or clasping Nos. 12—14 

a Leaves linear, very narrow. . .{x) 

h Both crown and corolla greenish-purple. Pods woolly-spiny Nos. 1, 2 

b Both crown and corolla pure purple. Pods smooth Nos. 3, 4 

b Crown white ; corolla white tinged with pink. Flowers small Nos. 5 — 7 

b Crown white ; corolla greenish-white. — c Umbels pedunculate Nos. 8, 9 

— c Umbels subsessile. S Nos. 10, 11 

X Leaves all opposite, or rarely the highest alternate Nos. 18, 19 

X Leaves mostly verticillate or scattered. Flowers greenish Nos. 20, 21 

1 A. cornuti Dcsn. Leaves oblong-ovate, downy beneath, acutish at base and short- 

stalked, longer than the many-flowered umbels ; hoods ovate ; horns acute. Koad- 
sides and hedges. 2 — 4f. Leaves 5—8'. Flowers &'. 

2 A. Sullivantii Eng. Leaves ovate-oblong, smooth both sides, nearly sessile ; 

hoods obovate ; horns blunt ; flowers 9". Ohio to 111. July. 

3 A. pwrpurascens L. Simple ; leaves ovate to elliptical, acute mucronate ; um- 

bels subsolitary, terminal ; peduncle 1 — 2' ; pedicels V ; horns horizontal. N. Eng. 
to N. Car., and W. 3— 4f. Flowers large (6"), dark purple. Hoods lance-ovate. 

4 A. incarnata L. Branching above ; leaves lanceolate ; umbels many or few, some- 

what panicled ; flowei-s small (3") ; ped. \ — 2'. Wet places. 3— 5f : common. 
j8. pulchra. Hairy ; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate. Very handsome, t 

5 A. ovalifolia Dcsn. Low, downy; Ivs. ovate, acutish; umbels subsessile, 10-15- 

flwd. ; pet. oval ; hoods yellowish, obtuse, longer than the horns. W. (A. Vaseyi C-B.) 

6 A, perennis Walt. Branched at base, half-shrubby, smooth ; leaves thin, lanceo- 

late, pointed both ways, long-stalked, exceeding the small white umbels ; hoods 
shorter than the horns. Low grounds, W. and S. 2f. (A. parviflora C-B.) 
^T A. quadrifolia Ph. Simple, smooth ; leaves ovate, acuminate, some of them in 
whorls of 4 ; umbels fcAV, loose-flowered, long-stalked. Dry woods. 2f. 

8 A. variegata L. Simple, smoothish ; leaves oval to lance-oval, short-pointed, 

acute at base ; umbels densely QO-flowered, small CI'— 18" diam.) ; hoods orbicular. 
/3. nivea, Lvs. elliptical, pointed both ways ; umb. 10-15-fiwd. N. J.,W. &S. 1— 8f. 

9 A. pliytolaccoades Ph. Tall, simple ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed both ways, 

glaucous ; umbels lateral, with about 20 drooping fls. ; peduncles and pedicels 1— 3' 
long ; hoods truncate, with 4 unequal teeth ; horns exserted. Damp shades. 4— 5f. 

1 A. tomeiitosa Ell. Woolly, stout ; leaves lance-oblong, wavy, cuspidate ; umbels 
lateral, with many large flower^ ; hoods obovate. truncate. Barrens, S. 



OitDER 100.— ASCLEPIADACE^. 273 

11 A. obovata Ell. Tomentons ; leaves obovate, obtuse, mucronate; umbels 10-14- 
liowered, lateral ; fls. lari^e, yellowi?h-f?reen ; hoods elongated. Gravels, Ga., Fla. 

12 A. rubra L. Simple, glabrous ; Ivs. ovate, long and acutely pointed, subsessile ; 
umbels paoicled above, few ; flowers red-purple ; hoods acute, some longer than the 
slender exserted horns. Barrens, N. J., and S. 2— 3f. Leaves '6—5'. 

13 A. obtusitolia Mx. Simple, smooth ; leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, subcordale, 
obtuse-mucronate ; umbels 1 — 3, terminal, pedunculate, 15-25-flowered ; hoods trun- 
cate, shorter than the sickle-shaped horn ; flowers G", red-green. M., W., S. 3f. 

.14 A. amplexicaiilis Mx. Simple, flexuous, glaucous; Ivs. ovate, cordate-clasp- 
ing, obtuse, not mucronate ; ped. lateral and terminal, Avith 00 dull-purplish flow- 
ers ; pedicels slender ; hoods ovate, including the horns. Copses, S. 1 — 2f. 

15 A. tuberosa L. Butterfly -loeed. Stem ascending, hairy, umbellate branched; 
leaves sessile, alternate^ lance-oblong ; umbels many, erect ; flowers bright orange- 
red ; hoods oblong ; horns suberect. Dry fields. Eoot tuberous. Stem 2f. t 

16 A. paupercula Mx. Smooth and virgate ; leaves linear and oblong-linear, 4 — 6' 
long ; umbels with few large yellow-red flowers at the naked summit. N. J., and S. 

17 A. Curassavica L. Half-shrubby and branching at base ; branches terete, leafy 
to the top ; leaves lance-linear ; umbels with few large scarlet flowers. S. Fla. Cult. 

18 A. ciiiarea Walt. Stem wiry, simple, naked above; leaves linear-flliform, 1 — 3', 
erect; umbels terminal, several, bracteolate, 3-5-flowered ; peduncles 4—6"; pedi- 
cels 6 — 8'' ; corolla ashy-purple, 3 — 4''. Damp barrens, S. C. to Fla. 2 — 3f. 

19 A . viridula Chapm. Stem and leaves as in No. 18 ; umbels 6-12-flowered, yellow- 
ish green, shorter than the leaves. Fla. 

20 A. Micliauxii Dcsn. Stems diff"use ; leaves linear, 3 — 4', scattered; umbels GO- 
flowered, often panicled, mostly shorter than the Ivs. ; fls. Z'\ fragrant. Sands, S. If. 

21 A. verticillata Ell. Simple, slender, erect; leaves linear, very narrow, generally 
xertidillate ; umbels small, many, lateral, V diameter, pedunculate. Swamps. 2f. 

2. ACERATES, Ell. Hoods of the crown destitute of a horn. Other- 
wise nearly as in Asclepias. if Flowers greenish. June — August. 

§ AcERATES j;r-02?(??'. Umb. lateral ; pet. reflexed ; crown adnate to anth. . .Nos. 1 — 3 
§ Anantheeix. Umbels terminal ; pet. spreading ; crown free from anth.. Nos. 4, 5 

1 A. viridiflora Ell. Stout, whitish-doAvny ; leaves thick, oval, obtuse, petiolate, 

varying to elliptic-lanceolate, or even to orbicular (Ga., Prof. Pond) ; umbels small, 
dense, subsessile. Sands. 2f. Leaves exceedingly variable. 

2 A. longifolia Ell. Eough-puberulent, simple ; leaves alternate, lance-linear to 

linear ; umbels lateral, pedunculate, densely many-flowered ; flowers small, 3", crown 
stipitate. Prairies, W. 2— 3f. Peduncles 1'. 

3 A. lanuginosa Dcsn. Low, stout, hairy; leaves lanceolate; umbel 1, on the 

naked summit of the stem, dense ; crown sessile. Prairies, Wis. If. 

4 A. connivens Dcsn. Strict, half-shrubby ; leaves oval-oblong ; umbels 7-12-flwd., 

along the naked summit of the stem ; pet. 5", oval, with a short cusp ; hoods conni- 
vent over the anthers. Barrens, Ga., Fla. 2f. Leaves 20 — 30'''. 

5 A. paniculatus Dcsn. St. angular ; Ivs. lance-oblong, obtuse; umbels clustered 

at the leafy top, 5-9-flowered ; pet. large, half-erect, T' ; pods glabrous, seeds with 
long silky tufts. Ga. to 111. and Kan. (Rev. J. H. Carruth.) 

3. PODOSTIGMA, Ell. Cor. seg. 5, erect, oblong. Crown stipitate, 

hoods without horns. Follicles 2, long, slender, smooth, if Low and 

simple, with opposite leaves and supra-axillary few-flowered umbels. 

P, pubescens Ell. — Wet grounds, S. A curious plant, with linear-oblong leaves and 
3—5 umbels of yellowish-green flowers, in May, June. If. 
\ 

4. BNSI--ENIA, Kutt. Cor. 5-parted, segments erect ; hoods or scales 

18 



274 Order 100.— ASCLEPIADACE^. 

of the crown 5, free, each terminated by 2 filiform, flexuous lobes. Pol- 
linia oblong, pendulous. Stig. 5-angled, conical. Follicles cylindraceous, 
smooth. ^> A twining herb, witli opposite, cordate leaves, and cream- 
white flowers in small lateral corymbs. 
E. albida N.— W. and S. : common. 6—1 Of. Clusters 5-8-flwd., fragrant. July, Aug. 

5. METASTELMA, Br. Cor. somewhat bell-form, segments incurved 
at apex. Crown of 5 distinct scales. Stigma flat. Pods smooth, slender, 
seeds comous. "^ Lvs. cuspidate, smooth. Umb. of few small flowers. 

OT. Fraseri Dcsn. Leaves oval ; umbels sessile ; pet. ovate, clliate, as long as the 

linear crown-scales. In Carolina (Fraser, in DC). 
M. Sclilectendalilii and other species grovir in S. Fla. (Dr. Chapman.) 
\ 

6. SEUTERA, Reich. Sepals 5, lanceolate. Cor. rotate, segm. acute. 

Crown on the base of the sessile anthers, of 5 retuse segments. Pollinia 
ovoid, pendulous. Stigma bifid. Pods smooth, seeds comous. ^) Leaves 
linear, fleshy. Umbels few-flowered. 

S. maritima Dcsn.— Salt marshes, S., twining on the rushes, &c. Leaves opposite, 
1'. Umbels 7-10-flowered. Pet. greenish, crown short, white. June— October. 

7. VINOETOXIOUM, Moench. Calyx and cor. 5-parted, wheel-form. 
Crown a fleshy, 5-10-lobed disk. Anth. tipped with a membrane. Pollinia 
and fruit as in Asclepias. 2i ^ Flowers small, in dense clusters. 

1 V. nigrum Moench. Herb somewhat twining, Avith lance-ovate, attenuately-acute 

leaves and small blackish clusters in tbe axils. Gardens and fields : rare. 

2 V, scoparium (N.) Shrubby at base, much branched ; leaves thin, linear, 1' ; clus- 

ters short-stalked, downy, with few green flowers ; pods slender, 1'. Fla. 

8. GONOLOBUS, Mx. Corolla subrotate, 5-parted, convolute in bud. 
Crown a small, fleshy, undulate-lobed ring, attached to the throat of the 
corolla. Anth. opening transversely beneath the stigma. Pollinia 5 pairs, 
horizontal. Pods turgid, seeds comous. "^ Leaves cordate. Umbels few- 
flowered, short, extra-axillary. Flowers brownish. 

* GoNOLOBUs proper. Cor. rotate, flat, lobes linear to oblong, smoothish. . .Nos. 1 — 3 

* Chthamalia. Corolla bell-form, small (woolly), lobes ovate, V long No. 4 

1 G. macropliyllus (and loevis) Mx. Smooth, or with minute down and scattered 

hairs ; leaves short-pointed, base-lobes open ; umbels 5-flowered, buds conic-pointed ; 
pet. linear-subulate, 4" ; pod smooth, ribbed. Shady banks, Va. to Ky., and S. 3— 5f. 

2 G. oWiquus Br. Hirsute with spreading, unequal hairs ; leaves acuminate, base- 

lobes closed and some oblique ; umbels 2-5-flowered, buds oblong, pet. linear-oblong, 
6''' ; pod muricate, ribless. Banks, O. to Pa. and Ga. 3 — of. 

3 G. liirsutus Mx. Hirsute ; leaves acuminate ; umbels 5-8-flowered, buds ovoid. 

petals oblong, 3", yellow, downy ; pod muricate. Woods, South. 4 — 8f. 

4 G. prostratiis Ell. Branches from base, prostrate, 6—12' ; leaves small (1'), reni- 

form-cordate ; umbels sessile, 3-5-flowered ; corolla segments ovate, 1'^, very woolly 
inside, dark purple. Sands, Ga. (Dr. Feay). (Chthamalia pubera Dcsn.) 
\ 

9. PERIPLOCA, L. Cor. rotate, flat, 5-parted. Crown 5-cleft, tipped 

with 5 filiform awns. Filaments distinct, anthers cohering. Pollinia 5, 
each 4-lobed, single. Follicles 2, smooth, divaricate. Seeds comous. "^ 



Ordek 101.— OLEACEiE. 275 

P. Graeca L. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 3 — 4'; flowers panicled on a long peduncle; 
petals very hairy, linear, obtuse, purple. Gardens, &c. 10— lof. August. § 

10. STEPHANOTIS, Pet.-Th. Sepals distinct. Cor. salver-form, limb 
5-lobecl, conyoliite in bud, tube including tbe 5-leaved crown in its en- 
larged base. "^ Leaves thick, very smooth. 

S. FLOKiBUNDA. Leaves oval ; flowers 5—8 on each peduncle, white and fragrant, tube 1', 
limb 1^' broad. Greenhouse plant, from Madagascar. 

11. HOYA, Br. Wax-plant. Sepals 5. Corolla rotate, flat, valvate in 

bud. Crown of 5 depressed, spreading segm. Pollinia fixed by the base, 

connivent. Pods smooth, seeds comous. "^ Smooth, fleshy. 

M. CAKNosA. Branchlets puberulent ; leaves oval-oblong ; flowers in dense umbels, 
pink-colored, wax-like. Greenhouse plant, from E. India. 

12. STAPELIA) L. CARmoN-FLOVTER. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. rotate, 

fleshy, 5-cleft. Crown double, of 2 rings entire or lobed. Pollinia erect. 

Pods erect, smooth. — Fleshy, leafless, cactus-like plants, from S. Africa, 

with large, dark-red. fcetid flowers, in the greenhouse. 

S. HiKSUTA, with erect, dull-green 4-sided branches, toothed on the angles, and flowers 
3—4' broad, with pui-ple, ciliate, lance-ovate petals. 

Order CI. OLEACE^. OLrv^Ew^ORTS. 

Trees and shrubs, with opposite, simple or compound leaves, and regular, 
4-8-parted diandrous flowers. Corolla rarely wanting, its divisions more 
in number than the stamens. Ovary free, 2-celled, with 2 (rarely 1 or QO) 
ovules in each cell. Fig. 16. 

I. .JASMINES. Corolla 5-8-parted. Ovary cells each with 1 erect ovule Jasminpm. 1 

II. OLEACEJG proper. Corolla valvate, 4-parted or 0. Ovary cells 2- or 00 -ovuled. . .(*) 

* Flowers perfect, corolla present. Leaves (simple. ..(a) 

* Flowers imperfect, inconspicuous, often apetalous. . .(c) 

« Flowers yellow. Ovary with many ovules in each cell Foesythia. 2 

a Flowers white, or lilac. Ovary cells 2-ovuled. . .{b) 

I Stamens exserted. Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry Oleom. 4 

h Stamens included. — x Corolla salver-form, tube longer than lobes Syringa. 3 

— X Corolla funnel-form, tube shorter than lobes Ligustrum. 5 

— X Corolla lobes long, linear, drooping Chionanthus. 6 

c Leaves simple. Corolla 0. Fruit a fleshy drupe Forestiera. 7 

e Leaves pinnate. Corolla 0, or present. Fruit a winged samara Fraxincs. 8 

/ 

1. JASMINUM, L. JessamesiE. Calyx 5-8-lobed. Cor. salver-form, 

limb 5-8-cleft, convolute in bud. Sta. included. Berry double, 2-seeded. 

"^ J) Petioles jointed. 

§ Leaves opposite, unifoliate. Flowers white, 8-10-parted Nos. 1, 2 

§ Leaves opposite, 3-9-foliate. Flowers white, 5-parted Nos. 3 — 5 

§ Leaves alternate, 3-7-foliate. Flowers yellow, 5-parted Nos. 6, 7 

1 J". Sambac. Scarcely climbing ; leaves ovate ; petals 8, rounded, fragrant. India. 

2 J". XAUEiFOLiUM. Climbing ; leaves lanceolate ; pet. 9 or 10, linear, fragrant. India. 

3 jr. AzoEicuM. Difiuse ; leaflets 3, ovate, shining ; flowers very fragrant. Azores. 

4 J. OFFICINALE. Climbing ; Ifts. 7, lanceolate ; sep. linear, equalling cor. tube. Asia. 



27G Order 101.— OLEACE^. 

5 J. GRANDIFLORUM. CUmbiug ; leaflets 9, oval, some confluent, the odd one pointed; 

sepals thrice shorter than the corolla tube ; petals oval. India. 

6 J. KEVOLUTUM. Not climbing ; Ifts. ovate, pointed ; pet. roundish, recurved. Asia. 
T J. ODOKATissiBiUM. Climbing ; Ifts. oval, obtusc ; fls. Icss fragrant than No. 6. Azores. 

2. FORSYTHIA, Valil. Calyx very short, deciduous. Cor. subcam- 
panulate, lobes long, twisted in bud. Sta. inserted in the base of the tnbe, 
included. Seeds oo in the 2-celled pod. ^ Leaves opposite or in 3's, ap- 
pearing after the yellow flowers. 

1 F. viRiDissiMA. Branches erect, strict, covered with flowers in early Spring, each 

flower separate, pedicellate, lateral ; leaves lanceolate. China. 

2 F. susPENSA. Branches weak, pendulous ; leaves ovate ; flowers scattered. Japan, 

3. SYRINGA, L. Lilac. Calyx small, persistent, many times shorter 
than the tube of the salver-form corolla. Sta. included. Pod 3-celled, 
valves bearing the septum in the middle, seeds 4. ;^ Leaves opposite. 

1 S. VULGARIS. Common L. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire, glabrous ; flowers lilac to 

lilac-purple, in a dense thyrse, very fragrant. A beautiful shrub, from Hungary ; vary- 
ing with flowers bluish, or white. April — June. 

2 S. Persica. Persian L. Leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth, often pinnately cleft ; 

thyrse loose, smaller, white, or lilac-blue. Persia. 

3 S. viLLosA. Chinese L. Leaves elliptic, acute, hairy beneath. N. China. 

4. OLSA, Tourn. Olive. Calyx short. Corolla tube short, limb 4- 
parted, spreading. Stamens 2, inserted in the base of the tube, exserted. 
Ovary with 4 suspended ovules, ripening only 1 or 2 seeds. Drupe fleshy, 
''>ily- b b Leaves opposite. Flowers white. 

* Kacemes axillary, shorter than the coriaceous leaves Nos. 1 — S 

* Eacemes in a large terminal panicle. (Visiana paniculata C-B) No. 4 

1 O. Americana L. Leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, entire, smooth, shining, at- 

teniTated to a petiole ; raceme compound, scarce longer than the petiole ; flowers 
dioecious ; drupes globular. Swamps, N. J. to Fla. 15 — 20f. 

2 O. EuROP^A. Leaves lanceolate, mucronate ; racemes longer than the petioles ; 

drupes oval. Europe. Cultivated in California, rarely far South. 20 — 40f. 

3 O. FRAGRANS. Shrub ; leaves lance-oblong, serrate ; flowers small, white, very fra- 

grant, in axillary corymbs, white-red ; styles 2. China. (Osmanthus.) 

4 O. CLAVATA. Shrub with ovate entire leaves and many small flowers in large pani- 

cles ; style 1, club-shaped, exserted like the stamens. China. Hardy S. 

5. LIGUSTRUM, L. Privet. Prim. Cal. minutely toothed. Cor. 
funnel-form, 4-lobed. Sta. subincluded. Sty. very short. Berry 2-celled, 2- 
4-seeded. Sds. angular, ;^ With simple Ivs. and term, panicles of white fls. 

li, vulgare L. Leaves lanceolate to obovate, 1 — 2', obtuse or acute, thick but decidu- 
ous ; flowers small, in small thyrses ; anthers partly exserted, but shorter than the 
ovate corolla lobes. Planted in hedges. May, June. § Europe. 

6. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe Tree. Cal. short, 4-parted. Cor. 
tube very short, including the 2 stamens, the limb of 4 linear lobes. 
Style very short. Drupe fleshy, with a bony 1-seeded nut. ^;^ With 
opposite leaves and white flowers in panicles. 

C. Virgi nica L. Leaves oval to oblong ; panicle with filiform branches and pedicels ; 



Order 101.— OLEACE^. 277 

petals very narrow, drooping, 10'''. A Mghly ornamental shrub or small tree, in 
woods. S. Penn., and S. April — June. 

7. FORESTIERA, Poir. Dioecious, apetalous ; buds oo-flowerecT. 
$ Flowers sessile, crowded, each flower a pair of stamens surrounded by 

a calyx of 4 sepals. ? Flowers pedicellate, umbellate, no calyx, an ovary 
tipped with a slender style and capitate stigma, cells 2, ovules 4, Drupe 
1-seeded. ^ ^ Leaves opposite, simple. Flowers minute. 

1 F. acuminata, Poir. Glabrous ; leaves lance-elliptic, pointed both ways, serru- 

late, petiolate ; drupe linear-oblong, pointed. Streams, 111. to Ga. 15f. 

2 F. ligustrina Poir. Some downy ; leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse, attenuate to a 

petiole, serrulate ; drupe oval-oblong. Banks, Ga., Fla. 

3 F. porulosa Poir. Smooth; leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, sessile, dotted and rusty 

beneath ; drupe round-ovoid. Coast of E. Ga. and Fla. 

8. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. Fls. 5 ^ ? or ^ ?. Cal. 4-toothed, 
rarely 0. Cor. of 2 or 4 oblong or linear petals, or 0. Sta. 2. Stig. bifid. 
Samara 2-celled, flattened, winged at apex, 4-ovuled, but 2-seeded. ^ +) 
Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate, petiolate. Flowers racemed or panicled. 
Wood valuable for timber. April, May. Fig. 16. 

§ Native species, all dioecious and apetalous, in woods, &c. . .(a) 

§ European species, polj'gamous, planted for shade, &c Nos. 1, 2 

a Calyx persistent at the terete base of the samara No. 3 

a Calyx persistent at the narrow^ flattened base of the samara Nos. 4—6 

a Calyx none, the samara naked at the broad base Nos. 7, 8 

1 F. Ornxts. Flowering Ash. Lfts. 7 — 9, lanceolate, serrate above; buds pubescent; 

panicles dense ; petals 2 or 4, linear-oblong, white ; fruit lance-lineai*. Parks. 

2 F. EXCELSIOR. European Ash. Leaflets 11 — 13, lance-oblong, serrate ; racemes short, 

dense ; fruit linear-oblong, notched at end ; pet. and calyx 0. A tall tree, in parks, 
&c. /3. PENDULA, the Weeping As7i, is one of its varieties. 

3 F. Americana L. White Ash. Leaflets 7 — 9, ovate, acuminate, subentire, shining ; 

panicles loose ; fruit calyculate, the seed portion terete, half as long as the oblong 
wing. A forest tree 40 — 80f. Timber excellent. 

4 F. pubescens Walt. Bed Ash. Leaflets 7 — 9, lance-ovate, acuminate, subserrate, 

petioles and branchlets velvety-pubescent ; fniit calyculate at the acute base, gradu- 
ally widened into the oblanceolate wing. Wet woods. 30 — fiOf. 

5 F. viridis Mx./. Green Ash. Lfls. 7— 9, lance-ovate, serrate, long-pointed, bright 

green, and, with the petioles and branchlets, glabrous ; fruit calyculate, spatalate, 
obtuse, the seed portion as long as the wing. Woods, W. and S. 15— 25f. 

6 F-. platycarpa Mx. Leaflets 5 — 7, elliptical, acute, obscurely serrate, some downy; 

fruits broadly-spatulate, attenuate to the calyculate base, some of them (especially in 
B. triptera) with 3 angles winged ! Va., and S. 

7 F. quadrangulata Mx. Blue Ash. Leaflets 7—9, short-petiolulate, lance-ovate, 

acuminate, sharply serrate ; branchlets square or acutely 4-angled ; buds velvety ; 
fruit oblong, winged to the base. Woods, W. 60— 80f. 

8 F. saml>ucifolia Lam. Black Ash. Leaflets 7 — 11, lance-ovate, sessile, serrulate, 

pointed ; fruit oblong with equal end^ notched at apex. Swamps, Can. to Pa. and 
Ky. 40— 70f. Wood used for hoops, baskets, &c. 



2-78 Order 102.— ARISTOLOCHIACE.^. 

Cohort 3. APETAL^, 

Or Mokochlamtdeous Exogeks. Plants with no corolla, 
tlie calyx or perianth green or colored, consisting of a single 
series of similar organs, or often wholly wanting. 

Order CII. ARISTOLOCHIACE^. Birthworts. 

Lotd hei'bs or climbing sJirubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers. 
Perianth tube adlicrent to tlie ovary, brown or dull, valvate in the bud. 
Stamens 6 to 13, epigynous and adherent to the base of the styles. Ovary 
6-celled, becoming a 6-celled, many-seeded capsule or berry. Seed albu- 
minous, embryo minute. Figs. 24, 333. 

1. ASARUM, Tourn. Wild Ginger. Calyx bell-form, regular, 3- 
cleft. Sta. 12, placed upon the ovary, anth. adnate to the middle or sum- 
mit of the filaments, ^tyle very short, stigma 6-rayed. Fruit fleshy, 
6-celled, crowned with the calyx, il Acaulescent, with creeping rhizomes 
and 1 or 2 leaves on each branch. Flowers solitary. 

§ Leaves in pairs. Calyx lobes pointed, reflexed. Ovary w^holly adherent No. 1 

§ Leaves solitary. Calyx lobes obtuse, suberect. Ovary partly free Nos. 2, 3 

1 A. Caiiadense L. Lvs. 2, broad-reniform, on long, opposite, radical petioles with 

the flower between ; sepals greenish-purple, pointed, reflexed ; filaments extended 
above the anthers. Rich shades. The root is a popular remedy. May, June. 

2 A. "Virginicum L. Leaf orbicular-ovate, glabrous, coriaceous, deeply cordate, 

entire, obtuse ; flowers subsessile ; calyx short, smooth outside ; segments obtuse, 
dull purple. Rocky soils, Va., Ky., and S. April. 

3 A. arifoliuiu Mx. Leaf broadly hastate with a deep sinus ; fl. 7—9'-', tubular, soon 

urceolate, lobes short and obtuse. Rich soils, Va., and S. March — May. 

\ 

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. Calyx tubular, tube vari- 
ously bent and inflected above the ovary, limb irregular, Anth. 6, subses- 
sile on the style. Stig. 6-lobed. Caps. 6-celled, oo-seeded. if Caulescent, 
with alternate leaves and lateral lurid purple flowers. 

§ stem erect. Calyx tube sigmoid (i. e., twice bent like the letter S) Nos. 1, 2 

§ stem climbing, woody. Calyx tube recurved, once bent upward. May, Jn. .Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. serpentaria L. Virginia Snake-root. Stem flexuous ; lvs. petiolate, oblong 

or ovate, thin, cordate, acuminate ; ped. radical, many bracted ; cal. tube smoothish, 
contracted in the midst. Thickets, Pa., S. and W. 8 — 13'. June, July. 
j3. hasthta. Leaves narrowly oblong, auricled at base, short-stalked. S. 

2 A. reticulata N. St. very flexuous ; lvs. oval, cordate-clasping, with decussating 

lobes, strongly reticulated ; flowers radical, *small (S'O- La. If. 

3 A. Siplio L'Her. Dutchman'' s Pipe. Lvs. glabrous, ample, round-reniform ; ped. 

1-flowered, with 1 clasping bract ; flowers 1^', bent like a siphon or tobacco-pipe, 
limb spreading. A vigorous climber, 30— 40f, in hilly woods. Pa. to Ky., and S. t 

4 A. tomemtosa Sims. Leaves downy or hairy beneath, round-cordate, very veiny ; 

ped. solitary, 1-flowered, bractless ; flowers 20'', tube yellowish, limb purple, reflexed, 
throat nearly closed. Banks, 111,, and S. 30— 40f, May. 



Okder 103.— NYCTAGINACE^. 279 



Order CIII. NYCTAGmACEJE. Maryelworts. 

Herls (shrubs or trees) with tumid joints, entire and opposite leaves. 
Flowers generally surrounded with an involucre (calyx-like when the flower 
is solitary). Calyx a delicate, colored, funnel-fomi or tubular perianth, 
deciduous above the 1-celled, 1-seeded ovary, leaving its persistent base to 
harden and envelop the fruit (achenium) as a kind of pericarp. Stamens 1 to 
several, definite, slender, hypogynous, exserted, unequal. Embryo coiled 
around the copious white albumen. Figs. 143, 207. 

§ Involucre just like a calyx, including one flower Mirabilis. 1 

§ Involucre 5-leaved, including many flowers in an umbel-Uke head Abroxia. 2 

§ Involucre 5-lobed, including 3 — 5 flowers Oxybaphus. 3 

§ Involucre 0. — x Herbs, with minute flowers in little clusters Boerhaavia. 4 

— X Shrubs. Flowers dioecious, cymous. S. Fla Pisonia. 

/ 

1. MIRABILIS, L. Marvel, of Peru. Four-o'clock. Involucre 
calyx-like, 5-lobed, 1-flowered, lobes acuminate. Perianth (calyx) tubular- 
funnel-form, limb spreading. Sta. 5, and style more or less exserted. Fruit 
(as in all the genera) an achenium invested in the permanent base of the 
calyx, y Cultivated. Leaves ovate, more or less cordate, acuminate. 

1 M. Jalapa. Erect, glabrous ; flowers 3 — 6 in each terminal fascicle, short-stalked, 

opening at about 4 o'clock p. m., and remaining in bloom all night, infinitely various 
in color. Peru. 2f. Summer. 

2 M. BicHOTOMA. Erect, glabrous ; flowers sessile, mostly yellow, smaller than in M. 

Jalapa ; limb 6". Mexico. 2f. Summer. 

3 IS.* LONGiFLORA. "Weak, difl'use, viscid-pubescent ; lower leaves long-petioled ; flow- 

ers sessile, tube 6' long, hairy, border 1', white. Mexico. 

\ 

2. ABRONIA, Juss. Involucre o-leaved, surrounding an umbel-like 

head ®f many small flowers on a long peduncle. Perianth salver-form, 
limb 5-lobed, corolla-like, deciduous. Sta. 5, and style included, u Fleshy. 

1 A. usreELLATA. St. prostrate ; Ivs. ovate, long-petioled ; umbellate heads compact ; fls. 

rosy-lilac or pink, the lobes obcordate. Sandy sea-coasts, California. 1 — 2f. 

2 A. FRAGRANS. Stem asceuding ; leaves lance-ovate, long-stalked ; umbels Io®se, fls. 

and involucre white, tubes near 1'. Dalles, Oregon. 

3. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Invol. 5-cleft, containing 3—5 fls., persistent. 
Perianth tube veiy short, limb beU-form, plicate, deciduous. Sta. 3, and 
style exserted. Fruit obovoid, ribbed. U Flowers small, purple. 

1 O. nyctagineus Sweet. Smoothish, erect, forked ; Ivs. broad-ovate to lanceolate, 

subcordate, acute ; ped. solitary ; involucre 3-5-flowered. Banks, W. June — Aug. 

2 O. angnstifolius Sweet. Bushy, with alternate branches ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute 

both ways, subsessile, 1 — 1' ; ped. \ — J-', axillary ; involucre cup-shaped, hispid, 3- 
flowered : ovary hispid. Dry soils, S. 2— .3f. June — July. 

3 O. albidus Sweet. Stem with strict slender branches, or simple ; leaves linear 

oblong, petiolate, the upper often bract-like ; ped. half as long (6'^ — 1') as the leaves, 
involucre hairj% 3-flowered. S. 1— 2f. May. 

\ 

4. BOERHAAVIA, L. Involucre 0, bractlets deciduous. Perianth 

fannel- or bell-form, colored, 5-lobed, upper half deciduous, lower persist- 



280 Order 104.— POLYGONACE^. 

ent. Sta. 1 — 4. Fruit 5-ribbed, truncate at apex, 1-seeded. ® Leaves 

petiolate. Flowers very small. 

B. erecta L. Glabrous ; Ivs. ovate, wavy, pale beneath ; clusters 3-6-flwcl., distant m 

a strict panicle with filiform branchlets. Sands, S. 2— 4f. June— Sept. 
B. Iilrsuta, and B. viscosa, grow in S. Fla., according to Dr. Chapman. 

Order CIV. POLYGONACEJS. Sorrelworts. 

Herbs (rarely shrubs) with alternate leaves and mostly sheathini? stipules 
{ochreoi) surrounding the stem above each tumid joint. Floicers mostly 
perfect. Perianth (or calyx) 3-6-cleft, mostly colored, imbricated in bud 
and persistent. Stamens 4 — 15. Ovary 1-celled, free, with a single, erect 
ovule. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit a 3-angled achenium enclosed in 
the calyx. Seed erect, albuminous, with a curved embryo. Figs. 147, 
151-4, 286, 304, 313, 337, 521. 

§ Ochreas, or sheathing stipules, present at each joint. . .(6) 

§ OchreaB none. — a Flowers in involucrate umbels, 6-sepalled Eriogonum. 1 

— a Flowers in bracted racemes, 5-sepalled. Stems with tendrils Buunnichia. 2 

6 Sepals 4, equal by pairs. Stamens 6. White Mountains: rare Oxyria. 3 

6 Sepals 6, all similar. Stamens 9. In gardens: common Rheum. 4 

h Sepals 6, the 3 inner increasing, tuberculate Rumex. 5 

6 Sepals 5 (in one Polygonum 4 irregular). . Ac) 

c Sepals all or the 3 inner fringed. Pedicels solitary Thysanella. 6 

c Sepals all entire, — x open, or 3 closed on the fruit. Pedicels solitary Polygonella. 7 

— X open at base of fruit. Pedicels fascicled Fagopyruai. 8 

— X closed on the angular fruit. Herbs Polygonum. 9 

— X combined with the round fruit. Trees. Fla Coccolobus. 

/ 

1. ERIOGONUM, Mx. Fls. many in each common 5-toothed involu- 
cre. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Sta. 9, sty. 3. Ach. 3-angled or 3-lobed. — Herbs 
clothed with down or wool. Lvs. alternate, exstipulate, mostly at the base 
of the stem, the upper bract-like, often whorled at the forks of the umbel- 
late inflorescence. Very abundant in the Pacific States. June — Aug. 

1 E. tomentosuiML Mx. Lower lvs. crowded, oblong-obovate, rusty-white beneath, 

the upper whorled in 3's ; involucre sessile ; calyx colored. 71 Dry soils, S. 2 — 3f. 

2 E, longifolium N. Lower lvs. crowded, oblong-linear, white beneath, the upper 

scattered ; involucre pedunculate ; calyx green, woolly. Fla., and W. 2 — 4f. 

2. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. Calj'-x colored, 5-parted, lobes oblong, at 

length increased and closed on the obscurely 3-angled achenium. Fil. 8, 

capillary, styles 3, slender, stigmas entire. "^ Tendrils from the ends of 

the branches. Flowers racemed, greenish. 

B. cirrlaosa Banks.— A smooth, shrubby vine, 10— 20f, on river banks. Car. to Fla., 
and W. Leaves cordate to ovate, entire. Sheaths obsolete. May. 

3. OXYRIA, R. Br. Mountain Sorrel. Cal. herbaceous, 4-sepalled, 

the 2 inner sepals erect, larger, the 2 outer reflexed. Ach. lens-shaped, 

thin, girt with a broad, membranous wing. Sta. 6, equal. Stig. 2, sessile, 

penicillate. U Low, nearly acaulescent, alpine plants. 

O, renilormis Hook (or digyna Camp.) Root leaves on long stalks, reniform ; outer 
sepals I a« long as the inner ; fruit orbicular. White Mountains, and N. 3 — 4'. June. 



Order 104— POLYGONACE.^. 281 

4. RHEUM, L. Khubarb, Calyx colored, 6-sepallecl, persistent. Sta. 

9. Sty. 3, very short, spreading, stig. multifid, reflexed. Ach. 3-angled, 

the angles margined. 71 Flowers fasciculate in racemous panicles. 

R. Ehaponticum L. Pie-plant. LeaA^es smooth, cordate-ovate, very large (1 — 2f), 
the petioles juicy and pleasantly acid, of equal length ; stems hollow, 3 — 4f, panicles 
"bursting from large white bracts. Siberia. 

5. RUM£jX, L. Dock. Sorrel. Calyx of 6 sepals nearly distinct, 
the 3 inner (valves) larger, petaloid, connivent over the achenium, 1 or 
more of them usually bearing a tubercle or grain on the back, the 3 outer 
green. Sta. 6. Styles 3, short, stigmas penicillate-fringed. Ach. and seed 
3-angled, embryo lateral. — "Weed-like herbs with small, greenish flowers, 
often whorled, in racemes or panicles. May — July. 

§ Docks. Flowers all or mostly perfect. Valves bearing grains on the back. . . (*) 

§ Sorrels. Flowers dioecious. Valves grainless. Leaves acid (hastate). . . .Nos. 11, 12 

* Valves entire, or merely angular. . .{a) 

* Valves conspicuously toothed on each side near the base Nos, 8 — 10 

a Pedicels in fruit 2—5 times longer than the subcordate valves Nos. 1 — 3 

a Pedicels in fruit shorter or not longer than the valves ... (5) 

b Leaves flat, all tapering to both ends Nos. 4, 5 

b Leaves wavy, the lower cordate or subcordate Nos. 0, 7 

1 It. crispus L. Yellow D. Eoot fusiform, yellow ; Ivs. lanceolate, wavy, acute, the 

lower oblong, subcordate ; ped. twice longer than calyx ; valves broad ovate, cordate, 
each bearing a grain ; rac. long, some leafy, u Fields. 2 — 3f. § Europe. 

2 M. verticillatus L. Water D. Leaves acute at each end, lance-oblong ; rac. leaf- 

less, dense ; ped. 7 — ^" long, deflesed ; valves broad-o^^ate, each beaung a large grain. 
11 In muddy places. 2f. Whorls 10-30-flowered. 

3 K. Hydrolapatlium Huds. Great Water D. p. orbiculdtun, Tah (,3— 5f ) ; Ivs. 

lance-obl., acute both ways, erose-crenulate, the lower very long ; p°n. naked, dense : 
ped. 5 — 6" ; valves round-ovate, obtuse, all grain-bearing. 2f Pools, M. and N. 
y. Floridanus, Valves deltoid-ovate, obtusely-pointed. Fla. 

4 R. altissimus Wood. Peach-leaved D. Tall (.3 — 6f ) ; leaves entire, lance-ellipti- 

cal, acute both ways ; rac. leafless, panicled, slender; valves broadly subcordate, one 
of them grain-bearing, one obscurely so, and one naked. % Wet, M. and W. (R. 
Britannicus Meisn. nee Linn, who says " valves all grain-bearing.") 

5 R. salicifoliiis Weinm. Pale Z>. Lvs. lin. -lanceolate, attenuate-acute both ways ; 

pan. leafy at base ; ped. very short ; valves all grain-bearing, ii Coast, N-E. 3f. 

6 R. cong-loimeratus Murr. Lvs. oblong to lanceolate, lower subcordate ; whorls 

mostly axillary ; valves oblong ovate, all grain-bearing, if Wet. N. 2 — 3f. § 

7 R. sanguineus L. Lvs. as in No. G, mostly with red veins; pan. leafy at base, 

whorls distant ; valves oblong-obovate, one or two grain-bearing, ix Fields. § 

8 R. obtusifolius L. Lower leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, upper narrow, acute; 

panicle leafy, whorls distant ; valves hastate-ovate, one chiefly grain-bearing, all with 
some bristle-shaped lateral teeth, n Fields, &c. 2— 3f. § Europe. 

9 R. maritimus L. Golden D. Low (If ) ; leaves lance-linear, the lowest cordate, 

wavy ; whorls crowded ; valves rhomb-ovate, pointed, each with 4 lateral awns and a 
large grain, yellowish, (i) Brackish waters, Mass. to Car, 

10 R. pulclier L. Lower lvs. cordate, some fiddle-shaped, upper lanceolate ; whorls 
distant, leafy ; valves strongly toothed, unequally grain-bearing. S. § 

11 R, Acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel. Leaves oblanceolate, the base lobes conspicu- 
ous ; valves not increasing in fruit. A common weed. 6' — If. 

12 R. liastulatus Baldw. Leaves with small auricles or none, glaucous ; valves in- 
creasing to round-cordate in fruit ; ped. jointed. Mo. to Ga. : rare. 



282 Order 104— POLYGONACE.E. 

6. THYSANELLA, Gray. Fls. ^ « ? . Cal. colored, 5-parted, lobes 
all erect, the 2 outer cordate, the 3 inner smaller, pectinate-fringed. Sta. 
8. Styles 3. Achenia 3-angled, acuminate. — A smooth, erect herb, with 
the habit of Polygonella. (Polygonum, Ell.) 

T. fimbriata Gr.— Pine-barrens, Ga., Fla. Stem branched, 2— 3f. Sheaths bristle- 
fringed. Lvs. linear, 1—2'. Fls. rose-white, in crowded, panicled spikes. July— Oct. 

7. POLYGONELLA, Mx. Calyx colored, 5-sepalled, persistent. Sta. 
8, included. Styles 3 or almost 0. Ach. 3-cornered, naked or enclosed in 
the 3 inner sepals enlarged and become scarious valves. Embiyo straight. 
— Herbs or delicate shrubs, with very narrow leaves and the small flow- 
ers solitary in each ochrea. 

§ Fls. dioecious. Pedicel 1". Filaments all filiform. Stig. nearly sessile. . .Nos. 1—3 
§ Fls. all s . Pedicel 2". The 3 inner filaments dilated. Styles manifest. . .Nos. 4, 5 

1 P. parvifolia Ms. Shrubby, branches strict, leafless above ; lvs. linear-cuneate ; 

panicle oblong ; inner sepals equalling the acute achenia. S. 1 — 2f. 

2 P. gracile N. Annual, glaucous ; branches filiform ; leaves spatulate ; 3 inner sepals 

exceeding the pointed achenia. Dry sands, S. 2— 3f. 

3 P. Croomia Chapm. Shrubby ; branches slender ; leaves linear (2—3") ; 3 valves 

unequal, 2 roundish, 1 oblong, exceeding the achenia. Uplands, S. 

4 P. Meisneriaiia Shutt. Shrubby, very leafy, leaves linear, filiform, 6—10", ever- 

green, ochrea tipped with a white membrane ; 2 outer sepals reflexed. Uplands, Ga., 
Ala., Fla. 1 — 2f. A delicate bushy shrub. 

5 P. articulata Meisn. Annual, strict, Avith erect branches, which are soon nearly 

naked ; leaves linear, caducous from the tops of the truncate sheaths ; sepals fiesh- 
colored, expanding. Dry. N. J., and W. : rare. 

8. POLYGONUM, L. Knot-grass. Calyx of 5 sepals, rarely fewer, 
colored or greenish, similar, imbricated in bud, at length all connivent, 
persistent. Sta. 8, rarely fewer. Sty. 2 or 3, mostly 3, short filiform. Ach. 
3-cornered or lens-shaped, enclosed in the dr}^, withered calyx. Embryo 
curved, lateral, lying in a groove at one angle of the albumen. Herbs with 
ochreate-jointed stems and small, white, red, or greenish fls. June — Sept. 

§ Stems armed with retrorse prickles. Lvs. cordate-sagit. Echinocatjlon. .Nos. 21, 22 

§ Stems unarmed, twining. Leaves cordate-hastate. Tiniaria Nos. 18—20 

§ Stems erect or decumbent, unarmed. Leaves hardly ever cordate. . .(*) 

* Calj'x unequally 4-cleft. Styles 2, long deflexed. Tovaeia No. 17 

* Calyx equally 5-parted. Styles erect. . . (a) 

a Sheaths salver-form. Stamens 7. Style 2-parted. Tall. AMBLToaoNUM...No. 16 
a Sheaths subcylindrical. Stamens 5, 6, 8. Styles 2 or 3. . .{b) 

b Flowers in leafless, terminal, spike-like racemes. Persicaria. . .(c) 
b Flowers axillary, or seldom forming a leafy raceme. . .(e) 

c Raceme 1. dense. Stem at base or rhizome decumbent Nos. 14, 15 

c Racemes several. Sheaths naked, not fringed Nos. 12, 13 

c Racemes several. Sheaths bristly, fringe-ciliate . . .(d) 

d Style 2-(or 3-)cleft. Achenia flat or lens-shaped Nos. 9 — 11 

d Style 3-cleft. Achenia sharply 3-cornered Nos. 5 — 8 

e Achenium protruding beyond the calyx, 3-augled Nos. 3, 4" 

e Achenium included in the calyx, 3-angled Nos. 1, 2 

1 P. aviculare L. BinV.^ K. Doonreed. Procumbent, diffuse; leaves lance-ellip- 



Order 104.— POLYGONACE^. 283 

tic, acuti?h, 1' ; flowers 2 or 3 together, suhsessile, reddish ; achenia striate, dull, 
enclosed ; stamens 5—8. (i) A common weed, 6—16'. In rich shady soils it arises to 
p. erectttm^ with larger oval leaves and pedicellate flowers. 

2 P. teuue Mx. Slender, rigid, erect, with long simple-angular branches ; Ivs. linear, 

erect ; sheaths bristle-fringed : flowers solitarj' ; achenia shining. Dry. i — If. 

3 P. maritimtim L. Prostrate, diffuse, glaucous, with very short joints and swell- 

ing torn sheaths ; Ivs. fleshy, oblong. 1—6" ; fls. sessile, at length spicate ; fruit little 
exserted, smooth and shining. (T) Sandy coasts, Mass. to Ga. i — If. 

4 P. ramosissiinum. Mx. Erect or ascending, much branched, striate ; Ivs. linear- 

oblong, 1 — 2' ; flowers greenish, pedicellate ; fruit i- exserted, olive-green, shining, 
li". (1) Sandy shores, E. I. to Slich. and Md. 2— 3f. 

5 P. liirsutum Walt. Densely hirsute with spreading tawny hairs, erect ; Ivs. lan- 

ceolate ; sheaths fringed ; flowers white, in 2 or 3 slender spikes. @ S. 2 — 3f. 

6 P. liydropiperoid.es Mx. Mild Water-pepper. Stem smooth, slender, sheaths 

long, close, fringed and hispid ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, not acrid ; spikes erect, slen- 
der, loose at base ; calyx glandless ; achenia shining. 
^. set acea the leaves and stem above are more or less hispid. U Wet. 1 — 3f. 

7 P. acre H. B. K. Water Smartweed. Glabrous, virgate, slender ; sheath loose, 

bristle-fringed: Ivs. lanceolate, acrid; spikes filifonn, erect ; flowers reddish-green, 
dotted like the leaves ; fruit shining. ® Wet places. S. and.W. 2 — 5f. 

8 P. TixcTOKiL'^i. Madder. Lvs. oval ; spikes oblong, dense, roseate. China. 1— Sf. 

9 P. Hydropiper L. Water Pepper. Glabrous; sheaths bristly-ciliate ; lvs. lanceo- 

late^ very acrid, finely punctate ; spikes nodding, loose, slender, greenish ; calyx 
punctate ; stamens mostly 6 ; achenia roughened, black. ® Damp. 1 — 2f. § 

10 P. Careyi Olney. Stem erect, 3— 5f, bristly and much branched; leaves lanceo- 
late, some hispid ; stipules tubular-truncate, ciliate ; spikes dense, purplish, nodding 
on long hairy peduncles. 'T) Swamps, X. Eng. to Penn. 

1 1 P. Persicaria L. Smart-iceed. Glabrous, erect : leaves lanceolate, usually 
marked with a brown spot ; sheaths fringed ; spikes dense, erect, oblong ; stamens 
6 ; style 2-cleft ; achenia shining, (i) Waste grounds : common. 1 — 2f. § 

12 P. Pennsylvanicum. L. Branches above and pedicels glandular-hispid ; leaves 
lanceolate ; spikes erect, oblong, crowded, rose-colored, showy ; achenia lens-shaped, 
with flat sides. (T). Margins of waters. 2 — 4f. 

p. denaifloritm. Smooth; racemes slender ; achenia truly lens-shaped. South. 

1 3 P. Incariiatum Ell. Smoothish ; leaves lanceolate ; branches and ped. glandu- 
lar-dotted; spikes linear, nodding, becoming long; achenia lens-shaped, with con- 
cave sides. 'I) Ditches and pools, W. and S. 2 — 3f. 

14 P. ampliibiuiu L. Stem prostrate and rooting below, ascending; leaves thick, 
smooth, lance-oblong, variable ; spikes oblong, ovoid or dense ; stamens 5 ; style 2- 
cleft. Pools and swamps. 3— 4f. Spike V or more. 

|3. terreatre. Plant more or less hirsute ; spikes elongated. 

1 5 P. viviparnm L. Low, simple, erect from a creeping rhizome ; leaves lance- 
linear, with rolled edges ; spike 1, lineai'. 2; White Mountains, and N. 

16 P. orieiitale L. Prince's Feather. Tall, erect, branched; leaves large, with 
hairy salver-form sheaths ; stamens " ; styles 2 ; spikes large, red, nodding, showy. 
® Fields and gardens. 3— 8f. § 

17 P, Virginianum L. Stem simple; leaves lance-ovate, acuminate; flowers re- 
mote, 1 from each sheath, in a slender raceme, greenish, ii Shades. 3 — 4f. 

18 P. convolvulus L. Knot Bindweed. Prostrate or climbing, roughish, sheaths 
naked ; leaves hastate, pointed ; flowers in axillary fascicles or in interrupted ra- 
cemes ; fruit exserted, dull, blackish. (D Fields. 2 — 4f. § 

19 P. cilinode Mx. Climbing; sheaths ciliate at base; leaves deeply cordate, 
pointed ; racemes paniculate, loose ; achenia shining. Hedges. 3 — Sf. 

20 P. dumetorufn L, TTedne Windiveed. Climbing hi(rh : joiiit^ not ciliate ; leaves 



28J: Ordeii lOG.— CHENOPODIACE.E. 

cordate-hastate, with acute lobes ; outer sepal keeled and winged on the back ; fruit 
smooth, black. Thickets. 3— 12f. §.— A native form, 
|3. scandens^ has the raceme paniclcd and the sepals with very broad Avings, 

21 P. sagittatum L. Scratch-grass. Climbing, 3— 5f, rough backwards; leaves 
lance-sagittate ; flowers in small heads, whitish ; stamens 8 ; style 3. (T) Wet. 

22 P. arifolium L. Rough Avith reversed prickles, 3 — 5f ; leaves hastate, apex and 
lobes pointed ; flowers racemed ; stamens 6 ; styles 2. Wet. 

9. FAGOPYRUM, Tourn. Buckwheat. Calj^x colored, equally 5- 
parted, persistent, unchanged. Stamens 8, alternate with 8 honey-glands. 
Styles 3, with capitate stigmas. Ach. 3-angled, much exceeding the calyx. 
(D Leaves cordate-hastate. Flowers rose-wiiite, in panicled racemes. 

1 F. esculentum Mcench. Smoothish ; leaves with obtuse lobes ; flowers showy, 

numerous, sought by bees ; achenia ovoid-triangular, wingless, black. Fields. 2— 4f. § 

2 F. Tartaricum. India Wheat. Glabrous ; leaves broader thau long, lobes acutish ; 

racemes axillary and terminal, scarcely panicled ; achenia lance-triangular, angles 
sinuate-dentate, rather obtuse ; calyx minute. Tartary. Cultivated. 

Order CV. PHYTOLACCACE^. Pokeworts. 

Herhs with alternate, entire leaves and perfect, 5-parted flowers. Calyx 
free Stamens 5 — 30, alternate with the sepals when of the same number. 
Ovary of 1 to several carpels, each 1-ovuled. Styles and stigmas as many 
as carpels Fruit baccate or acheniate. Seeds erect, with the embryo 
coiled around tiie albumen. 

§ styles and carpels 5—12. Fruit baccate. Leaves exstip'ilate PhytolacC-I. 1 

§ Style and carpel 1. Leaves with stipules. — u. Berry globirj:;r, .-iniooch Rivina. 2 

— a Achenium with 2- Lio'-jl^ 3 Petiveria. 3 

1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Poke. Garget-weed. Calyx 5-partcd. 

Stamens 5 — 25. Styles 5 — 12. Berry depressed-globular, with as many 

seeds as styles. — Herbaceous. Racemes terminal, soon opposite the leaves. 

P, decandra L. Stem stout, purplish, tall ; leaves ovate ; flowers with 10 stamens 
and 10 styles ; berries black, full of crimson juice. Hedges. 5— 8f. July + . 

2. RIVINA, Plum. Calyx 4-parted, 3-bracted. Sta. 4 or 8. Berry at 
last dry, 1-seeded, embryo a vertical ring. Shrubby, with racemes termi- 
nal, soon lateral. 

R. Isevis L. Branching, smooth, 6 — 8f ; Ivs. ovate ; fls. rose-white, in long racemes ; 
stamens 4. Fla.,andW. Herbage bright-green. 

3. PETIVERIA ALLiACEA L. Half-shrubby, 2— 3f, with obovate-ob- 

tnse leaves and spicate flowers. Grows in S. Car. (Michanx), and S. to the tropics. 

Order CVI. CHENOPODIACE^. Chenopods or Goose-foots. 

Herbs chiefly weed-like and homely, more or less fleshy, with alternate, 
exstipulate leaves. Bracts not scarious. Flowers greenish, regular. Calyx 
imbricated in bud. Stamens as many as, and opposite to the calyx lobes, or 
fewer. Ovary 2-styled, 1-celled, becoming a 1-seeded, thin utricle or cary- 
opsis. Embryo coiled or spiral. 



Order 106.— OHENOPODIACE^. 



285 




1. Flo-\ver of Chennpodinm 
.'.Ibuni. 2. Calj^x. &(-... >o- 
nioved. showhiLr the ovan-aiid 
2 s-mmen:?. 3. Seed cut acnii^s. 
showing- the coik-d embryo. 
J. Branch of Salicnrnia herha- 
cea. 5. Two joints ma^^nified. 
(). Ovary of a tlower. 

§ Leaves flat, neither fleshy nor spiny. Embryo a rin^ around copious albumen. ..(a) 

§ Le:ives none, or linear and fleshy or spinescent. Embryo a spiral or folio. Albumen 0. . .(y) 

a Stems twining and climbing. Flowers white, in racemes Boussingaultia. 1 

a Stems erect. Flowers greenish, all similar and perfect. . .('>) 

a Stems erect. Flowers greenish, of two sorts, monoecious or dicecious. . . (x) 

b Seed horizontal.— r Pericarp rough and corky. Calyx ribbed Bkt.1. 2 

— c Pericarp thin, in a calyx bordered all around Cycloloma. 3 

— c Pericarp thin, in a plain, unbordered calyx Chenopodium. 4 

6 Seed vertical. — d Fruit smooth, sepals distinct, mostly fleshy Blitum. 6 

— d Fruit in a veiny, wrinkled calyx. Leaves pinnatifid. .. .Eoubiev.v. 5 

— d Fruit axillary to a bract, no calyx. Leaves linear Corispermuji. 10 

z Fruit enclosed in a hardened calyx without bracts. Cultivated Spixacia. 9 

X Fruit naked (no calyx) between two bracts. Leaves oval or triangular. . . Atriplex. 7 

2/ Embryo folded, not spiral. Stems .iointed, leafless Saltcori^ia. 11 

y Embryo a flat spiral, horizontal. Leaves acute Chknopodina. 12 

y Embryo a conic spiral. Sepals appendaged. Leaves spinescent Salsola. 13 

1. BOUSSINGAULTIA, Kunth. Mexican Yine. Cal. corolla-like, 
open, 5- or G-partecl, with several imbricated bracts. Stig. 3, club-shaped. 
Pericarp thin. ^ Twining to the right. Leaves thick, petiolate. Flow- 
ers in many spike-like racemes. S. America. 

B. BASELLOiDES. Leaves broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate, i; Arhors. 15f. 

2. BETA, Toiirn. Beet. Cal. 5-cleft, persistent. Sta. 5. Ovary half- 
adherent. Stig. 2. Utricle depressed, corky, enclosed in and consolidated 
■with the ribbed calyx. — Herbs with fleshy roots, furrowed stems, alternate 
leaves, and greenish, spicate flowers. 

B. vulgaris. Glabrous ; leaves large, wavy, acute both ways ; spikes in a large pani- 
cle the second year. (2) S. Eur. Cultivated for its root, which is commonly retj. 

j3. CJcla, /Scarcity. Leaves roughish ; root slender. Avhitish ; flowers in S's. 

y.Rapa, Turnip Beet. Eoot napiform, white or red, very sweet. 

S. jaang-el'wtirtsel, Eoot very large, mostly white. Cultivated for stock. 

3. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. Calyx 5-cleft, lobes strongly keeled, at 
length appendaged outside with a circular membranous border or crown. 
Sta. 5, styles 3. Utricle depressed, enclosed. (1) With furrow^ed stems, 
alternate lobed leaves, and small sessile flowers. 

C. platypliyllum Moq.— Banks of the Mississippi, 111., and W. 1— lif, white-downy 
above. Leaves lance-oblong, sinuate-toothed or lobed, 2'. Flowers at length in 
small panicles. July— Sept. 

\ 

4. CHENOPODIUM, Tourn. Pigweed. Goosefoot. Calyx bract- 
less, 5-cleft, lobes often keeled, never appendaged, more or less enclosing 
the fruit. Sta. 5, styles 2, Utricle depressed, membranous, seed mostly 



286 Order 106.— CHENOPODIACE^E. 

horizontal, lenticular. Weeds often glaucous or glandular, with alternate. 

often rhombic Ivs., and the minute fls. in panicled spikes. June— Aug. 
§ Plants ill-scented, smooth, never glandular. Embryo a complete ring. . .(*) 
§ Plants glaudular-puberulent, green, aromatic. Embryo a half ring. . .(6) 

* Herbage glaucous or whitish, covered with mealiness Nos. 1—3 

* Herbage green, rarely purplish, not glaucous or mealy. . .(a) 

a Leaves entire, ovate-oblong, on slender petioles .No. 4 

a Leaves toothed or lobed, petiolate Nos. 5 — 7 

b Flowers glomerate, axillary, in spike-like racemes Nos. 8, 9 

b Flowers cymous, innumerable, in long raceme-like panicles No. 10 

1 C. glaiiCMm L. Prostrate or ascending, branched ; leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse,, 

sinuate-angled or -dentate ; racemes simple ; seed partly enclosed, (i) Mass. to Pa. : 
rare. If. Leaves 1 — 2', whitish beneath. § Europe. 

2 C, album L. Common P. Erect, loosely branched, striate ; Ivs. rhombic ovate, 

sinuate-toothed to subentire ; racemes some panicled ; seed wholly enclosed, (i) The 
commonest of weeds, 2 — 7f, often striped with purple. 

3 C. Boscianum Moq. Erect, branched; Ivs. small, lance-linear, entire, canescent 

beneath ; seed partly enclosed. @ Shades, Pa. (Prof. Porter), and S. 2f. 

4 C. polyspermiim. L. Ascending, branched from base ; Ivs. ovate to oblong, en- 

tire, bright green ; racemes spike-like, strict ; fruit partly enclosed. Eare. § Eur. 

5 C. liybriduni L. Leaves ample, subcordate, deeply sinuate-angled, with pointed 

lobes ; racemes leafless ; seed rugous, dull. ® Common, 2 — 4f. § Europe. 

6 C. murale L. Ascending; leaves ovate-rhombic, acute at base, unequally and 

acutely toothed ; seed acute-edged, dull-rugous, (i) Kare. 12 — 18'. § 

7 C iirbicuin L. Erect ; leaves as in No. 6, but slightly mealy ; racemes strict, 

dense, in an erect narrow panicle ; seed blunt-edged, shining. (T) 2 — 4f. § 

8 C aiiibrosioid.es L. Mexican Tea. Branched; leaves oblong to lance-linear, 

attenuate both ways, sinuate-toothed to entire ; spikes dense, leafy, seed shining, 
obtuse-edged ; fruit wholly enclosed. (I) 1 — 2f. § Mexico. 

9 C. antlielmintieuixi L. Worm-seed. Subsimple ; leaves ovate-oblong, deeply 

sinuate-serrate or pinnatifid ; racemes spike-like, long ; styles mostly 3 ; fruit as in 
No. 8. n Waste grounds. 1— 3f. § Mexico. 

10 C. Botrys L. Oalc-of- Jerusalem. Leaves oblong, obtuse, sinuate-subpinnatifid ; 
branches strict, panicles slender, spirally twisted, (i) Sands, &c. 1 — 2f. Plants 
strongly aromatic of turpentine. 

5. ROUBIEVA, Moq. Calyx 5-toothed. Sta. 5. Styles and stig. 3. 
Seed lens-shaped, quite vertical, enclosed in the veiny rugous calyx, y 
Pubescent, mucli branched. Leaves pinnatifid. 

K. multiiida Moq.— Roadsides about New York. Prostrate and ascending. 1— 2f. 
Flowers minute, in numerous panicled racemes. Leaves V. § S. America. 

6. BlilTUM, Tourn. Elite. Calyx 3-5-sepalled, mostly becoming 

juicy and berry-like in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Sta. 1 — 5. Styles 2. 

(i) Leaves petiolate. Flowers glomerate. 

§ Heads forming a dense terminal spike. Calyx dry No. 1 

§ Heads axillary, some spicate above. Calyx thickened Nos. 2, 3 

1 B. Boiius-Henricus Reich. Good King Hem^. Subsimple, ascending, mealy; 

leaves triangular-hastate ; stamens 5. Waysides, N. : rare. § Europe. 

2 B. iiiaritiinuiii N. Much branched ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate to both ends ; 

stamen 1 ; seed shining. Marslies, R. L, N. Y., and N. J. 1- 2f. August. 

3 B. capitatuiu L. Stra/vbernj B. Jiranched ; leaves triangular-hastate ; glomer- 

ate fruit reddonprl Ijke strawberries, insipid. Va., and N. 1-2f, June. 



Order 106.— CHENOPODIACE^. 287 



/ 



7. ATRIPLEX, Gaert. $ Bractless. Calyx 3-5-sepalled. Sta. 3—5. 
? Ovary 2-styled, with no stam., enclosed between 2 leaf-like bracts, with 
or without a calyx.— Herbs or shrubs, often mealy or scurfy, with opposite 
or alternate hastate leaves and glomerate-spiked green flowers. 

§ Leaves partly opposite. Bracts triangular-ovate Nos. 1, 2 

§ Leaves all alternate. — x Bracts rhombic, cancscent, toothed. No. 3 

—X Bracts round-ovate or -cuueate Nos. 4, 5 

1 A. Iiasta.ta L. Slender, weak, green ; leaves petiolate, hastate, remotely-toothed ; 

flowers single in the slender spikes, bracts triangular-ovate, denticulate. N. Eng. to 
S. Car., coastward. 1— 3f.— /3. Purshiana is scurfy. 

2 A. littoi'a.lis L. Erect with many strict branches ; leaves short-stalked, lanceolate 

to linear, subentire ; flowers glomerate, forming interrupted spikes ; bracts hispid, 
triangular-hastate, denticulate. Lake shores, N-W. 

3 A. rosea L. Canescent, ascending, branched ; Ivs. ovate to oblong, sinuate-toothed ; 

glomerules axillary, bracts rhombic, toothed. Albany, N.Y. (Prof. Porter). 2f. § Eur. 

4 A. HORTENSis. Garden Orache. Erect, branched ; Ivs. triangular-hastate or -oblong, 

subentire, bright green ; bracts roundish, entire. Asia. 

5 A. arenaria N. Sand Orache. Mealy-canescent, branched ; leaves oval to oblong, 

entire, short-petioled ; bracts broad-cuneate, united, denticulate, (i) Sea-beaches, 
• Mass. to Fla. (Obione, C-B.) G— 12^ July— Sept. 

9. SPINACIA, Tourn. Spinage. Dioecious, bractless. $ Cal. 3-5- 

sepalled. Sta. 4 or 5, exserted. 2 Calyx tubular, 2- or 4-toothed, soon 

hardening and enclosing the compressed achenium. Styles 4. (i) Leaves 

petiolate. Flowers green, axillary. June, July. 

S. OLERACEA. Leaves hastate-lanceolate to arrow-shaped ; fruit-calyx solitary, 3-angled' 
armed Avith 2 or 4 slender prickles, or unarmed. ® Gardens, 1 — 2f. 

10. CORISPERMUM, Juss. Calyx 1-2-sepalled or 0. Stam. 1—5. 

Styles 2, short. Pericarp oval, flat and thin, adnate to the seed, vertical. 

(D With narrow, sessile leaves, and sessile, solitary, axillary flowers. 

C. hyssopifoliiim L. Hairy or glabrous, much branched; flowers in many bracted, 
spikes, bracts ovate, subulate-pointed ; leaves V and less ; fruit a pellucid disk. 
Sandy lake-shores, Buflaio, and W. § 

11. SALICORNIA, Tourn. Saltwort. Samphire. Flowers 2 or 3 
together, sunk in the cavities of the jointed stem. Calyx bladder-like, 
denticulate, enclosing the compressed vertical fruit. Stamens 1 or 2. 
Styles 2. Embryo folded. — Seaside, jointed, fleshy herbs almost leafless, 
with opposite branches. 

1 S. liertoacea L. Suberect; spikes elongated, green ; joints truncate and bractless ; 

middle flower largest. ® Salt marshes. 8—12'. August. 

2 S. Virginica L. Erect ; spikes short, soon red ; joints short, tipped with 2 acute 

bracts ; flowers all alike. U Salt marshes, 6—9'. Sept. (S. mucrouata C-B.) 

3 S. fruticosa L. Prostrate, with ascending branches ; spikes slender, joints tipped 

with 2 obtuse bracts, n Sandy beaches. (S. ambigua C-B,) 

12. CHENOPODINA, Moq. Glasswort. Calyx bracteolate, cup- 
shaped, 5-parted, fleshy in fruit with the seed horizontal. Sta. 5. Stigma 
sessile. Embryo a flat spiral.— Smooth seaside fleshy plants, with alter- 
nate sessile leaves and axillary flowers. (Suseda, Forsk.) 



288 Order 107.— AMARANTACE^ 

C. maritima Moq. Diffusely branched ; Ivs. linear, 2' and less, semiterete ; flowers 

minute, green, clustered, sessile ; seed black, shining, (i) Marshes. August. 

13. SALSOLA, Ggert. Saltwort. Fls. 5 sessile. Sep. 5, transversely- 
winged on the back. Wings enlarged and scarious in fruit. Sta. 5. Stylefe 
2. Utricle depressed, horizontal. Embryo cochleate. — Seaside fleshy 
plants, with terete leaves and axillary, whitish flowers. 

S. Kali L. Branches diffuse on the sand, rigid, witli crowded subulate leaves, each 
tipped with a spine ; flowers solitary, wings purplish; seed with a thin testa and 
green embryo coiled like a snail-shell. (T) 

Order CVII. AMARANTACE^. Amaranths. 

Herbs similar to the last Order, but with an imbricated involucre of 3 
dry, scarious bracts added to the flowers. Sepals 3 — 5 (rarely but 1), per- 
sistent and often colored, unchanged in fruit. Stamens 3 — 5. Ovary com- 
pressed, 1-celled, 1-oo-ovuled. Sti/le 1. Fruit a utricle, caryopsis or 
berry. Seed vertical, albuminous. Embryo annular. 

§ Anthers 2-celled. Ovary with many ovules. Cultivated Celosia. 1 

§ Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves alternate. ..(*) 
§ Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves opposite. . .(a) 

* Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx and stamens Amaeantus. 2 

» Flowers dioecious, the pistillate with neither caly.K nor stamens Acnida. 3 

a Sterile stamens none. — (Flowers white, paniculate) Iresine. 4 

o Sterile stamens none. — (Flowers crimson, &c. Capitate. Cultivated) Gomphrena. 5 

a Sterile stamens 5, the 5 fertile in a tube. — x Heads axillary Telanthkra. 6 

— X Spikes terminal and axillary Froelichia. 7 

1. CELOSIA, L. Cockscomb. Fls. perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 se- 
pals. Sta. 5, anth. 2-celled. Stig. 2 or 3, recurved. Utricle circumscissile, 
many-seeded, more or less enclosed in the calyx. — Herbs or shrubs, smooth, 
erect, with alternate leaves and brilliant, scarious flowers. 

1 C cnisTATA. Leaves lance-ovate ; spikes ovoid-pyramidal, varying in cultivation to 
fantastic shapes, crimson or even white. (J) E. India. 2 — 4f. 

2. AMARANTUS, ToUrn. Amaranth. Fls. ^ y 2 or <? , 3-bracted. 
Cal. of 5 or 3 sepals. Stamens 3 — 5, rarely 2, anth. 2-celled. Stig. 2 or 3. 
Fruit a 1-seeded utricle, circumscissile, or tearing, or not opening, (i) 
Coarse weeds, with alternate petioled Ivs. and minute fls. in clusters. Aug. 

§ Amarantus j9roi?er. Utricle thin, regularly circumscissile. Not spiny., .{a) 
§ EuxoLUS. Utricle somewhat fleshy, indehiscent, or tearing open. . .(c) 

• a Flowers 5-parted, in long panicled spikes,— 6 crimson-tinged Nos. 1, 2 

— b gi'een Nos. 3, 4 

a Flowers 3-parted, in separate, axillary, dense glomerules Nos. 5, 6 

c Spines 2 in each axil. Bracts not longer than the 5 sepals No. 7 

c Spines none. — x Bracts longer than the :^-5-sepalled cal3^x Nos. 8, 9 

— X Bracts shorter than the 5-sepalled calyx Nos. 10, 11 

1 A. liypocliondriacus L. Prince's Feather. Smoothish; leaves, lance-oblong, 

on long stalks, some reddened ; spikes very obtuse, the terminal one much the 
largest ; flowers deep purple. Fields and gardens. 3 — (3f. § Mexico. 

2 A. paniculatus Moq. Prince's F. Pubescent, pale-green; leaves lance-ovate* 



Order 107.— AMARANTACE^. 289 

spike? slender, acutisli, crowded, all nearh- equal, reddish-green, or in /3. sang-uineugm 
crimson ; bracts short-awued. Fields and gardens. 2— 3f. § ilexico. 

3 A. retroflexas L. Pubescent, erect, stout; leaves ovate or subrbombic, obtuse- 

pointed; panicle of thick, crowded, dense spikes; bracts awned, longer than calyx. 
A common weed in gardens and fields. 2 — 4f. Plant green or glaucous. § 

4 A. Iiybridas L. Erect, glabrous, green; leaves ovate, bright green; panicle 

loose ; spikes terete, obtuse ; calyx shorter than the awned bracts. § Mexico. 

5 A. albiis L. White Pigweed. AYhitish, diffusely spreading; leaves long-petioled, 

rhomb-ovate, very obtuse ; glomerules remote, in pairs, 4- or o-flowered : common. § 

6 A. melancliolicus. Love-lies-bleeding. Erect, usually dark-purple ; leaves lance- 

oblong, obtuse, emarginate ; glomerules dark-purple. Asia. 2 — 4f. 
^. tricolor^ Leaves variegated with purple, green, and yellow. 

7 A. spinosas L. Much branched; leaves rhomb-ovate, obtuse, with 2 spines in 

each axil ; spikes pauicled, erect, acute ; bracts equalling the sepals ; utricle falling 
without opening. Waysides, Penn. to Fla., and W. § 

8 A. lividus Moq. Erect, smooth, livid-purplish; Ivs. elliptic, obtuse, emarginate ; 

spikes slender, rigid, acute ; sepals thrice longer than bracts ; fruit rugous. § 

9 A. deflexus L. Ascending, ashy-green, branches dellexed ; leaves rhomb-lanceo- 

late, obtuse ; spikes thick, obtuse ; sepals longer than bracts ; fruit smooth. § 

10 A. viridis L. Erect; livid-purple; leaves long-petioled, ovate; spikes panicled, 
rather loose and long ; sepals twice longer than the bracts. Waste grounds, S. 

11 A. pitmilns Eaf. Dili'use or prostrate ; leaves subsessile, obovate ; flowers in ax- 
illary, sessile glomerules ; fruit twice longer than the calyx. Sandy sea-coasts. 

3. ACNIDA, L. Water He:hp. Fls. 5 ? , 3-bracted. $ Calyx of 5 
equal, erect sepals. Stamens o, autli. 2-cellecl. ? Cal. 0. Ovaiy 1-ovuled, 
with 3 — 5 stig. Utricle l-seeded, naked, (i) Glabrous, tall, branched, with 
long-stalked, entire leaves and fls. small, green, in slender spikes. Jl. — Oct. 

§ AcNiDA proper. Utricle indehiscent, longer than its stigmas No. 1 

§ MoxTELiA. Utricle circumscissile, shorter than its stigmas No. 2 

1 A. caimablna L. Leaves lanceolate to linear, -pointed^ 2—8' ; 5 spikes numerous, 

rather dense, 2 — 1' ; ? spikes interrupted ; panicle leafy ; fr. 1^-', obovoid, bracts \ as 
long. Salt marshes. 3 — Sf. The two sorts quite dissimilar. 

2 A. taiuari.sciiia. Leaves lance-oval, 1 — 5' ; spikes interrupted and leafy at base, 

or throughout ; 9 bracts longer than the ovarj-. Wet shores, E. and. W. 1 — (if. The 
I plant scarcely differs from 5 No. 1. 

4. IRE SINE, Br. Fls. 5 ? or g , 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 erect sepals. 

Sta. o, anth. 1-celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Utricle yalveless, included in the 

calyx. — Leaves opposite, petiolate. Flowers minute, scarious, white, in 

dense spikes or heads. September, October. 

I, celosioides L. Branches opposite, strict ; leaves ovate -lanceolate ; flowers in nu- 
merous delicate panicled spikes, (i) Banks, W. and S-W. 2 — if. 

5. GOMPHRHNA, L. Globe Amaranth. Fls. 3-bracted. Cal. 5- 
sepalliid, erect. Fil. 5, 3-cleft at apex, middle looth bearing the 1-ctlled 
anth. Stig. capitate. Fr. as in Iresine. Tropical plants. Lvs, opposite. 
Flowers in heads. 

G. Gi.oBosA. Trichotoraously much branched : leaves oblong, entire ; flowers fadeless, 
bright purple, in heads V diameter. (T) E. India. 1 — 2f. 

6. TELANTHERA, Br. Fls. 3-bracted. Cal. of 5 sepals. Stamens 5, 



290 OiiDER 108.— LAURACE^. 

with 5 intervening sterile filaments, anth. 1-celled. Stig. capitate, Fr. as 

in Iresine. Leaves opposite. Heads axillary and terminal. 

T. polygonoides Moq. Procumbent, diffuse, hairy; leaves oval, obtuse, attenuate 
to a winged petiole ; flowers silvery whitish, zf Waste grounds, S. 

7. FRCELICHIA, Mcsnch. Fls. 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-oleft at 
apex. Sta. 5, connate into a tube, with 5 sterile filaments. Anth. 1-celled. 
Stigmas capitate or tufted. Utricle enclosed in the hardened calyx, (i) 
Hairy or woolly stems, long-jointed. 

F. Floridana. Moq. Nearly simple, strictly erect; leaves linear; flowers in short, 
dense, cottony spikes. River banks, W. and S. 1— 3f. July, August 

Oedeii CVin. LAURACE^. Laurels. 

Trees and sJiruhs aromatic, mostly w^ith alternate, simple, punctate leaves. 
Flower's with a colored perianth of 4 — 6 slightly united, strongly imbri- 
cated sepals. Antliers 2- or 4-celled, opening upward by as many recurved, 
lid-like valves. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, free, in fruit a berry or a drupe. 
Seed without albumen. 

§ Flowers perfect. Stamens 12, the 3 inner sterile. — a Evergreen trees Perska. 1 

— a Leafless vines. S. Fla Cassyta. 

1 Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9, all fertile. Leaves deciduous. . .(*) 

* Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Leaves lobed Sassafras. 2 

* Involucre 41eaved. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. Leaves entire Benzoin. 3 

* Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Leaves entire Tetranthera. 4 

1. PERSE A, Gsert. Red Bay. Bay Galls. Fls. ^ , umbellate, with 
no involucre. Cal. of 6 sepals. Sta. 12, the 3 inner sterile, reduced to mere 
glands, anth. 4-celled (3 cells above and 2 below). Drupe oval, seated on 
the persistent calyx, containing 1 large seed. ^ 

P. Carolinensis Mx. Tree 30 — 40f, often but a shrub, with lance-oblong, entire, firm 
leaves, 6' ; umbels small, on ped. 1 — 2' ; drupe oval, blue. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 
Bark deep-furrowed ; wood fine, rose-colored. April, May. 
f 

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras. Fls. 5 ? . Calyx 6-parted, de- 
ciduous. $ Sta. 9, the 3 inner with a pair of glands at base, anth. 4-celled. 

2 Sta. 6, all sterile. Ov., style, and stig. 1. Drupes ovoid, blue, on thick 

red pedicels. ^ Flowers yellow, appearing before the leaves in Mar, — Jn. 

S. officinale Nees. Shriib or small tree, 10— 20f ; leaves of two forms— ovate and en- 
tire, or 3-lobed, cuneate at base ; flowers handsome, in racemes or corymbs. Fields 
and woods. Bark pleasantly aromatic. 
f 

3. BENZOIN, Nees. Spice Wood. Flowers S ? , with 4 involucrate 

scales. Cal. 5- or 6-parted. $ Sta. 9, the inner 3 glandular at base, anth. 

2-celled. $ Sta, 15 — 18 rudiments. Drupe obovoid, red. ^ +) Lvs. entire. 

Fls. yellow, in small lateral clusters before the leaves. (Lindera, Thunb.) 

I. B. odoriferum Nees. Shrub 6— 12f; leaves lance-obovate, acute at base; buds 
and pedicels smooth. Moist woods : common. May. 

2 B, melisssBfolium Nees. Shrub 2— 3f ; leaves lance-oblong, abrupt or cordate 

at base ; buds and pedicels villotis. Swamps, S. February, Mai'ch. 



Obder 110.— SANTALACE^. 291 

4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. Poieo Spice. Fls. as in Benzoin, but 

the anthers are 4-celled and 4-valyed as in Sassafras. Drupe globular 

(red). J) Flowers yellow, precocious. February, March. 

T. geniculdta Nees. Shrub 8— 15f, with, branches and. branchlets very crooked and 
divaricate. Leaves small, oval to oblong. Swamps, S. 

Order CIX. LORAI^THACE^. Loranths. 

Shrubby plants, parasitic on trees, with thick, opposite, exstipulate leaves. 
Floicers mostly diclinous, an adherent calyx of 2 — 8 lobes, with stamens of 
the same number, opposite the calyx lobes. Oxary 1-celled, becoming a 
fleshy jQ-uit with one albuminous seed. 

PHORODENDRON, K Mistletoe. Fls. 5 ? , in jointed spikes, 
mostly 3-lobed. $ Anth. sessile on the base of each lobe, the 2 cells di- 
vergent. ? Stig. sessile (no stamens). Fr. a pulpy, viscous beriy. — Herb- 
age yellowish-green. Stems brittle, woody, firmly engrafted on the limbs 
of oaks, elms, &c. 

P. flavescens N. Stems much branched, 1 — l^^f ; leaves wedge-obovate, thick, entire, 
as long as the spikes ; berry white, pellucid, sticking to the limb which it touches 
until it take? root. 

Order CX. SANTALACE^. Sai^dalworts. 

Trees, shrubs, and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves, with the calyx 
tube adherent to the ovary, limb 4^5-cleft, valvate. Stamens as many as 
the sepals, and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled, with a free central pla- 
centa bearing at top 2 — 4 suspended ovules, but in fruit drupaceous, 1- 
seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. 

§ Hiilf-shrubby. Anthers connected to the sepals by a tuft of hairs Comandra. 1 

§ Shrubs. Anthers free. — * Flowers 4-parted, with 4 petals in the ? flowers Buckleya. 2 

— * Flowers 5-parted, all apetalous. Leaves alternate Pteularia. 3 

/ 

1. COMANDRA, IST. Bastard Toadflax. Calyx tube adherent, 
limb 4- or 5-parted. Anth. 4 or 5, connected as above mentioned. Fil. on 
a 5-lobed perigynous disk. — Smooth plants, with herbaceous branches and 
whitish flowers in small umbels. 

1 C. umbellata K Flowers perfect ; branches strict, corymbed above ; leaves ob- 

lanceolate, subsessile ; umbels 3-flowered, exceeding the leaves ; connecting hairs 
yellow. Eocky woods. If. Leaves scattered, Q'-'. June. 

2 C. Darbya A. DC. Flowers dioecious; branches short, leafy; leaves elliptical, 

mostly opposite ; umbels 5-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; connecting hairs white. 
Woods, S. r rare. 1— 2f. The fertile plant unknown. 

2. BUCKLEYA, Torr. Fls. 5 ? , the $ with a double calyx, the in- 
ner (corolla) caducous, and without stamens. Sty. 4-lobed. $ Calyx sin- 
gle, 4-lobed^with 4 stam. Fruit oblong, 10-furrowed, 1-seeded. +> Leaves 
subsessile, entire. Sterile flowers clustered, fertile solitary. 



592 Order 112.— ELJEAGNACE^. 

K. distycladpliylla Ton-.— Mountains of E. Tenn. Shrub 10— 20f ; leaves ovate, 

acuminate ; fruit 8—9" long, resembling that of Forestiera. 

3. PYRULARIA, Mx. Oil-nut. Fls. $ ? . Calyx 5-cleft, half-adhe- 
rent by the 5-toothed disk. Style 1, stigmas 2 or 3. Drupe pear-shaped, 
1-seeded, with the albumen very oily. ;^ 

Fm pa1>era Mx. Shrub 4— 6f, spineless, with oval-oblong leaves and small greenish 
flowers in terminal racemes ; drupe 7—9". Mountain streams, Pa., and S. May. 

Order CXI. THYMELACE^. Daphnads. 

Shrubs with a veiy tough, acrid bark, entire leaves and perfect flowers, 
with the calyx tubular, colored, the limb 4- (4- or 5-)parted, regular, the 
tube bearing the stamens^ as many or usually twice as many as its lobes, 
and free from the ovary ^ which is 1-celled, 1-ovuled, the suspended seed 
with little or no albumen. 

1. DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. Cal. colored, tubular, limb obscurely 

4-toothed. Sta. 8, exserted. Style 1. Berry 1-seeded. 5 Fls. opening 

before the oblong-obovate, alternate leaves, 3 from each bud. 

I>. pal ustris L. Shrub 3— 5f, along streams, with very tough bark ; flowers 4", yel- 
lowish, in April, May ; berry oval, small, red. 

2. DAPHNS, L. Cal. colored, funnel-form, limb spreading, 4-parted. 
Anthers 8, subincluded. Stigmas capitate. Berry fleshy, 1-seeded. 5 
Native of the Old World. 

1 D. Mezereum. Shrub 1— 3f, with very smooth lanceolate leaves appearing later than 

the latei-al clusters of rose-pm*ple, sweet-scented flowers. 

2 I>. ODORA. Shrub 2— 3f ; leaves lance-oblong, evergreen ; clusters terminal, roseate, 

very fragrant. Greenhouse. 

3 I>. Laureola. Shrub 1 — .5f, hardy, with large oblanceolate, shining, evergreen leaves 

and axillary clusters of greenish flowers. 

Order CXII. EL^AGNACEJS. Oleasters. 

Shrubs or trees usually with the leaves covered with a silvery scurf, en- 
tire. Flowers mostly dioecious, the calyx free, entire, persistent, becoming 
in fruit pulpy and berry-like, enclosing the 1-celled, 1-seeded achenium. 
Embryo straight, with little albumen. 

* Flowers perfect. Stamens i. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire Eleagnus. 1 

* Flowers dicEcious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite, after the flowers Shephkrdia. 2 

* Flowers dioecious. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate, after the flowers Hippoph^. 3 

1, EL.ffJAGNUS, L. Oleaster. Cal, 4-cleft, colored within. Sta. 4, 
alternate with the sepals. Achenium enclosed in the mealy, 8-furrowed 
calyx tube. ^ ^ With silvery foliage. 

1 E. ARGENTEA Ph. SUverbemj . Shrub 8— 12f; leaves broadly or narrowly elliptical, 

acute, 1 — 2' ; flowers axillary, deflexed, canesceut. Dakota, and W. 

2 E. HORTi^Nsis. Tree with narrow-lanceolate, acute leaves ; flowers axillary, erect.-- 

Alec, K. LATiroLiA, with evergreen leaves, i6 cultivated. 



Order 113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 293 

2. SHEPHERDIA, N. Fls. $ ? . Cal. 4-cleft. Sta. 8, with 8 glands. 
2 Calyx tube closelj^ investing tlie ovary, limb 4-lobed. Sty. and stig. 1. 

Berry globular, fleshy. +> Spinescent. 

1 S. Canadensis N. Shrub 6— 8f; leaves elliptic-ovate, clothed beneath with stel- 

late hairs and. rusty scales, nearly smooth above. Banks of streams, N. Clusters 
subsessile. Berry sweetish. 

2 S. AEGENTEA N. Bvffalo Bcrvy. Tree 12— ]8f; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, both 

surfaces smooth and covered with silvery scales. Fruit the size of a currant, scar- 
let, well-flavored. Missouri. 

\ ^ 

3. EIPPOPH.ffiI RHAMNOiDES. Shrub with lance-linear leaves, silvery 

white beneath, and a crowd of yellow, acid drupes. Europe. 

Order CXIII. EUPHORBIACE^. Spurgeworts. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, usually with a milky, acrid juice. Flowers dicli- 
nous, sometimes enclosed in a cup-shaped involucre. Calyx inferior, some- 
times wanting. Corolla scale-like or colored, often wanting. Ovary free, 
sessile or stipitate, 2-, 3-(or more)-carpelled ; styles distinct or united. Fruit 
of 2, 3 (or more) 1-2-seeded carpels (rarely of 1 carpel) united to a common 
axis, at length separating. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Fig. 142. 

547. Head or capitulum of Euphor- 
bia corollata. 8. The involucre tube 




7 ^^^ 



u cut open, showing the monandrous, 
K)<- staminate flowers surroundins: the 



le 

pistillate. 9. One of the i flowers, 
with a toothed bract at base. 50 Cross-section of the ovary, showing the 3 one-seeded 
cells or carpels. 

§ Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled ; fruit cells or carpels l-seecled. . .(*) 

§ Cells of the ovary 2-ovuIed ; fruit cells or carpels each 2-seeded. . .(x) 

* Flowers in a cup-shaped involucre, the $ many, each merely a stamen, the ? 

only 1, — an ovary exserted on a pedicel Euphoriua. 1 

* Flowers not in an involucre, g , all apetalous, with a calyx only. . .(a) 

-a Stigmas and carpels 6—9. Fruit fleshy, apple-like. Trees. S. Fla Hipro.MANE Mancinella. 

a Stigmas and curpels 3. Fruit dry, capsular. ..(6) 
h Stamens erect in the bud, 2 — 4 in number. . .(c) 
h Stamens erect in the bud, 8— CO in number. ..{d) 
6 Stamens inflexed in the bud. $ Flowers usually with small petals. ..(e) 

c Staminate calyx imbricated in bud. Anthers pendulous. Tree. S. Fla Sebastiania fucjcfa. 

c Stam. calyx imbricated in bud. Anthers erect. Flowers in spilves Stillingia. 2 

c Stam. calyx valvate in bud. Flowers in racemes. Plant downy Tragia. 3 

d Flowers in cymes, with white, imbricated sepals. Stinging Jatropha. 4 

d Flowers in small spikes with large bracts. Sepals valvate. Acalyph.\. 5 

d Flowers in long interrupted spikes. Sepals 3, valvate in bud Mercurialis. 6 

cZ Flowers in panicles. Leaves palmately lobed, glabrous RiCiNUS. 7 

c Ovary 3- or 2-celled and -seeded. Plants hairy, downy, &c Croton. 8 

c Ovary 1-celled and -seeded. Plants silvery-scurfy Croto>'Opsis. 9 

X Calyx 5-6-parted ; stamens 3, united. Flowers axillary, small Phyllanthus. 10 

X Calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, distinct, large. Flowers in bracted spikes Pachysandra. 11 

X Calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, distinct. Fls. axillary. Shrub. Lvs. opposite Buxtrs. 12 

/ 

1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. Fls. monoecious and achlamydeous, 
several in an involucrate cluster, simulating one flower (see figures). In- 



294 Order 113.— EUPIIORBIACE^. 

volucre calyx-like, 4- or 5-lobecl, often with 4 or 5 large glands, $ Fls. 
9 or more, each a stamen with a bract. ? Flower central, a 3-celled, 3- 
ovuled ovaiy on a pedicel. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Caps. 3-lobed, separating 
into 3 nutlets. — Plants with a milky juice. 

§ Shrubs of the greenhouse, with scarlet bracts or involucres Nos. 33—35 

§ Herbs, erect, without stipules. Leaves alternate or opposite. . .{a) 
§ Herbs, mostly prostrate, diffuse. Leaves all opposite, oblique at base, 
small, furnished with small stipules at base. Glands of the involucre 

4, usually white-margined, (i) May — Nov {x) 

■ a Glands of the involucre 5, bordered with white petaloid appendages. . .(6) 
a Glands of the involucre 4 or 5, crescent-shaped or 2-horned. . .(c) 
a Glands of the involucre 1 — 5, neither white nor horned. . .{d) 

b Heads pedunculate. Branches regular. Leaves oblong to linear Nos. 1, 2 

b Heads pedunculate. Branches irregular. Leaves oval or ovate Nos. 3, 4 

b Heads nearly sessile. Leaves with broad white margins .No. 5 

c Umbel of many rays. Stem leaves narrow, alternate. Seeds smooth, if ...Nos. 6, 7 

c Umbel of 3 rays, and forked. Stem leaves alternate, thin Nos. 8, 9, 10 

c Umbel of 3 or 4 rays, and forked. Stem leaves opposite, thick No. 11 

d Inflorescence a simple terminal cluster. Leaves toothed or lobed Nos. 12, 13 

d Inflorescence a forked cyme, peduncles in the forks. Lvs. entire. . . .Nos. 14, 15 
d Inflorescence a compound umbel. Heads terminal., .(e) 

e Seeds reticulated or wrinkled. Leaves serrulate Nos. 16, 17 

. e Seeds smooth and even,— ^' in a rough, warty fruit Nos. 18—20 

— Ic in a smooth and even fruit Nos. 21 — 23 

X Leaves serrulate or serrate. Seeds roughened with wrinkles or pits. . .(y) 

y Stems ascending or erect. Plants smooth or smoothish Nos. 24 — 25 

y Stems flat on the ground, spreading, mostly hairy Nos. 27, 28 

X Leaves entire. Seeds smooth and even. Plant glabrous Nos. 29—32 

1 E. corollata L. Floivering S. Erect, glabrous, or subglabrous ; umbel 3-7-rayed, 

rays 3- and 2-forked ; lvs. oblong to oblong-linear, obtuse, those of the umbel whorled 
or opposite ; involucre glands obovate, petaloid. if Dry fields, 1 — 2f. July, Aug. 
jS. ang-uati folia. Leaves oblong-linear ; umbel becoming irregular. S. 

2 E. Curtisii Eng. Smooth, slender, branched from base, divisions about .3-forked, 

then 2-forked; leaves opposite or in 3' s, linear-oblong or linear ; heads minute ; in- 
volucre glands narrowly white-bordered. 2f Barrens, S. If. (E. discoidalis Chapm.) 

3 E. pu1>eutissiina Mx. Hairy, 2 or 3 times forked ; leaves oval or ovate-oblong, 

petiolate or subsessile, scattered, the floral much smaller ; heads minute ; involucre 
glands minutely white-margined, entire. Dry. S. If. (E. paniculata Ell.) 

4 E. mercurialaiia Mx. Stem naked below, leafy, and 3- or 2-forked above, pubes- 

cent ; leaves oval or ovate, petiolate, mostly opposite ; involucre lobes crenulate, 
white. Tenn. : rare. 8 — lO''. Too near to the preceding. 

5 E. iiiarginata Ph. Leaves lance-oblong, sessile, the floral crowded, and with a 

broad white margin ; umbel 3-rayed, capitate. (T) Ky., and W. If. t 

6 E. Cyparissias L. Lvs. linear, much crowded, the floral broad-cordate, all sessile ; 

umbel of many simple rays ; glands lunate, if Fields and gardens. If. § 

7 E. Esula L. Lvs. lance-linear, the floral broadly cordate ; umbel of many forked 

rays, and scattered branches below ; glands 2-horned. Fields : rare. § 

8 E. JPepliis L. Leaves round-cuneate, the floral ovate ; umbel of 3 (rarely 5) forked 

rays ; carpels doubly wing-keeled on the back. Fields, N. Eng. : rare. § Europe. 

9 E. Ohiotica Steud. Smooth, erect from a decumbent branching base ; lvs. mostly 

floral, reniform, sessile, the pairs appearing orbicular ; carpels not winged ; glands 2- 
horned. 2f Woods, Ohio, W. and S. If. (E. commutata Eng.) 



Order 113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 295 

10 E. tetrapora Eng. Leaves linear-spatnlate, the floral larger, transversely ovate ; 

nmbel 3-ra3-ed ; seeds ^-pitted on the inner face. i'X) Ga. to La. 10'. 
HE. liatliyris L. Caper S. Stout, 2 or 3f high; leave? sessile, lance-linear, all 

opposite ; umbel 4-rayed, then forked ; glands horned. Gardens, and §. 

12 E. lieteropliylla Mx. Stem Avith scattered branches, 1— 3f ; leaves ovate, or 
sinuate-lobed, or panduriform, all petiolate and scattered, the upper stained red on 
the margins ; gland 1, sessile. Iowa to Ga. June, July. 

13 E. dentata Mx. Stem 8'— 2f, hairy, with opposite branches; leaves opposite, 
ovate, dentate^ petiolate ; heads subsessile ; seed tubercled, round and black ; gland 
1 or more, stalked, (i) Shades, Penn. to Iowa and La. 

14 E. Ipecacuanlise L. Eoot long, stems clustered, slender, difl"usely forked ; Ivs. 
opposite, all oblong to linear, obtuse, sessile ; heads on filiform pedicels ; seed white, 
compressed, pitted, il Sands, coastward. 8 — 12'. (E. gracilis Ell.) 

15 E. nud-icaulis Chapm. Slender, forking above; leaves minute (i"), obovate, 
the upper opposite ; heads minute, glands margined, greenish. %. Fla. 

16 E. Helioscopia L. Stout; umbel 5-rayed, rays trifid, and forked; Ivs. cuneate 
to obovate, whorled above ; glands round, stalked. ^ Waysides, N. § 

1 7 E. dictyosperma F. & M. Slender ; umb. once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked ; 
floral leaves roundish-ovate, subcordate, cauline obloug-spatulate to obovate ; fruit 
warty, seeds reticulated, (i) Ky., and S-W. (E. Arkausana C-B.) 

1 8 E. Darlingtoiiii Gray. Tall (2— 3f ) ; umbel 5-8-rayed, rays forked or trifid ; 
leaves entire, oblanceolate, the floral oval, n Woods, Penn., and S. 

19 E. platypliylla L. Erect, 8 — 16'; umbel 5-rayed; leaves lance-oblong, subcor- 
date, serrulate, the floral triangular-ovate. (J) Lake shores, N. § 

20 E. ot>tiisata Ph. Erect, l—2f; umbel 3-rayed, rays trifid or forked; leaves all 
sessile, serrulate, obtuse, the floral roundish-cordate, the lower oblanceolate ; fruit 
very warty, (i) Woods, Ya., and W. 

21 E. inundata Torr, Smooth, erect; umbel 3-rayed, and forked; leaves entire, 
sessile, lanceolate to oblong-ovate ; glands round, entire ; seeds globous. n Wet 
barrens, Fla. 6 — 12'. Heads on slender peduncles. Poot woody. 

22 E. splisei'ospernia Shutt. (E. Floridana Chapm.) Lvs. lance-linear to cordate- 
ovate ; heads green, glands creuate. Otherwise like No. 21. 2i Dry. Fla. 1 — 2f. 

23 E. telepliioides Chapm. Plant some fleshy, 2—5' high ; lvs. ovate, large on the 
stem, small on the umbel. Otherwise like Xo. 22. 2f West Fla. May, June. 

24 E. hypericifolia L. St. 1 — 2f ; lvs. 6 — 12", oval-oblong, serrate all around ; sds. 
oval, obtusely 4-angled, wrinkled and tubercled, black, (i) Fields : common. 

25 E. glyptosperma Eng. St. 5—10' ; lvs. 4—6", linear-oblong, serrulate toward the 
apex ; stip. fringed ; sds. ovoid, obtuse-angled, wrinkled, amber-color. Wis., and S-W. 

26 E. iiiaculata L. Hairy; leaves oblong, serrulate, often with a brown spot; stip. 
minute; seeds sharply angled, obscurely wrinkled, reddish. Sandy fields : common. 

27 E. hiimistriata Eng. Hairy; lvs. elliptic-obovate, serrulate at apex, rarely spot- 
ted ; stipules fringed ; seeds obtuse-angled, oval, roughened, brownish. Banks, W. 

28 E. serpyllifolia Pers. Smooth; lvs. obovate-oblong, serrulate at apex, seldom 
spotted ; stipules fringed ; seeds acutely 4-angled, cross-wrinkled. Banks, W. 

29 E. polygonifolla L. Lvs. oblong-linear; glands of invol. not appendaged; seeds 
large (1" long), ovoid, smooth and whitish. Sandy sea and lake coasts. 

30 E. Geyerl Eng. Leaves obloug-obovate ; glands with narrow appendages ; seeds 
small (•^"), ovoid, acute, obtusely 3-angled, ash-colored. Sandy soils, N-W. 

31 E. serpens 11. B. K. Lvs. round-ovate, very small (1—2") ; stip. triangular ; glands 
scarcely appendaged ; pod acutely keeled, seeds ovoid-.3-angled. 111. to La. 

32 E. cordiiolia Ell. Lvs. 4 — 6", cordate-oval; glands conspicuously white-appen- 
daged ; pods and seed? as in No. 31. Fields, South. Spreading If. 

33 E. SPLENDENS. Shrubby and fleshy, thorny; lvs. ovate, acute both ways ; ped. ax- 
illary ; floral leaves in pairs, broader than long, scarlet. Madagascar. 



296 Order 113.— EUPHORBIACEJE. 

34 "E. FULGENS. Not spiny; Ivs. lanceolate, pointed both ways, floral Ivs, soon- fallitig ; 
lobes and appendages of the involucre red and purple. Mexico. 

35 E. FULCHEHRiMA (or Poinsettia). Floral leaves lanceolate, of a brilliant red, lower 
leaves wodgc-oblong, often fiddle-shaped, all pointed. Mexico. 

2. STILLINGIA, Gard. Fls. 5" , in a terminal, dense spjke, apetalous. 
S Calyx cup-form, lobed and crennlate. Sta, 2 or 3. Fil. exserted, with 

short, 2-lobed anthers. ? Calyx 3-lobed. Style trifid, with 3 diverging, 
simple stigmas. Capsule 3-lol)ed, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Plants smooth, erect, 
with alternate leaves. Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. 
Bracts of the spike biglandular at base. May — Sept. 

1 S. sylvatica L. Herbaceous ; stems clustered ; leaves subsessile, lance-linear to 

lance-oblong, and obtuse to acuminate, crenate-serrulate ; spikes yellowish, longer 
than the leaves ; glands cup-shaped. % S. 1— Of. 

2 S. aquatica Chapm. Shrubby; stem single; Ivs. short-stalked, lanceolate, acute, 

sharply serrulate ; spikes shorter than the leaves ; glands peltate. Fla. 3 — (if. 

3 S. ligustrina Mx. Shrubby ; leaves lance-ovate, petiolate, entire ; stipules ovate ; 

spikes shorter than the leaves ; eta. 3. Swamps, S. 6 — 12f. (Sebastiania, Muller.) 

4 S. sel>ifera L. Tallow Tree. Tree 30 — 40f; Ivs. long-petioled, rhomboidal, acumi- 

nate, entire ; fruit rough, blackish, seeds white. S. §. (Excoecaria, Mul.) 

3. TRAGIA, PI am. Fls. 8 . Cor. 0. 5 Calyx 3-parted. Sta. 2 or 3, 
distinct. ? Calj^x 5- to 6- to 8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft. Stig. 3. 
Fruit 3-lobed, 3-celled, separating into 3 bivalve, 1-seeded nutlets. li ^ 
Homely weeds. Lvs. mostly alternate, pubescent, stipulate. Fls. small, 
racemed. May — August. 

1 T. macrocarpa Willd. Slender summits of the branches twining ; lvs. cordate- 

ovate, acuminate, serrate ; rac. long (3 — i') ; fr. 5—6". Copses, Ky.. and S. 2 — 4f. 

2 T, urticsefolia Mx. Erect, hairy, sparingly branched ; leaves deltoid-lanceoiate, 

truncate at base, sharp-serrate ; fruit very hairy. Dry. S. 1 — 2f. 

3 T. innocua Wait. Erect, branched, puberulent ; leaves ovate-oblong, varying to 

linear, coarsely few-toothed or entire. Dry. S. If. (T. urens L., but it does not 
sting as Linnaeus supposed.) 

4. JATROPHA, L. Spurge Nettle. Fls. <? , in forked cymes ; the 

fertile generally in the forks. Calyx colored, imbricate in bud. Corolla 

present or not. Sta. 10 — 30, monadelphous. Styles 3, forked. Pod 3-car 

pelled. U Leaves palmi- veined, stipulate. 

J. urens, jS. atimulhsa Mul. Low, hispid with bristly stings ; leaves half 3-5-lobed, 
cordate, lobes lanceolate, serrate ; sepals white, oval, spreading ; corolla 0. Sandy 
woods, S. : common. Stings wliite, i' long. March — July. 

5. ACALYPHA, L. Three-seeded Mercury. Fls. 5' , in sho]-t clus- 
ters or little spikes, surrounded by a large cut-toothed bract. Cor. 0. $ 
Calyx 4-parted. Sta. 8 — 12, monadelphous, with halved anthers, s Calyx 
3-parted. Styles 3, each 2- GO-eleft. Fr. 3 nutlets, (i) Weeds resembling 
Nettles, with stalked alternate leaves (and ^ tropical). Summer. 

1 A. Virginlca L. Leaves lance-ovate, obtusely pointed, obscurely serrate, equal 
ling their petioles (1 — 2'); sterile spikes hardly exserted. Dry. 10 — 2;i'. 
^. g-racilUnta , Leaves narrower, on ehorter stalks ; t spikee exserted. 



Order 113.— EUPHORBIACE:^. 297 

2 A. Caroliniana. Walt. Lvs. ovate, cordate, closely and strongly serrate : 5 spikei* 
axillary, ? terminal, fruit soft-echinate, bracts with linear lobe,-. W. and S. 

6. MERCURIALIS, Tourn. Fls. 6> , apetalous, axillary, in bractless 
spikes or fascicles. Calyx 3-parted. Sta. 10 — 20, anth. 2-celled, extiors^. 
Fruit 2-carpellecl, 2-seedccl. — Herbs with opposite, petiolate leaves. 

M. annua Willd. Lvs. lanceolate, &c., thrice longer than the stalks ; branches oppo- 
site ; S spikes long, interrupted, seeds oval, pitted. ® Waysides, S. : rare. § 

7. RIOINUS, Tourn. Castor Oil Plant. Fls. 6' , apetalous. Calyx 
3-5-parted, valvate in tlie bud. $ Sta. 00, witli irregularly uuited fila- 
ments. ? Style short, stigmas 3, 2-parted, plumous, colored. Capsule 
echinate, 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. 

R. COMMUNIS L. — A stout (T) herb with peltate, palmi-lobed leaves, 4 — 12', divided into 
lance-shaped lobes. Southward it becomes a shrub, or tree 10 — 20f. Cult, for its seeds, 
yielding the castor oil, or for the ornament of its splendid foliage. E. India. 

8. CROTON, L. Fls. 5' . Calyx 4-8-parted. Petals hypogj^nous, 4—8, 

mostly minute, often (especially in the ?) wanting. $ Disk with 4 — 6 

lobes. Sta. 5 or more, anthers inflexed in the bud. ? Ovaiy 3-celled, 

styles 3, 1-3-times forked. Fruit 3-carpelled, 3-seeded. — Plants glandular, 

clothed with scurf or stellate hairs. Leaves alternate. 

§ Downy. Fertile calyx 5-parted, with 2 styles, and pendulous No. 1 

§ Hairy or scaly. Fertile calyx 5-parted, with 3 styles, each 2- or 3-cleft Nos. 2 — 4 

§ Densely woolly. Fertile calyx 8-parted. Styles 3, each twice 2-cleft Nos. 5, 6 

1 C. monantlicgynus Mx. Stellate-downy, di- and tri-chotomousiy branclied ; lvs. 

ovat« or subcordate, silvery beneath ; fls. in the forks, (i) Prairies, 111., and S. If. 

2 C, glandulosus L. Hispid, tri-(or 4-)chotoraously branched ; lvs. clustered at the 

forks, lance- to linear-oblong, serrate, with 2 concave glands at base ; fls. in clusters, 
the sterile 4-parted, S-androus. (1) A straggling weed, W. and S. 1— 2f. 

3 C. argyrantliemiis Mx. Clothed with silvery glandular scales, branched atb'ise ; 

lvs. oval to oblong ; fis. in a hd. or spike, silvery all over, all 5-parted. U Ga., Fla. If. 

4 C. maritimus Walt. Half-shrubby, bushy, trichotomously branched, tomentous; 

lvs. broad-oval, silvery beneath; flowers in dense heads on long stalks ; staMi. about 
10 ; stigmas 18—20. Drifting sands, sea-coast, S. 2— 3f. July— Oct. 

5 C. capitatus Mx. Lvs. ovate to oblong, long-petioled, obtuse ; 9 cal. large (7'0i 

7-8-cleft ; styles 3, each 4-parted to base ; seed double-convex. W. and S. 

6 C Ellicttii Chapmn. Lvs. lance-oblong, short-petiolate, acutish; 9 cal. 6" diam., 

5-8-cleft ; styles 3, each 4-cleft to the middle ; seeds plano-convex. ® S. 2— 3f. 

9. CROTONOPSIS, Mx. Fls. a , minute, in spikes. Calyx 5-parted. 
$ Petals 5, spatulate. Sta. 5, distinct. ? Petals 0, 5 scales instead. Stig. 

3, each bifid. Ovary and pod 1-celled, 1-seeded. (1) Slender, silvery-scurfy, 

with small, alternate leaves. Upper flowers sterile. 

C. linearis Mx.— Sandy swamps, N. J. to 111., and S. Stems as slender as Flax, re- 
peatedly trifid and forked, 1 — 2f. Leaves linear-oblong, 6 — 10'^. June — Sept. 

10. PHYLLANTHUS, L. Flowers 8 , axillary. Calyx in 5 or C> seg- 
ments. Petals 0. Stam. 3, very short. Styles 3, bifid. Ovules and seeds 
2 in each 2-valved carpel. — Leaves alternate, in 2 ranks. 

P, Carolinensis Walt. St. slender, with alternate branches ; lvs. oval, G— 10", the 
ramial much Bmaller ; flowers eubgolitary. ® Pa. to HI., and S. 6— -IS'. June— Aug. 



■ Okder 114— URTICAOE^. 

11. PACHYSANDRA, Mx. Flowers 5', apetalous, in bracted spikes, 
Calyx 4-parted. $ Filaments 4, long-exserted, flat. ? Styles 3, recurved. 
Capsule 3-liorned, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. U Procumbent stems from 
long creeping root-stocks. Leaves alternate. 

P. procumbens Mx. Lvs. ovate to obovate, coarsely tootherl, clustered above the 
spikes, which are all near the base of the stem. Ya. to Ky., and S. March— May. 

12. BUXUS, L. Boxwood. Flowers 8 , axillary. $ Calyx 3-leaved, 

petals 2. Sta. 4. $ Cal. 4-sepalled. Pet. 3. Sty. 3. Caps, with 3 beaks 

and 3 cells. Seeds 6. 5 b Leaves opposite, ovate, entire, smooth. 

B. SEMPERViRENS. A tree of slow growth, fine-grained wood, m Europe. The dwarfed 
varieties are planted in gardens for edgings. 

Order CXIY. URTICACE^. Nettleworts. 

Plants of various habit, with stipules (which are often early deciduous) 
and with small inconspicuous, mostly diclinous flowers. Calpx regular, 
free from the 1-celled ovary. Stamens as many as the calyx lobes and op- 
posite to them. Fruit a 1-seeded samara, drupe or achenium, separate or 
aggregated. The following groups have usually been regarded as Orders. 

§ ULMACE^E. Trees with colorless innoxious juice. Flowers habitually perfect, not 

in aments. Fruits separate. No albumen. (Figs. 181, 256, 295, 316, 382, 509). . .(a) 
§§ ARTOCARPEiB. Trees with milky poisonous juice. Flowers diclinous, in aments 

or heads. Fruits aggregated. Seed albuminous. (Figs. 195-6, 298, 349) ... (&) 
§§§ URTICEJi;. Herh/t. Flowers diclinous, not in aments. Filaments crenulate. 

Fertile calyx 3-5-parted. Embryo straight. (Fig. 503). . .(c) 
§§§§ CANNABINEyE. Herbs. Flowers diclinous. Filaments straight. Fertile calyx 
of 1 sepal, spathe-like. Embryo curved or coiled. (Fig. 213). ..(rf) 

a Flowers appearing before the leaves. Fruit a samara winged all around Ulmus. 1 

a Flowers uith the leaves. Fruit wingless, — x a dry nut from a 1-celled ovary. . . Planera. 2 

— X a sweet, fleshy drupe , Celtis. 3 

b Flowers enclosed within a hollow receptacle, both kinds together Ficus. 4 

h Flowers external. — ;/ Fertile aments globular. Branches thorny Maclura. 5 

— y Fertile aments globular. Plants thornless Brodssonetia. 6 

— ;/ Fertile aments oblong, fruit sweet, juicy MoRUS. 7 

c Herbs with stinging hairs.— 2 Stamens 4. Leaves opposite Urtica. 8 

— ^» Stamens 5. Leaves alternate Laportea. 9 

c Herbs stingless. — n Stamens 3. Fertile calyx 3-sepalled Pilea. 10 

— n Stamens 4. — o Flowers in slender spikes Bcehmeria. 11 

— o Flowers in involucrate clusters Paeietaria. 12 

d Herbs twining. Fruit in an imbricate strobile-like anient Humulus. 13 

d Herbs erect. Fruit a 2-valved caryopsis in axillary pairs Cannabinum. 14 

1. ULMUS, L. Elm. Fls. 5 . Calyx 4-9-cleft. Stam. 4—9, fil. long 
and slender. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled. Samara flat, 1-seeded. ^ Fls. 
yellowish, or reddish, in precocious clusters. Figs. 181, 256, 295. 

* Samara fringed with hairs, hanging on slender ped., 2-beaked Nos. 1—3 

* Samara not fringed, nearly sessile, — x slightly notched at apex Nos. 4, 5 

— X cleft down to the seed Nos. 6, 7 

1 IT. Americana L. White Elm. Lvs. oval, acuminate, doubly serrate ; flowers in- 
loose, nmbel-like clusters ; fruit oval, &\ its 2 beaks with points incurved and meet- 
ing. A majestic tree, with ascending branches and often long pendulous "weeping" 
. branchlets. Native, and everywhere cultivated. - ... 



Okdek 114.— URTICACE^. 299 

2 XT. racemosa Thomas. Cork Elm. Smaller tree, wilh rigid branches ; branchlets 

downy, often with wing-like corky ridges ; floivers 2 — 4 in each fascicle, which are 
aiTanged in racemes. N. H. to Wis., and S. 20 — 30f. 

3 U. Floridaiia. Chapm. Tree 30— 40f, with brittle branches, smooth; Ivs. thick, 

acute ; fruit orbicular, 2—3'', its Teeth broad and erect. W. Fla. 

4 "5J. alata Mx. Winged Elm. Whahoo. Tree, with its branchlets here and there 

winged with 2 corky ridges ; leaves lance-oblong, acute, 1— 2^ ; flowers racemed ; 
fruit downy all over, with its 2 beaks slender. 111. to Va., and S. 

5 fJ. fulva L. Jied Elm. Sli2W^'nj Elm. Tree 20— 40f; buds covered with fulvous 

down ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate ; flowers reddish, 7-parted, sessile ; fruit or- 
bicular. Low grounds. Valued for its very mucilaginous liber. 

6 U. CAMPESTRis. English Elm. A stately tree, 50 — 70f, with rigid branches and dense 

foliage ; leaves small, ovate ; stamens 5 ; fruit nearly orbicular. Europe, 
p. SUBEROSA. Branchlets with thick corky wings ; stamens mostly 4. Europe. 

7 U. MONTANA. Scotch Ehii. Witch Elm,. Large tree, with ample obovate, cuspidate 

leaves, rough above, downy beneath ; flowers 5-parted ; fruit oblong, V. Europe. 

2. PLANERA, Gmel. Fls'. 6 ^ ? . Cal. lobes and sta. 4 or 5. Stig. 2, 
oblong, diverging ; ova. 1-celled, fruit 1-seeded, wingless, indeliiscent, ^ 

P. aquatica. Gm. Tree 30— 40f, elm-like, with small smooth, ovate, acute, serrate 
leaves and axillary flowers in clusters of 2 — 5 ; not roughened. Swamps, S. 

3. OELTIS, Tonrn. Nettle Tree. Sugar-bertiy. Fls. ^ 5 ? , the 
i 6-parted and the g 5-parted. Sty. 2, elongated, spreading. Drupe glo- 
bular. ^ ^ Leaves mostly oblique at base. Flowers subsolitary. Fig. 316. 

1 C. occidentalis L. Tree 30— TOf, with wide-spread branches ; Ivs. ovate, subcor- 

date, acuminate, serrate, rough-hairy beneath ; ped. longer than the petiole ; sepals 
triangular-ovate, erect, white ; drupe 3", dark purple. Woods, &c. 

/3. cragsifblia. Leaves cordate, thick, mottled with dark and light green. 

y. integ-rifblia. Leaves smooth, subentire ; bark smooth. W. and S. 

2 C. pikmila Ph. A straggling shrub, 3— lOf, wdth broad-ovate, acute, smooth, ser- 

rate leaves ; calyx of 6 oblong-linear spreading segments, 2". Woods, S, 

4. FICUS, Tourn. Fig. Banian. Fls. 8 , minute, fixed upon the 
inner surface of a hollow receptacle. $ Calyx 3-parted, sta. 3. ? Calyx 
5-parted, ovary 1, seed 1. Fruit (syconus) composed of the enlarged, fleshy 
receptacle enclosing the numerous dry, imbedded achenia. Fig. 195. 

1 F. Cakica. Common Fig. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed, repand-dentate, rough and 

downy; fig pear-shaped. From Asia. A shrub in our conservatories, a small tree S. 

2 F. elastica. India-rubber Tree, in the greenhouse, with a straight, simple trunk, 

and very lai-ge (S— 10'), shining, thick, oblong leaves. E. India. 

3 F. KEPENS. Creeping on walls, &c., with ovate, cordate, acute, serrate Ivs. E. India. 

4 F, Indica, the Banian (§ 207), with many trunks, may grow South. 

\ 

5. MAOLURA, N. Osage Orange. Flowers ^ ? , the ^ racemous, 

calyx 4-parted. ? Flowers in a dense globular head. Calyx 4-sepalled, 
fleshy, finally embracing the obconic achenium, all ripening into a globu- 
lar sorosis, resembling an orange. Style terminal. ^ Juice milky. Leaves 
alternate, entire. Branches with sharp spines. Fig. 298. 

i?ff. aurantiaca, Lvs. shining, ovate-oblong, thickish, pointed; fruit yellow when 
ripe, lactescent, pendulous. Arkansas. Planted for hedges. May, June. 
\ 

6. BROUSSONETIA, L'Her.. Paper Mulberry. Fls. 5 ? , in aments, 



300 Okder 114.— URTICACE^. 

the S cyllndric, the 5 globular, style lateral, ovary becoming a fleshy club- 
shaped 1-seeded fr. protruding from the tubular, 3- or 4-toothed calj^x. ^ 

B. PAPTKiFERA. Tree with a low bush}' head, of rapid growth, with rougli and downy 
leaves, ovate or variously lobed ; fruit dark red, hispid. Japan. Fig. 349. 

7. MORUS, Tourn. Mulbeery. Fls. 8 , in aments, the $ loose, the ? 
dense and spike-like. Cal. 4-parted, sta. 4, sty. 2. Achenium compressed, 
enclosed in the fleshy calyx, the whole spike thus constituting a com'pound 
berry (sorosis). ^ Leaves alternate, broad, often palmately lobed. Fig. 196. 

1 M. rubra L. Tree or shrub, 15— (iOf; roots yellow; leaves rough and downy, sub- 

cordate, serrate ; fertile spikes cylindric ; fruit dark red, very sweet. 

2 M. Ai-BA. Chinese M. Shrubs (here), with smooth and shining, cordate, unequally 

serrate leaves ; fruit whitish. Introduced for silkworms. 

3 M. NIGRA. Tree for ornament and shade, from Persia, M'ith rough, ovate or lobed 

leaves ; fertile spikes oval ; fruit reddish-black, acid. 

8. URTIOA, Tourn. Nettle. Fls. 8 , sometimes ^ ? . $ Calyx 4- 
sepalled. Ovary a cup-shaped rudiment. Sta. 4. ? Sepals 4, the outer 
pair minute, the inner at length surrounding the shining, compressed 
achenium. Stig. 1, sessile. — Herbs with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite. 
Fls. green, in axillary or subterminal clusters or racemes. Summer. Fig. 503. 

§ Clusters compound, longer than the petioles. Perennials Nos. 1, 2 

§ Clusters simple, shorter, or not longer than the petioles. Annuals Nos. 3, 4 

1 U, procera Willd. Stem tall (3 — Of), slightly hispid, with few stings ; leaves lance- 

ovate, 5-veined, unciuate-serrate ; spikes panicled above. Waste places : common. 

2 U. dioica L. St. 1— 3f, very hispid and stinging; leaves ovate, deeply serrate, the 

slender point entire ; spikes clustered in the axils. Wastes: common. § 

3 U. iireiis L. Low (If), hairy ; Ivs. broadly ovate, coarsely serrate, 5-veined ; clus- 

ters pedunculate, loose, by pairs in each axil. Waste grounds. E. § 

4 U. cliamaedrioides Ph. St. 1 — 2f, with scattered bristles ; leaves ovate, crenate- 

serrate ; clusters capitate, 1 or 2 in each axil, spiked above. Ky., and S. 

9. LAPORTEA, Gaudich. Wood Nettle. Fls. in axillary panicles, 

the $ calyx 5-parted, the ? of 4 sepals, the 2 inner larger. Sta. 5 Stig. 

subulate. Achenium flat, ovate, very oblique. U Hairs stinging. Lvs. 

ample, ovate, petiolate. 

li. Canadensis Gaud. Leaves 3—5', acuminate, serrate ; flowers minute, green, in 
panicles, 1 — 2', the lower sterile. Damp woods. 2— 6f. 

10. PILEA, Lindl. Richweed. Fls. in dense axillary clusters, the i 
with 3 or 4 sep. and sta. ? Sepals 3, unequal, oblong. Sta. 3 rudiments. 
Achenia roughened, erect, ovate, (i) Smooth, stingless. Stipules united. 

1». pamila Gray. Stem succulent, weak; leaves rhomb-ovate, crenate-serrate, long- 
stalked ; flowers green, in short clusters. Moist shades. 3—18'. July, Aug. 

11. BCSHMBRIA, Jacq. False Nettle. $ Calyx 4-parted, witli 
lanceolate, acute segments. Stamens 4. ? Calyx tubular, truncate, or 4- 
toothed, persistent and closely investing the ovate, pointed achenium. — • 
Herbs or shrubs, stingless. Flowers minute. 

B. cylindrica Willd. Erect, simple ; leaves generally opposite, on long petioles, 



Order 116.— CALLITRICHACE^. 301 

ovate, acuminate, dentate ; upper spikes interrupted, leafy at top, sterile, lower 
dense, fertile, if A coarse weed in swamps. 2— 3f. Spikes 1—6'. July, August. 
/3, laterifi'ora has narrower leaves, shorter stalks, all alternate. 

12. PARIETARIA, Tourn. Pellitory. Fls. polygamous, in clus- 
ters, suiTouncled by a many-bracted involucre. $ Cal. 4-sepalled. Sta. 4, 
at first incurved, elasticall}'- expanding. $ Stigma tufted. Acb. polisbed, 
enclosed M'itbin the persistent, 4-lobed calyx. — Herbs weed-like, with al- 
ternate leaves. Clusters of green flowers axillary. 

1 p. Pennsylvanica Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, veiny, tapering to an ohtuse 

point, entire ; involucre longer than the flowers. ® Rocky shades. 6 — 12'. 

2 I*. Floridana N. Leaves round-ovate, obtuse, entire, on long petioles ; flowers 

as long as the involucre. ©Damp sands, S. 10'. (P. debilis Forst. ?) 
\ 

13. HUMULUS, L. Hop. Fls. ^ ? , the ^ panicled, with 5 sep. and 

sta. Anth. with 2 terminal pores. ? Amcnts with large imbricated, en- 
tire, 1-flowered bracts. Cal. of 1 sepal, investing the achenium. Styles 3. 
Embryo coiled. ^> Twining with the sun. Leaves opposite. Fig. 213. 

H. lupnlus L. — Rich alluvion, along streams, and extensively cultivated. Stems 
10— 20f. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed, rough, on long stalks. Bitter, narcotic. July. 

14. CANNABIS, Tourn. HeoMP. Flowers $ ? , the $ with 5 sep. and 

sta., in panicles. ? In spikes. Cal. a single spathe-like sepal enfolding the 

2-valved cariopsis. Embryo curved. (D Leaves opposite, digitate. 

C. sativa L. — Fields, waste grounds. Tall, erect, 4— 8f. Leaves petiolate, regularly 
formed of 5— 7 lanceolate-serrate leaflets. Cultivated S-W. June. § 

Order CXY. SAURURACE^. Saururads. 

Herbs with jointed stems, alternate, entire leaves furnished with stipules. 
Flowers in spikes, perfect, naked, having neither corolla nor calyx. Sta- 
mens definite. Ovaries 3 — 5, more or less united. Fig. 15. 

SAURURUS, L. Lizard-tail. Inflorescence a terminal spike of 1- 

flowered scales. Sta. 6, 7, 8 or more. Ovaries 4. Berries 4, 1-seeded. U 

Stem angular. Leaves cordate, acuminate, petiolate. 

S. cernuus Willd.— Common in marshes, 1 — 2f. Leaves 4—6'. Spikes slender, re- 
curved at the more slender top, its flowers whitish. July, August. 

Order CXVI. CALLITRICHACE^. Starworts. 

Herbs aquatic, small, with opposite, simple, entire leaves. Floioers axil- 
laiy, solitary, very minute, polygamous, achlamydeous, with 2 colored 
bracts. Stamen 1, rarely 2; filament slender; anther 1-celled, 2-valved, 
reniform. Ovary 4-celled, 4-lobed ; ovules solitary. Styles 2 ; stigmas 
simple points. Fruit 1-celled, 4-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds albuminous. 

CALLITRIOHE, L. Character the same as that of the order. ^ 
Very delicate. 



302 • OiiDER 119.— EMPETRACE^. 

* stems short (6"— 20, spreading on moist grounds. Leaves reniform Nos. 1, 2 

* Stems (3 — 16') growing in water. Fruit sessile.— cc Leaves of two kinds,. .Nos. 3, 4 

— X Leaves all linear No. 5 

1 C. Austinii Eng. Lvs. obovate, 1—2" ; fruit depressed, 4-lobed all around, its pedi- 

cel and stig. nearly as long, lobes narrowly winged. N. J. (Porter), N. Y., and W. 

2 €. peploides N. Lvs. elliptical, 1" ; fruit roundish, 4-lobed above, sessile, its stig- 

mas twice as long, lobes not winged. Tenn. to La. (Hale). 1—2'. 

3 C. veriia L. Floating lvs. 3", rosulate, obovate, narrowed below, the submersed 

leaves G", oblong-linear; fruit oval, emarginate, longer than its stigmas. Pools. 

4 C lieteropliylla Ph. Floating leaves spatulate, attenuate below, i—Q", the sub- 

mersed linear, G — 9"; fruit globous, obcordate, its stigmas rather longei*. Pools. 

5 C. autumnalis L. Leaves all submersed, 3— S'-', linear, obtuse at both ends ; fruit 
. rounded, its lobes slightly united, winged ; stj'les slender. Lakes and rivers. 

Order CXVII. PODOSTEMIACE^. Threadfoots. 

Herbs aquatic, with tlie habit of seaweeds, with alternate, dissected 
leaves, Mnth flowers minute, perfect, naked or with 3 sepals. Stamens 1 or 
many, hypogynous. Ovary compound, 2-3-celled, with as many stigmas, 
and numerous ovules. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, ribbed and some- 
what pedicelled. Albumen none. 

PODOSTEMUM, L. C. Eich. Threadfoot. River Weed. Fls. 

axillary, solitary. Sta. 2, fil. united below. Ovary oblong-ovoid. Stig. 2; 

sessile, recurved. Caps. 2-celled. Seeds minute. — Small, submersed c, 

adhering to stones and pebbles. 

P, ceratophyllum Mx. Leaves alternate, repeatedly forking into linear, thread- 
form segments ; stem a few inches long, in running water : common. 

Order CXVIII. CERATOPHYLLACE^. Hornworts. 

Herbs aquatic, with whorled, dichotomously dissected leaves. Flowers 
8 , sessile, axillary, minute, with neither calyx nor corolla. Involitcre 8- 
12-cleft. A7itTiers (12 — 24) sessile. Fertile flower a simple 1-celled ovary 
with one ovule. Cotyledons 4. 

CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornwort. Character that of the order. /^ 

C. demersum L. Stem floating or prostrate, 8—16', with numerous branches and 
whorls ; leaf-segment filiform, sharply toothed. Pools. 

Order CXIX. EMPETRACE^. Crowberries. 

Heath-like shrubs, with evergreen, linear, exstipulate leaves, and small, 
imperfect J^ozoers. Calyx of 4 — 6 hypogynous, imbricated scales, the inner 
often colored and petal-like. Stamens 2 — 4, with compound pollen. Ovary 
free, 2-9-celled, 2-9-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, with as many seeds. In Batis 
the drupes are consolidated. 

* stamens 3. Stigmas 6-9-rayed. Berry 6-9-seeded Empetrum. 1 

* Stamens 3. Stigmas 3 or 4. Style slender. Drupe 3- or 4-seeded Corema. 2 

* Stamens 2. Stigmas 4, Berry 2-seeded. Slirub erect , Ceratiola, 3 

* Stamens 4. Stigma 1. Berry 4-seeded. Prostrate ,., Batis. 4 



OiiDER 121.— JU GLAND ACE^. 30i5 

1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. Crowbekry. Fls. $ ? . Perianth consist- 
ing of 2 series of scales, the 3 inner petaloid. $ Sta. 3, anth. pendulous on 
long filaments. ? Stig. subsessile, 6-9-rayed. Drupe globular, with 6 — 9 
seed-like nutlets. ^ Alpine. 

E. iiigruni L. A small prostrate shrub, 1 — 4f; branches closely beset with oblong- 
linear leaves with rolled edges, 2 — 3" ; berries black, eatable. High mountains of 
N. Eng., N. y. May, June. 

2. COREMA, Don. Perianth of 5 or 6 bractlets, the 3 inner sepaloid. 
S Sta. 3, exserted. $ Ovary 3- or 4-celled. Style filiform, 3- or 4-cleft, 

with narrow stigmas. Drupe globular, minute, with 3 or 4 seeds. 5 

€. Conradii Torr. Shrublets diffusely branched, 6—12', with narrowly linear leave;?, 
2— 3''; flowers in terminal clusters, with brownish scales and purple stamens. 
Sandy barrens, N. J. and N-E., forming blackish tufts. April. 

3. CERATIOLA, Mx. Sand-hill Rosemary. Fls. 8 , of 6—8 imbri- 
cated, concave, fimbriate scales, the 2 or 4 inner membranous. $ Sta. 2, 
exserted, anth. 2-celled, roundish. $ O.vary 2-celled. Style short. Stig. 
4 or 6, spreading, toothed. Drupe 2-seeded. +) Branches whorled, erect. 

C. ericoides Mx.— Sandy places, Ga., Fla. 3— Gf. Leaves whorled, crowded, linear- 
terete, 5 — 6". Flowers reddish, followed by yellowish drupes. March, April. 

4. BATIS, P. Br. Fls. <^ ? , in cone-like spikes. $ Calyx of 2 unequal, 

united sepals. Pet. 4, clawed. Sta. 4, anthers introrse, exserted. $ A 

mass of 4-celled ovaries only, becoming a sorosis of 4-seeded drupes. }j 

B. maritima L. — Salt marshes, Fla. Stems prostrate, 2 — 3f ; leaves club-shaped, 
fleshy, 1'. Spikes 5", fleshy. Petals white. June — September. 

Order CXX. PLATANACE^. Sycamores. 

Trees with a watery juice, alternate, palmate leaves, and sheathing, sca- 
rious stipules. Flowers monoecious, in globular aments, destitute of both 
calyx and corolla. Sterile. — Stamens single, with only small scales inter- 
mixed. Anthers 2-celled, linear. Fertile. — Ovary terminated by a thick 
style with one side stigmatic. Nut clavate, tipped with the persistent, re- 
curved style. Seed solitary, albuminous. Fig. 288. 

PLATANUS, L. Plane Tree. Button Wood. Sycamore. Char- 
acter of the genus the same as that of the order. The $ and ? flowers 
in separate aments. 

P. occidentalis L. Tree in hard, gravelly soil, 50— 80f. The trunk grows to great 
size, and hollow ; bark whitish ; leaves large, angularly lobed and toothed ; stipules 
oblique ; balls pendulous, solitary. May. 

Order CXXI. JUGLANDACE^. Walnuts. 

Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulate leaves and monoecious flowers. 
Sterile flowers In aments, with an irregular perianth. Fei^tile, solitary or 
clustered. ? Calyx regular, 3-5-lobed, tube adherent to the partly 2-4- 
eelled ovary. Fruit a tryma (§ 157), with a fibrous epicarp (shuck) and a 



SO-1 Order 123.— CUPULIFER^. 

bony endocarp {shell). Seed large, orthotropons, exalbuminons, witli lobed. 
often sinuous, oily cotyledons. 

* Sterile arnents solitary, simple. Epicarp persistent on the tri/nn Juglans. 1 

* Sterile aments clustered, lateral. Epicarp 4- val^^ed and separating. Cakya 2 

1. JUGLANS, L. Walnut. $ Fl. a calyx, scale-like, 5- or 6-parted, 
with about 20 stamens. ? Fls. terminal, 4-parted, with 4 greenish petals 
and 2 fringed stigmas. Tryma with a spongy epicarp closely investing 
the very rough endocarp. 'fy Leaflets many. Pith in transverse plates. 

1 J, cinerea L. White W. Butternut. Tree 40— 50f, with a large but short trnuk, 

and \vide-spread branches ; leaflets 15— IT, lanceolate ; fruit oblong-ovate, viscid- 
hairy. Good for its fruit and handsome wood. April, May. 

2 J", nigra L. Black W. Tree 60— 90f, with a long, straight trunk ; leaflets 1.5—21, 

lance-ovate, subcordate ; fruit globous, glabrous, uneven, the kernel edible. Tiie 
wood is dark-purple, used in cabinet-work. April. May. 

3 J. rigia, from Persia, but called English walnut, has 7—11 leaflets, and a smooth- 

ish endocarp (shell) with a rich kernel. Ilarely cultivated. 

2. GARY A, ISr. HiCKOiiY. $ Calyx scale-like, 3-parted, with 4 — 6 
stamens. $ Calyx 4-cleft, no petals. Stig. 2-lobed, lobes bifid. Epicarp 
4-valved, disclosing a smooth, even nut. ^ Timber very strong. Leaves 
and both kinds of flowers from same bud, in March — May. 

§ Leaflets 1.3—15, scythe-shaped. Nut oblong, thin-shelled, very sweet No. 1 

§ Leaflets 7— 11. Nut with a tender shell and very bitter kernel Noe. 2, 3 

§ Leaflets 5—9. Nut roundish, hard-shelled, sweet and eatable. . .(*) 

* Valves of the epicarp distinct to the base. Bark with loose plates Nos. 4, 5 

* Valves of the epicarp united below. Bark continuous, firm Nos. 6 — 8 

1 C. olivaeformis N. Pecan Nut. Tree 60— 90f; leaflets falcate, 5—6'; 5 aments 

separate to base ; nut with its kernel loose in the thin, oblong shell. Eiver bottoms, 
Ind., m., and S. Bark at length shaggy. 

2 C amara N. Bitter Nut. Tree 20 — 40f ; leaflets about 9, ovate-oblong, sharply 

serrate ; fruit roundish, valves half-united ; nut white. Moist. 

3 C. aquatiea N. Tree 30 — 40f; leaflets about 11, lanceolate, oblique, subentire ; 

fruit pedunculate, ovate, with a thin, reddish shell. Swamps, S. 

4 C. alba N. Shagbark. Tree 40— 50f, with a rough, shaggy bark ; leaflets 5, the two 

lower much smaller; fruit and nut roundish, squarish, with a thin shell and very 
sweet meat : common. Fruit and timber excellent. 

5 C. sulcata N. Thick-shellbark. Tree 40— 80f, with shaggy bark; leaflets 7 or 9, the 

odd one subsessile ; fruit large, oval, 4-farrowed; nut pointed at each end, 1^-2' 
long, with thick shell. Common West. 

6 C. tonnentosa N. Mocker Nut. Tree 40— 60f ; bark rugged, but not shaggy ; leaf- 

lets 7—9, odd one stalked, all and the petiole rough-downy ; aments hairy ; nut with 
a very thick shell and small kernel. 

7 C. porcina N. Pignut. Tree 60— lOOf ; leaflets 5 or 7, nearly glabrous ; fruit ovate 

to pyriform, with a bitterish kernel : common. (C. glabra Torr.) 

8 C. microcarpa N. Tree 60— 80f ; leaflets 5 or 7, glabrous ; aments glabrous ; fruit 

roundish-ovoid, as small as a nutmeg. Woods, N. Y., and S. 

Order CXXII. CUPULIFER^E. Mastworts. 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined, with decidu- 
ous stipules. Floicers 8 , the sterile in aments which are racemed or capi- 



Order 122.— CUPULIFER^. 305 

tate. $ Grdyx scale-like or regular, with 5 — 20 stamens inserted at its 
base. $ Calyx adherent to the 2-3-celled, 2-6-ovuled ovary. Fruit a 1- 
celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together, invested by an involucre 
which forms a scaly or echiuate cupule. 8eed destitute of albumen, filled 
by the embryo with its large cotyledons. Figs. 1-4, 182, 25(3, 277, 218-22, 
838-40, 381, 386, 435, 507, 511. 

§ sterile flowers in aments, fertile, solitary, or few together. . .(*) 

* Involucre of many scales, valvcless, cup-like, partly enclosing the 1 nut Quercus. 1 

* Involucre of prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 or 3 nuts Castanea. 2 

* Involucre of soft, prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 nuts Fagus. 3 

* Involucre of 2 or 3 large, lacerated, united scales, valveless, with 1 — 2 nuts Corylus. 4 

§ Sterile flowers and fertile, both kinds in pendulous aments. . .(*) 

* Involucre scales in pairs, with their edges united, inflated Ostrya. 5 

* Involucre scales in pairs, distinct, 3-lobed, becoming leaf-like Carpinus. 6 

1. QUERCUS, L. Oak. $ Fls. in loose aments. Calyx mostly 5- 
cleft. Sta. 5 — 10. ? Fls. in clusters or scattered. Ov. 3-celled, 6-ovuled 
(Fig. 162), with 3 stig., but in fruit a 1-seeded nut (acorn) seated in a scaly 
cup or involucre. ^ t) -^ noble genus. In many oaks the fruit is (2), that 
is, 2 years in ripening, known by its occupying the old wood below the 
leaves of the season. 

§ Leaves mostly entire, the ends subeqnal, petioles very short.. .(*) 

* Peduncle longer than the oblong acorn. Leaves evergreen. Frnit (I) No. 1 

* Peduncle shorter than the acorn. Fruit ^. — x Lvs. downy beneath.. .Nos. 2, 3 

— X Lvs. smooth both sides... No. 4 

§ Leaves 3-lobed and dilated above, aivnless when mature. Fruit @ Nos. 5, '6 

§ Leaves 3-9-lobed or pinnatifid, broad, lobes setaceously awned. Fruit (g). . . (*) 

* Lvs. at base cuneate, short-pet.. 3- or 5-lobed. Shrubs or small trees. .Nos. 7—9 

* Leaves at base abrupt or truncate, mostly long-petioled, 7-9-Iobed.. .{a) 

a Nut one-third immersed in the saucer-shaped, fine-scaled cup. . .Nos. 10, 11 
a Nut near half immersed in the hemispherical, coarse-scaled cup ...(&) 

b Leaves cinereous-downy beneath, acorn also downy No. 12 

b Leaves (except when young) glabrous both sides Nos. 13, 14 

§ Lvs. 5-9-lobed, divisions obtuse, never bristle-awned. Fr. (T), sessile. . .Nos. 15 — 18 
§ Lvs. 9-25-toothed, downy beneath, awnless. Acorn ij), sweet, eatable.. .Nos. 19, 20 

1 Q,. virens Ait. Live Oak. Tree 40— 50f, often much smaller, very valuable for tim- 

ber ; leaves small, firm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, downy and pale beneath, rarely a few 
sharp teeth ; nut oblong-obovoid ; ped. 1'. Va., and S. 

2 Ct. cin«rea Ph. Upland Willoiv 0. Shrub 4— 20f ; lvs. as in No. 1, but more downy 

beneath ; nut roundish, in a saucer-shaped cup. Barrens, Va. to Fla. 

3 Q. imbricaria Mx. Laurel 0. Shingle 0. (Fig. 338.) Tree beautiful, 40— 50f, with 

dense dark-green foliage ; lvs. 3—5', lance-oblong, wavy, shining above ; nut round- 
ish, in a shallow cup. Common W. and S. Makes poor shingles. 

4 Q. Phellos L. Willow 0. Tree 30— 60f, with poor timber ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, 

entire, 3 — 4', glabrous ; acorn roundish, G''', in a shallow cup. Borders of swamps, 
N. J. to Ky. and Fla. Young shoots with toothed leaves. 
^. laurifolia, A large handsome tree ; lvs. 3—5', often with a few teeth. S. + 

5 Q. aquatica Mx. Water 0. Tree 20— 40f, of rounded form and dense, shining 

foliage ; leaves wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely 3-lobed above, attenuate to base, 
short-petioled ; nut round- ovoid. Swamps, Md. to Fla., and cultivated. 

6 Q,. nigra L. Black-Jack. Barren 0. Iron 0. Tree small and gnarled, with dark 

massy foliage ; leaves short-petioled, wedge-forrn, mostly with 3 subequal rounded 
lobe.s at apex, subcordate at base, rust-downy beneath. N. Y., W. and S. 



306 Order 122.— CUPULIFER^. 

7 Q. triloba Ms. Downy Blaclc- Jack. Tree of rapid growth, 20— 30f; leaves oblong- 

cuneiform, acute at base, rusty-tomentous beneath ; lobes at apex often toothed, 
bristle-pointed ; nut depressed. Barrens, N. J. to Fla. 

8 Q. Catesbsei Mx. Turkey 0. Tree 20— 25f ; leaves large, very irregular, glabrous, 

cuneate at base, lobes deep, narrow, with bristle-pointed, divaricate teeth ; cup large, 
half covering the ovoid, mealy nut. Barrens, South. 

9 Q.. ilicifolia Wang. Scrub 0. Bear 0. Shrub 3— 7f, straggling ; Ivs. petiolate, obo- 

vate, angularly 5-(3-'T-)lobed, 3 — 4', whitish-downy beneath ; acorn small (5—6"), cup 
very shallow. Barren tracts : common. Animals feed on the acorns. 
jS. Georg-iana, Leaves smaller and smoother, of the same form, on Stone Mt. ! 

1 Q. rubra L. Bed 0. Tree 50— 70f, wide and high ; leaves long-stalked, glabrous , 
sinuses rounded, shallow, lobes 7—9, with bristle-pointed teeth ; acorn 1', ellipsoid, 
\ immersed in the shallow cup. Wood reddish, coarse : common. 

11 Q. palttslris Mx. Bin 0. (Figs. 1-4.) Sinuses deep and broad, lobes oftener 5, 
petioles long (1^2'), toothed as in Q. rubra ; acorns 7 — S'' ; nut \ immersed in the 
cup. Tree GO — 80f, with a light open foliage, in wet, cool soils. 

12 Q.. falcata L. Spanish 0. Tree60— 70f; Ivs. long-stalked, obtuse at base, ashy- 
tomentous beneath, lobes 5—7, narrow, simple or toothed, more or Iqhs falcate ; acorn 
globular, 4—5", in a shallow subsessile cup. Va. to Fla. 

13 Q.. coccinea Wang. Scarlet 0. Trees very large (80f) ; Ivs. much like Q. rubra, 
but changing to scarlet in Autumn, while that becomes red-brown ; acorn 7 — 8", nut 
■J — I immersed in the cup. In young shoots the leaves almost lose their lobes and 
teeth, but keep their bristles. Not rare. 

(3. tincioria. Black 0. Leaves oftener obovate in outline ; bark black and bitter. 

14 Q.. lieaiia N. Lea's 0. Leaves oblong, blunt at base, margin with a few angular, 
very irregular lobes ; acorn roundish, in a hemispherical cup. Rare. Ohio (Clark). 
111. (Wolf). A hybrid ? but very constant. 

1 5 Q,. alba L. White 0. (Fig. 339.) Lvs. short-petioled, acute at base, oblong, sinu- 
ate-pinnatifid, lobes subequal, obtuse ; acorn sessile ; nut oblong-ovoid, i immersed 
in the tubercled cup. Timber very useful. 

16 Q. obtiisiloba Mx. Iron 0. Bost 0. Tree middle size, wide-spreading ; leaves 
cuneiform at base, downy beneath, deeply sinuate, the 3 upper lobes dilated, each 2- 
lobed ; nut oval, half immersed, sweet. Timber good. 

17 Q. liiacrocarpa. Mx. 2Ioss-cup 0. (Figs. 340, 4.35.) Leaves deeply and lyrately 
sinuate-lobed (most deeply in the middle); c;/?? very deep, /n^p'sc? with the pointed 
scales, nut f or more immersed, 1'. Common. W. and S. 

1 8 Q. lyi'ata Walt. Oxer-cup 0. Tree large ; leaves acute at base, whitish beneath, 
with 7—9 triangular acute lobes ; cup rugged with the scales, nearly or quite inclu- 
ding the round nut. Swamps, S. 

19 Q.. bieolor Willd. Swainp White 0. Tree handsome, 70f; leaves obovate, acute 
and entire at base, white-downy beneath, with 9 or more obtuse teeth or lobes ; 
acorns in pairs on long (1 — 2') peduncles. Low woods, 

20 Q.. Prinus L. Swamj) Chestnut 0. Tree 50— 70f, with large (!') sweet acorns ; 
leaves 4—7', obovate, crenate-undulate, downy beneath, with straight, strong veins ; 
fruit ped. shorter than the petioles ; nut i immersed. (Q. monticola.) 

/3. acuminata. Leaves oblanceolate, pointed, teeth sharp ; fruit subsessile. 

y. prinoides. Shrub 3 — 4f ; fruit crowded, sessile ; leaves small. 

\ 
2. CAST ANSA, Tourn. Chestnut, Sterile flowers in long, slender 

aments, fertile fls, few, 3 together, in an involucre. Cal. 6-lobed or parted, 
Sta. 8 — 20. ? Ovary 3-6-celled, with as many stigmas. Fr. a prickly in- 
volucre (burr), 4-valved, enclosing 1 — 3 coriaceous 1-seeded nuts. ^+) 
Leaves acuminate, expanding before the flowers. Fig. 381. 
1 C vesca L. Tree 50— 80f, with a large straight trunk. Lv?. 6—9' long, lanco-nblong, 



Order 123.— BETULACE.E. 307 

serrate, smooth ; uuts mostly 2 or 3 together ; aments 6—9'. yeliowish, in July, the 
brown nuts ripe in October. In woods. 
2 C. pumila Mx. Chinquapin. Shrub 6 — 12f, much branched ; leaves obovate to 
obloug-ovate, downy beneath: nut solitary. X. J., W. and S. 

3. FAGUS. Tourn. Beech. Sterile flowers in capitate aments, sus- 
pended by a slender peduncle, fertile 2 within an involucre. Calyx .5- or 
6-cleft or lobed. Stam. 5 — 12. 2 Ovary 3-celled with 3 stigmas. Fruit 
a pair of 1-seeded, sharply 3-angled nuts in a prickly involucre. ^ Leaves 
plicate in bud. May. Figs. 182, 256, B. 

1 F. ferruginea Ait. Tree 50 — 80f, with a smoothish ash-colored bark : Ivs. ovate 

to oval, short-petioled, pointed, regularly and remotely toothed, hairy when young. 
Timber fine-grained. Hardly distinct from 

2 F. sTLVATiCA. the European Beech, which has broader leaves, and is occasionally 

cultivated, especially the variety wiHijmrple leaves. 

4. CORYLUS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Sterile flowers in a cylindrical 
anient, fertile flowers in a capitate one. Calyx represented by 2 scales in 
the axil of a bract. Stam. 8, Avith half-anthers. 2 Ovaiy adherent, 2- 
cvuled, 2-st3"led. Nut bony, roundish, 1-seeded, enclosed in a many-cleft 
involucre. +> Leaves acuminate, expanding after the flowers. May. 

1 C Americana Walt. Shrubo— lOf; leaves roundish, cordate ; involucre bell-form, 

much wider than the nut, coarsely toothed. Thickets : common. 

2 C. ro St rata Ait. Shrub 3 — 6f; leaves ovate to oval ; involucre bottle-shaped, longer 

than the nut, 2-parted, with toothed segments. Thickets. 

3 C. AvELLAjTA. Filbert. Shrub 3 — lOf ; leaves as in No. 1 ; involucre not larger than 

the large rounded nut. From Europe, rarely cultivated. 
/ 

5. OSTRYA, Michl. Lever-wood. Hop Hoexbeam. <5 Aments 

cylindrical, hauy. Calyx a scale, with 8 1-celled bearded anthers. 2 

Aments loose, flowers in pau's under each deciduous scale ; ovary with 3 

stigmas, enclosed in a sac (involucre), which in the hop-like fruit is inflated, 

ovoid, and much larger than the nut. ^ Wood very hard and strong. 

O. Virginica Willd. Small tree 20 — 30f; leaves elliptical, acuminate, serrate: buds 
acute ; fertile ament oblong, pendulous, 2'. Woods. April, May. 
•\ 

6. OARPINUS, L. HoEXBEAii. Iron-wood. $, Aments long, cylm- 

dric. Calyx a roundish ciliate scale, with 8 — 14 stamens, slightly bearded. 
? Aments loose, with large oblong Z-lobed bracts, each 1-3-flowered. Calj'x 
6-toothed. Stigmas 2. Nut ribbed. ^ April, May. 

C. Americana L. Tree small, 13— 20f; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate; 
bracts of the fertile aments becoming leaf-like, V long. In woods. 

Order CXXHI. BETULACE^. Birchworts. 

Trees or shrubs with bark in thin layers, kaves alternate, simple, straight- 
veined, and with deciduous stipules. Flowers 8 , 3 together, in the axil of 
each 3-lobed bract of the ament. Calyx 0. S Stamens distinct, definite. 
Anthers 2-celled. 2 Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, becoming in fruit a thin, 1- 
celled, 1-seeded nut. Figs. 163-4, 283, 296, 307, 312, 437. 



308 Order 124.— MYRICACE^. 

1. BETULA, Toiirn. Birch. 6 Fls. in clustered, drooping, slender 
aments, bracts peltate, deeply 3-parted. Calyx a scaU^ sta, 4. s Aments 
oblong-ovoid, bracts 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Calyx 0. Ovar}^ tipped witli 2 
styles. Nut flattened, winged. ^ ^ Buds sessile. Flowers yellow, pre- 
cocious, in Spring. Figs. 163-4, 437. 

* Trees with a yellowish hark, smoothish leaves, and short, erect, ? aments No. 1 

* Trees with a reddish-brown bark and ovate-oblong, suberect, ? aments Nos. 2, 3 

* Trees with a white bark, long-stalked leaves, and drooping ? aments ..Nos. 4, 5 

* Shrubs with brownish bark, roundish leaves, and short, erect, ? aments Nos. 6, 7 

1 S. Iwtea Mx./. Yelloio B. A forest tree 40— 80f, known at sight by its silver-yel- 

low bark ; leaves ovate, deeply and doubly serrate ; 5 aments 2 — 4', drooping, the ? 
ovoid-oblong, 1', erect. Can. to N. Car. (B. excelsa C-B. not of Ait. ?) 

2 B, leiita L. Blacky Sweety or Cherry B. A noble tree, about 60f ; Ivs. cordate-oval, 

acuminate, sharply serrulate ; $, aments 3 — 4', ? aments erect, pedunculate, much 
shorter. Woods, Can. to Ga. Timber rose-colored. Cambium (§ 418) sweet and &picy. 

3 B. nigra Ait. Bed B. Tree 30— 50f, the bark loose and torn ; leaves rhomb-ovate, 

acute both ends, repand and serrulate, small, petioles hairy ; $ aments 2— 3', droop- 
ing, ? oval, sessile, erect, 6". Swamps, Mass. to Fla. Twigs very slender. 

4 B. populilolia Ait. White B. Tree 30— 40f, trunk white, twigs brown ; leaves 

deltoid (Fig. 307), lobed and serrulate, acuminate. Thickets, Me. to Pa. 

5 B. papyracea Ait. Paper, or Canoe B. Tree 50— 70f, trunk white, branches brown ; 

Ivs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate ; ? aments 1' long. Mt. woods, Can. to Pa. 
/3. tninor. Shrub 6 — 9f, with smaller and merely aaite leaves. White Mountains. 

6 B. pumila L. Dwarf B. Shrub 2— 7f, branches (not glandular) and young leaves 

downy ; Ivs. rounded to obovate, serrate, 6—16'''. Swamps, Ct. to Pa. (Prof. Porter). 
T B. glandulosa Mx. Shrub 1— 4f, upright, branches glabrous, dotted with wart- 
like glands ; leaves round-obovate, glabrous, crenate, W\ Mts., N. and N-W. 
jS. rotundifolia, Shrublet prostrate, 6—12' ; Ivs. orbic. White Mts. (B. nana C-B.) 

2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder. $ Flowers in cylindric, drooping aments, 
bracts peltate, witli 5 scales and several flowers beneath. Calyx 4t-parted, 
sta. 4, anth. 2-celled. $ Aments ovoid, bracts cuneate, truncate, thick, 
2-flowered. Calyx of 4 scales, persistent. ^ ;^ Buds peduncled. 

* Fls. developed before the Ivs. in early Spring. Fruit almost wingless Nos. 1, 2 

* Fls. developed with or after the leaves. Fruit winged, No. 3, wingless. No. 4 

1 A. Incana Willd. Speckled, or Black A. Stems 8— 20f ; leaves obtuse at base, broad 

oval or ovate, sharp-serrate and some lobed, glaucous-downy beneath ; stipules lance- 
oblong. Thickets by streams, N. Eng. to W^is. and Can. 

2 A. serrulata Ait. Smooth A. Stems in clumps, straightish, 10— 15f; Ivs. obovate, 

pointed, doubly serrulate, smooth ; stipules elliptical, obtuse. Swamps. 

3 A. viridis DC. Mountain A. Shrub 3— 4f; Ivs. oval, acute, clammy; stip. broad- 

ovate ; fertile aments on long stalks, oval. Streams in mountains, northward. 

4 A, maritima Muhl. Tree 20f; leaves glabrous, ovate to obovate, cuneate, serru- 

late ; fertile aments ovoid-oblong, V . River banks, Del., and S. 

Order CXXIY. MYRICACE^. Galeworts. 

Shrubs with alternate, resinous-dotted, often fragrant leaves, with the 
flawers monoecious or dioecious, both kinds in scaly aments,. and destitute 
of corolla or calyx. $ Stamens 2 — 8. ? Oxary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. 
Stig. filiform. Fr. diy or drupaceous, indehiscent. Seed with no albumen. 



Order 125.— SALICAOEJ^. 309 

1. MYRIOA, L. Candleberry Myrtle. Fls. s ?, the $ in cylin- 
drical aments ; anth. 4 — 10 in each scale, large, 2-celled. ? Aments ovoid, 
ovary 1 to each bract, in a cup of 3 — 5 scales, stigmas 1 — 4, spreading. 
Drupes covered with wax or resinous dots. +) Leaves undivided. 

* stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit small (1— 3'0, ovoid Nos. 1—3 

* Stigma solitary. Fruit large (6'0, oblong. (Leitneria, Chapm.) No. 4 

1 OT. cerifera L. Bayberry. Shrub 3 — If; Ivs. 1—2', oblong to oblanceolate, entire 

or a few remote teeth above ; stam. about 6 ; aments 6 — 9" ; drupe oval, 2''', covered 
with white wax (bayberry tallow). Coasts, Can. to Fla. 

/3. Carolin^nsis, Lvs. large (3 — 5'), evergreen, tapering to the petiole. M. and S. 

y. pumila. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, acute at each end. 1 — 3f. S. 

2 M. Gale L. Sioeet Gale. Shrub 3 — 4f ; leaves wedge-oblong, obtuse and serrulate 

at apex, 1 — H' ; aments 4 — 8" ; nuts crowded, 1", reddish. Shores. 

3 M. inodora Bartr. Shrub 6— 16f, with whitish bark ; lvs. thick, evergreen, 1—2', 

oblong, obtuse, entire, with rolled edges ; dnipe 3", ovoid, black. Fla. 

4 M. Floridana (Chapm.) Shrub 2— 6f, with brown bark : lvs. oblanceolate, acute, 

entire, long-stalked, deciduous ; dinipe oblong, greenish, 6". Mid. Fla. ! 

2. OOMPTONIA, Sol. Sweet Fern. Fls. 8 , the $ in cylindric 
aments, with reniform pointed bracts and 3 — 6 stamens. ? Aments glo- 
bular. Ovary surrounded by 6 linear scales longer than the bracts. Nut 
ovoid. ^) Leaves pinnatifid, narrow, fern-like, stipulate. 

C asplenifolia Ait.— Dry hills. Can. to Va. Shrub 2f, with brown twigs, the very 
fragrant leaves 3 — 5' long, with 20 — 30 wing-like lobes. Stipules pointed. 

Order CXXV. SALICACE^. Willow-worts. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple kaves and deciduous or persistent 
stipules. Flowers $ ? , both kinds in aments., one under each bract of the 
ament. Calyx none or cup-form and entire. Ovai^ 1-2-celled, with 2 short 
styles. Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, co-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of hairs 
(coma) and no albumen. Figs. 17-20, 200, 287. 

1, SALIX, Tourn. Willow. Osier. Aments cylindric, bracts imbri- 
cated, entire., 1-flowered, no calyx, but a little nectariferous gland instead. 
$ Sta. 2 — 7. 2 Ovary ovoid-acuminate, stigmas 2, short. Caps. 1-celled, 
the valves revolute when open. Seeds oo. ^ t) b Branches mostly long 
and slender. Leaves mostly narrow and pointed, and with stipules. Kos. 
4, 10, and 21 are used in basket-making. 

§ Stamens 3—10. Aments with the leaves, scales green-yellow, caducous Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Stamens 2, the filaments united. Aments precocious, scales black No. 4 

§ Stamens 2, rarely 3 (1 in No. 13), the filaments distinct.. .(*) 

* Scales yellow-green. Am. wi^/i the lvs. — a Ov. subsessile, glabrous. Trees 5 — 7 

—a Ovaries stalked. Shiiibs Nos. 8, 9 

* Scales of the ? aments brownish or blackish, persistent. . .(b) 

b Ovaries and pods sessile. Shrubs Nos. 10, 11 

b Ovaries and pods stalked, and glabrous. Aments with the lvs Nos. 12, 13 

h Ovaries and pods stalked, and downy or silky. . .(c) 

c Aments appearing with the leaves. Shrubs Nos. 14 — 16 

c Aments appearing before the subentire hairy leaves Nos. 17 — 19 

C Am. before the serrate, smooth or downy long-petioled lvs Nos. 20, 21 



BIO Order 125.— SALICACE.^. 

1 S. lucida Muhl. Shining W. Tree small, handsome, 5— 15f; branches green ; Ivs. 

smooth and shining, lance-ovate, acuminate with a long point ; stip. serrate ; stam. 
mostly 5. Along streams, especially northward and northwest. Often cultivated. 

2 S. PENTANDRA. Bay W. Tree 20 — 40i', very elegant, in shrubberies ; Ivs. lance-ovate, 

cuspidate-pointed, shining ; twigs reddened : aments yellow ; sta. 5 + . Europe. 

3 S. nigra Marshall. Blade W. Shrub 10— 20f; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate to 

both ends; stip. small, caducous ; branches pale yellow; stamens 3—5. Common. 

4 S. purptirea L. Shrub 6—1 Of, with long, slender, olive-colored twigs ; leaves very 

smooth, oblanceolate ; 1 filament with 2 anthers. Low grounds. + 

5 S. fragilis L. Crack W. Bedford W. Trees tall (60— SOf), of quick growth, with 

greenish divergent twigs brittle at base (like many other species) ; leaves lanceolate ; 
stipules caducous ; stamens 2, rarely 3. Often planted in parks. § Europe. 

i3. tlecipiens, A smaller tree, with red polished twigs and upper leaves obovate. 

y. Busselltana ^ has long-pointed, serrate, bright Ivs. with conspicuous stipules. 

6 S. alba L. White W. Telloio W. Large trees, with straight branches and yellowish 

tough twigs ; Ivs. lanceolate with a straight point, and silky-whitish, especially be- 
neath ; stigmas subsessile, 2-lobed. Common, of rapid growth. § 

|8. vitellina^ has shining, yellow bi-anches, with narrower leaves. 

y. ccerhlea^ leaves bluish, nearly or quite smooth beneath. By rivers. 

7 S. Babylonica L. Weeping W. Tree of large size, with long, slender, pendent 

branches ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; stipules roundish ; ? aments 1 — 2' long, 
the 5 unknown in U. S.— ^. annularis, leaves curled into a ring. Not drooping. 

8 S. longifolia Muhl. Shrub diffuse, 2— lOf, with whitish twigs; Ivs. long, linear, 

pointed both ways, remotely toothed, hairy. River banks, N. Eng., and W. 

9 S. myrtilloides L. Shrub low, erect, glabrous ; Ivs. elliptic-oblong, entire, acute 

or obtuse. Mountain bogs, N. and N-W. (S. pedicellaris Ph.) 

10 S. viininalis L. Basket Osier. Stems long, straight, slender, 10— 12f; Ivs. lance- 
linear, long, pointed, silky-canescent beneath ; aments precocious. Wet. 

lis. lierbacea L. Arctic W. Low, creeping, 1—2' high ; Ivs. round-oval, cordate, 

serrate, glabrous ; aments few-flowered, terminal. Summits of White Mountains. 
12 S. cordata Muhl. Shrub 6— 8f, with smooth, green branches ; Ivs. lance-oblong, 
cordate, acuminate, smooth ; stipules large, serrate. Wet grounds. 
^. nii/rscoides. Leaves not cordate, with 2 glands at base, glaucous beneath. 
y. ang-itsinta. Leaves lanceolate, acute at base ; stipules much smaller. 
1 3 S. Cititleri Tuckm. Low, prostrate ; Ivs. elliptic to obovate, shining above; sta- 
men single ; aments pedunculate, dense. White Mountains. (S. uva-ursi C-B.) 

14 S. vagans, jS. rostreita (Andersson). Shrub 3 — 12f, with straight, erect, yellowish 
branches ; leaves lance-ovate to lance-obovate, acute, subentire, glaucous-downy be- 
neath ; Slip, toothed; fertile aments becoming long and loose; ovaries long-pointed 
(rostrate). Dry grounds, Penn., N. and W, (S. livida Wahl.) 

1 5 S. argyrocarpa And. Shrub low, creeping ; leaves lance-oblong or -linear, plau- 
cous beneath with appressed silvery hairs ; pod short-conical, silvery-silky, style 
slender. White Moimtains. Yotmg plants all silvery. (S. repens C'-B.) 

16 S. cliloropliyJla And. Shrub low, spreading ; Ivs. glabrous, glaucous beneath : 
lanceolate to oblanceolate, subentire ; fruit very short-stalked ; style very long, stigma 
entire ; stipules 0. White Mountains, and N. (S. phylicifolia C-B.) 

17 S. tristis Ait. Sage W. Small downy shrub with a profusion of small naked 
aments ; leaves lance-linear to oblanceolate ; stipules minute, caducous. Dry fields. 

1 8 S. liiimilis Marsh. Shrub 4— 8f, with brown twigs ; Ivs. oblanceolate ; stip. lunate, 
subdentate, shorter than the distinct petioles. Diy. (S. Muhlenberghiana Barr.) 

19 S. Candida Willd. Shrub 4— 6f, handsome, all whitish ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
very long ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles. In damp woods. Common. 

20 S, discolor Muhl. ShrubT— 15f; branches greeuish-^brown ; leaves lance-oblong, 
remotely toothed, glaucous beneath ; stipules lunate, toothed or entire ; ov. conical, 
densely silky ; stigmas long, linear. Swamps. (S, eriocephalus Mx.) 



Order 126.— CYC ADAGES. 311 

21 S. petioliiris Sm. Shrub 4— 15f, twigs long, slender, tough, purplish or yellow- 
ish ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous beLiieath ; stipules lunate, dentate ; ova- 
ries ovoid, deuselj'- silky, stigraas tery shwt. Sandy banks of streams. 
^3. sericea, Lvs. grayish-silky beneath ; stigma sessile ; stipules deciduous. 

2. POPUIjUS, Tourn. Poplar. AspeoST. Aments cylindric, scales 
lacerate-fringed. Cal. an oblique, disk-like cup, its margin entire. S Sta. 
8—30. ? Ova. free, stig. very large, 2-lobed. Caps. 2-valved, 2-celled. ^ 
Large trees, with soft, liglit wood. Leaves broad, on long, often com- 
pressed petioles. Aments lateral, before the leaves. 

§ Buds not viscid. Leave? lobed, always white-downy beneath No. 1 

§ Buds not viscid. Leaves round-ovate, soon glabrous and green Nos. 2 — 4 

§ Buds viscid with a resinous varnish. Leaves always glabrous. . .{x) 

X Leaves ovate, whitened beneath. Stamens 20—30 Nos. 5, 6 

X Leaves deltoid or deltoid-ovate. Stam. 6 — ^30. Petioles compressed.. Nos. 7 — 9 

1 P. ALBA. Abele P. Silver-leaf P. Tree rapidly growing, and spreading by the roots ; 

leaves cordate, lobed, dark green above, very white beneath. Europe. 

2 P. tremuloides Mx. American Aspen. Tree 25 — 40f; bark smooth, greenish; 

lvs. roundish-cordate, abruptly pointed, dent-serrate ; petioles compressed, rendering 
the leaves tremvlaus in the slightest breeze. Woods : common. 

3 P. Iieteropliylla L. Cotton-wood. Tree 40— 60f, with smooth greenish bark ; lvs. 

roundish, cordate or ovate, serrate, white-downy when young ; buds verj^ downy, 
short, obtuse ; stamens very many : seed with much cotton. Wet woods. 

4 P. grandidentata Mx. Tree some 40f, with smoothish gray bark ; lvs. round- 

ovate, acute, with large unequal sinuate teeth, villous when young ; buds subpubes- 
cent ; petioles compressed. Woods. Common northward. 

5 P. balsamifera L. Balsa?n P. Tacmehac. Tree 40 — 80f, with rough bark; lvs. 

ovate, acuminate, with appressed serratures ; buds very fragrant. We! . N. 

6 P. caudicaiis Ait. Palm-of-Gilead. Tree 30 — 50f; lvs. ovate, cordate, acuminate, 

serrate ; petiole hairy ; buds full of fragrant resin. Woods, and cultivated. 
"7 P. angulata, Ait. Western Cotton-wood. Tree '^O— 80f, branches acutely angular 
or winged ; leaves deltoid-OA'ate, or broad-cordate : btids little viscid. S. and W. 

8 P. Canadensis Desf. Necklace Cotton-ioood. Tree 40 — 80f; young branchlets an- 

gular ; lvs. deltoid to oval, acuminate, erose-denticulate, subcordate ; ament scales 
not hairy. By rivers and lakes, N. and W. (P. monilifera Ait.) 

9 P, nig'ra, /S. betuli folia. Black P. Tree with an ovoid form, 30 — 40f ; young 

branches aiid lvs. pubeg . ; lvs. deltoid-rhombic, pointed, crenate-serrate. N. T. : rare, t 
7. dilatata, Lombardy P. Tree very tall, pyramidal in form ; lvs. deltoid. Com. 

Class IL GYMI^OSPEEMJE. 

Pistils none, or represented by open scales, with ovules in 
their axils. Stigma none, bnt the pollen applied directly to the 
OYules, which become naked seeds, destittite of a true pericarp. 
Flowers always diclinous. Cotyledons often more than 2. (§ 510.) 

CoHOET 4. CO]SrOIDE^. Equivalent to the Class. (§ 515.) 

Ordek CXXVI. CYCADACE^. Cycads. 

Trees of low stature, simple trunks with their internodes undeveloped 
and the surface scarred ay ith the fallen leaves. Leaves pinnate, parallel- 



312 Order 127.— COKIFER^. 

veined, circinnate. Flowers dioecious, naked, in cones, $ anther covering 
the under surface of the connectile. ? Scales peltate, bearing naked 
ovules dorsal or marginal. 

1. CYCAS REVOLUTA, from Japan, hardy South, has a short thick trunk, 
crowned Avitli numerous pinnate leaves, 4— 5f long, with innumerable linear 1-veiued 
leaflets rolled at the edges. Fruit in an oblong spadix. 

2. ZAMIA iNTEGRiPOLiA. CooNTiE. FLORIDA Arrow-root. Stem 
corm-like, abounding in starch. Leaves 3 — 5f long, leaflets 3 — 5', lance-oblong, join^ec? to 
the rachis, entire, GO-vemed ; fruit in a large oblong cone. S. Fla. 

Order CXXVII. CONIFERS. Conifers. 

Trees or shrubs mostly evergreen, abounding with a resinous juice. Leaves 
scattered or fascicled, mostly linear, parallel or fork-veined. Flowers $ ? 
or 8 , destitute of corolla or calyx, in aments and cones. $, Stamen 1, or 
several united. ? Ovary, style, and stigma wanting. Ovules 1 — oo at the 
base of the carpellary scale. Fruit a strobile (cone) with the scales woody 
and distinct, or baccate with the scales fleshy and coherent. Figs. 107, 166, 
194, 216, 256, 293, 299, 352-3, 473-4, 491. See Hoopes' Book of Evergreens. 

§ ABIETINEjE. Scales of the cone each with a bract beneath it. Seeds 2, winged ... (*) 
§§ CUPRESSINE^. Scales bractless. Seeds 1—9, mostly with 2 wings ... (*■*) 

* Leaves evergreen, linear, 2 — 5 together in each fascicle Pmus. 1 

* Leaves evergreen, linear, solitary, scattered Abies. 2 

* Leaves in fascicles of many together, — a evergreen Cedrus. 3 

— a deciduous Larix. 4 

** Cones baccate, consisting of the flesliy coherent scales Juniperus. 5 

** Cones dry, scales imbricated. — x Leaves lance-linear Cdnninghamia. 6 

— X Leaves scale-form, opposite, 4-rowed Thuya. 7 

** Cones dry, scales valvately closed. — y Lvs. scale-form, opposite, 4-rowed.. .Cupressus. 8 

— y Lvs. linear, alternate, deciduous Taxodium. 9 

— y Lvs. alternate, evergreen, t Sequoya. 10 

1. PINUS, L. Pine. Fls. 8 , the $ in clustered aments. Stamen 1, 
with a 2-celled anther. ? Aments of many open imbricated carpellary 
scales, each with a bract at the back and 2 inverted ovules at base within. 
Cone woody, persistent two years, the scales often thickened and awned 
at the tip. Seeds nut-like, winged. Cotyledons 3 — 12. ^ Fascicles of 
2 — 5 linear-filiform leaves, sheathed at base. 

§ Leaves in 5's. — x Scales spineless, hardly thickened at end Nos. 1—3 

— X Scales ending with a cap and a spine No. 4 

§ Leaves in 3's. — y Cones oblong, with small recurved spines Nos. 5, 6 

— y Cones ovoid, with weak or strong spines Nos. 7 — 9 

§ Leaves in 2's. — z Scales tipped wdth spines or prickles . .Nos. 10—12 

—z Scales spineless.— a Trees native Nos. 13, 14 

— a Trees European Nos. 15, 16 

1 P. strobus X. White Pine. A majestic tree, 100— ITOf, in the forests ; lvs. needle- 

shaped, 4—5', not rigid ; cones oblong, 5—7', pendulous. Woods, Penn., N. and N-W. 
Timber of great value in architecture. 

2 P« EXCELSA, BlwtanF. La-s. glaucous, 5—7' ; cones cylindric, 6—9' ; nuts winged. Asia. 



Order 127.— COKIFERiE. 313 

3 I*. CEMBKA. Stone P. Leaves 2 — 3' ; cones ovate, erect ; seeds hard, wingless. Alps. 

4 P. ARisTATA. Colorado P. Leaves 1 — H', crowded; cones oval, 2^'. Tree 40— 50f. 

5 P. aiistra-lis ilx. Long-leaved P. Tree 60 — lOOf, very resinous ; leaves 10—15', 

crowded ; cones lance-oblong, nearly as long as the leaves. Stands in extensive 
forests. South. Very valuable for turpentine, timber, or fuel. 

6 P. Tseda L. LoUolly P. Tree 50— 90f ; leaves 6—10', with long sheaths ; cones de- 

flexed, half as long as the leaves, with small but strong spines. S. 

7 P. serotiaa Mx. Pond P. Tree 20 — 50f; leaves 5 — 8', rigid; cones broadly ovoid, 

polished, nearly spineless, as large as a goose-egg. Wet lands, S. 

8 P. rigida Mill. Pitch P. Tree 30— TOf, with very rough bark; leaves rigid, 4^6', 

with short sheaths ; cones clustered, ovoid-conic, 2 — 3'. Sandy barrens. 

9 P. PONDEKosA. Tree 50— IGOf in California, with sturdy trunk, smoothish bark, 

heavy wood ; leaves 9 — 12' ; cones 31-', conical, with short strong spines. 

10 P. iiaitis Mx. Yellow P. Spruce P. Tree of slow growth, 30— 60f; Ivs. covering 
the branchlets, some of them in 3's, mostly in pairs, .3 — 5', slender; cones 1\ — 2', 
ovoid-conic, clustered. In dry lands. Timber very valuable. 

11 P. puiigeiis Mx. Tree with crooked branches, 20 — 30f; leaves stout, crowded, 
about 2' ; cones ovoid, 3', with stout spines 3" long. Mountains, Penn., and S. 

12 P. iiiops Ait. Jersey P. Scrub P. Tree 15 — 25f, rough and crooked ; Ivs. rigid, 
obtuse, 2—3' ; cones ovoid-oblong, 2—3', with straightish prickles. Barrens. 

1 3 P. resinosa Ait. Norxjoay P. Red P. Tree 60f, bark smoothish ; Ivs. slender, 5 — 6', 
sheaths 6-12" ; cones conic with a rounded base, half as long as the leaves. Dry woods, 
Penn. to Wis., and N. Timber compact, moderately resinous. 

14 P. Hudsonica Poir. (P. Banksiana Lamb.) A straggling pine 5— 25f; Ivs. rigid, 
curved, 1', the cones longer {\\ — 20, recurved, smooth. Rocks, Me., W. and N. 

1 5 P. Lakico. Corsican Pine. A large tree of rapid growth, very handsome in parks ; 
leaves slender, bright green, wavy, 4 — 6' ; cones 2 — 3'. Branches whorled. 

)3. Austriaca. Atisti'ian P. Leaves more rigid, of a rich dark-green color. 

1 6 P. SYLVESTRis. Scotch P. Tree of rapid growth, perfectly hardy ; Ivs. 2 — 4', twisted, 
rigid, bluish green ; cones ovoid-conic, 2—3'. Common in Europe. 

/ 
2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. Hemlock. $, Aments clustered 

with the old Ivs. ? Am. solitary, cones with thin, flat, spineless scales, per- 
sistent one year. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3 — 9. ^ Lvs. solitary, not 
sheathed, scattered over the branches, linear, short, mostly petioled, 
§ Fir. Cones erect, the scales deciduous. Lvs. flat, spreading two ways. . .{x) 
§ Spruce. Cones nodding. Lvs. 4-sided or ensiform, pointing all around., .(a) 

§ Hemlock. Cones hanging. Leaves flat, mostly spreading two ways ISTos. 1 — 3 

a Cones oval, 1 — 2' long, the scales nearly entire. Native, t Nos. 4, 5 

a, Cones oblong, 3 — 8' long, the scales erose-dentate. Cultivated Nos. 6, 7 

X Bracts conspicuously exserted, much longer than the scales Nos. 8 — ^10 

X Bracts shorter than the scales or rarely a little exserted Nos. 11 — 13 

1 A, Canadensis Mx. Common H. Tree 50 — SOf, very beautiful when young; lvs. 

short-linear (6— 8")i glaucous beneath ; cones ovoid, terminal, as long as the leaves, 
scales concealing the bracts. Eocky woods : common N. 

2 A. Willia:\is6nii (or Pattoniana). Large tree in Oregon, very fine and hardy here, but 

rare ; leaves yellowish, 6—8", the cones three times longer, bracts concealed. 

3 A, DouGLASsii. A huge tree in Oregon, handsome ; cones with long, 3-forked bracts. 

4 A. nigra Mx. Doubles. Tree pyramidal, 60— SOf ; leaves 6 — 7", dark green ; cones 

ovoid, 1 — 2, scales erose-denticulate. Damp mountain woods, northward. 

5 A. alba Mx. Single S. Tree 30— SOf, subpyramidal ; leaves 6 — 9", glaucous ; cones 

deciduous, cylindrical, 2', with the scales entire. Rocky woods: common. 

6 A. PicEA (or excelsa). Norway S. A stately tree with dense dark-green foliage ; lvs. 

— 12" ; cones 5—8' long, li^ht brown, scales notched. Yerv common. 



314 Order 127.— CONIFER.^. 

7 A. Menziesii. Tree 50— 70f in Oregon ; Ivs. t^ silvery-glaucous ; cones 3—4', many. 

8 A. BRACTEATA. Tree lOOf in California ; leaves 2—3', silvery-glaucous beneath ; cones 

4', bracts 3-lobed, middle lobe much exceeding the scale, and recurved. 

9 A, PECTiNATA. Tree from Europe, 80f; leaves 9", obtuse, glaucous beneath ; cones 

1 — T, brown when ripe, bracts fringed, the cuspidate point siireading. 
/3. Cephalonica, from Greece, bracts liuear-oblong, toothed, reflexed. 
7. NoRDMANNiA, from Crimea, bracts with an entire recui'ved point. 

10 A, Fraseri Ph. Boiihle Balsara F. Tree small (15 — 30f); bark smooth, J^w^^rec? 
as in the next ; leaves 8— 10", seeming 3-veined beneath ; cones 1—2', oblong ; bracts 
denticulate, long-pointed, reflexed. White Mountains ! and Alleghanies. 

11 A. balsaiuea Marsh. Balsam F. Tree 30— 50f, with smooth bark filled with 
blisters (reservoirs) of balsam ; leaves 8 — 10", obtuse, silvery beneath ; cones cylindri- 
cal, 3 — 4' X 1'', bracts concealed or slightly exserted. Damp woods. Cultivated. 

12 A. SiBiRicA (orPichta). Small tree from Asia ; leaves 1'; cones ovoid-conic, 3 — 4'. 

13 A. GRANDis. Tree 200f in Oreg. ; Ivs. 1' — 18", bifid, silvery beneath; cones oblong, 4'. 

3. CEDRUS, Link. $ Am. solitary, terminal. $ Cones persistent two 
or three years ; scales persistent, close-pressed ; bracts concealed adnate to 
the scales. 5 Leaves sessile, fascicled as in Larix, rigid, evergreen. 

1 C. LiBANi. Cedar of Lebanon. Tree with wide-spread branches ; leaves 9— 15", dark 

green, acute ; cones oval, obtuse, brown, 3 x 2', scales very many. 

2 C. Deodara. Huge tree in the Himalayas ; Ivs. 1 — 2', light glaucous ; cones ovoid, 4'. 

4. IjARIX, Tourn. Larch. Tamarack. $ Anthers 2-cclled, cells open- 
ing lengthwise, with simple pollen grains. ? Cones erect, oval or round- 
ish, scales colored, persistent. Seeds with a proper wing. ^ Leaves 
deciduous, acerous, soft, scattered, and in axillary, many-leaved fascicles. 

1 Li. Americana Mx. A splendid tree TO— lOOf, with straight axis and horizontal 

branches ; leaves filiform, very slender, 1 — 2', in bunches of 12 — 20; cones deep pur- 
ple, 6 — 10", scales few, with inflexed edges. Woods northward. Common in cult, 
p. pdnduln, Brauchlets slender and drooping. Exquisitely beautiful. 

2 Ij. Europ^a. Large tree ; Ivs. flattened, linear-spatulate ; cones 1 — li' long. 

5. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper. Fls. S ? , aments very small, roundish. 
S Scales peltate, each with 4 — 7 anther-cells beneath. ? Scales few, united 

at base, 1-2-ovuled, forming a sort of berry in fruit. Cotyledons 2. ^5 
Leaves subulate or scale-like, pungent, opposite or whorled. 

§ Lvs. scale-form, opp., 4-rowed, and subulate in 3's, not jointed, nerveless . . .Nos. 1 — 3 
§ Lvs. all subulate and in 3's, divaricate, jointed to the stem, 1-nerved Nos. 4 — 7 

1 J. Virginiana L. Red Cedar. Tree of middle size, dark green ; early lvs. very 

slender, 3—4", little divergent, in 3''s, later ones 1—2", scale-form, 4-rowed, opposite, 
appressed ; cones or berries small, blue-white, on short branchlets. Rocky soils. 

2 J. sal>iiia, p. procnmbens Vh. Shrub trailing ; lvs. opposite, obtuse, a gland in 

the middle, imbricated in 4 rows ; fruit larger (3"), nodding, dark purple. Eocks, N. 

3 J. Bermudiana L. Late branchlets very slender, covered with scale-form, pun- 

gent lvs. in 4 rows, divergent, 1" ; fr. brown, no bloom, 2", snbsessile. Fla. 15 — 20f. 

4 J. communis L. Common J. (Fig. 353.) Tree or shrub ; leaves in 3's, crowded, 

pungent-acuminate, 6-8", fruit small (2"), subsessile, dark-purple, sweetish. Woods. 
/3. alpina. Shrub trailing ; leaves more crowded, less spreading, curved. N. 
7. OBLONGA. Branchlets drooping ; leaves lance-linear, glaucous ; fruit clustered. 

5 J. RIGID A. Weeping J. Branchlets drooping ; lvs. channelled on the upper side. Japan. 

6 jr. OxYCEDRUs. Shrub 10-12f, from Eur., is known by its red-brown berries 3-4" long, 

7 J. DRUPACEA. Shrub from Syria, 8— 12f, with berries dark-purple, as large as a plum. 



Order 128.— TAXACE^. 315 

6. OUNNINGHAMIA Sinensis. Tree from China, 30— 40f, very 
unique. Leaves 1— If ', lance-linear, stiff and pungent, in 2 rows. Cones ovoid, 1^', with 
toothed and pointed scales (or bracts ?) each 3-seeded. 

7. THUYA, Tourn. Arbor Vit^. Fls. 8 , on different branclies, ter- 
minal. $ Anther-cells 4 on each imbricated scale. $ Scales few, in pairs, 
opposite, imtricated, each 2-6-ovuled. Seeds winged. ^ b I^eaves scale- 
form, opposite, imbricated in 4 rows. 

1 T. occidentalis L. Tree branched from base to summit ; leaves rhombic-ovate, 

tubercled on the back ; cones oblong, scales not reflexed, each 2-seeded. On rocky- 
banks, common N., now very frequent in cultivation. Many varieties. 

2 T. (THUYOPSIS) dolabrata. Tree from Japan, 40— 60f, with ovate scale-form Ivs., 

not appressed ; cones small, roundish, each scale 5-seeded. Rare. 

3 T. (BIOTA) ORiENTALis. Shrub light green, or yellowish ; ramifications vertical ; 

cones broad, with thick scales and hom-like reflexed points. China. 

8. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. Aments 5' , small, roundish. ^ Scales each 
with 2 — 00 erect ovules. Cone globular, the scales angular, peltate, val- 
vately closed until ripe. ^ Leaves scale-form, flat, imbricated as in Thuya, 
often with a tubercle on the back. Cypress. 

1 C. SEMPERViKENS. Cone large, oval, 1', scales 00-seeded ; Ivs. minute, ovate, obtuse, 

very closely imbricated. Cultivated South. Tree strict, conical, 20^0f. 

2 C thyoides L. White Cedar. Tree pyramidal, filiform branchlets square ; leaves 

minute, lance-ovate, close, the tubercle manifest. Swamps. Cones small as peas. 

3 C. Lawsonh. Splendid tree from Oregon ; branchlets flattened, feather-like, bluish- 

green ; leaves lance-ovate, tubercled ; cones 1^". Becoming common. 

9. TAXODIUM, Rich. Bald Cypress. Fls. 8 , sessile, small, round- 
ish, the $ in spikes, ? in pairs below. Cone globular, the scales peltate, 
angular, thick, firmly closed till ripe, with 2 angular seeds at base. Coty- 
ledons 6 — 9. "5 With deciduous, linear, 2-rowed leaves. 

T. distlclium Rich. Tree 100— 125f, trunk fi—9f diam. ; large conical excrescences 
grow up from the roots ; Ivs. light-green, scattered, in 2 rows on the slender branch- 
lets. Swamps, Va., and S. Timber valuable. 

10. SEQUOYA, Endl. Red-wood. Cones roundish, with peltate trape- 
zoid, 5-seeded scales, valvately closed. Seeds winged both sides. ^ Im- 
mense, Californian. Leaves linear or subulate, alternate. 

1 S. SEiviPERViRENs, Tree 200f, with a diam. of lOf ; bark blackish, with rose-purple 

wood almost imperishable ; cones globular, 1' ; leaves of 2 kinds. 

2 S. GiGANTEA. Tree 300f, with a diam. of 20f (often larger !) ; bark cinnamon color, 

wood dull rec! , cones oval, near 2' ; leaves mostly subulate. Rarely planted. 

Order CXXVIII. TAXACE^. Yews. 

frees or shrubs, with the general habit of the Pines, but with no cones, 
nor even the carpellaiy scale. Flowers consisting simply of anthers or an 
ovule involucrate with bracts. Fruit a nut-like seed, naked, or in a cup- 
form diy or pulpy disk. Cotyledons 2. Fig. 166. 



316 Oeder 129.— PALMACEiS. 

* Leaves linear. Anthers 5 — 8 on each scale. Seed sitting in a fleshy cup Taxus. 1 

* Leaves lance-linear. Anthers 4. Seed fleshy -coated or dry, not in a cup Torreya. 2 

* Leaves linear to ovate, 1-veined. Anthers 2. Seed inverted, in a shallow cup Podocaupus. 3 

* Leaves flabelliform, fork-veined. Anthers 2. Seed erect, in a deep cup Salisburia. 4 

1. TAXUS, ToLiru. Yew. Flowers axillary, the $ in aments. Stam. 
or bracts peltate, r)-8-lobed, with 5 — 8 anther-cells. ? Flower solitary. 
Ovule erect, becoming a nut-like seed, sitting in a deep fleshy cup-shaped 
disk, f) +) Leaves rigid, alternate, in 2 rows. 

1 T. Canadensis L. Divarf Y. (Fig. 166.) Shrub low or prostrate, branches as- 

cending; Ivs. mucronate, revolute-edged, 9—12'''; stam. with 5 anther-cells ; fruit de- 
pressed-globous, a black seed in an amber-colored cup. Rocky soils, northward. 

2 T. BAccATA. English Y. Tree of low stature, widely spreading ; Ivs. falcate, acute, 

flat, 10 — 12" ; stam. with 6—8 anther-cells ; fruit oblong-bell-form. Europe. 

3 T. "brevifolia N. Tree 15— 50f, branches ascending ; Ivs. 7—10'', very narrow ; sta. 

with 6 anther-cells ; fruit oval. Fla. ? and Greg. The species are all closely related. 

2. TORREYA, Arn. Flowers axillary, the 5 many in the ament, 

bracts in 4 rows. Stamens with 4 anther-cells. ? Ovule with few bracts, 

becoming drupe-like, at length a dry ovoid bony nut or seed. ^ J) Leaves 

rigid, alternate, 2-rowed, pungent, lance-linear. 

T, taxifolia Arn. Tree 15— 30f, with erect strict form, dark green ; Ivs. 1 — \\' long, 
2-ranked as well as the branchlets ; fruit smooth, glaucous, ovoid, 9—11". Fla. + 

3. PODOOARPUS, L'Her., contains some rare evergreens with remark- 
ably large leaves (2 — 3' long). As yet very sparingly cultivated. 

\ 

4. SALISBURIA adiantifolia (or Ginkgo biloba). Tree 40— SOf, from 

Japan, strict and pyramidal. Lvs. fan-shaped, 2-lobed, fork-veined and petiolate, in struc- 
ture much like the Maidenhair Fern. The flowers and fruit are seldom seen. 

PKOVmCE, ENDOGENS, 

The Mokocotyledokous Plants. Stems witliout tlie distinc- 
tion of bark, wood, and pith, endogenous in growth (§ 421). 
Leaves mostly parallel-yeined and alternate. Flowers 3-parted 
(rarely V). Embryo with one cotyledon. ( 

Class III. PETALIEEE^E. Endogenous plants having 
flowers either with a whorled perianth or without one, but 
never glumaceoits. (Class IV. Clumifer^. Page 355.) 

CoHOET 5. SPADICIFLOE^. Flowers crowded on a 
thickened or club-shaped rachis (spadix), mostly naked, 
rarely with a scale-like perianth. (Cohort 6, p. 322.) 

Okder CXXIX. PALMACE^. Palms. 

. Trees or shrubs, chiefly with unbranched trunks growing by the terminal 
bud. Leaven large, plaited, on sheathing petioles, collected in one terminal 



Okder 130.— ARACE^. 317 

cluster. J'towers perfect or polygamous, on a branching spadix bursting 
from a spathe. Periantli double, 3-merous, liexandrous, ovaries (and styles) 
3, distinct or commonly united into 1, each 1-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, 1-3- 
seeded. Fig. 508. 

* Flowers all perfect. Ovaries and styles united into 1. Berry single Sabal. 1 

* Flowers perfect and staminate. Ovaries and styles distinct. Drupes 3 Cham^rops. 2 

1. SABAL, Adans. Palmetto. Fls. y , sessile, complete. Sepals 3. 
united, petals 3, subdistinct. Sta. 6, fil. distinct. Ovaries 3, soon united, 
Sty. 1. Fr. a dryish 3-seeded berry. 5 h Caudex (§ 227) procumbent or 
erect, beset with the persistent bases of the petioles. Lvs. palmately fan- 
shaped, many-cleft. Flowers small, greenish. June — Aug. 

1 S. Palmetto Loddig. Caudex erect, 20 — 50f, usually enlarged above ; the majestic 

lvs. are 6 — lOf long, all from one terminal bud ; spadix much shorter than the leaves, 
spathe double ; beriy globular. Along the coast, Fla. to S. C. 

2 S. Adansoni Guern. Caudex prostrate ; lvs. rigid, longer than the efe«-edged 

petioles ; spadix slender, much branched, as high (8 — 4f ) as the leaves ; style thick, 
obtuse ; berry depressed. Along the coast, in low grounds, S. 

3 S. serrulata R. & S. Caudex creeping; petioles aculeate-serrate; epadix thick, 

2— 3f ; style subulate ; berry oblong-ovoid. Barrens, S. C. to Fla. 
p. minima. Every v^ay smaller ; leaves about 7-cleft. E. Fla. 

2. OHAM^ROPS, L. Blue Palmetto. Fls. 5 and 5 . Perianth 
as in Sabal. Sta. 6 or 9, connate at base. Ovaries 3, distinct, stig. sessile. 
Berries 3, 1-seeded. Palms acaulescent. Petioles aculeate. Spadix dense- 
flowered, flowers yellowish. June — Aug. 

C Hystrix Eraser. Caudex low, making offsets at base ; leaves 3— 4f, the petioles 
spiny in the axils ; drupes ovoid, hairy, in masses. Clay soils, Ga., Fla. 

Order CXXX. AKACE^. Arotds. 

Herhs with a creeping rhizome or corm, an acrid or pungent juice, leams 
often veiny, "and the jiowers mostly diclinous and naked. Inflorescence a 
spadix, dense-flowered, naked or mostly surrounded with a large spathe. 
Perianth none, or of 4 — 6 scales. Anthers extrorse. Ovary free, stigma 
sessile. Fruit baccate or dry, seeds albuminous. Figs. 432, 436. 

* House, or greenhouse plauts. usually with very large leaves. . .{y) 

* Wild native plants, growing in water or damp places. . .(a) 

a Spadix growing to the spathe. $ Flower solitary. Floating Pistia. 1 

a Spadix free, enveloped in the spathe. . .(c) 

a Spadix naked, destitute of a spathe. — b Leaves ensiforra AcORUS. 7 

— Z> Leaves oval, &c ORONTiusr. 6 

; Flowers covering only the base of the spadix. Perianth Aris^ma. 2 

c Flowers covering the whole spadix, or all but the base, and. . .{<!) 

d Monoecious. Spathe involute. Stamen around a shield Peltandra. 3 

d All perfect. — cc Perianth 0. Spathe open, white. Swamps Calla. 4 

— X Perianth regular. Spathe shell-form Symplocarpus. 5 

y Spadix naked at the top. Spathe yellowish. Leaves peltate Colocasia. 8 

y Spadix naked at the top. Spathe yellowish. Leaves not peltate Philodendron. 9 

y Spadix covered with flowers. Spathe white.— s Leaves green only Kichardia. . 10 

—2 Leaves variegated CALAniUM. 11 



318 Order 180.— ARACE^E. 

1. PISTIA, L. Spathe tubular at base, spreading above. Fls. 8 , feW; 

the upper S in an involucre, of 3 — 8 anther-cells. $ Fl. solitary, of a 1- 

celled ovary and thick style. Berry several-seeded. ^T 

P, spatliulata Mx. Floating free in still water ; leaves 1—2', obovate-spatulate, rosu- 
late, the veins lamellated beneath ; spathe white. E. Fla. 

2. ARISJBMA, Mart. Dragon-root. Indian Turnip. Spathe con- 
volute at base. Spadix with a long naked summit,- flower-bearing at base. 

$ Fls. above the fertile, each merely a cluster of 4 or more stamens. 2 
Ovary 1-celled, stig. flat. Berry red, 1- or few-seeded, if Root tuberous. 
Scape sheathed with the petioles. 

1 A. tripliyllum ToiT. Jack-in-the-jnilpit. Stem a large conn fiercely acrid ; scape 

round, thick, 8—12' ; leaves 2, trifoliate ; leaflets oval, pointed, sessile ; spathe 
striped, inflected over the club-shaped spadix. Kocky woods. April + , 

2 A, quinatuni Wood. Leaves 1 or 2, with very long sheaths, one or both quinate ; 

leaflets oval to lance-oval, acute, or obtuse, cuspidate, narrowed to a petiolule. Ga. 
to Car., in hilly woods. 1— 2f. (A. polymorphum Buckley.) 

3 A. Dracoiitium Schott. Green Dragon. Leaf mostly 1, pedate, with 7 — 11 lance- 

oblong leaflets ; spadix subulate, longer than the spathe. Bogs. 2f. 

3. PEIiTANDRA, Raf. Spathe convolute. Spadix staminate above, 
pistillate below. Anth. -cells 8 — 12, opening at top, adnate to a thickened 
peltate connectile. Berries 1- oo - seeded, li Leaves sagittate, the long 
petioles sheathing the scape. May, June. 

1 p. Virginica Eaf. Leaves sagittate-hastate, the base lobes long and turned out- 

ward ; spathe green, 4—6' long ; berries green, 1-3-seeded. Marshes. 9 — 18'. 

2 P. glauca Feay. Leaves sagittate- cordate, lobes rounded; spathe white and open 

at the top, 3' ; berries 00-seeded, red. Coastward, S. (Xanthosoma, Sch.) 

4. CALLA, L. Spathe ovate, spreading, white. Spadix covered with 
the naked fls. Perianth 0. Fil. 6, slender, with 2-celled anthers. Berry 
red, depressed, 3-6-seeded. 2^^'' Rhizome creeping. Leaves cordate. 

C paliistris L. — Shallow waters. Pa., and N. Scape 4— 6'. Leaves 2— 3'. July. 

5. SYMPLOCARPUS, Sahsb. Skunk Cabbage. Spathe shell-form, 

thick, close to the ground in early Spring, preceding the leaves, incurved 

at base and apex. Spadix oval, covered with the dull purple, perfect fls. 

Perianth 4-parted. Berries 1-seeded. U^ Leaves all radical, very large. 

S. foetidus Salisb.— Swamps, meadows : common. Leaves cordate-oval, 12—20'. 
/ 

6. ORONTIUM, L. Golden Club. Spathe 0. Spadix cylindrical, 

yellow, crowning the naked scape. Perianth 4-6-sepalled. Sta. 4 — 6. Fr. 
a dry utricle, 1-seeded. 2^^ Leaves lanceolate, all radical. 

O. aquaticum L.— Pools and brooks. If. Very smooth. Scape thickened upward, 
green at base, white above, the summit (flowers) golden yellow, June. 
/ 

7. ACORUS, L. Sweet Flag. Spathe 0. Spadix cylindric, sessile, 

issuing from the side of a leaf-like scape. Perianth 6-sepalled. Sta, 6. Ova 
and fruit 3-celled, capsular, oo-seeded. if Rhizome thick, aromatic, Lvs, 
all radical, linear-ensiform like the scape. 



Order 132.— TYPHACE^. 319 

A* Calamus L. Scape ensiform, continued long and leaf-like above the green, dense- 
flowered spadix. In wet soils. 2— 3f. Root tastes warmly pungent. June, July. 

8. COLOOASIA ANTIQUORTIM, from Egypt, &c., lias large (2 — 3f) ovate- 
sagittate, peltate, repand leaves, on petioles longer than the scape. Spathe erect, much 
longer than the spadix. Cultivated for food, and for ornament. 

9. PHYLLODENDRON GRANDIFOLIUM. Stems rooting, running or 
climbing. Leaves very large (2 — 4f ), opaque, strongly veined, cordate-sagittate, acute, 
entire. Petioles terete, red-spotted. Spathe yellowish. S. America. 

10. RICHARDIA Africana (Kunth, Calla ^thiopica L.). Known 
everyAvhere as the -Egyptian Calla, but native of the Cape of Good Hope : is a grand 
house-plant, 2 — 4f, with large hastate-cordate leaves, round scapes, a large milk-white 
spathe rolled in at base and back at apex, surrounding a yellow cylindric spadix. 

11. OALADIUM BicoLOR. Roots tuberous. Lvs. radical, peltate, has- 
tate-cordate, short-pointed, variegated with crimson or purple at the centre, or pellucid 
at base, or white-spotted. A splendid leaf-plant. Panama ! 

Order CXXXI. LEMNACE^. Ducki^ieats. 

Herbs minute, stemless, floating free upon the water, and consisting of a 
leaf-like frond, or a tuft of leaves, with one or more fibrous roots. Flowers 
bursting from the substance of the frond, or axillary, enclosed in a spathe, 
(he 5fenfe consisting of 1 or 2 stamens, the fertile of a 1-celled ovary. Fruit 
a utricle, with 1 or more seeds. Emh. straight, in fleshy albumen. Fig. 516. 

1. LEMNA, L. DucKMEAT. Fls. from a chink in the edge of the 

frond, 2 sterile, each a single recurved stamen, with 1 fertile, — an ovary 

with stjde and stigma. Ovules and seeds 1 — 7. (i) U Fronds 1 — 7" long. 

Roots hair-like. Flowers rarely seen. 

§ Ovule solitaiy. Frond with a single root. (Lejina proper) Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Ovules 2. Frond many-rooted. (Spirodela, Schleiden) No. 4 

1 Ij. tnsulca L. Fronds oblong, as long (2— 3'') as their stalks, proliferous from 

their sides, thin, obtuse. Pools of clear water, in patches. 

2 Li* perpusilla Torr. Fronds thin, 3-veined, round-oboA'ate, 1 — 2'^ in groups of 

3—7;?; style slender ; seed round-oblong, erect. Ponds, N. Y., W. and S. August. 

3 li. minor L. Fronds thick, veinless, obovate or roundish, 1—2'", single or in groups 

of 2 — 4 ; style short ; seed ovoid, half-erect. Stagnant waters : common. 

4 li. pc^yrrhiza L. Fronds oval, 2— 3'^ thickish, 5-7-veined, purplish beneath, each 

with /ff bundle of black roots beneath. Stagnant waters : rare. 
/ 

2. WOLFFIA, Horkel. Fls. from the centre of the minute frond, 2 

only ; $ flower a stamen with a 1-celled anther. ? Ovary with a very short 

style, ovule and seed 1. (i) Fronds § — J", rootless, separate. 

W. Cojlumbiana Karsten. Frond round-oval. Floating, with Lemna, seeming mere 
ppecks of green — the least of all flowering plants. Not rare. 

Order CXXXII. TYPHACE^. Typhads. 

Herhs growing in marshes and ditches, with rigid, ensiform, sessile leaves. 
Flov^ers monoecious, arranged on a spadix or in heads, with no spathe. 



320 Order 133.— NAIADACE^. 

Perianth of a few scales, or a tuft of hairs, or 0. Stamens 1 — 4, with long, 
slender filaments. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Seed albuminous, with 
an axial embryo. Fig. 211. 

1, TYPHA, L. Cat-tail. Reed-mace. Spadix long, cylindric, dense, 
sterile above. $, Sta. 3 together, united into a common filament. $ Ova. 
pedicellate, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappus or calyx. 11 Fls. very 
numerous, packed solid in the large brown terminal spadix. 

1 T, latifolia L. Leaves linear, flat, exceeding the stem ; spadix cylindric, the 

sterile and fertile contiguous. Tall and smooth, 3— 5f, in swamps, 

2 T. angustifolia L. Leaves linear, channelled, exceeding the stem; spadix cylin- 

dric, the sterile some remote from the fertile. Swamps. 2 — 4f. 

2. SPARGANIUMj L. Burr Reed. Spadices or globular heads 
many, the lower fertile, consisting of sessile pistils, each with 3 — 6 sepals, 
and forming 1-seeded nuts. Sterile heads a mass of stamens with scales 
intermixed, if .:^ August. 

* stigmas mostly 2. Stems of the inflorescence branching, erect No, 1 

* Stigma always single. Stem subsimple, erect or floating Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. eurycarpiim Eng. Stout, 1— 3f; Ivs. very long, carinate beneath ; fruit heads 

1', nuts large, obpyramidal, truncate, sessile ; sterile hfeads numerous. Borders of 
rivers and ponds, N. Eng. to Pa., and W. (S. ramosum C-B.) 

2 S. simplex Had:=. Erect, slender, 1— 2f; leaves triangular at base, long and nar- 

row ; sepals spatulate, denticulate ; nuts beaked and stiped ; heads 6—8" broad, the 
i more than the ? . Ponds and bogs, N. and W. 
^. natang. Leaves floating, flat ; stigma shorter than the style ; heads few. 

3 S. minimuni Bauhin. Slender, weak, simple, erect or floating; leaves narrow, 

flat ; heads few, axillary, small (3—4") ; fruit scarcely beaked, sessile. Streams, N. 
Eng., and W. (S. angustifolium C-B.) 

Order CXXXIII. NAIADACE^. Kaiads. 

Water plants with jointed stems, and sheathing stipules, or sheathing 
petioles. Flowers perfect or diclinous, naked or with a 2-4-parted peri- 
anth. Stamens definite. Ovanes free, sessile, 1-ovuled. Stigma simple, 
often sessile. Fruit indehiscent. Seed without albumen, with a straight 
or curved embryo. 

* Flowers axillarj-, sessile, the staminate reduced to a single stamen. . .(a) 

a Fertile flowers reduced to a single pistil, with 2 or 3 stigmas. Leaves opposite. . .Najas. 1 

a Fertile flowers with about 4 pistils in a cup, with as many stigmas Zannichellia. 2 

* Flowers spadaceous, or 2 — 20, sessile on a spadix or spike. . .(6) 

6 Flowers monoecious, seated in 2 rows on the side of a linear, flat spadix Zostera. 3 

h Flowers perfect, naked, 2 — 5, l-merous. Fruit raised on slender stipes Ruppia. 4 

?< Flowers perfect. Perianth 4-sepalled. Stamens 4. Pistils and achenia 4 Potamogeton. 5 

1. NAJAS, L. Water Nymph. $ Fl. a solitary stamen, in a little 

hooded spathe. ? Fl. a naked pistil with 2 — 4 subulate stigmas. Fr. a 

little 1-seeded, drupe-like nutlet. ^ Entirely submersed. Lvs. opposite, 

linear, broader at base, toothed. Flowers axillary. 

1 N. major All. Stem frail and slender, 1— 3f ; leaves V and less, crowded above with 
conspicuous epinulou? teeth ; nutlets ovoid, H" long. N. Y. (Clinton). 



Order 133.— KAIADxiCEJE. 321 

2 N. Indica Cham., ^. grracillimat Stems filiform, forking ; leaves opposite and in 

3's, very narroM'ly linear, remotely spinulous-serrate. N. Y. and Pa. (Porter). 

3 N. flexilis Eostk. Leaves narrowly linear, in 3's, 4's, and6's, minutely serrulate, as 

well as their abruptly-widened sheatliing base, 3 — 12'''. Ponds : common. 

2. ZANNIOHELLIA, Miclieli. Horn Pondweed. Fls. 5- , both kinds 
togetlier in tlie same axil. $ Sta. 1, with a slender fil. $ Cal. of 1 sepal, 
cor. 0. Ova. 4 or more, each with a style and stig. Fr. 4 or more oblique 
achenia. /^ Submersed, with filiform branches, and linear, entire leaves. 

Z. palikstris L. Stems round, leafy, 1— 2f ; leaves opposite, grass-like, 2 — 3' ; anther 
4-celled ; achenia 4 — 6, toothed on the back. Pools and ditches : rare. 
/ 

3. ZOSTERA, L. Sea Wrack. Spadix linear, leaf-like, bearing tlie 8 

fls. in 2 rows on one side. Perianth 0. $ Anther ovoid, sessile, opening 
lengthwise, witli hair-like pollen. ? Ova. as long as the anther, style bifid. 
Utricle 1-seeded. U /^ Stipules united into a sheath. Leaves grass-like. 

Z. marina L. Ehizome creeping, sending up long simple stems ; Ivs. alternate, rib- 
bon-like, 1— 5f long ; spadix 2', in a spathe at base of a leaf. Grows in the sea, along 
shore, Me. to Ga., and is washed up by the waves. 

4. RUPPIA, L. Ditch-grass. Fls. ^ , 2 together on a spadix arising 
from the sheath of a leaf • Perianth 0. Anthers 2, large, sessile, 2-celled. 
Ovaries 4, fruit 2 — 4 dry drupes on pedicels. U^ A. grass-like plant, all 
submersed but the flowers. Flower-stalk at length very long, 

R. maritima L. Stems filiform, branched, 2— 5f ; leaves linear-setaceous, 2 — 6', on 
inflated sheaths ; flowers arising to the surface. Seas, and lakes (Hankenson), E. 

5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Pond-w^eed. Fls. 5 on a spadix aris- 
ing from a spathe. Cal. 4-sepalled. Anth. 4, alternate with sepals. Ova. 4. 
Ach. 4, sessile, flattened on one or two sides. Seeds curved or coiled. ^ 
Mostly U , only the spadix with its 3 — 10 small green fls. arising to the sur- 
face of the water. Lvs. stipulate, the upper often opposite. Fr. July, Aug. 

§ Leaves of two kinds, the floating oval-elliptical, coriaceous, petiolate; 
stipules free from the petiole, connate ; submersed leaves thin. . . (*) 

* Submersed leaves linear or reduced to mere petioles Nos. 1 — 4 

* Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely lance-linear Nos, 5—8 

§ Leaves all similar, submersed, mostly thin and membranous. . .(a) 

a Leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, petiolate or merely sessile Nos. 9, 10 

a Leaves oval or oblong, broad and clasping at base Nos. 11 — 13 

a Leaves linear or setaceous.— a? Stipules 0, or adnate to the leaf Nos. 14, 15 

—X Stipules free. — y Stems flat Nos. 16, 17 

—y Stems filiform Nos. 18—20 

1 P. natans L. Subsimple ; floating lvs. 2 — 3', lance-oblong, narrowly obtuse, on slen- 

der (%-60 petioles ; stipules long, linear ; lower lvs. few, linear, 2 — 6' ; spikes 1 — 2', 
on thick peduncles much longer ; fruit turgid, 3-keeled. Ponds and ditches. 

2 P. Claytoni Tuckm. Simple; floating leaves lance-oblong, about 15-veined, 1 — 1}', 

longer than their petioles, opposite ; lower lvs. linear, 3-veined, 3 — 6'' x 1-", spikes and 
their peduncles near 1' ; fruit orbicular, 3-keeled. Streams and ponds : common, 
/3. hetsroph0lus. Petioles and peduncles longer than the leaves (2—3'). Mass. 

3 P. liybridus Mx. Stems branching, filiform ; floating lvs. oval, 5-'7-veined, 7— lO'^ 

their petioles shorter, subopposite; spikes and their stalks 4—6" ; lower lvs. linear- 
setaceous, 1 — 3', many ; fruit minute, dentate. Common. 

21 



322 Order 134.— ALISMACE.^. 

p. ditersifolius. Leaves nearly all floating, oval, the lower few. and short. 

4 P. Spirillus Tuckm. Yery delicate, branched ; floating Ivs. oval to lanceolate, 5-9- 

veined, 7—10", on short broad petioles ; lower leaves narrowly linear, obtuse, 1—2' ; 
submersed ped. 1-2-flowered ; embryo a little spiral. Streams : rare. 

5 P. gramineus L. Stem much branched, terete ; floating Ivs. long-stalked, ovate 

to oblong, acutish, 13-veined ; lower leaves lanceolate to lance-linear, pointed, stip. 
obtuse ; fruit small, obtuse-angled. Common, and very variable. 

6 P. fluitans Eoth. Lvs. long-stalked, the floating thinnish, opposite, elliptic- oblong, 

the submersed linear-oblong, all acute both ways, 11-21-veined ; fruit acutely 3-keeled 
ou the back. In ponds and rivers. (P. lonchitis Tuckm.) 

7 P. pulclier Tuckm. Stem simple ; floating leaves ovate, subcordate, 25-35-veined, 

3—5', alternate ; upper submersed lvs. lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate, the loAver 
oval-oblong ; fruit 3-keeled. Penn., N. J. (Prof. Portei'), N. and W. Rare. 

8 P. amplifolius Tuckm. Stems simple ; floating leaves oval to elliptical, 2i — 4', 

35-45-veined, on long, opposite stalks ; submersed lvs. larger than the floating, 5 — 7', 
lanceolate, short-stalked, or sessile. Ponds. (P. fluitans C-B.) 

9 P. lucens L. Leaves large, often shining, lance-oval, 3 — 5' x 1', pointed and mucro- 

nate, on short stalks ; spike 2' ; fruit roundish, slightly keeled. Rivers and lakes. 

10 P. obrutus Wood. Stem simple; leaves a^^ s?<&merse(^, narrow-lanceolate, 3', ob- 
scurely 7-veined, subsessile, acute ; spike 1', the stalk 2' ; fruit inflated, acutely keeled, 
conspicuously umbilicate both sides. Slow waters. No floating leaves. 

1 1 P, prselongufs Wulf. St. mry long, branched ; lvs. lance-ovate to lanceolate, ob- 
tuse, half-clasping, often large ; peduncle very long (3—5') ; fruit sharp-keeled. Rivers. 

12 P. perfoliatu.s L. Stem branched ; lvs. cordate-clasping, roundish to ovate, ob- 
tuse ; ped. short, few-flowered ; fruit not keeled. Ponds and slow waters : common. 

13 P. crlspus L. Branched below; leaves 3-veined, half-clasping, narrow-oblong, 
obtuse, 1—2', crisp-wavy ; fruit acuminate-beaked. Penn., and E. (Prof. Porter). 

14 P. pectinatus L. Stem flexuous, repeatedly forking; leaves linear-setaceous, 
2—3' ; spike interrupted, on a long filiform peduncle ; fruit large (2''), rough. E. and N. 

15 P. Robbinsii Oakes. Stem very branching ; leaves lance-linear, crowded, sheath- 
ing the stem with their bases ; spikes on short peduncles. N. and W. 

1 6 P. compressus L. St. branching, flattened ; lvs. linear, 00-veined, 2—4' x 1—2'^ ; 
stip. obtuse ; spike 12-15-flowered, much shorter than the peduncle. Ponds. 

1 7 P. obtusifolius Mert. and Ktch. St. branching, flattened ; lvs. linear, 3-veined ; 
stip. obtuse ; spike 6-8-flowered, as long as the peduncle. Pa., and N-W. 

1 8 P. pauciflorus Ph. St. slightly flattened, much forked ; lvs. linear, 1—3" x I — V ; 
flowers few (3—12) in the spike ; fruit distinctly crested. Rivers, &c. 

19 P. pusillus L. Stem filiform, branched ; leaves linear, varying to capillary, 1- 3- 
veined ; spikes 3-5-flowcred, long-stalked ; fruit not keeled. Shallow waters. 

20 P. Tudtermani Robbins. Very slender and delicate, forked ; lvs. capillary and 
confervoid ; spike 6-9-flowered, on a very long peduncle (5'). Ponds, Pa., and N. 

Cohort 6. FLORIDE^E. 

E:n"I>ogei!^ous plants with the flowers usually perfegt and 
complete, the perianth double, 3-parted, the outer often, and 
sometimes both, green. 

Order CXXXIV. ALISMACE^. Water Plantains. 

Marsh Jierhs^ with parallel-veined, petiolate leaves and branching pedun- 
cles. Flowers perfect or monoecious, with a regular double perianth. 



Okder 134.— ALISMACE^. 323 

Sepals 3, green. Petals 3, colored or green. Stamens hypogynons. Ovaries 
3 or more, separating into as many distinct fruits. 

§ BUTTOMEiE. Petals colored. Carpels 6—20, each with 00 ovules Hydrocleis. 1 

§ ALISMEiE. Petals colored. Carpels many, 1-2-seeded. . .(x) 

§ JUNCAGINE^. Petals green. Carpels 3, each 1-3-seeded. . .(y) 

X Flowers monoecious. Stamens many Sagittaria. 4 

X Flowers all perfect.— s Stamens 9—24 Echinodorus. 3 

— z Stamens 6. Flowers panicled Alisma. 2 

y Anthers oval. Carpels 1-seeded. Leaves radical , Triglochin. 5 

y Anthers linear. Carpels 2-3-seeded. Leaves cauline Scheuchzeria. 6 

1. HYDROCLEIS Hu:mb6ldtii (or Limnocliaris), from Brazil, grows 
in pools, like Sagittaria, Avith long-stalked, oval, 7-veined leaves and large (2—30 orange- 
yellow flowers. Sepals small. Stamens 18 — 24. Ovaries 6. 

2. ALISMA, L. Water Plai^tain. Sepals persistent. Petals invo- 
lute in the bud. Ovaries and styles arranged in a circle, forming many 
flattened achenia. % ^ Acaulescent. 

A. Plantago L. jS. Jlmericanum, Lvs. 5-7-veined, ovate or oval, subcordate, pointed; 
scape many-flowered, fls. whorled, small, rose-white. Pools. 1— 2f. July, Aug. 

3. EOHINODORUS, Rich. Sepals persistent. Petals imbricate in bud. 
Sta. 6 — 00. Ovaries and styles oo, imbricated, forming many flattened, 
beaked achenia. ^ Scape creeping or erect. Fls. small, white, whorled. 

1 E. radicans Eng. Leaves large (5 — 12'), 7-veined, cordate, ovate, on long petioles ; 

scape prostrate, running and rooting ; flowers clustered at the nodes, white ; stam. 
18 — 24 ; ovaries very many. 71 Swamps, 111. to Ga. June, July. 

2 E. rostratus Eng. Leaves 1 — 3', ovate, cordate, on long petioles ; scapes erect, 

sharply angled ; stamens 12 ; carpels 00, strongly ribbed and beaked, (i) West. 

3 E. parvulus Eng. Leaves lance-elliptic, as long as the petioles (10 ; scapes 3-G 

flowered ; stamens 9 ; carpels about 20, beakless ; flowers about 3". ® E. and W. 

4. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrowhead. Fls. <? or 5 5 , in whorls of 3 
on the scape, the lower fertile. Petals white, larger than the sepals, imbri- 
cated in bud. Sta. oo. Ovaries very oo, crowded in a head. Achenia 
flattened, margined, and beaked. ^ Juice milky. Leaves on long radi- 
cal stalks, sagittate to linear. Summer. 

* Leaves mostly arrow-shaped. Filaments slender, elongated Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves lanceolate to linear, very rarely with narrow, base lobes. . .(a) 

a FUaments as long as the anthers. Pedicels all subequal No. 3 

a Filaments thick, shorter than anthers. — x Fertile pedicels very short No. 4 

—X Pedicels subequal Nos. 5, 6 

1 S. variabilis Eng. Scape 1 — 2f, 12-angled ; sterile pedicels twice longer than the 

fertile ; filaments much longer than the anthers ; achenia Avith a conspicuous averted 
beak. "Waters : common. Flowers about V broad. Varies exceedingly. 

a. Leaves lanceolate, with lance-linear lobes of the same length. 

j3. obtusa. Leaves ample (6—100, broad-ovate, obtuse. Fls. $ ? , M., W., and S. 

y. latif'olia. Leaves ample, ovate, acute, their lobes ovate, pointed. 

S. g-rdcilis. Leaves and their spreading lobes long, linear, acute. 

£, pubdgcens. Plant pubescent all over ; leaves and lobes ovate. 

2 S. calycina Eng. Scape soon procumbent ; pedicels all subequal ; bracts round- 

ish ; calyx closed on the fruit ; filaments as long as the anthers. Waters. Leaves as 
in No. 1, but sometimes all linear and floating. 



324 Order 135.— HYDROCHARIDACEiE. 

3 S. lanceolata L. Leaves lance-oblong, rarely linear, tapering to the long petiole ; 

gcape branched ; 2— 3f; acheuia obovate-falcate. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 

4 §. lieteropliylla Ph. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rarely some of them with 1 or 2 

base lobes ; scape simple, weak; achenia narrow, long-beaked. Common S. and W. 

5 S. gramiaiea Mx. Scape erect, slender, 5—20'' ; leaves lance-ovate to linear, rarely 

sagittate ; pedicels all equally slender ; achenia beakless ; flowers 8 — 9'' diameter. 
/3. plai?/p}i^lla» Leaves lance-ovate ; flowers larger, 1' broad. South. 

6 S. pusilla N. Scape shorter than the leaves (2 — i') ; leaves linear, shorter than tha 

petioles ; flowers few, the fertile but one, deflexed ; stamens about 7. N. J., and S. 

7 S. nataus Mx. Scape mostly erect, 3—6' ; leaves oval-lanceolate, floating, obtuse. 

3-veiued ; lower pedicels longest ; achenia angular, short-beaked. South. 

5. TRIGLiOOHIN, L. Arrow-grass. Sepals and petals concave, 
deciduous (green). Sta. 6, very short, antli. large, extrorse. Ova. 1-ovuled, 
3 — G, united and indeliiscent in fruit. U licaves all radical, grass-like 
Scape jointless, and bractless. Flowers small. July. 

1 T. mar jtiinum L. Frait ovate-oblong, grooved, of 6 united carpels ; scape , 

longer (9 — 18') than the leaves. Salt marshes and Lake shores, northward. 

2 T. palustre L. Fruit nearly linear, of 3 united carpels; scape scarcely longer 

than the numerous and very narrow leaves. Marshes, N. Y., and N. 6—12'. 

6. SCHEUOHZERIA, L. Sep. and pet. oblong, acute, persistent. Sta. 

6, with linear anthers. Ovaries 1-2-ovuled, becoming flattened inflated 

capsules. U Leaves cauline, sheathing at base, linear. 

S. paliastris L. — A rush-like plant, in swamps, Vt. to 111. (J. Wolf). Root-stock hori? 
zontal, fleshy. Stem If. Leaves semicylindric, 4—8'. Flowers yellowish green, in a 
bracted raceme. Stamen* large, exserted. July. 

Order CXXXV. HYDROCHARIDACE^. Frogbits. 

Aquatic Jierbs, with parallel- veined leaves and diclinous, flowers solitary or 
spicate. Perianth regular, 3-6-parted, the inner segments petaloid. Sta- 
mens 3 — 13. Ovary^ adherent, 1-9-celled, with 3, 6, or 9 stigmas. Fi^Mt 
dry or juicy, oo-seeded, indeliiscent. 

* Leaves all radical, roundish, floating in stagnant waters Limnobium. 1 

* Leaves opposite or verticillate in 3"s and i's on the stems, submersed Anachaeis, 2 

* Leaves all radical, grass-like, in water Vallisnekia. 3 

1. LIMNOBIUM, Rich. Frog's-bit. Fls. 8 . Spathes subsessile, the 
^ 1-leaved, about 3-flwd., the ? 2-leaved, 1-flwd. Perianth showy, white. 
Sta. 6 — 12 (mere rudiments in ? ). Ov. 6-9-celled, becoming a co-seeded 
beriy. if C Stoloniferous. Lvs. on long stalks, subcordate. July, Aug. 
li, Spongia Kich.— Lake Ont. (rare), and S. Lvs. 1 — 1^', purplish and spongy henesiVa. 

2. ANACHARIS, Rich. Ditch Moss. Fls. 6 5?, soUtary. Spathe 
axillary, bifid. Perianth 6-parted, colored, small, the fertile excessively 
produced above the adherent ovary into a capillary tube. St5de capillary, 
with 3 large stigmas. Fruit few-seeded. 11 ^ Wholly submersed, Aug. 

A. Canadensis Plane. Stems filiform, long, forking; very leafy; leaves linear-ob- 
long, serrulate, 5—10" : tube of the dingj-- -white fls. ^—10' long ! Streams and bogs. 



Ordek 137.— orchid ACE^. 325 

3. VALLISNERIA, Mich. Eel-grass. Fls. S 5 . Spathe ovate, 2- 
4-parted. $ Spadix or spike covered with minute naked fls. ? Fl. soli- 
tary, a slender perianth with linear segm. and 3 bind stig. Fr. cylindrical, 
CO -seeded, it^ Fertile flowers on long spiral scapes. July, Aug. 

V, spiralis L. Lvs. l~2f long, obtuse, i' wide, scapes of the sterile plants short, of 
the fertile filiform, tortuous, 2 — 4f, bearing the single white fl. at or near the surface. 

Order CXXXVI. BURMANNIACE^. 

Small annual herbs, with naked or scaly stems and scale-like tufted leaves. 
Flowers perfect. Perianth tubular, 6-tootbed, adherent. Stamens 3 or 6. 
Capsule 1- or 3-celled. Seeds go, minute, in a loose testa. 

1. APTERIA, N. Perianth tube longer than the slender teeth, which 

are alternately narrower. Caps, globular, 1-celled. (i) Apparently leafless. 

A. setacea N. Erect, very slender, 4 — 6f, with remote subulate scales, and bearing 
above 1 or 2 raceme? ; flowers 3—4'-', purplish, distant. Woods, Fla., and W. 
\ 

2. BURMANNIA, L. Perianth tube scarcely produced above the 

ovary, often 3-winged below, limb with the 3 inner teeth much shorter. 
Capsule prismatic, often 3-winged, 3-celled. (i) Leafless. 

1 B. biflora L. Stems capillary, simple, 2 — 3', with scarcely perceptible bracts, and 

1 or 2 (rarely more) light-blue flowers, 2 — 2>" long at top. Swamps, Va., and S. Oct. 

2 B. capitata (L). Stem setaceous, 6 — 8', simple, bearing at top a dense cluster of 

white flowers, and a. few subulate bracts. Uplands, S. : less common. Sept. 

Order CXXXYII. ORCHIDACE^. Orchids. 

Herbs perennial with fleshy roots, simple, entire, parallel-veined leaves. 
Flowers very irregular, with an adherent, ringent perianth of 6 parts. Sepals 
3, usually colored. Petals 3, odd one (lowest by the twisting of the ovary), 
called the lip, diverse in form from the others, sometimes lobed, often spur- 
red. Stamens 3, gynandrous (consolidated with the style), some of them 
abortive, pollen powdeiy or waxy. - Ovary inferior, 1-celled, capsule 3-valved. 
Seeds mnumerable. Figs. 71, 105, 240, 247, b. 263, 291, 435. 

§ CYPRIPEDIE^. Anthers, the 2 lateral fertile, the terminal petaloid. . . (a) 

a Lip a large, inflated, spurless sac. Petals and sepals spreading Cyfripediuit. 1 

$ OPHKYDE^, &c. Anthers, only the upper one fertile, 2-celled. ..{h) 

h Lip a large inflated sac, 2-spurred under the apex. Leaf 1 Calypso. 2 

h Lip produced behind into a spur, which is free from the ovary. . .(c) 
fc Lip spurless, or the spur adheres to the ovary (except in No. 13). . .{d) 

c Anther fixed ; pollen-masses 2, club-shaped, in 2 separate cells Orchis. 3 

c Anther lid-like, on the end of the stigma ; pollen-masses 4 Tifularia. 4 

d Plants brown and leafless, rarely with radical leaves. . .(e) 
d Plants green and (except No. 16) furnished with leaves. . .{m) 

e Lip hooded, i. e., its margins involute. Perianth spreading Bletia. 5 

e Lip concave, sessile, often with an adnate spur Corallorhiza. 6 

e Lip concave,, raised on a claw. Plant with 1 late leaf Aplectrum. 7 

m Lip flat. Flowers obscure, in racemes, nearly bractless. . .(n) 

m Lip flat, expanded and lobed, tubercled at base. Flowers showy Oncidium. 8 

m Lip channelled, reflexed. Flowers whitish, in bracted spikes. . .(o) 
f?j Lip bearded or .ii-lobed. Stamen lid-like. Flowers showy. ..(a;) 



326 Order 137.— ORCHIDACE^. 

n Lip entire, dilated. Column minute. (Leaf 1) Microstylis. 9 

71 Lip sagittate or cordate. Column elongated. Leaves 2 Lipparis. 10 

M Lip 2-lobed or cleft at apex. Leaves 2 cauline, opposite Listera. 11 

o Lip with 2 lateral callosities, not at all saccate Spiranthes. 12 

o Lip without callosities, saccate, or even spurred at base Goodtkra. 13 

X Flowers greenish. Lip posterior, and beardless Ponthieya. 14 

X Flowers purple, hip posterior, and bearded Calopogon. 15 

X Flowers purplish. Lip anterior (as in most Orchids) ... (?/) 

y Column free from the lip. Caljx spreading Pogonia. 16 

3/ Column adnate to the lip below. Calyx erect. Leaves Arethusa. 17 

^ Column adherent to the lip. Calyx spreading. On trees, South Epidendrum. 18 

1. CYPRIPIIDIUM, L. Lady's Slipper. The 2 lower sepals united 
into 1 leaf, or rarely distinct. Pet. spreading. Lip inflated, saccate, ob- 
tuse. Column terminated by a petaloid lobe (barren stamen), and bearing 
a 2-celled anther under each wing. U With large plaited leaves and large 
showy flowers. May, June. Fig. 71. 

§ Sepals 3, the two lower entirely distinct. Stem leafy No. 1 

§ Sepals 2, the lower composed of two united nearly to the tip . . . (a) 

a Stem a leafless scape, 2-leaved at base. Flower rose-colored No. 2 

a Stem leafy. — x Flowers solitary or several, white or rose-colored Nos. 3, 4 

— X Flowers 1—3, mostly 1, yellow. Plant pubescent Nos. 5, 6 

1 C, arietinum Ait. Barn's Head. Stems usually clustered, 8 — 12', each 1- or 2- 

flwd. ; leaves elliptical ; upper sep. oblong-ovate, the lateral sep. and pet. lin. -lanceo- 
late, lip obconic, as long as the pet. Damp woods, N. Eng. to Wis., and N. Curious. 

2 C. acaiile Ait. Scape 10—14', bearing a single large (2') flower; Ivs. elliptic-oblong: 

pet. lanceolate, shorter than the large boat-shaped lip. In damp woods. Beautiful. 

3 C spectaljile Sw. Stem leafy, 2f, hairy ; Ivs. lance-ovate, acuminate ; sep. broad- 

ovate, obtuse, the lower (double) one smaller ; lip 2', white-purple. Swamps. Superb. 

4 C. candtdum. Willd. St. leafy. If; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute; fl. 1; sep. sub- 

equal ; lip 1', compressed, white, shorter than the (2') pet. Woods and prairies. 

5 C. parviflorum. Salisb. St. very leafy, 8—12' ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals 

ovate to lance-ovate ; lip depressed, shorter than the petals. Low Avoods and prairies. 

6 C, pubescens Sw. Large Yellow L. Stems usually clustered, If or more ; leaves 

broadly lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals lanceolate ; lip compressed laterally, moccasin- 
shaped, shorter than the linear, twisted petals. Woods, meadows, and prairies. 

2. CALYPSO, Salisb. Sep. and pet. subequal, ascending. Lip large, 

inflated, with 2 spurs dependent beneath near the apex. Column petaloid. 

Pollinia 4. it Scape 1-leafed at base, 1-flwd. above, arising from a corm. 

C borealis Salisb.— Old mossy woods, Vt., N. Y., W. to Oregon ! Scape 6—8' ; leaf 
broad-ovate, 1 — 2' ; flowers purple and yellow, Ik'. Kare eastward. May. 

3. ORCHIS, L. Sepals and pet. similar, some of them ascending and 
arching over the column. Lip turned downward, produced at base into a 
spur which is free from the twisted ovary. Sta. 1, anth. 2-celled, a pollen- 
mass in each cell. — Fls. racemed on the stem or scape. June — August. 
(Includes Habenaria, Gymnadenia, and I*latanthera.) 

* Leaves only 2, — a ovate, nearly as long as scape. Flowers rose- white .No. 1 

— a roundish, the scape much longer. Flowers greenish.. .Nos. 2, 3 

* Leaf only 1. Flowers greenish-white. Lip entire or 3-lobed Nos. 4, 5 

* Leaves several, clothing the stem more or less. . .{b) 

b Lip undivided,— c entire, white or greenish Nos. 6, 7 



Order 137.— ORCHID ACE^. 327 

—c crenulate or wavy, vvhite or yellow Not*. 8, 9 

— c 3-toothed. Flowers yellowish or greenish Nos. 10 — 12 

—c fringed. Flowers bright yellow or white Nos. 13 — 15 

b Lip 3-parted,— a; segments fringed. Flowers white or greenish Nos. 16, 17 

— X segments fringed. Flowers purple Nos. IS, 19 

— X segments merely toothed. Flowers violet-purple No. 20 

^ — X segments entire, long, linear-setaceous Nos. 21, 22 

1 O. spectafeiJis L. Lvs. rarely more than 2, 3—6' ; scape 4—6', bearing 1 or 2 lanceo- 

late bracts and 3—5 showy flowers above ; spur clavate. Rocky thickets. Pretty. 

2 O. orbiculata Ph. Lvs. 2, roundish, 3—6', fleshy; scape bracted, 1— 2f; upper 

sepals round, the lateral ovate, half as long as the lip (9 — 12'0- Woods, E. and "W. 

3 O. Hoolieri Wood. Lvs. 2, round-oval, fleshy, 4 — 5'; scape naked, S— 12' ; upper 

sepals ovate, erect, the lateral deflexed and meeting behind ; spur 1', Woods, N. 

4 O. obtusata Ph. Leaf oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2—3', near the base of the stem; lip 

linear, entire, with 2 tubercles at base, as long as the spur. In mud, N. 

5 O. rotundifolia Ph. Leaf round-ovate, radical ; scape few-flowered; lip 3-lobed, 

obcordate, side lobes falcate ; spur as long as the lip. Penn., and N. 

6 O. liyperborea Willd. Lvs. very erect, lanceolate ; spike long: bracts longer than 

the greenish flowers ; petals and lip linear, subequal. Shades, northward. 1 — 4f. 

7 O. dilatata Ph. Slender, 8'— 2f; lvs. lance-linear and linear ; spike virgate ; bracts 

short ; flowers white ; lip linear, dilatecl-rhombic at base. Swamps, N. 

8 O. nivea Baldw. Yery slender, 1— 2f; lowest leaf linear, 6—8', the others subu- 

late, bract-like ; flowers white, in an oblong spike ; lips oblong. South. 

9 O. iutegra, N. Stem leafy, flexuous, 12 — 15' ; lvs. narrow-lanceolate ; spike dense, 

oval ; flowers orange-yellow ; lip ovate, longer than sepals. Swamps, N. J., and S. 

10 O. tridentata Willd. St. slender, 12—18' ; lowest leaf linear-oblong, obtuse, 6', 
the others few, small and bract-like ; fls. few, greenish ; lip 3-toothed at end. Woods. 

no. bracteata Muhl. St. leafy ; lvs. oblong, obtuse or acutish ; bracts 2—3 times 
longer than the small green fls. ; lip 3-(or 2-)toothed at end, lin.-cuneate. Shades. 6—9'. 

12 O. -flava L. St. leafy; lvs. oblong to lanceolate ; bracts longer than the yellowish- 
brown flowers ; lip oblong, obtuse, a tooth each side at base, and a tubercle in the 
palate ; spur shorter than the ovary. Alluvial soils. (O. virescens IMuhl.) 

1 3 O. cristata Mx. Slender, 1^ — 2f ; leaves lance-linear to linear ; flowers numerous, 
small, yellow; sep. and pet. roundish, 1 — 2'''; spur \ as long as ovary. N. J., and S. 

14 O. ciliaris L. Yellow Fringed Orchis. Stem2f; leaves lanceolate ; flowers large, 
numerous, orange-colored : lip 4" long, twice longer than the linear, notched petals ; 
spur 1'. Swamps. Delicately beautiful. 

15 O. Blepliariglottis Willd. White Fringed Orchis. Stem l—2f; leaves lanceo- 
late ; flowers pure white ; lip fringed in the middle, 2" long, lanceolate ; spur much 
longer (1'). Swamps, N. Y. to Car., and westward. 

16 O. lacera Mx. Ragged 0. St. smooth, slender, 1— 2f; leaves oblong to linear, 
bracts longer than the flowers ; sepals retuse ; petals emarginate ; flowers 00 ; lip 
segments capillaceous-multifid ; spur as long as the ovary. Meadows. 

17 O. leucopliaea N. White Prairie 0. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering to a narrow ob- 
tuse point ; bracts shorter than the ovaries; fls. about 12; spur yellowish, curved, 
twice longer than the ovary; petals white. Wet prairies. 

18 O. Psyeodes L. Purple Fringed 0. Leaves lanceolate ; lip segments cuneiform, 
scarcely longer than the ovate, crenulate, slightly fringed petals ; spur longer than 
the ovary. Meadows. 1^ — 2^f. Flowers light purple. 

19 O. graiidiflora Bw. Large Fringed 0. Tall, 2 — 3f; lvs. oval, oblong, and lin- 
ear, obtuse ; lip segments dependent, fan-shaped, twice longer than the fringed pet- 
als. Wet meadows, Penn.. and N. Superb. (O. fimbriata.) 

20 O. peramoena (Gr.) Tall, leafy; leaves lanceolate to lance-linear; sepals round- 
ovate ; petals denticulate ; lip middle segment 2-lobed, all merely toothed ; spu. 
longer than the ovary. Pa. to Ind.. and S. Flowers 20 — .50, large. 



328 Order 137.— ORCHIDACE.^. 

21 O. Mlchauxli (N.) Very leafy; leaves elliptic-oval, the upper reduced; flovvera 
few, white ; petals 2-parted, the lower divisions linear-petaceous, like those of the 
lip ; spur twice as long as the ovary ; flowers white. South. 

22 O. repens (N.) Stem very leafy from a creeping rhizome ; leaves all lance-linear, 
long ; flowers greenish-yellow, dense in the spike, much smaller than in No. 21, but 
otherwise similar. Pine-barrens, S. August, September. 

•- 

4. TIPULARIA, IST. Sepals spatulate, spreadino;. Petals lance-linear. 

Lip sessile, 3-lobed, middle lobe linear. Spur filiform, very long. Column 

free. Anth. opening by a lid, with 4 pollen -masses, if Corms several, 

connected by a thick fibre. Leafl. Flowers bractless. 

T. discolor N.— Pine woods, Vt. to Ga. Leaf ovate, petiolate, 2—3'. Scape 10—15' ; 
raceme with many small, greenish, nodding flov/ers. July. 

5. BLETIA, R & P. Pet. and sep. subequal, distinct. Lip hooded 
at end (spurless in our species). Column free. Pollinia 8, in pairs, waxy, 
each pair pedicellate, if Flowers racemed, showy. 

1 B. apliylla N. Leafless ; scape 15 — 30', with few bracts ; racemes long and loose ; 

flowers purplish and yellowish-brown ; lip 3-lobed. Swamps, S. August. 

2 B, verecunda H. K. Leaves all radical, broad-lanceolate; scape 2 — 3f; flowers 

purple, large and showy ; lip broad and crisp at the end. Ga., Fla. July. 

/ 

6. CORALLORHIZA, Br. Coral-root. Sepals and petals subequal, 

converging. Lip produced behind into a spur, which is adnate to the 
ovary or obsolete. Pollinia 4. U Plants leafless, brown, arising from 
coralline roots, sheathed with bracts. Flowers racemed. Fig. 000. 

* Spur conspicuously pi'ominent, but adnate. Lip 3-lobed No. 1 

* Spur wholly obliterated. — x Lip crenulate, wavy, not at all lobed No. 2 

—X Lip entire, slightly toothed near the base Nos. 3, 4 

1 C. multiflora N. Scape 10 — 15', all brownish-purple, bearing 15— 20 fls. in a long 

rac. ; lip 3-lobed, white, spotted, 3—4" ; caps, elliptical, pendulous. Woods, M., N. Jl. 

2 C odoiitorliiza N. Scape 9— 14', all brownish-purple, bearing 10— 20 fls. in a long 

spike ; lip undivided, oval, obtuse, spotted ? caps, roundish, reflexed. Old woods. Jl. 

3 C. innata Br. Scape 5-10-flwd. ; lip oblong, angularly 2-toothed toM'ard the base, 

spotless, white; caps, elliptic-obovoid, reflexed. Damp woods, N. : rare. 5 — 8'. Jn. 

4 C. Macrsei Gr. Scape 15-20-flwd., fls. large ; lip oval, obtuse, obscurely auriculate 

at base ; caps, oval, 6", reflexed ; sepals and petals 6". N. H., N. and W. 10—16'. 

7. APIiEOTRUM, N. Adam-and-Eve. Putty-root. Sepals and 

petals distinct, subequal, converging. Lip unguiculate, 3-lobed, middle lobe 

crenulate. Spur 0. Column free, anth. a little below the apex, pollinia 4, 

lens-shaped, if Root a globous corm. Leaf 1, large, biennial. Scape after 

the leaf, bracted, racemed, and brown, as in Corallorhiza. Fig. 263. 

A. liyemale N. — Woods: rare. Corm near 1' diam., a new one each year. Leaf ellip- 
tic-ovate, 3—5', green all Winter. Scape 12—18', with a dozen brownish flowers. 

8. ONCIDIUM, Sw. Lip expanded, lobed, tubercled at b'ase. Perianth 
expanding. Sepals sometimes but 2. Column winged. Pollen masses 2, 
each 2-lobed. U Splendid flow^ers, tropical, of easy culture in the green- 
house. Flowers large, in open racemes, olive, yellow, &c. 



Order 137.— ORCHIDACE^. 329 

1 0» FLExu^suM. Scape panicled, arising from the base of a bulb ; leaves lanceolate; 

lip 2-lobed, spotted, much longer than the other petals. Brazil. 

2 O. i.URiDUM. Scape erect, branched ; leaves elliptical ; lip reniform, not longer than 

the wavy, retuse petals ; flowers large, olive-colored. From S. America. 2f. 

3 O. Papilio, has one spotted ovate leaf and large j'ellow-red butterfly-shaped flowers. 

9. MIOROSTYLIS, K. Sepals spreading, petals filiform or linear, lip 
concave, sessile. Column minute, with 2 teeth or lobes at tip, PoUinia 4. 
IC Root tuberous, with 1 or 2 leaves and small racemed flowers. 

1 OT. opUioglossoides N. St. 5—9'', with a single ovate (2') leaf near the middle ; 

rac. short (!'), ped. much longer than the minute whitish flowers. Woods, N. June. 

2 IW[. monopliyllus Lindl. St. 2 — 6', 3-angled, with a single ovate leaf; rac. elonga- 

ted, 20-40-flowered ; pedicels about as long as the flowers (2"). Woods, N. : rare. Jl. 

10. LIPPARIS, Rich. Tway-blade. Sep. and pet. very narrow. Lip 
spreading;, flat. Column winged. Pollinia 4, parallel with each other, with- 
out pedicels or glands, if Root tuberous, with 2 Ivs. and a rac. of greenish fls. 

1 Ij. lilifolia Eich. Scape about 6'; leaves 2. radical, lance-ovate, 3—4' ; petals fili- 

form, reflexed ; lip purple, 6", abruptly cuspidate ; pedicels 1'. Damp woods. June. 

2 li. liOeselii Kich. Scape 3—5', about 6-flowered ; pedicels 2" ; lip 2'^ oblong, mu- 

cronate, incurved, wavy; sepals and petals linear. Fields, Can. to Penn. June. 

11. LISTERA, Br. Tway-blade. Sep. and pet. subequal, lip pendu- 
lous, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless, anth. dorsal, pollen powdeiy. 
If Root fibrous. Stem (4 — 9') with 2 opposite leaves above the middle. 
Flowers small, racemed. May — July, in damp woods. 

1 Li, cordata Br. Lvs. roundish, snbcordate, acute ; fls. 10—15, in a short raceme ; 

pedicels length of the ovary ; lip-segment linear, length of the sepals. Penn., and N. 

2 li. australls Lindl. Lvs. ovate ; fls. in a loose raceme ; ped. 3— 4 times longer than 

the ovary ; lip-segment linear-setaceous, twice the length of the sepals. N. J., and S. 

3 li. convallarioides Hook. Lvs. round-oval ; fls. few, loose, on slender pedicels ; 

lip twice the length of the sepals (4"), 2-lobed at the dilated apex. Ga., and N. 

12. SPIRANTHES, Rich. Ladies' Tresses. Spike spiral. Perianth 
ringent, the 3 upper pieces ascending and connivent, lip oblong, recurved, 
channelled, the base embracing the column, and with 2 callous processes. 
Stigma ovate, beaked, 2-toothed at tip. Anthers dorsal, pollinia 2, each 
2-lobed, powdery. U Stem nearly naked, bearing many white flowers, 
bent to a horizontal position. 

* Spike dense, with the flowers on all sides. Lvs. present with the flowers . .Nos. 1—3 

* Spike slender, flowers all in 1 straight or spiral row. — a; Lvs. permanent Nos. 4 — 6 

— X Lvs. evanescent Nos. 7, 8 

1 S. cernua Rich. Leaves lance-linear, the upper bract-like ; spike oblong to cylin- 

dric, 2 — 4' ; lip very obtuse, crenulate-wavy, conduplicate and recurved ; sepals and 
petals not connivent, 4—5". Wet. 9—20'. Aug.— Oct. 

2 S. Roiiianzoviana Cham. Lvs. lance-oblong to linear ; spike dense, 1—3' ; lip 

much recurved, ovate-oblong, crenulate-Avavy ; sepals and petals all connivent above 
into a galea. Bogs, Me. (Miss Towle) to Lake Superior (Prof. Porter). July, Aug. 

3 S. latifolia Torr. Loaves nearly radical, 3-5-veined, lance-oblong ; scape bracted, 

4— S' ; lowers small (2—3') ; plant glabrous. Meadows, Penn., and N. June, July. 

4 S. odorata N. St. stout, 1— 2f; lvs. lance-oblong; fls. yellowish, fragrant, G''', in a 

spiral row, with leafy bracts ; ip 2-toothed at base. Muddy streams, S. October. 



330 Okdek 137.— 0RCHIDAC'E.E. 

5 S. gramiiiea Lindl. Lvs. below lance-linear to linear, the cauline mere sheaths; 

spike dense, much twisted ; flowers white, 3— 5'', pubescent, scarcely rins;ent ; lip 
oblong-ovate, crisped, obtuse. Wet meadows. June— Aug. (S. tortilis C-B.) 

6 S. Ijrevifolia Chapm. Lowest leaves elliptical, evanescent, cauline bract-like ; 

flowers 5 — 15, in a nearly straight row, ringent, 3 — i" ; lip entire. S. 

7 S. gracilis Bigel. Lvs. all radical, ovate to oblong, fugacious; scape very slender, 

8 — 18', with a few bracts ; flowers 3 — 4''', in a nearly straight row, pure white ; root 
fasciculate ; plant glabrous. Woods : common. July, Aug. 

8 S. simplex Gr. Lvs. all radical, fugacious ; scape 5—9', flowers very small (1—2") 

in a thin 1-sided spike ; lip obovate-oblong. Dry, N. J. (Porter), and S. 

13. GOODYERA, Br. Rattlesnake Plantain. Spike aiicl perianth 
as in Spirautlies. Lip sessile, concave or sack-like or even spur-like at 
base, contracted at the end to a reflexed, channelled point, i; Root-stock 
creeping, branching. Leaves ovate, on sheathing petioles. 

* Leaves radical, generally netted with white veins. Lip not spurred Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves cauline, uniformly green. Lip spurred at the base behind No. 3 

1 G. ITIenziesii Lindl. Lip concave at base, gradually narrowed and folded at apex ; 

leaves elliptic-ovate ; scape 9 — 12' ; spike loose-flowered ; flowers pubescent (as are 
Nos. 2 and 3), mherect. Woods, N. Y. to Mich. (Dr. Leidy) and Oreg. ! July, Aug. 

2 G. repens Br. Lip saccate-inflated at base ; leaves ovate, beautifully netted ; scape 

6—12' ; flowers ovoid, nodding^ in 1 row, which is more or less spiral ; perianth green- 
ish, about 2" long and nearly as wide. Woods. June, July. (G. pubescens Br.) 

3 G. quercicola Lindl. Rooting on the bark of Oaks, «fec. ; stem leafy ; lvs. lance- 

ovate, thin ; spike glabrous, dense, 6 — 20" ; sheaths and bracts membranous ; lip 
ovate at apex, the spur pouch-like, half as long as the ovary. Fla. to La. G— 12'. 
/ 

14. PONTHIEVA, Br. Lip on the upper or inner side, ovate, spread- 
ing, and with the other petals inserted into the middle of the column. 
Anthers with 4 pollinia. Otherwise like Spiranthes. 

P. glandulosa Br. Lvs. radical, oblong-oval ; root fasciculate ; scape If, bracted, 
with a spike of many greenish pubescent fls. Woods, S. Sept., Oct. (Cranichis N.) 

15. OALOPOGON, Br. Geass Pink. Sepals and petals similar, dis- 
tinct. Lip on the upper (inner) side (the ovary not twisted), unguiculate, 
bearded. Column free, winged at the summit. l( Conn bearing a grass- 
like leaf, and a scape w^itli several showy flowers. 

C. pulchellus Br. Leaf linear, 8 — 12' by 6", veined ; fls. 3 — 8, large, purple ; lip spat 
ulate, crested with colored hairs, erect over the column. Wet meadows. June, July. 

16. POGONIA, Juss. Perianth irregular, its pieces distinct. Lip ses- 
sile or unguiculate, hooded, bearded inside. Column wingless, free. Anth. 
terminal, lid-fonn, with 2 pollinia. 1i 

§ Sepals about equal, and similar to the petals, light purple. Lip scarcely lobed. .Nos. 1, 2 
§ Sepals much longer than, and unlike the petals, dark brown. Lip 3-lobed. . .Nos. 3, A 

1 P. opliioglossoides N. Root fibrous ; stem 9 — 16', with an oval-lanceolate leaf 

near the middle, and a leaf-like bract near the single large pale-purple flower ; lip 
crested and fringed, as long as the sepals and petals. Swamps. June, July. 

2 P. pendula Lindl. Three-birds. Root tuberous ; stem 4— 8', with 4— 8 small scat- 

tered leaves and 3 (1 — 4) drooping bird-like flowers 1' long. Woods : rare. August. 

3 P. divaricata Br. Stem 1— 2f, erect, with 2 linear-oblong lvs. and 1 terminal large 

flower; sepals linear, recurved at apex, li' long; petals lanceolate, pink-colored., 
acuminate, 1', lip a little longer. Swamps, Del. to Fla. April. May. 



Order 138.— SCITAMINE^. 331 

4 P. verticillata N. Stem 8—12', bractecl at base, bearing 4 or 5 oval Ivs. in a whor] 
at tlie top, with a curious flower ; sepals linear, 2 or 3 times longer than the lanceolate, 
obtuse petals, which are about ^" long. Swamps. June, July. 

17. ARETHUSA, Gron. Fl. ringent. Sep. and pet. similar, cohering 
at base and connivent above. Lip adnate to the column at base, recurved 
and dilated at apex. Anthers terminal, 2-celled, with 4 pollinia. U Stem 
low, with sheathing bracts. Flowers purple, beautiful. 

A. "bulbosa L. Flower single, 1—2', erect, with 2 small bracts at its base ; lip crenu- 
late-wavy, bearded along the middle. Root a corm. Bogs. 6—12'. June. 

18. EPIDENDRUM, Swtz. Tree Orchis. Sep. and pet. spreading. 

Lip united with the column forming a tube which is sometimes decurrent 

on the ovary. Anth. terminal, opercular, 4-celled. Pollinia 4. 21 Grows 

on the rough bark of trees. Stems many-flowered. 

£• conopseiim H. K. Stems clustered, 5 — 8', each with a pair of opposite, lance- 
linear, coriaceous leaves below, and 3 — 7 purplish fls. 6" broad. Low lands, S. Aug. 

Order CXXXVIIL SCITAMINE^. Gingerworts. 

Tropical Jierhs. Leaves parallel-veined, with the veins diverging from 
the midvein. Floioers irregular and unsymmetrical, with perianth 3-6- 
parted and adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 3 — 6, some of them 
abortive. Styles united. Fruit dry or fleshy. Seeds albuminous. Here 
belong the Cinnamons, Gingers, Bananas, and Arrow-roots. 

§ MUSACEyE. Anthers 5, each 2-celled. Fruit many-seeded. Filaments 6. . .(x) 

§ ZINGIBERE.E. Anther 1, 2-celled. Filaments 3, not petaloid. Fruit 00 -seeded. . .(?/) 

§ MARANTE^. Anther 1, with 1 cell. Filaments 3, petaloid. Capsules 1-3-seeded. ..(«) 

X Perianth of 2 unequal leaves or lips, the lower 5-toothed. Berr}' oblong MusA. 1 

X Perianth of 6 very unequal leaves, with large spathes. Fruit capsular Stbelitzia. 2 

y Perianth tube slender, lower petal lip-like. Stamens and style long-exserted.HEDYCHiusr. 3 

y Perianth short, in spikes, with large bracts. Stamens and style included Alpinia. 4 

z Pistil petaloid, stigma 3-sided. Flowers inconspicuous. Leaves colored Maranta. 5 

z Pistil petaloid, stigma flat, linear. Flowers red, showy. Caps. 3-seeded Canna. 6 

z Pistil short, twisted, with a large gaping stigma. Fls. small. Caps. 1-seeded Thalia. 7 

1. MUSA SAPIENTUM. Banana. Scape 7 — 20f, sheathed below by the 

stalks of the majestic leaves, the summit a nodding spike of pink-colored flowers, be- 
coming a huge cluster of delicious fruits in which the seeds are abortive. 

2. STRELITZIA regin^. Scape 5— 8f, with sheathing bracts, upper 
bract spathe-like, horizontal, with a cluster of splendid flowers. Sepals lanceolate, 3—4', 
yellow. Petals hastate, light blue, enclosing the stamens and style. S. Africa. 

3. HEDYCHIUM angustifolium. Stem 5f, very leafy. Leaves lin- 
ear-lanceolate. Sepals and pet. linear, the lip oblong, all scarlet, in a dense cluster. H, 
CARNEUM has similar leaves, with pink-colored flowers in a loose cluster. E. India. 

4. ALPINIA MAGNiFicA, from Mauritius, lOf high, has the flowers in a 
head with many large rose-colored bracts, which are bordered with a white line. A. nu- 
tans, still taller, from E. India, has a drooping raceme of pink-colored bracts and flowers, 
with curled and curved petals. Very splendid. 

5. MARANTA BfcoLOR, from Brazil, is cultivated for the large ovate 
leaves, which are beautifully foather-marked with light-green above and purple beneath 



332 Order 139.— AMARYLLID AOE.E. 

6. CANNA, L. Indian Shot. Sepals 3, persistent on the tubercled 
fruit. Petals 6, the innermost 2- or 3-lobed at the end. Stamen petaloid, 
with a half anther on one edge. Stigma petaloid, flat, obtuse, it Hand- 
some evergreen herbs, with tall stems and large smooth leaves. 

§ CoRYTHiuM. Corolla tube manifest. Petals dilated. Anther wholly adnate. .. No. 1 
§ Ca.^-s A proper. Cor. tube short or 0. Petals narrow. Anther free above.. ISfos. 2—4 

1 C. flaecida Pose. Stem 3— 4f; Ivs. lanceolate, 2f, pointed both ways; sep. erect, 

not i the length of the tube of the funnel-form corolla ; petals and filaments obovate, 
i\\m, flaccid^ wavy, yellow, spirally arranged ; stig. spatulate. Ponds, South. 

2 C. Indica. Stem 3— 6f, leafy ; Ivs. ovate, pointed, 1— 2f, abrupt at base ; sep. green, 

(i" ; 3 outer pet. erect, green-tipped, the 3 inner recurved or reflexed, the 5th double 
(2-lobed at end), the stamens and style similar (2'), all scarlet. W. Indies. 

3 C DISCOLOR. Stem 6 — lOf; Ivs. very large, green and purple; fls. in pairs, crimson. 

4 C. ikidifl6ra. From Peru. Downy ; sheaths colored at edge ; fls. drooping, 3', red. 

7. THALIA, L. Flowers in a 2-leaved spathe. Cal. 3-sepalled, small. 
Cor. 6-parted, 3 inner pet. \erj unequal. Sta. 2-parted, the inner segment 
slender, bearing the ^ anther. Caps. thin, if ^ Scape sheathed at base 
by the petioles, tall, paniculate above. Flowers small, purple. 

1 T. dealbata Rose. Plant 4f, covered with a white powder ; Ivs. cordate-ovate, on 

long petioles ; panicles dense, erect, the branches as short as the lanceolate bracts. S. 

2 T. divaricata Chapm. Plant not powdery, 7f; Ivs. lance-ovate, rounded at base; 

panicle open, divaricate, branches zigzag, much longer than the linear bracts. Fla. 

Order CXXXIX. AMARYLLIDACE^. Amaryllids. 

Herbs perennial, chiefly bulbous, with linear leaves not scurfy nor woolly. 
Flowers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, with an adherent, 6-parted 
perianth. Stamens C, anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with styles united 
into 1, Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds 1 to QO, with fleshy albu- 
men. Figs. 58, 8(3, 486, 495. 

§ Perianth crowned with a firm cup containing the stamens (§§78, 79) Narcissus. 1 

§ Perianth crowned with a thin membrane connecting the stamens Pancratium. 2 

§ Perianth not crowned. — a Segments united into a tube a\*ove the ovary... (b) 
— a Segments distinct down to the ovary... (z) 
6 Flowers in umbels or solitarj' on the naked scape. ..{d) , 

fc Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Scape bracted.. .(e) 

d Tube long and slender, segments narrow, abrnptly spreading Crixujt. 3 

d Tube short or long, gradually expanding. Perianth subirregular Amaryllis. 4 

e Tube of the perianth straight. Stamens exserted Agave. 5 

e Tube of the perianth curved. Stamens included Polyanthes. 6 

ic Perianth irregular. Stems leafy, flowers umbelled Alstroemeria. 7 

X Perianth irregular. Scape naked, with 1 large flower Sprekelia. 8 

X Perianth regular.— y Sepals all white, larger than the petals Galanthus. 9 

— y Sepals green-tipped, as large as the petals . LeuCOJUM. 10 

— y Sepals and petals equal, yellow Hypoxis. 11 

/ 

1. NARCISSUS, L. Perianth regular, 6-parted, bearing a bell- or 

cup-form crown on the throat. Sta. 6, inserted in the tube, and concealed 

within the crown. 11 Stems bulbous, scapes bearing a long deciduous 

spathe with 1 or more yellow or white fragrant flowers. Leaves ensiform. 

§ Crown longer than the tube of the perianth. Scape 1-flowered Nos. 1, 1, 



Order 139.— AMARYLLIDACE^. 333 

§ Crown shorter than the tube, — x its hordev crenated. Flowers 1 — 5 Nos. 3—5 

~x its border 6-lobed. Flowers 1—3 No. (i 

— X its border entire. Flowers 5 — 20 Nos. 7, 8 

1 N, Pseudo-Narcissus. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged, If; Ivs. linear, If; fl. large, ylw. ; 

crown bell-form, serrate-crenate, as long as the pet. Often double : com. Apr.. May. 

2 N. BuLBOCODiuM. Hoop-intticoat. Fl.ylw. ; cr. much larger than perianth. Apr., May. 

3 N. JoNQufLLA. Jonquils. Fls. 2—5, yellow, frag., small ; crown saucer-shaped, much 

shorter than the petals ; scape terete ; Ivs. half round. If. From Spain. May. June. 

4 N, BiFLORUS. Primrose-iieerless. Fls. generally 2, cream-wh., crown cup-shaped, ylw. 

5 N, POET icus. Poet's N. Fl. 1, white, crown flattish, very small, pale-yellow, edged 

with crimson, throat yellow. Fl. often double. Scape If. Lvs. flat. June. S. Eur. 

6 N. ODoRus. Great Jonquil. Fl. mostly solitary, yellow, powerfully fragrant, crown 

bell-form, 6''', the lobes entire ; limb V long, tube slender, 9". S. Europe. If. May. 
T N. Tazetta. Crown yellow, bell-form, half as long as the white or yellow petals, the 

border truncate ; leaves glaucous, flat. Spain. May, June. Numerous varieties. 
8 N, POLYANTHUS. Crown white, thrice shorter than the ovate white petals, border 

nearly entire ; leaves green, flat. Spain. Beautiful, but too tender north. 

2. PANCRATIUM, L. Periantli tube produced above the (sessile) 
ovary, long and slender, the 6 segm. long and narrow. Stam. 6, adnate to 
the crown, exserted ; auth. versatile. % Bulb coated, scape solid, 2-edged, 
bearing a bracted umbel of large (white) flowers. (Leaves linear.) 

§ Crown adnate below to the dilated throat and segment of the perianth Nos. 1, 2 

§ Crown free, funnel-form, throat of perianth not dilated. Tube straight Nos. 3, 4 

1 P. maritimum L. Plant glaucous ; lvs. longer than scape ; tube 3—4', longer thaa 

the liu. -lanceolate segm. ; crown half-adherent, 12-toothed. Marshes, S. July — Sept. 

2 P. nutans Gawl. Plant green; lvs. very long (2f) ; fls. nodding, Avith a green curved 

tube 2', seg. nearly 3' ; sta. incurved ; crown slightly adherent. S. Car. {Herbert.) 

3 P. rotatum Gawl. Plant glaucous, 1— 2f; lvs. long, strap-shaped, obtuse; tube 3', 

green, shorter than the linear segments ; crown irregularly toothed. S. April, May. 

4 P. coronariuni Leconte. Plant green, 2f; lvs. lance-linear, obtuse; tube 3—4', 

seg. as long ; crown funnel-form, 1^', jagged at edge ; sta. 2^'. Wet or dry. South. 

3. CRINUM, L. Flowers nearly as in Pancratium, but destitute of a 
crown, li Bulb coated. Leaves in many rows. Scape solid. 

1 C. Aniericanum L. Lvs. lin. -oblong ; ova. sessile, 3 — 4 in the umbel ; tube green 

and lance-lin., white segm. about equal (4') ; caps. 1-6-seeded. Swamps, Fla., and W. 

2 C. AMABiLE. Bulb stem-like ; lvs. broad-linear ; scape flattened, 3 — 4f, bearing an um- 

bel of 20—30 purple fragrant flowers 9' long ; pet. ligulate, recurved. E. India. 

3 C. ORNATUM. Bulb globular; lvs. undulate; scape 3f, 10-20-flowered ; fls. Avhite to 

roseate, very large ; segments lance-oblong. E. India. Many varieties, 

4. AMARYLLIS, L. Perianth tube long or short, expanding upward ; 
limb regular or nearly so. Sta. free, anth. versatile. Style long, declinate. 
If Bulb coated. Leaves narrow. Scape 1-few-flowered. 

1 A. Atamasco L. Atamasco Lily . Scape 1-flwd. ; perianth bell-form, erect, 3', pink- 

Avhite ; tube slender below, 1' ; filaments included. An attractive flower, in wet clay 
soils,Va. to Fla. Scape terete, 6—12'. Lvs. linear. If. Mar.-May. (Zephyranthus Herb.) 

2 A. viTTATA. Per. 3—4', nodding, white, red striped inside, margins crisped. S. Am. 

3 A. KEGiN^. Per. nodding, scarlet with a green star, throat fringed ; fls. 2 — 4. S. Am. 

4 A. spECiosA. Fls. 2—4, blood-red, erect, 3' long, funnel-form. S. Afr. (Vallota, Hb.j 

5. AGAVE, L. American Aloe. Perianth funnel-form, 6-parted. Sta. 



334 Order 1S9.— AMAEYLLIDACE^. 

6, exserted, anth. soon versatile. Caps, obtusely S-aiigled, oo-seeded. U 
Monocarpic herbs (^ 42). Crown-root with thick fibres, a dense clump of 
thick, rigid, often spiny Ivs. Scape bracted, with numerous flowers. July. 

1 A. Virgiiiica. L. Lvs. liii. -lanceolate, spine-pointed, denticulate ; scape simple, 

4-6f, loosely spicate above ; lis. greenish-yellow, 1', sessile, fragrant. Eocks,Va., and S. 

2 A. Americana. Century Plant. Lvs. glancous, striped with cream-color in some va- 

rieties, lanceolate, spine-pointed and toothed, very thick and stout, 3 — 8f ; scape pro- 
duced but once, after 50 — 100 years, tree-like, with innumerable flowers. Mexico. 

6. POLYANTHES (or Polianthes), L. Tube-rose. Perianth funnel- 
form, with a curved tube. Fil. inserted into tlie throat, included. Ovary 
at the bottom of the tube, its summit free. U Root an upright rhizome. 

p. TrBERosA. stem simple, slender, leafy-bracted, 3f, Av#th a spike of rose-white flow- 
ers, li', subregular, of exquisite fragrance. From Ceylon. Aug., Sept. 

7. ALSTRCEMERIA, L. Perianth funnel-form, some irregular, of 6 
leaves distinct to the ovary. Sta. diclinate. Stig. 3-cleft. ij: Root a rhi- 
zome, bearing tubers. Stems leafy, umbellate at top, 

1 A. psiTTAciNA. Erect, 1 — 2f, with remote, lanceolate, sessile leaves ; fls. 6 — 8, in a leafy 

cluster, pedicellate, If: segments spatulate, red, spotted with green. Brazil. 

2 A. Pelegrina. Lvs. sessile, lance-linear, twisted ; fls. 2 — 6, pink-white, purp. -spotted. 

3 A. VERSICOLOR. Perianth nearly regular, yellow, with purple spots. Chili. 

8. SPREKELIA, Encll. Jacob^a Lily. Perianth bilabiate, segments 

distinct to the ovary, the upper 3 spreading. Sta. epigynous, unequal, and 

with the style declinate, the ends incurved. U Bulbous. Scape hollow, 

1-flowered. Leaves linear, erect. 

S. roRMOSissiMA. — A splendid flower from S. America. Scape If. Flower dark red. 
/ 

9. GALANTHUS, L. Snow-drop. Petals shorter than the sepals, 

notched or lobed. Sta. epigynous, erect, included, shorter than the straight 
stjde. If Bulb coated, acrid. Scape 2-edged, solid. Flowers white, pen- 
dulous. Pods maturing under ground. 
G. NIVALIS. Scape 6', 2-leaved ; flower 1, as white as snow, in early Spring. Europe. 

10. LEUCOJUM, L. Snow-flake. Sep. and pet. subequal, often thick- 
ened at apex. Sta. epigynous, included, and Htyle erect. Stig. entire, ob- 
tuse. U Bulb coated. Scape 2-edged, hollow. Flowers drooping. 

1 li. VERNUM. Lvs. linear; scape 1-2-flwd. ; sep. white, tipped with green or yellow, 

with divergent veins ; spathe 1-leaved; seeds straw-color. March, April. 

2 li. ^STivuM. Lvs. linear ; scape 4-8-flwd., umbellate, 6 — 10'; sepals 6 — 8", pure Avhite 

with green tips ; spathe 1-leaved ; seeds black. May, June, Europe. 

11. HYPOXIS, L. Star-grass. Spathe 2-leaved. Perianth regular, 

rotate. Seeds oo, black. U Small, bulbous, grass-like, with yellow flow- 
ers on filiform scapes. Meadows and copses, 

1 H. ereeta L. Hairy ; scape about 4-flowered, shorter than the linear leaves, which 

are .3—5'' wide ; flowers greenish without, yellow within. June. 

2 H. iilifolia Ell. Smoothish ; scape 2-flowered, shorter than the filiform leaves, 

which are not V wide. Dry soils, S. Flowers rather larger (9— 11"). 



oiiDER 141.— HtEmodorace^. 335 

Oeder CXL. BR0:MELIACE^. Bromeliads. 

Eerls hard, drj^, rigid, and often scmfy, with regular double perianths^ 
nearly or quite free from the oyaiy. Stamens 6, anthers introrse. Ovary 
3- celled. Seeds numerous, "with mealy albumen. All tropical, and capable 
Df living in air alone. 

1. TILLANDSIA, L. Sepals 3, membranous, convolute. Pet. 3, peta- 
loid, imbricate, spreading above. Sta. hypogynous. Ovary free. Caps, 
witli 3 double cartilaginous valves. Seeds slender, on comous stipes, if 
Scurfy air plants, with perennial 2-ranked narrow leaves. 

* Stems rigidly erect. Lvs. linear-filiform. Fls. in bracted spikes, blue Nos. 2 — 4 

*1 T. usneoides L. Long Moss. Stems filiform, pendulous, branched; lvs. linear- 
filiform, curled, 1 — 2' ; fls. solitary, green or gray. Low lands, Ya., and S. Hangs in 
gray festoons from the branches of every tree. Used in upholstery. 

2 T. Bartramii Ell. Stems slender, If : lvs. shorter, smooth ; spike branched, 3 — 4', 

loose-flowered ; pet. spreading at apex, as long as the bracts. Ga., Fla. 

3 T. caespitosa Leconte. Stems in dense clusters, 3—6' ; leaves scurfy, much longer, 

erect ; spike 3- or 4-flowered, 1 — 2' ; pet. recurved, longer than the bracts. E. Fla. 

4 T. recurvata Willd. Scapes filiform, 2-flowered, 6' ; lvs. scurfy, recurved. E. Fla. 

/ 

2. ANANAS S A sativa. Peneapple. Raised in hothouses for its 

well-known fruit, which consists of a consolidated abortive flower-spike. From S. Am. 

OiiDER CXLI. H^MODORACEJB. Bloodwokts. 

Ilerhs perennial, with fibrous roots^ equitant or rosulate leaves^ and perfect 
Jfoicers. Perianth regular, 6-parted, scurfy or woolly outside, more or less 
adherent. Stamens 6 or 3, and opposite the petals, anthers introrse. Ovary 
3-celled, 1-styled. Capsule covered with the withered perianth. Seeds 
with cartilaginous albumen. 

i5 Ovary wholly adherent. Stamens 3, exserted. Perianth woolly outside Lacnaxthes. 1 

§ Ovary half free. Stamens 6, included. — x Corymbed perianths woolly all over Lophiola. 2 

— X Racemed perianths rugous-scurfy Aletris. 3 

1. LACNANTHES, Ell. Red-root. Fls. woolly outside, oblong. Sep. 

linear. Sta. 3, and style filiform, exserted. Caps, oc-seeded. if Roots 

fibrous, red. Lvs. ensiform, equitant. Fls. in a dense corymb. July — Sept. 

li. tiaictoria Ell. — Swamps, R. I. to Fla. Stem strictly erect, 1^ — 2f ; leaves mostly 
radical, 3 — 4" wide by 9', or more ; flowers 4 — o'\ glabrous and yellow inside. 

2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. Crest-flower. Fls. woolly outside and in- 
side, oval. Sepals oblong. Sta. 6, glabrous, not exserted. Styles sepa- 
rable, conical with the 1 stigma. Seeds white. 11 Root creeping. Stem 
flexuous, corj-mbous above, densely clothed with soft white wool. Jl., Aug. 

Li. aiirea Ker.— Sandy swamps, N. J. to Fla. Stem 1— 2|-f; leaves mostly radical 
shorter than the stem ; flowers yellowish under the white wool, 2''. (Conostylis, Ph.) 

3. ALETRIS; L. Star-grass. Colic-root. Perianths rugous, as if 
scurfy or mealy, tubular, 6-cleft, arranged in a slender raceme. Styles 



336 Order 142.— IRIDACE^. 

scarcely united. Ovary adherent at base only, opening at top, oo-seeded. 
2^ Smooth, intensely bitter. Leaves all radical, lin.-lanceolate. Jl., Aug. 

1 A. farinosa L. Lvs. rosulate, very acute, many-veined, 3—6' ; scape 2— 3f, simple ; 

rac. about 9'; fls. tohite, 4—5", on very short peel., oblong bell-form. Low grounds. 

2 A, a.iirea Walt. Fls. yellow. Otherwise scarcely diff. Both plants diy, yellowish. 

Order CXLII. IRIDACE^. Irids. 

Ilerhs with corms, bulbs, or rhizomes, equitant, 2-ranked leaves and spatha- 
ceous brads. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary. Segments in 2 sets, 
often unequal and convolute in bud. Stamens 3, alternate with the petals, 
anthers extrorse. Style 1, stigmas 3, often petaloid. Capsule 3-valved, 3- 
celled, loculicidal. Seeds many, with hard, fleshy albumen. Figs. 85, 169, 
170, 267-8, 282, 351. 

§ Flowers irregular, somewhat bilabiate, nodding Gladiolus. 8 

§ Flowers regular and equilateral, mostly erect. . .(*) 

* Sepals similar to the petals in form, size, and position. . .(a) 

a Stamens monadelphous. Flowers small, blue. Plant grass-like Sistrinchium. 7 

a Stamens distinct. — x Flowers radical, with a very long tube Crocus. 6 

— X Flowers cauline. Style 3-parted at top Pardanthus. 5 

— X Flowers cauline. Style 3-parted to base Schizostylis. 4 

* Sepals larger than the petals, and otherwise dissimilar. . .(b) 

h Stamens monadelphous. Petals spreading, panduriform Tigridia. 3 

6 Stamens distinct, — z stigmas slender, on a slender style Nemastylis. 2 

— s stigmas petaloid, on a very short style Iris. 1 

1. IRIS, L. Flower-de-luce. Sepals 3, reflexed, larger than the 3 
erect petals. Sta. distinct. Style short or 0. Stig. petaloid, covering the 
stamens, li Mostly from tuberous, horizontal rhizomes, with ensiform 
leaves and large, showy flowers. 

* Species growing wild, all (except Nos. 6. 7) in wet meadows or swamps. Apr. — Jn. (§) 

§ Stems leafy, tall (1 — 3f). Tube short ; sepals beardless and crestless.. .(a) 

a Leaves linear, grass-like. Ovary and pod 2-grooved on the sides. No. 1 

a Leaves sword-shaped. Fls. blue. Sepals much larger than the petals. . .Nos. 2—4 
a Leaves sword-shaped. Fls. tawny or copper-colored. Petals reflexed. . .No. 5 

§ Stems or scapes low (2 — 6'), nearly leafless. Tube long and slender. ..(&) 

h Sepals beardless and ci'cstless. In hilly woods, southward No. 6 

b Sepals beardless, but cre.sted with 3 longitudinal folds Noe. 7, 8 

* Species cultivated for ornament, mostly from Europe. ..{x) 

X Sepals densely bearded. — y Stems very short, 1-flowercd No. 9 

—y Stems tall, leafy, 1-5-flowered Nos. 10—13 

X Sepals beardless.— 2: Eoot a rhizome. . .Nos. 14, 15.— s Eoot bulbous Nos. 16—18 

1 I. "Virginica L. Boston Iris. Stem slender, 1— 2f, branching; leaves 2—3" wide ; 

fls. 2 — 6, on slender ped. ; sep. narrow, yellow, edged with purple. Mass. to N. J. Jn. 

2 I. versicolor L. Blue Flag. Stem flexuous, 2— 3f ; pet. as long as the stigmas; 

ovary triangular, Avith concave sides and rounded angles. Common. June. 

3 I. Iiexagona Walt. Lvs. longer than the flexuous stem ; tube longer than the 6- 

sided ovary; sepals larger than the petals, blue-purple, crested. S., coastward. 

4 I. tripetala Walt. Lvs. shorter than the slender stem ; tube shorter than the 3- 

sided ovary ; sepals many times larger than the petals. S. : rare. Purple. 

5 I. cuprea Ph. Tall and flexuous, 2— 3f ; petals twice longer than the linear stig- 

mas ; capsules sharply 6-augled, shorter than the tube. S. and W. April— July 



Order 143.— IRIDACE^. 337 

6 I. verna L. Scape 1-flowered, 3—5^, shorter than the rigid leaves; tube, sep., and 

pet. !~ubequal (2') ; stigmas deeply 2-cleft ; fls. blue, with some yellow. Mar., Apr. 

7 1. cri.sta.Ca Ait. Scape compressed, and, with the Ivs., 3 — 5' ; tube longer than the 

sepals (20, which arc distinctly crested along the middle. Barrens, Va. to Ga. April. 
S I. lacustris N. Like No. 7, but the sep. are longer than the tube, &c. L. Huron. 

9 I. PUMiLA. Dwarf I. Fls. lar^e, blue-purple ; pet. larger than sepals. In. Spring. 3'. 

10 1. Germanica. Flowers many, deep blue, the spathe also colored. Common. 

11 I. SAMBUciisrA. Fleur-de-lis. Flowers co, blue-white; segments notched. Common. 

12 1. SuziANA. Flower 1, very large, purple and spotted ; petals reflexed. 

13 1. Florentika. Orris-root. With broad leaves and large white flowers. 

14 1. GRAMiNEA. Linear leaves much longer than the If, 2-flowered scape. Blue. 

15 1. PSEUD-A.C0RUS. Flowers yellow ; petals smaller than the stigmas, 3f. June. 

16 1. XiPHiuM. Spanish I. Lvs. subulate ; 2 fls. ; pet. narrow as stig. All colors. l-2f- 
IT I. xiPHioiDES. English I. Leaves subulate ; fls. 2 ; petals broader than the stigmas. 
18 1. Persica. Persian I. Lvs. linear; scape very short ; petals smaller than the blue 

sepals. — All the above are hardy, except this, which is a house-plant. 

2. NEMASTYLIS, N. No tube above the ovary. Sepals spreading, 
larger tlian tlie ascencling, cncullate petals. Filam. shorter than the anth. 
Style enlarged above, and parted into 6 radiating, subulate stigmas. 11 
Bulb ovoid. Lvs. lance-linear. St. very slender, with 1 or 2 bright-blue fls. 

N, coelestina N. Leaves very veiny. If; stem 15 — 20', few-leaved; spathe 2-leaved ; 
sepals obovate. 1', \ larger than the hooded petals. Swamps, Fla. to La. 

3. TIGRIDIA, L. Tiger-flower. Spathe 2-leaved. Perianth regu- 
lar, the 3 sepals larger than the 3 petals. Stamens monadelphous, fila- 
ments united into a long tube. % Bulbous. 

T. PAVONiA. St. simple, flexuous ; leaves ensiform, veined ; fls. inodorous, 5— 6' broad, 
ephemeral, several in succession, yellow, with crimson spots. Mexico. 

4. SCHIZOSTYLIS coccinea. Stem 3f. Leaves channelled, lance- 
linear. Flowers concave, regular, 2' broad, in long spikes, crimson to scarlet, the stjdes 
slender and nearly distinct. Lately introduced from S. Africa. 

5. PARDANTHUS, Ker. Blackberry Lily. Sepals and pet. sub- 
equal, oblanceolate, spreading. Fil. slender. Style clavate, 3-parted, with 
3 stigmas. Caps, oblong. Seeds black, attached to the column, and re- 
sembling a blackberry after the valves have fallen. % Root a rhizome. 
Stem branching, leafy. July, August. (Ixia, L.) 

p. (liiuensis Ker. — Leaves ensiform, as in Iris; flowers 1^' broad, many, orange- 
yellow, crimson-spotted. Stems 3-— 4f. Escaped from cultivation. 

6. CROCUS, L. Lvs. radical. Fls. nearly sessile on the bulb. Tube 
very long and slender, bearing the funnel-form perianth above the ground. 
Stigmas 3-cleft. 

1 C. VERNUS. Spring C. Stigmas short, wedge-shaped; leaves linear. The beautiful 

flowers are white, blue, and variegated,— the earliest in the garden. 

2 C. SuziANUs, is golden yellow, with the 3 sepals revolute. Turkey. 

3 C. SATivus. Saffron. Fall C. Stigmas slender, reflexed ; segments purple. Europe. 

7. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Grass. Spathe 2-leaved. Seg- 
ments of the perianth flat, equal. Sta. monadelphous. Stig. 3-cleft. U 



338 Order 144.— SMILACE^. 

Grass-like plants, with compressed, winged or ancipital scapes, from 
fibrous roots. June, July. 

S. Bermudiaiia L. In tnfts ; Ivs. linear, erect, about as long as the scapes ; spathe 
2-5-fl()wered, valves unequal ; flowers small, blue : segments obovate, notched and 
mucronate ; pedicels slender ; pods globular, 8—12'. 

a. anceps. Scapes winged, so as to resemble the leaves. 

p. niucronatuni. Scapes barely 2-edged, filiform ; spathe pointed. 

8. GLADIOLUS, L. Corn-flag. Spathe 2-leaved. Perianth irregu- 
lar, 6-parted, somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 3, distinct, ascending. Stig. 3, 
broader above. Seeds winged, if A large genus of bulbous plants, chiefly 
from S. Africa. Fls. large and splendid. The species are badly confused. 

1 G. PsiTTACiNus. Spike 8-10-flowered ; flowers scarlet and yellow, spotted, the tube 

as long as the segments. From this is derived many hybrids, as 
/3. Gandavensis, variegated with orange, scarlet, and yellow. Common. 

2 G. CARDiNALis. Spikcs few-flowered, the flowers crimson, with a white stripe in the 

lower 3 segments ; stem branched above, 2f. Not hardy. 

3 G. FLORiBUNDUs. Flowcrs very large, nearly erect, upper segments broader, pink 

varying to white ; spike long and crowded. Very delicate. 

Order CXLIII. DIOSCOREACE.^. Yam-roots. 

Plants shrubby, twining, arising from tuberous rhizomes, with broad, 
net-veined leaves. Floicers dioecious, regular, hexandrous, tube adlierent, 
limb 6-parted. Ocary 3-celled, 3-6-ovuled, 3-styled. $ Stamens 6, perigy- 
nous. Fruit a capsule, 3- or (by abortion) 1-celled, or a berry. Seeds com- 
pressed, albuminous. 

DIOSCOREA, L. Yam-root. Flowers $ ? . Styles of the fertile 3. 
Cells of the caps. 2-seeded. Sds. membranaceously margined. "^ Slender, 
twining with the sun. Lvs. simple, palmately-veined or divided. Flow- 
ers green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or panicles. 

1 I>. Tillosa L. Wild Yam. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9-11-veined, 

the lower opposite or in 4's, upper alternate, petioles long, under surface downy, 
(never villous) ; stem slender, climbing 5 — lof, over bushes, &c. June, July. 

2 I>. SATivA. Yam. Leaves round-ovate, long-cuspidate, sinuate, cordate, all alter- 

nate, smooth ; stems sometimes prickly. Eoot large and sweet. S. 

Order CXLIV. SMILACE^. Sarsaparillas. 

Herbs or sJirubs, often climbing. Leaves reticulate-veined. Flowers dioe- 
cious. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 6, in- 
serted into the base of the segments. Anthers 1-celled (2-lamellate). Ovary 
3-celled, cells 1- or 2-ovuled. Style 1 or none. Stigmas 3. Berry round- 
ish. Seeds orthotropous, albuminous. Fig. 396. 

SMILAX, L. Green-brier. Sarsaparilla. Character nearly as 
above. "^ ^ Lvs. palmately-veined, entire, petiolate, with a pair of stipu- 
lar (§ 325, Fig. 396) tendrils. Flowers green or yellowish, small, in stalked, 
axillary umbels. 



Order 145.— ROXBURGHIACE^. 339 

I Herte spineless. Lvs. and foetid umbels long-stalked. Berries Wmsli. .Nos. 12 — 14 
§ Shrubby vines. Leaves short-stalked. Berries l-.3-seeded. . .(a) 

a Pubescent, prostrate, spineless. Leaves cordate, evergreen. South No. 11 

a Glabrous, climbing, and more or less prickly (except Xos. 5, 6). . .{b) 

h Lvs. acute at the base, 3-5-veined. Ped. shorter than the pet Nos. 8—10 

h Leaves abrupt or cordate at base, 5-9'Veined. . . (c) 

c Leaves panduriform, or some hastate. Peduncles elongated No. 7 

c Lvs. ovate or oblong, deciduous.— a; Plants spineless Nos. 5, 6 

— X Prickly. — z Leaves glaucous No. 4 

— z Leaves green Nos. 1 — 3 

1 S. rotundifolia L. Common G. Yine green, strong, and thorny, some 4-angled ; 

leaves round-ovate, 5-7-veined, cusp. -pointed ; ped. a little longer (6 — 1") than the 
petioles ; berries glaucous-black. Common in thickets. 10 — 30f. June, July. 

2 S. bispida Muhl. Vine terete, hispid below, with weak, slender prickles, nearly 

unarmed above ; leaves thin, deciduous, ovate, cuspidate ; ped. twice as long (1') as 
the petioles ; berries black. Thickets, N. J., and N. 8 — 12f. June. 
, 3 S. Waltei'i Ph. Vine unarmed, or prickly at base ; lvs. cordate-ovate, .3-5-veined ; 
ped. as long as the petioles ; berries red, 1-3-seeded. N. J., and S. April — June. 

4 S. glauca Walt. Vine more or less prickly above, angular ; lvs. broad-ovate, glau- 

cous at least beneath ; ped. twice longer than the petiole ; berries black, with a 
bloom ; flowers yellowish white. Thickets, L. Isl. to Ga., W. to Ky. March— June. 

5 S. Pseudo-Cliiiia L. Eoot-stock tuberous; vine terete; leaves cordate-ovate to 

oblong, 5-veined ; ped. flat, nearly as long as the lvs. ; fr. black. N. J. to Ky., and S. Jn. 

6 S. sarsaparilla L. Eoot-stock creeping, long ; branchlets 4-angled ; leaves thin, 

oblong-ovate ; ped. flat, a little longer than the petioles ; fruit red, 1-seeded. S-W. 

7 S. taiiinoides L. Vine terete ; branches 4-angular, aculeate ; leaves ovate-cordate 

to fiddle-form, and hastate, cusp. -pointed, rough-edged. N. J., W. and S. 

S S. auriculata Walt. Vine prickly; branchlets angular, unarmed; leaves lance- 
auriculate-hastate, thick, small, smooth-edged, evergreen ; berries finally black ; 
flowers sweet-scented. S., near the coast. June. (S. maritima C-B.) 

S. laurifolia L. Vine prickly; branchlets unarmed, zigzag; leaves thick, ever- 
green, lance-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 3-veined ; fr. black, 1-seeded. N. J., and S. 

1 S. lanceolata L. Like No. 9, but the lvs. are thin, and berr. 3-seeded. Va., and S. 

lis. puniila Walt. Lvs. shining above, soft-downy beneath ; ped. as long as the 
petiole (60 ; berries red, 1-3-seeded. Shady, rich soils, S. 1 — 3f. October. 

12 S. herbacea L. Carrion-Jlower. Stem erect or reclined, terete ; leaves pubescent 
beneath, or nearly glaucous, ovate-oblong, 7-veined, with or without tendrils ; ped. 
longer than the long petioles (3—4'), 8-20-flowered. Low grounds. 2— Sf. June. 

^. peduncularis. Ped. very stout and long (fj — SO, 30-50-flowered. 

13 S. lasioneuron Hook. Vine climbing, glabrous ; lvs. all with tendrils, cordate, 
ovate-oblong; ped. little longer than the petioles (3 — 4'). Thickets, W. lOf. June. 

14 S. tamnifolia Mx. Erect or climbing, glabrous; lvs. 5-veined, cordate-hastate, 
tapering to the obtuse apex ; ped. longer than petioles ; fr. blue-black. N. J., and S. 

Order CXLY. ROXBURaHIACE^. 

Ilerls or shrubby mnes, with many-veined netted leaves and perfect Jloic- 
ers. Perianth 4-parted, petaloid, persistent. Stamens 4, hypogynous. 
Ovary free, 1-celled. Capsule 2-YalYed. Seeds several, on hairy stalks, 
albuminous. 

OROOMIA, Torr. Fls. very small and few, axillary. Perianth seg. in 
pairs (2 sepals and 2 petals), oval. Ovules 4—6, suspended. Seeds 1 — 3. 
2f Rhizome creeping. Leaves lance-ovate, cordate. 



340 Order 146.— TRILLIACE^. 

: C. pauciflora Torr.— Woods, Ga., Fla., Ala. Stem simple, If. Leaves about 6, thin, 
glabrous, pedately arranged, 'r-9-veined. Ped. V. Flowers 2" wide when open. April. 

Order CXLYl. TRILLIACE^. Trilliads. 

Herbs with simple stems, tuberous roots, and verticillate, net-veined leaves. 
Flowers terminal, 1 or few, perfect, mostly 3-parted. Calyx herbaceous, 
corolla more or less colored. Stamens 6 — 10. Ovary free, 3-5-celled, bear- 
ing in fruit a juicy, oo-seeded pod. Figs. 115, 259, 294. 

§ Leaves in one whorl. Sepals green, petals colored ..Trillium. 1 

§ Leaves in two whorls. Sepals and petals alike greenish Medeola. 2 

/ 

1. TRILLIUM, L. Wake-robin. Perianth deeply 6-parted, in 2 dis- 
tinct series, outer of 3 sepals, inner of 3 colored pet. Sta. 6, anth. longer 
than the filaments. Stig. sessile. Berry purple, 3-celled, oo-seeded. 11 
St. simple. Leaves 3, whorled at the top of the stem, palmi-net-veined. 
Flowers solitary, terminal. In Spring. 

§ Flowers sessile. Petals dark purple, erect Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers on a peduncle raised above the leaves . . . (*) 

* Leaves petiolate, ovate, rounded at the base. Petals thin, delicate Nos. 3, 4 

* Leaves sessile, rhomboidal, nearly as broad as long. Petals thickish..Nos. 5, 6 
§ Flowers on a peduncle deflexed beneath the leaves Nos. 7, 8 

1 T. sessile L. Leaves sessile, roundish-ovate to rhomb-ovate, acute, mottled with 

dark purple ; petals sessile, some spreading, dull purple. Pa., W. and S. 6— 12'. 

2 T. recurvatuin. Beck. Lvs. ovate to obovate, narrowed to a petiole; sepals re- 

flexed, green ; pet. erect, narrowed at base to a claw, purple, V. Woods, W. 8— 10^ 

3 T. nivale Rid. Stem 2—4' ; lvs. oval to ovate, distinctly petiolate ; fl. erect, 7—8" 

long ; petals ovate-spatulate, white, half longer than the sepals. Penn. to Wis. 

4 T. erytlirocarpum Mx. Smiling W. Lvs. ovate, rounded at base, acuminate 5 

petals lance-ovate, recurved, twice longer than the sepals, wavy, white, beautifully 
pencilled at base with purple. Woods, Can. to Ga. 8 — 12'. 

5 T. grandiflorum Salisb. Lvs. rhomb-obovate, sessile, conspicuously acuminate ; 

petals spatulate-obovate, much longer (1^-— 2') than the sepals, white, varying to 
rose-color. Damp, rocky woods, M., S., and W. 8—12'. 

6 T. erectum L. Bath Flower. Leaves roundish-rhombic, short-pointed, almost 

petiolate, about as broad as long ; ped. scarcely erect ; flower nodding ; petals oval- 
ovate, much broader than the sepals, dark purple, ill-scented. Woods. 
jS. album. Petals white or greenish ; ped. inclined. N. Y. (Hankenson), and W. 

7 T. cernuuiu L. Leaves nearly as in No. 6 ; ped. more than half the length of the 

leaves, twice that of the flower; petals flat, not reflexed, white, little larger than 
the sepals ; stigmas as long as the anthers. Woods, M., S., and W. 1 — IK- 

8 T. stylosum N. Leaves petiolate, ovate, oval, or elliptic ; ped. not longer than 

the flower, decurved ; petals recurved, much larger than the sepals, white ; styles 
united, as long as the stigmas, shorter than the recurved anthers. South. 10—20'. 

2. MEDBOLA, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-root. Perianth deeply 

parted into 6 petaloid, revolute segments. Sta. 6, with slender filaments. 

Stigmas 3, divaricate, united at base. Berry 3-celled, cells 3-6-seeded. 2^ 

Stem simple, arising from a white, tuberous rhizome (which is thought to 

resemble the cucumber in flavor) bearing 2 whorls of lvs. and 1 — 3 term. fls. 

M. Virginica L.— Damp woods. Slender, erect, 1— 2f, with cottony wool. Lower 
whorl of 6— 8, upper of 3 leaves. Flo-^verfe pendulous, yellowish. July. (Fig. 294.) 



Ohdeu 147.— LILIACE^; 341= 

Order CXLVII. LILIACEJ3. Lilyworts. 

Herhs with bulbous or tuberous stems, parallel-veined, sessile leaves:, and 
perfect, reguldii flowers, with ihe perianth uniformly colored and free from 
the ovary. Stamens 6 (4 in Majanthemum), perigynous. Anthers introrse 
(except in Uvularia). Styles wholly or partly united. Fruit a capsule or 
berry. Seeds albuminous. 

§ LILIACE^ proper. Style entire. Fruit a dry capsule. Plants with a scaly or coated bulb. . .(*) 
§ ASPHODELEiE. Style entire (or 0). Fr. a dry capsule. With a caudex, root-crown, or rhiz.. .(**) 
§ CONVALLAEINEiE. Style entire. Fr. a colored berry. Plants with a rhiz. or fibrous roots. . .(***) 
§ UVULARIE^. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit a dry capsule. Plants with a rhiz sme. . .(****) 

* Stem leafy above as well as at the base. Bulbs scalj'. . .(ft) 

* Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered., .(c) 

* Stem (scape) sheathed at base, — a bearing a shigle nodding flower , Erythronicm. 1 

— a bearing a solitary, erect flower Tulipa. 2 

h Petals equalling the sepals, with a honey-groove at base Lilium. 3 

h Petals equalling the sepals, with a roundish nectary at base Fritillaria. 4 

h Petals much larger than sepals, nectary in the midst, or .Calochortu?- 5 

c Perianth segments united, forming a tubular flower. , .(e) 
c Perianth segments distinct, not forming a tube. , .{d) 

d Flowers small, in a panicle of racemes, white NoLiNA. 6 

d Flowers in a simple raceme, mostly blue Scilla. 7 

d Flowers in a corymb, white, with bracts Ornithogaluit. 8 

d Flowers in an umbel, white or roseate, with 2 — i bracts Alliom. 9 

e Limb of the perianth revolute, as long as the tube Hyacinthus. 10 

e Limb of the perianth spreading, much shorter than tube Muscari. 11 

** Perianth segments united more or less into a tube. . .(m) 

** Perianth segments distinct. — >i Flowers racemed, small, yellow ,Sch(e:nolirion, 12 

— n Flowers panicled, white Yucca. 13 

m Stamens straight, longer than the tubular, flame-colored perianth Tritoma. 14 

m Stamens all curved upward. — o Flowers in an umbel Agapanthus. 15 

— Fh)wers cyanic, racemed Funeia. 16 

— o Flowers xanthic, terminal Hejierocallis. 17 

*** Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube...(.s) 

*** Perianth segments united. — v Flowers greenish, axillary Polygonatum. 18 

— ti Flowers pure white, on a scape .Convallaria, 19 

s Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry blue, 2-celled Clintonia. 20 

c Stem leafy, bearing the flowers solitary or in pairs. Berries red. . .(y) 

s Stem leafy, bearing a white cluster. — x Flowers G-parted Smilacina. 21 

— X Flowers 4-parted Majanthemum. 23 

y Stems much branched, with filiform branchlets for leaves Asparagus. 23 

y Stem forking, with oval leaves. — z Fls. axillarj'. Berry CO -seeded Streptopus. 2i 

— z Fls. terminal. Berry 3-6-seeded Prosabtes. 25 

*■•*** Stem leafy. Flowers solitar3', long, yellowish, drooping Uvularia. 26 

1. ERYTHRONIUM, L. Perianth campanulate. Sag. recurved, the 
3 inner ones (petals) usually with a callous tooth attached to each side at 
base, and a groove in the middle. Style long. Caps, somewhat stipitate, 
seeds ovate. U Lvs. 2, subradical. Scape 1- 00-fl.wd. Flowers nodding, 

1 £. Aiiierica.iiuiii Sm. Yellow E. Bulb deep in the ground, sending up a scape 

which bears 2 unequal, lanceolate, mottled leaves at the surface of the ground, and 
a handsome drooping yellow flower at top. Woods. 3—5'. April, May. 
/3. bracteatum. Leaves very unequal ; scape with a bract near the flower. Vt. 

2 E. albiduni N. White E. Scape naked, bearing a white drooping flower ; petals 

without teeth, narrowed to the base. Wet meadows, N. Y. to Wis. May, June. 

2. TULIPA, Tourn. Tulip. Perianth campanulate. Sta. short, subu- 



342 Order 147.— LILIACE^. 

late, autli. broad-linear, deeply emarginate at base. Style very short, stig. 
thick. Caps, oblong, triangular, if Herbs acaulescent, with coated bulbs, 
sessile leaves, and a simple scape bearing a solitary, erect flower. 

T. Gesnekiana. Plant smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, near the ground ; segments 
very obtuse, endlessly variegated with red, yellow, and white. Persia. May, June. 

3. LILIUM, L. Lily. Perianth bell-form, colored. Sep. 6, gradually 
spreading or recurved, each with a longitudinal honey-groove within from 
middle to base. Sta. shorter than the style, antli. versatile. Style clavate, 
stig. 3-lobed. Caps, subtriangulai*. Seeds 2-rowed in each cell, ij: Bulbs 
scaly. Stems leafy. Flowers large, showy. June — August. 

* Native wild Lilies, with yellow, orange, or red, spotted,— a; nodding fis. .Nos. 1—3 

— cc erect fls Nos. 4, 5 

* Exotic Lilies, cultivated, mostly hardy. Fls. nodding (except Nos. 6, 14) . . . (a) 

a Stems bearing bulblets in the axils. Flowers orange-colored Nos. 6, 7 

a Stems never bulbilerous. — y Fls. white. Lvs. lanceolate, scattered.. .Nos. 8 — 10 

—y Fls. wh., varieg. and spotted, sweet Nos. 11—13 

—y Fls. yellow or straw-colored Nos. 14—16 

— y Fls. red or purple Nos. 17 — 19 

1 li. Caiiadense L. Yellow L. Leaves mostly in whorls, lanceolate, the veins be- 

neath hairy; ped. terminal, mostly in 3's ; sepals gradually spreading, yellow to 
orange, with purple spots inside. Meadows, mostly N. 2 — 5f. 

2 li. superbum L. Turk''s-cap. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower 

whorled, upper scattered ; flowers often numerous, orange to red, spotted, the se- 
pals revolute. Wet soils. 4— Of. Flowers 3—30. Plant splendid. 

3 Li. Carolinianum Mx. Lvs. 1-veined, oblanceolate, acuminate, tapering to the 

base, the upper whorled, the lower scattered ; sepals lance-linear, recurved (not revo- 
lute), deep yellow spotted with pui'ple. Swamps, S. 1^ — 3f. Flowers 1 — 3. 

4 li. Philadelpliiciim L. Lvs. lance-linear, the upper whorled, lower scattered ; 

fls. 1 — 3 ; sepals erect-spreading, lance-ovate, obtuse or barely acute, clawed, orange- 
red, spotted at base, 2^' long. Dry pastures and copses. 15 — %{)'. 

5 Ii. Catesbaei Walt. Lvs. all scattered, lance-oblong to linear ; flower solitary ; se- 

pals lanceolate, wavy, 3—4', the long claws yellow, lamina and long, thickened acu 
mination scarlet, spotted with purple. Damp barrens, Md., and S. 2 — 3f. 

6 li. BULBiFERUM. Fls. crect, rough luside, 2^' ; sep. sessile ; lvs. 3-veined. 4f. Italy. 

7 li. TiGEiNUM. Fls. nodding, spotted ; sep. sessile, 3^', rev. ; lvs. 5-veined. 6f. China, 

8 li. CANDIDUM. Fls. campanulate, several, smooth inside. From Persia. 3 — 4f. 

9 li. Japonicum. F1. solitary, campanulate ; sep. revolute at apex. Japan. 2 — 3f. 
1.0 li. liONGiFLORUM. Fls. Solitary, tubular-bell-form ; Sep. 5— 6'. From Japan. If; 

11 li. GiGANTEUM. Tall (8f) ; fls. spicate, trumpet-form, white, Avith carmine lines. 

12 li. sPECiosuM. Stem 2— 3f ; leaves lance-ovate, scattered ; fls. 1 — 3, fragrant ; sepals 
5', revolute, white to roseate, with purple warty spots inside. Japan. Splendid. 

13 li. AUKATUM. Steml— 2f; leaves lanceolate, scattered; fls. 1—3, fragrant; sepals 
6 — 7', spreading, white, with a yellow band and purple spots. Japan. " Glorious." 

1-i li. CROCEUM. Lvs. some in 3's, lin. -falcate ; fls. erect, often umbellate, rough inside. 
1.5 li. TESTACEXJ3X. Lvs. whorled ? lanceolate, many ; fls. Several, large, straw-col. 6f. 

16 li. CoLcmcuM. Lvs. crowded, lance-lin. ; fls. sev., funnel-form ; sep. recurved. 2f. 

1 7 li. PoMPONiUM. Lvs. lin. to subulate, crowded ; fls. small, scarlet ; sep. rough, revol. 

18 li. Martagon. Lvs. lance-oblong, whorled; fls. panicled, purple to roseate, revo- 
lute, spotted. From Europe. 5f. [not spotted ; sepals reflexed. Palestine. 3f. 

iO li. CHALCED6NICUM:. Lvs. lance-linear, crowded, erect, rough-edged; fls. bright red, 

4. FRITILLARIA, Tourn. Chequered Lily. Perianth campanu- 



' Opder 147.— LILIACE^ 343 

late, with a broad base and nectariferous cavity above tlie claw of each 
segment. Stamens as long as the petals. Stig. trifid. Caps, coriaceous, 3- 
celled, septifragal. if With coated bulbs, simple, leafy stems, bearing 1 
or more nodding flowers in Spring. 

1 F. iMPEKiALis. Crown Imperial. Stem 3f, at base invested with long, narrow Ivs., 
the middle naked, the summit bearing a raceme of large drooping red flowers beneath 
a crown of bracts. Var. flava has yellow flowers. Persia. 

■J F, MELEAGRis. Chequered L. Stem 1-flowered, with alternate, linear, channelled 
leaves ; flower large, nodding, chequered with purple and yellow. Europe. If. 

3 F. Peksica. Fls. brownish-purple, in a pyramidal, naked raceme. Persia. 3f. 

I 

5. CALOCHORTUS, Ph. Perianth twisted in aestivation. Sepals 3, 

smaller than the 3 petals, which are bearded within except a central gla- 
brous spot. Style very short, anth. recurved. Seeds 1 -rowed in each cell 
of the capsule, if Californian, bulbous. Leaves narrow. Stem erect. 

C. SPLENDENS. Stem with 3—5 large, open, lilac flowei's ; pet. each with a brown-yellow 
eye in the middle. 1 — 2f. June. — A splendid flower, yet rare in cultivation. 

C PULCHELLus and C. albus, with the petals connivent into pendent globes, the one 
golden yellow, the other satin white, are very beautiful. 

6. NOLINA, Eich. Perianth small, of 6 equal ovate spreading parts, 
longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, recurved, with a very short style. 
Caps. 3-winged, 3-(or l-3-)seeded. if Bulb coated. Scape widely branched. 
Flowers racemed, white, nearly bractless. 

N. Georgiana Mx.— Sand hills, S. Car. to Fla. Scape 2— 3f, from a large bulb. Leaves 
long, narrow, all radical, recurved and channelled, rough-edged. 

7. SOILLA, L. Squill. Sepals and petals similar, spreading (blue or 
purple). Filaments 6, slender, style thread-club-shapod. Caps. 3-angled, 
3-celled, cells with 1 or several black seeds, if Bulb coated, bearing sev- 
eral linear leaves and a scape with a raceme. 

1 S. esculeiita Ker. Quamash. Lvs. keeled, flaccid, shorter than the scape ; bracts 

subulate, longer than the pedicels ; fllaments filiform ; stigmas 3-toothed ; sepala 
widely spreading, pale blue. Bottoms, W. 1— 2f. May. (Camassia, Lindl.) 

2 S. Peruviana. Leaves ciliate on the edges, longer than the scape ; flowers stellate, 

in a dense conical corymb, violet-blue, rarely white. Spain. 

/ 

8. ORNITHOGALUM, L. Star of Bethlehem. Stem a coated 

bulb. Sep. and pet. similar, white, spreading, 3-7-veined. Fil. 6, subulate. 

Style slender, stigma 3-angled. Caps, roundish, 3-angled. Sds. few, black. 

If Scape with a corymb of bracted flowers, and linear leaves. 

O. unibellattuin L. Leiives channelled, as long as the scape (If) ; flowers few, on 
long pedicels, the white sepals each with a green band outside. June. § Europe. 

9. ALLIUM, L. Gaelic. Onion. Flowers in a dense umbel, with a 
membranous 2-(l-4-)leaved spathe. Perianth deeply 6-parted. Seg. mostly 
spreading, ovate, the 3 inner somewhat smaller. Ovary angular, stigma 
acute. Caps. 3-lobed. Seeds few, black. Strong-scented, bulbous plants. 
Leaves mostly radical. 



344: Order 147.— LILIACE^. 

§ Leaves (none at flowering-time) flat, lanceolate. Ovary only 3-ovaled No. 1 

§ Leaves present, flat.— a Ovary 6-ovuled, often with a 6-toothed crest. ..(?/) 

— a Ovary 00-ovuled, not crested. Leaves linear No. 5 

§ Leaves terete and hollow.— re Scape or stem slender, not inflated Nos. 8, 9 

— X Scape inflated in the midst. Cultivated Nos. 10, 11 

y Wild native species. Leaves linear and very narrow Nos. 2 — 4 

y Exotics cultivated. Leaves lance-linear or broadly linear Nos. 6, 7 

1 A. tricoccuin Ait. Lvs. 5—8', fiigacioiis, mostly gone in June, when the scape, with 

its rounded umbel of 10—12 white fls., appears. Woods, N. Eng. to N. C, and W. If. 

2 A. cernuum Roth. Lvs. very long ; umbel C6r«^/o^/5, with 12— 20 bright roseate fls. ; 

sepals oblong-obovate, acute ; fllam. filiform, exserted. N. Y., W. and S. H— 2f. Jl. 
/3. stellhtum. Umbel mostly erect ; stam. not exserted. Dry, Dl., and W. | — Hf. 

3 A. Canadense Kalm. Scape terete; leaves shorter than the scape ; umbel erect, 

capitate, consisting of both (whitish) fls. and bulblets mixed. Shades. If. June. 

4 A. inuta.bile Mx. Lvs. lin. -filiform, thin, shorter than the terete scape; umb. 20- 

40-flwd., erect; spathe 3-leaved, purplish ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, longer than the sta., 
white or roseate ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Woods, S. 1 — l|-f. March — May. 

5 A. striatum Jacq. Lvs. linear, nearly equalling the teretish scape ; spathe 2-lvd. ; 

fls. 3 — 7, sep. lance-ovate, green-striped outside ; not garlic-scented. W. and S. 8 — 12'. 

6 A. SATIVUM. Common Garlic. Bulb consisting of many small ones in a common 

sheath ; stem leafy to the middle ; umbel bulb-bearing ; flowers white. Sicily. July. 

7 A, PORRUM. Leek. St. compressed, sheathed at base by the channelled leaves ; umb. 

globous, white ; stamens a little longer than the rough-keeled sepals. Europe. July. 

8 A. vineiile L. Crow Garlic. Stem and few fistulous lvs. very slender ; umb. bulb- 

bearing; stamens alternately 3-cuspidate. Fields, June. It spoils the cows' milk. 

9 A. scliaenoprasiini L. Gives. Scape equalling the terete, filiform, fistulous lvs. ; 

umb. capitate ; sep. longer than the simple stamens, rose-purple. Lake shores, N. X 

10 A. FisTULosuM. Welsh Onion. Scape inflated in the midst, not taller than the fis- 
tulous leaves ; umbel dense, globular ; stamens exserted. Asia. 18'. X 

1 1 A. Cepa. Common 0. Scape inflated near the base, much taller than the fistulous 
leaves. (5) Universally cultivated, and of many varieties. 

j3. PROLiFERUM. Top 0. Umbel producing bulblets instead of flowers. 

/ 

10. HYACINTHUS, L. Hyacenth. Perianth tnbular-bell-form, seg- 
ment spreading-recurved. Stam. straight, perigynous. Ovary free. Seeds 
few. If Bulb coated. Scape racemous. 

H, ORiENTALis. Lvs. thlck, lance-lincar, half as long as the scape ; flowers many, half 
6-cleft, tumid at the base, blue, varying to purple, red, white, &c. ; stamens deeply 
included. Levant. March, April. Fine for the bulb-glass. 

11. MUSOARI, Tourn. Gra.pe Hyacinth. Perianth-tube ventricous, 
ovoid, globular or urceolate, limb of 6 very short blunt teeth. Otherwise 
as in Hyacinthus. 

1 in. botryoides L. Fls. scentless, globular, nodding, blue (&c.), 2''''; lvs. l^oad-liu., 

obtuse, longer than the scapes (10'). Gardens and fields. May. § Europe. 

2 M. MOSCHATUM. Fls. musk-scented, oval, nodding, 3", greenish-blue, or livid, with a 

little 6-toothed cn)wn in the throat ; leaves lance-linear, erect. Europe. April. 

3 M. RACEMOSUM. Flowers fragrant, noddiug, dciisc, ovoid-cylindric, bluc with a wMtc 

limb ; leaves linear, flaccid, channelled, recurved. Eare in gardens. 

4 M. coMosuM occurs in gardens as a monstrosity, with the tall (If) raceme changed to 

a sterile, difi"usc, leathery panicle of blue filaments. Showy. 

12. SCHCBNOLfRION, Torr. Stem a tuberous rhizome. Peiianth 



Order Ut.— LILIACE^. 345 

yellow, &c. Caps, obovoid, obscurely 3-lobecl. Flowers racemed. U 

Otherwise as in Ornitbogalum, and too near it. April, May. 

S. croceutn (Mx.) Lvs. narrowly linear, longerthan the scape, which is very slender, 
15—20' ; flowers small, about 15 in the raceme, yellow ; sepals ovate, 2". Damp. S. 

13. YUCCA, L. Bear's-gkass. Spanish Daggers. Perianth per- 
sistent and withering, of 6 sepals, the 6 stamens shorter. Stigmas 3, ses- 
sile. Caps, oblong, 6-sided, the 3 cells partly divided each into 2 by a 
false partition. Seeds oo. U Stem subterranean, or arising into a caudex 
(§ 227), with linear or sword-shaped perennial leaves and a terminal pan- 
icle of white, handsome flowers. 

1 Y. filameutosa L. Beat^'s-thread. Acaulescent or nearly so ; leaves lance-linear, 

rigid, sharp-pointed, the margin Jilamenfous, i. e., bearing thread-like fibres ; scape 
5 — 8f: floAvers numerous, cup-form, li'. Sands, S. June, t 

2 IT. gloriosa L. Caulescent; caudex some 3f; leaves clustered at top, lanceolate, 

stiff, margins very entire ; flowers cup-form, very CD. S. June, July. 

3 Y. aloefolia Walt. Spanish Daggers. Caudex some lOf, often branched, naked 

and scarred ; leaves clustered at top, stout and sharp, serrulate ; flowers white, with 
violet spots ; sepals oblong. Thickets near the coast, S. June — Aug. 

14. TRITOMA, Ker. Perianth tubular, regular, 6-toothed. Stamens 
straight, hypogynous, alternately longer, and with the style exserted. Caps. 
GO - seeded. U Leaves linear, keeled. Scape racemed. 

T. UvAEiA. Lvs. in a dense radical crown ; scape 3— 5f, with a long raceme of innumer- 
able soon-pendent, red, orange, and flame-colored tlowers. S. Africa. Aug. — Oct. 

15. AGAPANTHUS, L'Her. Perianth tubular at base, funnel-form, 
free from the ovaiy, regular. Stam. and filiform style upcurved at the 
end. Caps. 3-angled. Seeds oo. 'U Root tuberous. Leaves flat, linear. 
Scape bearing a 2-leaved umbel. Blue. July. 

A. uMBELLATUs. Scapc 2f, with the thick radical leaves as long ; flowers many, large, 
the pedicels equalling the perianth. S. Africa. A fine parlor plant. 

16. FUNKIA, Spreng. Perianth funnel-form, deciduous. Stam. 6, hy- 
pogynous, and with the st^-le declinate-curved. Caps, elongated, 3-angled. 
Seeds oo, winged at end. % Root fasciculate. Leaves all radical, ovate 
or oblong, veined, petiolate. Scape racemed. Japan. 

1 F. suBCOKDATA. White Day Lily. Lvs. large, ovate, subcordate, veins strongly im- 

pressed ; fls. white, fragrant, horizontal, 5' long, tube longer than the limb. 2|f. Aug. 

2 F, ovATA Spr. Blve Day Lily. Lvs. broad-ovate, acuminate; rac. many-flowered; 

fls. funnel-form, 2', blue or violet, nodding, tube shorter than the limb. Ohio, §. t 
jS. ALBo-MAKGixATA. Has its Icaves irregularly margined with white. 

17. HEMEROCALLIS, L. Day Lily. Perianth funnel-shaped, reg- 
ular, ephemeral, limb spreading. Stam. 6, inserted in the throat, curved 
upward. Style slender, curved like the stamens and longer. Caps, with 3 
few-seeded cells. U Root fasciculate. Scapes branched. Leaves linear. 
Flowers large, xanthic, solitary, or racemed. July. 

1 H. FULVA. Lvs. channelled ; pet. obtuse, wavy ; veins of sep. branched. An old gar- 

den plant, with large tawny flowers, lasting but a day. 3f. § Levant. 

2 H. FLAY A. Lvs. channelled; sep. acute, bright yellow, veins undivided. Siberia. If. 



■346 Order 147.— LILIACE^. 

18. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. True Solomon's Seal. Perianth tu- 
bular, limb short, 6-lohecl, erect. Stamens 6, inserted near and above the 
middle of the tube, and with the slender style included. Berry globular, 
black or blue, 3-6-seeded. U Rhizome horizontal, thick. St. leafy above. 
(Lvs. alternate.) Fls. axillary, pendent, greenish-white. Fig. 258. 

F, biflorum Ell. Stem recurved, smooth ; lvs. lanceolate to elliptic, sessile, obscurely 
many-veined, glaucous-pale and more or less pubescent beneath ; filaments roughened, 
inserted near the middle of the tube. Woods. 1 — 3f. April— June. 
/3. grig-dnteiniit Plant all smooth, tall ; lvs. clasping ; ped. 2-6-flwd. 3— 7f. 
y. latifbliitm. Plant pubescent above ; leaves ovate, some stalked. 

19. CON V ALL ARIA, L. Lily of the Valley. Perianth campanu- 
late, of 6 united segments, lobes of the limb recurved. Stam. 6, included, 
perigynous. Ovary 3-celled, 1-stylcd, cells 4-6-ovuled. Berry (red) few- 
seeded. If Rhizome creeping, slender. Lvs. radical, and scape very smooth, 
low, bearing a raceme of white, drooping, sweet-scented flowers. 

C. isiajalis L.— Mountain vi'oods,Va. to Ga. Common in gardens. 6 — 10'. Lvs. ovate- 
elliptic, 2 or 3 with each scape. Flowers in an open raceme, 3 — 4". May, June. 

20. CLINTONIA, Raf Perianth campanulate, of 6 equal, distinct seg- 
ments. Stam. 6, hj'pogyuous, anth. linear-oblong. Ovary oblong, 2-(rarely 
8-)celled. Style elongated. Berry (blue) 2-celled, cells 2-10-seeded. if Rhi- 
zome creeping. Lvs. few, broad. Scape naked, bearing an umbel. 

1 C. "borealis Eaf. Lvs. broad-oval-lanceolate ; flowers 2—5 in the bractless umbel, 

cernuous ; berrj'-cells many-seeded. Mountainous or hilly woods. June. 8 — 13'. A 
smooth and elegant plant. (See Fig. No. 715 in the Class-Book.) 

2 C uiubellata Torr. Lvs. lance-oblong; umbel many-(12-30-)flwd., bracted ; fls. 

Avhite, speckled, 4—5" ; berry-cells 2-seeded. Woods, W. N-Y., and S. along the mts. 

\ 

21. SMILAOINA, Desf False Solomon's Seal. Perianth of 6 equal, 

spreading segm., united at base. Stam. 6, slender, perigynous, anth. short. 
Ova. globous, 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Sty. short, thick. Berry 
globous, pulpy, 1-3-seeded. U Rhizome creeping, thick or slender. Stem 
leafy, bearing a terminal cluster of white flowers in April — June. 

§ Eaceme compound. Stamens longer than the perianth. Ovules collateral No. 1 

§ Eaceme simple. Stam. shorter than perianth. Ovules one above the other. .Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. ra,ceiMosa Desf. Stem recurved ; leaves oval, strongly veined, acuminate, sub- 

sessile ; raceme compound. Copses : common. Berries red-dotted. 2f. 

2 S. stellata Desf. St. erect; lvs. many, lanceolate, acute, amplexicaul ; fls. few, in 

a simple raceme ; berries dark red. Along rivers, N. and W. 10 — 20'. 

3 S. trifoliata Desf. Erect ; lvs. 3 or 4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, am- 

plexicaul ; rac. terminal, simple ; berries red. Mountain swamps, N. and W. 3—6'. 

22. MAJANTHEMUM, Moench. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. 
Perianth of 4 ovate, obtuse, spreading segments, united at base;. Stam. 4. 
Ovary 2-celled. Otherwise as in Smilacina. 

an, "bifoliuifti DC. — Common in open woods. Stem Avith 2 (rarely 3) ovate, subcordate 
leaves and a simple raceme of small white flowers, 3—6'. May. — In Oregon, the same 
plant becomes stout. 2f high, with petiolate, strongly cordate leaves I 



Order 148.— MELANTHACE^. 347 



I 



23. ASPARAGUS, L. Periantli 6-partecl, segm. erect, sliglit-spreading 
above. Sta. 6, perigynous. Sty. very short, stig. 3. Berry 3-cellecl, cells 
2-seeclecl. 11 Rts. fibrous, matted. Stems with filiform branchlets for leaves 
in the axils of scales. 

A. officinsilis L. Stem herbaceous, very branching, erect ; Ivs. fasciculate ; floTvers 
axillary ; berries red. Long cultivated, and § in rocky shores. 

24. STREPTOPUS, Mx. T^vist-foot. Perianth bell-form, of 6 dis- 
tmct, recurved sepals. Anth. longer than the filaments. Style elongated, 
stigmas 3-lobed. Berry globous, red, oc-seeded. if Stem fork-branched. 
Flowers axillary, solitaiy, on a geniculate or curved pedicel. June. 

1 S. rosens Mx. Lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin finely ciliate ; pedicels oftener 

merely recurved ; anth. short, 2-horned at apex ; stigma trilid. Damp woods, north- 
ward. If— 15'. Flowers reddish, spotted, under the leaves. 

2 S. amplexifolius DC. Leaves oblong-ovate, strongly clasping, margin smooth 

and entire ; pedicels abruptly bent in the middle : anthers and stigmas entire at the 
apex ; sepals long-pointed, reflexed. Woods, Penn., and X. 2f. 
/ 

25. PROSARTES, Don. Perianth as in Uvularia. Fil. 6, perigynous, 

included, much longer than the linear-oblong anth. Style elongated, trifid. 
Berry red, ovoid or oblong, 3-6-seeded. if Stem erect, branched. Flow- 
ers few, greenish, terminal, drooping. May. 

p. lanatginosa Don. Lvs. ovate-oblong, pointed, clasping, downy beneath ; pedicels 
in pairs ; flowers spreadiug-bell-form ; sep. 5 — 6" long. Mountains, N. Y. to Car. 

26. UVUIiARIA, L. Bellwort. Perianth of 6 linear-oblong, conni- 

vent sepals, each nectariferous at base. Fila. much shorter than the long, 

linear, included anth. Style trifid. Caps. 3-celled, few-seeded, li Stem 

forking. Leaves alternate. Flowers yellowish, drooping. 

§ Leaves perfoliate near the base. Capsule obovoid-triangular, truncate Nos. 1—3 

§ Leaves sessile or half-clasping. Capsule ovoid or oval-triangular Nos. 4 — 6 

1 TJ. grandiflora. Sm. Sepals acuminate, smooth within and without, greenish yel- 

low, li' long; anthers obtuse (J'). Woods, 1 — 2f. May. 

2 U. perfoliata L. Mealy B. Sepals acute, 1}', twisted, covered inside with shining 

grains, pale yellow ; anthers cuspidate. Woods. 10 — 14'. May. 

3 U. flava Sm. Lvs. obtuse ; sepals smooth both sides, yellow. 1'. N. J. to Ya. 

4 U. sessilifolia L. Wild Oats. Lvs. lance-oval, glaucous beneath ; capsule stiped ; 

style 3-clert, nearly as long as the (9") sepals. Glades : common. 6 — 10'. May. 

5 U. Floridana Chapm. Leaves oblong, glaucous beneath ; style 3-cleft, half as 

long as the acuminate (S") sepals. Woods, Fla. 4 — 6'. March. 

6 U. puberiila Mx. Leaves puberulent, oval, green both sides ; capsule sessile (no 

stipe) ; style 3-parted to near the base, not exceeding the anthers. Mountains, S 

Order CXLYIII. MELAN"THACE^. Mela^-ths. 

Herha perennial, sometimes bulbous, often poisonous, with parallel-veined 
leaves. Periantli double, regular, persistent, of 6 consimilar, green or col- 
ored segments. Stamens 6, with extrorse anthers, 3 distinct styles or sessile 
stigmas, and a free, 3-celled ovary. Ca'psule 3-celled, 3-partible or septicidal, 
and seecZs few or many, with a thin seed-coat. — Very near the Lilyworts, 
but the divided pistils aiford a practical distinction. 



318 Order 148.— MELANTHACE^. 

§ Peri.inth 6-parted, tube very long, radical, like the Crocus -. .COLCHICCM. 1 

§ Perianth 6-sepalled, wheel-form, on a scape or stem, with leaves ... (-) 

* Anthers 1-celled, extrorse, cordate, becoming peltate by opening. . .{a) 

* Anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Capsule loculicidal. Flowers racemous. . .(c) 

* Anthers 2-celled,- introrse. Capsule septicidal. Flowers racemous. . .(cZ) 

a Inflorescence racemous, with white flowers. Sta. scarce longer than sep. ..Amianthittm. 2 
a Inflorescence spicate, with green flowers. Sta. twice longer than sepals. . .ScHiENOC.iULON. 3 
a Inflorescence paniculate, or a raceme somewhat branched at base. . .{b) 

b Sepals glandular at base inside, clawed. Stamens perigynous Melanthium. 4 

b Sepals glandular at base inside, clawed. Stamens hypogynous Zigadenus. 5 

b Sepals not gland-bearing. Stamens perigynous Veratrum. 6 

c Flowers perfect. Fihiments dilated at base. Ovary cells 2-ovuIed Zerophyllcm. 7 

c Flowers perfect. Filaments filiform. Ovary cells 00-ovuled Helonias. 8 

c Flowers dioecious, white. Stem leafy Cham^lirium. 9 

d Stamens 6. Flowers greenisii or yellowish, 9 — 40 , Tofieldia. 10 

d Stamens 9 — 12. Flowers deep j-ellow, 6—9, mostly 6 Pleea. 11 

1. COLOHICUM AUTUMNALE. A plant of curious habit, from Europe, 

The 1—3 long-(5-8'-)titbecl, lilac-colored, G-parted flower arises directly from the new tuber 
in the Autumn, followed in the succeeding Spring by a stem bearing the leaves and fruit. 

2. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. Fly-poison. Fls. 5 . Sep. sessile, spread- 
ing, glandless, shorter than the stamens. Antli. reniform. Caps. 3-horned, 
o-partible into 1-4-seeded follicles. U St. bulbous at base, scape-like. Lvs. 
grass-like. Fls. on slender pedicels, turning green with age. May — July. 

1 A. iiiuscaetoxicum Gr. Bulb conspicuous ; lvs. broad-linear, obtuse, many ; rac. 

dense ; sep. oblong ; seeds ovate, red and fleshy. Shades, N. J., W. and S. 1 — 2f. 

2 A, angustifolium Gr. Tall, slender, scarcely bitlbous ; lvs. linear, acute ; sepals 

oval, changing to brown ; rac. very dense ; seeds linear, dry. Damp woods, S. 2— 3f. 

3. SCHiENOCAULON, Gray. Fls. ? . Sep. green, linear-oblong, half 
as long as the hypogynous stam. Ova. 6-8-ovuled, carpels slightly cohering. 
U Scape bulbous, rush-like. Lvs. sedge-like. Spilie slender. Apr., May. 
S. gracile Gr. — Sandy soils, Ga., Fla. Scape 2 — 3f, lvs. half as long. Fruit unknown. 

4. MELANTHIUM, Gronov. Fls. 5 ^ ? • Sep. spreading, unguicu- 
late, with 2 glands at base, the claws bearing the short stamens. Ova. often 
abortive. Caps. 3-lobed, 3-pointed with the persistent styles, if St. thick- 
ened at base. Eacemes panicled. Flow^ers yellowish. July, Aug. 

OT. Virginicum L.— Wet meadows, N. Y., W. and S. Stem 3— 4f, leaf3^ Lvs. lanceo- 
late to linear, 6"— 2' wide, subclasping. Flowers 8", in a large panicle. 

5. ZIGADENUS, Mx. Zigadbne. Segm. colored, spreading, at base 
united, contracted and 2-glanded. Sta. hypogynous, nearly as long as the 
segm. Ovary adherent at base or free. Seeds CX), scarcely winged. U 
Smooth and glaucous. Leaves linear. Flowers greenish, panicled. 

1 Z. glaberriinus Mx. Rhizome creeping ; lvs. channelled, recurved; panicle coni- 

cal ; fls. 1' broad ; sepals lance-ovate, with 2 round glands. Swamps, S. 2f. June. 

2 Z. glaiiciis N. Stem bulbous, nearly naked ; lvs. flat, much shorter than the stem ; 

sepals obtuse, 3^^ each with 1 obcordate gland. Sandy shores, N. Y. to Dakota. IJf. 

3 Z. leiniantlioides Gr. Eootflbrous; lvs. flat ; panicle slender; segm. obovate, 

the glandular spot obscure. Swamps, N. J., and S. 2— 4f. Flowers white. 

6. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. Fls. ,55$. Sep. spread- 
ing, sessile and without glands. Sta. shorter than the perianth and inserted 



Order 148.— MELANTHACE^. 349 

on its base. Ovary 3, united at base, often abortive. Capsule 3-partible. 
eeds few, flat, broadly v^inged. U Flowers in panicles. July. 

§ Stenaxthtum. Sepals at base united and adherent to base of ovary No. 1 

§ Verateum jyi'oper. Sepals distinct to base and free from the ovary Nos. 2—4 

V. angustifolium Ph. Lvs. long-linear ; stem slender, 2— 4f; panicle Hf, narrow ; 

segm. green-white, subulate, 2" ; flowers sessile, the upper fertile. Pa., W. and S. 
V. viride Ait. Stem stout and very leafy. 2-4f ; leaves lance-oval, ample, strongly 

plaited: flowers innumerable, green ; sepals lanceolate, 6". Wet meadows. 
V. pai'viflorum. Mx. Leaves nearly all radical, oval-elliptic, petiolate, slightly 

plaited ; stem slender, scape-like, long-paniculate ; sepals spatulate-unguiculate, 2 — Z" , 

half as long as the pedicels, dingy green. S. 2 — of. 
V. "W^oodii Eobbins. Leaves lance-elliptic to lance-linear, the lower long-petioled, 

plicate; stem rather stout, 4 — 6f; panicle long and narrow; sepals oblanceolate to 

obovate, 4", almost black, as long as the pedicels. Ind., and W. , 

\ 

7. XEROPHYLLUM, Mx. Fls. » . Sep. oval, spreading, sessile, and 

without glands. Fila. dilated and contiguous at base. Styles linear, revo- 
lute. Caps. 3-lobed, cells 2-seeded. % Lvs. numerous, diy, setaceous, the 
lower longer, rosulately reclined. Rac. simple, with white, showy flowers. 
X. aspliodeloides X.— Sandy plains, X. J. to N.C. 3— 5f. Per. 5'^ wide. Ped. 1^'. Jn. 

8. HELONIAS, L. Fls. 5 . Sep. sessile, spreading, glandless, shorter 
than the filiform stamens. Anth. blue. Caps. 3-homed, 3-st3'led. Seeds oo, 
linear. U Scape thickish, hollow, with many radical, narrow-oblanceolate 
leaves, and a short, dense raceme of purple flowers. 

M. buUata L. — X. J. to Ya. Pare. 10 — IS'. Lvs. nearly as long as the scape. May. 

9. CHAMffiLIRIUM, Walt. Fls. 5 ? . Sepals linear-spatulate, per- 
sistent, white, shorter than the filiform stamens. Anthers yellow. Styles 
club-form. Caps, ovoid, entire. Seeds oo, winged at each end. if Root 
premorse. Stem strict. Racemes slender, dense, nodding at top. 

C. luteum (L.) Blazing Star. — Damp grounds. Apr. — Jn. 12 — 30'. Eoot lvs. lance- 
obovate. stem lvs. lanceolate, more on the taller § plant. Racemes 3 — 12'. Spring. 

\ 

10. TOFIBLDIA, Hudson. Fls. ^ , 3-bracteolate at base. Sep. spread- 
ing, sessile, oblong. Caps. 8-lobed, 3-partible. Seeds oo, oblong, if Lvs. 
equitant, grass-like, from fibrous roots. Scapes clustered, bearing spikes 
©r narrow, close, greenish racemes. June — August. 

* Glabrous. Pedicels separate, very short. Rac. simple, short, spicate Nos. 1, 2 

* Glandular. Pedicels in 3"s (I's — 4's), short. Bracteoles united Xos. 3, 4 

1 T. glutinosa X. Lvs. glabrous, linear-ensiform, J as long as tbe rovi%\i-glutinous 

stem ; rac. short (1 — 1\'), spicate ; sep. oblanc, 2", pod 4". Woods, O. to Wis. 15'. 

2 T. iJubens Dryand. Leaves nearly f the length of the gland ular-puberulent stecn ; 

rac. of alternate, remotish fascicles, slender, 6— S' long, 30-40-flowered ; pod scarcely 
longer than the perianth. Barrens, Del. to Fla. Slender. 2 — 3f. 

3 T. palttstris Huds. Lvs. 3-5-veined, acute; scape filiform; spike ovoid, length- 

ened in fruit ; bractlets only at the base of the pedicels. Shores of L. Snp., and N. 

4 T. glabra X. Leaves radical, a few on the stem ; rac. 2 — 5' long, dense, 20-.30-flow- 

ered ; bractlets united near the flower, as in Xos. 1 and 2. Barrens, S. 1— 2f. 

11. PLEEA, L. C. Rich. Sep. wide-spread, lanceolate, sessile, longer 



350 Order 150.— JUNCACE^. 

than the 9—12 stamens. Styles subulate. Capsules 3-lobed. Seeds oc 
bristle-pointed, if Rush-like stem and leaves dry and rigid. 

P. tenuifolia Eich.— Bogs, S. 1— 2f. Sept., Oct. Leaves perennial, erect, very nar- 
row. If, and bracts sheathing. Eac. loose, of few light-yellow, star-like flowers (l'). 

Order CXLIX. PONTEDERIACE^E. Pontederiads. 

Plants aquatic, with the leaves parallel-veined, mostly dilated at base. 
Floicers spathaceous. Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, often irregular. 
Stamens 3 or 6, unequal, perigynous. Ovary free, 3-celled. Style 1. Stigma 
simple. Capsule 3-(sometimes l-)celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehis- 
cence. Seeds numerous (sometimes solitaiy), attached to a central axis. 
Albumen mealy. 

* Flowers irreg-ular, bine. Stamens 6. Utricle 1-seeded, (2 cells abortive) Pontederia. 1 

* Flowers regular, — x cyanic. Anthers 3., of 2 forms. Leaves reniform Heteranthera. 2 

— X yellow. Anthers 3, of 1 form. Leaves linear Schollera. 3 

1. PONTEDERIA, L. Pickerel Weed. Perianth bilabiate, under 
side of the tube split with 3 longitudinal clefts (the 2 lower sepals free), 
circinate after flowering and persistent. Sta. unequally inserted, 3 near 
the base and 3 at the summit of the tube. Utricle 1-seeded. if ^ Leaves 
radical, long-petioled. Stem 1-leaved, bearing a spike of blue flowers. Jl. 

1 P. cordata L. Lvs. ovate to oblong-deltoid, cordate, with rounded lobes ; petiole 

shorter than the peduncle ; spike cylindrical, pubescent, 2' long. In slow waters : 
com. A fine, showy plant, its blue spikes and smooth leaves 1 — 2f above the water, 

2 P. lancifolia Muhl. Lvs. lance-oblong to lance-lin. ; fls. as above. S. Apr., May. 

2. HETERANTHERA, R. & P. Tube of the perianth long and slen- 
der, limb 6-parted, equal. Stamens 3, lower anthers oblong-sagittate, on 
a longer filament. Capsule 3-celled, co-seeded, if ^ Leaves mostly reni- 
form, long-petioled. July, August. 

1 H. reiiiformis E. &. P. St. prostrate or floating ; Ivs. roundish, reniform or auric- 

iilate at base ; spathe acuminate, 3-5-flowered ; flowers white, N. Y., Pa., and W. 

2 M. limosa Vahl. Leaves ovate-oblong, both ends obtxise ; spathe 1-flowered, long- 

mucrouate ; flowers blue. S. and W. (Carruth), Lvs. 1— li', the stalks thrice longer. 

3. SCHOLLERA, Schreber, Tube of the perianth very long and slen- 
der, limb 6-parted, equal. Sta. 3, with similar anthers. Caps. 1-celled, 
00 - seeded, if ^ Leaves sheathing at base, grass-like, submersed. Stem 
floating, rooting at the lower joints. 

S. graminea Willd. — A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water, N. 1 — Sflong. Leaves 
1 — 2" wide. Flower solitary, 2|-' long, spathe half as long. July, August. 

Order CL. JUKCACE^. Rushes. 

Grass-like or rush-like lierls, with small, dry, greenish flowers. Perianth 
liliaceous in form, more or less glume-like, regular, 6-leaved, in 2 series, 
persistent. Stamens 6, rarely 3, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, introrse. 
Style 1. Capsule 3- or 1-celled, 3-valved. Albumen fleshy. Figs. 144, 467. 



Order loO.— JUNCACE^. 351 

* Perianth yellow, (greenish outside). Stigma 1. Capsule 00 -seeded Narthecium. 1 

* Perianth green or brownish. Stigmas 3. — x Capsule 3-seeded Luzula. 2 

— X Capsule 00 -seeded Juncus. 3 

1. NARTHECIUM, Moelir. Sepals spreading, yellowish inside. Fil. 
liaiiy. Caps, prismatic, 3-celled, tipped with the single style and stigma. 
Seeds go, bristle-tipped at each end. 21 Eoot creeping. Lvs. linear, equi- 
tant. Scape bracted, simple, racemons. July, August. 

N. ossifragum Huds. — Pine-barrens, N. J. Scape terete, 8 — 12', the leaves much 
shorter. Sepals lance-linear, 2". Pedicels 3 — 5", bracteolate. Capsule yellowish, 
A.". (N. Americanum Ker.) 

2. LUZULAj DC. Wood Rush. Perianth persistent, with 2 braci- 
lets at base. Stamens 6. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. if Stem jointed, 
leafy. Lvs. grass-like, on entire sheaths. Fls. terminal, green or brownish. 

* Flowers separate, pedicellate, in umbels or paniculate cymes Nos. 1, 2 

* Flowers aggregate, — x in pedunculate heads forming an umbel or cyme. . .Nos. 3, 4 

—X in sessile heads forming a nodding black spike No. 5 

1 li* pilosa Willd. Lvs. lance-linear, fringed with long white hairs; umbel simple, 

12-20-flwd. ; ped. 5 — 10", soon deflexed ; fls. V, brownish. Groves, Pa., and N. May. 

2 li. parviflora, Desv. Taller; lvs. lance-linear, glabrous; umb. decompound; fls. 

nodding, small ; sep. \" ; caps, dark brown, a little longer. Mts., N. 12 — IS'. Jn., Jl. 

3 li. campestris DC. Field Bush. Lvs. linear, flat, with cotton-like hairs ; fls. in 

roundish heads, which are umbelled with very unequal peduncles ; sep. rust-coloi-ed, 
longer than the obtuse caps. ; seeds appendaged at base. Meadows. 3 — 12'. May. 
j3. hnlh'osa. Bulbous at base, 3 — 9' ; sep. shorter than the globular caps. Apr. 

4 li. arcuata. E. Mayer. Lvs. linear, channelled, glabrous ; hds. 3-5-flwd., on filiform, 

often recurved, unequal ped. ; bracts ciliate ; seeds not appendaged. White Mts. 

5 li. spicata DC. Lvs. linear, hairy at base, very short ; spike oblong, 8 — 12" ; sep. 

bristle-pointed, equalling the roundish, black capsule (i"). White Mts. 9—12''. Jl. 

3. JUNCUS, L. Rush. Stamens 6 or 3. Capsule 3-celled, or (by the 
dissepiments not reaching the centre) 1-celled. Seeds numerous, % 
Mostly glabrous. Stems simple, leafless, or with terete or grassy leaves, 
entire sheaths, and small, 2-bracteolate, green or brown fls. June — Aug. 

§ Clusters growing apparently from the side of the simple scape . . (*) 
§ Clusters terminal on the stem or scape. Leaves never knotted. . .(**) 
§ Clusters terminal. Flowers in heads. Leaves internally knotted. . .(***) 

* Leaves few, radical, knotlcss, terete like the scape Nos, 1, 2 

* Leaves none. Flowers separate, not in heads. — a Stamens 3 No. 3 

— a Stamens 6 Nos. 4 — 6 

** Flowers separate, not in heads. Stamens 6. . . (c) 

** Flowers capitate, few or many in each head. — b Stamens 6 Nos. 7, 8 

—b Stamens 3 Nos. 9, 10 

c Stems branched. Pod much shorter than the unequal sepals No. 11 

c Stems simple. — d Pod globular, not exserted. Flowers green Nos. 12, 13 

— d Pod oblong or ovoid, exserted, brown Nos. 14 — 16 

*** Seeds tailed. Panicle rather erect, longer than its bract Nos. 17—19 

*** Seeds acute, not tailed. — x Stamens 6. . .(y) 

— X Stamens 3, bracts shorter than panicle .. .{z) 
y Heads 2-8-flwd. (or 1-flwd. in No. 20). Bracts shorter than panicle. . .Nos. 20, 21 
y Heads 5-70-flowered. Leaf or bract overtopping the panicle Nos. 22, 23 



852 Order 150.— JUNCACE^. 

2 Heads 5-15-flowerefl, and niimerous, in April— June Nos. 24, 25 

z Heads 20-80-flowered, few and large i.Nof?. 26,27 

1 J, setaceus Rostk. Scape weak, slender, (not setaceous), 1— 2f ; Ivs. shorter; panicle 

small, 20-SO-flwd., flowers separate ; sepals very acute, pod ^lobous. Sea-coast, S. 

2 J. Btoemerianus Scheele. Scape stout, rigid, 2 — 4f, and leaves pun<?ent ; panicle 

compound ; flowers capitate ; sep. f^harp-pointed ; pod turgid, a little shorter ; heads 
5-8-flowered, dark brown. Marshes, Va. to Fla. (J. maritimus C-B.) 

3 J. eflfasus L. Soft B. Scapes straight, not rigid ; panicle decompound, often dif- 

fuse ; flowers green, sep. as long as the obovoid, obtuse pod. Wet : common. 2 — 3f. 

4 J. flliforinis L. Scapes very slender, weak, the subsimple panicle near the mid- 

dle ; sepals longer than the obtuse, mucronate pod. Me. to Mich. 1 — 2f. 

5 J. Smitliii Engeim. Scapes slender, rather rigid, 2— 3f; cyme fevi'-flwd. ; flowers 

brown, 1" ; pod round-ovoid, mucronate, exserted. Broad Mountain, Pa. (Porter). 

6 J. Baltlcus Dethard. Scapes in dense rows on the rhizome, rigid, pungent; pan. 

near the top, brown ; sep. erect, very acute, equalling the elliptical, mucronate pod 
(U'O. Sandy shores. Me. to Penn. and Wis. 1— 3f. 

7 J. trifidus L. Stems tufted, 5 — 8', wiiy, sheathed at base, 3-leaved at top, and with 

a sessile head of 3 blackish flowers ; capsule globular. Mountains, N. H., N. Y. 

8 J". Stygius L. Stems few-leaved at base, leafless at top, 7—12' ; heads 1—3, about 3- 

flowered ; sepals shorter than the elliptic pod ; seeds large, tailed. Me., N. Y. 

9 J. repens Mx. Stems low, tufted, 2—6' ; leaves linear, opposite, fascicled ; sepals 

subulate, awn-pointed, 3— 4'^, the slender pod 2". (I) Md. to Fla. May. 

10 J. marginatus Kostk. Stem compressed ; leaves linear, flat ; cyme compound ; 
heads many, 2-9-flowered, chestnut-brown ; pod globular. 1 — 3f. 

|3. biffbrus. Heads very numerous, 2— 3-flowered, nearly black. S. 

11 J. bufoiiiiis L. Toad li. Slender, 3— 8', tufted : leaves 1 — 2' ; branches 2, flowei 
bearing the whole length ; flowers remote, green ; the 3 outer sep. longer. Common. 

12 J. tenuis Willd. Stems wiry, 8—24' ; leaves flat-filiform, 3—8' ; bracts longer than 
the loose panicle ; sepals green, longer than the roundish pod. Common. 

/3. secuntius. Flowers 1-rowed on the branchlets ; bracts shorter than the panicle. 

13 J. dicliotoimifS Ell. Stem wiry, 1— 2f; Ivs. terete-flliform, channelled, on long 
sheaths : panicle forked or den;re ; pod roundish, long as sepals. S. Too near No. 12. 

1 4 J. Gerardi Loisel. Black Grass. Sts. wiry, leafy, 1— 2f ; Ivs. thread-ensiform. 3—8' ; 
pan. longer than the bracts ; style conspicuous ; pod blackish, long as sepals. Marshes. 

1 5 J. Oreenii Oakes & Tuckm. Wiry scapes and filiform Ivs. rigid ; bract filiform, 
twice longer (4') than the small panicle ; flowers secund, straw-brown ; sepals ovate, 
shorter than the ovoid pod. Coasts of N. Eng. and Mich. 1 — 2f. 

16 J. Vaseyi Engeim. Sepals lanceolate, as long as the oval pod; bract scarcely 
longer than the panicle. Otherwise like No. 15. Mich. (Prof. Porter). 

1 7 J. asper Engeim. Sts. rigid, 2— 3f ; Ivs. rigid and rough, .3—10'; hds. scattered, 3-5 
flwd., Sep. 2^", strongly veined, subequal ! shorter than the pointed brown pod. N. J 

15 J* caudatus Chapm. Sts. rigid, 2 — 3f; Ivs. 3, rigid, erect; panicle large, erect , 
hds. 2-4-flwd. ; sep. 2", unequal ; pod 3", finally black ; sds. with long white tails. S. 

19 J. Canadensis Gay. Sts. terete, with 2 or 3 erect, smooth Ivs. ; fls. in Attg. and 
Sept., 3—50 in a head, paniculate, brownish ; sepals lanceolate, 3 outer shorter, noup 
longer than the oblong-triangular pod ; stamens 3. Common and very variable. 

a, coarcthtns. Heads 2-5-flwd., in a contracted panicle ; pod brown, exserted. 
j3. brachycdphalus, Hds. 3-5-flwd., in a spreading panicle ; pod brown, exserted. 
y. sttbcaudhtus. Slender; heads 8-20-flwd., remote ; seeds with short white tails. 
S. long-icaudtitus. Stouter ; hds. 8-50-flwd., approximate ; sds. slender, long-tailed. 

20 J. pelocarpus Meyr. Sts. slender, 2-3-lvd., 10—20'; panicle much branched ; fls. 
in pairs or solitary, scattered, reddish ; pod oblung, pointed with the slender style, 
longer than the oblong sepals. Wis. to Me. and Fla. (J. Conradi Tuckm.) 

21 J. articulitus L. Stems If, with 1—2 leaves ; heads 3-&-flowered, crowded in a 
spreading panicle : sepals brownish, oblong; pod deep brown, oblong, exserted N 



Order 151.— COMMELYNACEJE. 353 

p. obtusuta. Heads 5-flowered ; sepals and pod green, obtuse, mucronate. Phi!a 
y. insi^nis. Panicle erect, few-flowered ; outer sepals cuspidate, inner obtuse. 

22 J", militarifs Bw. Bayonet E. Stem stout, 2— 3f, bearing a single terete leaf near 
the middle, which overtops the panicle ; heads 5-15-flowered ; sepals brownish, acute, 
as long as the acuminate capsule. Bogs, coastward, N. Eng. to Del. 

23 J. nodosus L. Stem slender, 2- or 3-lvd. ; Ivs. slender, the upper (bracts) overtop 
ping the cluster ; heads few (1 — 9), approximate, 5-50-flowered ; sepals brown, lance- 
subulate, shorter than the beaked capsule. Wet sands. Can. to Car. 

/3. tneg-ac^phalus. Stout, 3f, upper leaf and bract exceeding the simple cluster ; 
heads 50-80-flowered, green ; outer sepals subulate-awned, as long as the pod. 

24 J. acuminatus Mx. Stems 2- or 3-leaved ; hds. 3-15-flowered, in a loose spread- 
ing panicle exceeding the bract ; sepals lance-subulate, nearly equalling the short- 
pointed brown pod ; seeds minute, acute at both ends. May, June. 

j3. dibilis. Slender or stout ; hds. 3-T-flwd. ; pod exserted. N. J., Ky., andS. 9'-3f. 
y. lesritimust Heads 8-15-flowered ; pods scarcely exserted. (J. Pondii C-B.) 

25 J. Elliottii Chapm. Stem, leaves, and panicle very erect, 1 — 2f; hds. 5-8-flwd.. tts. 
1" ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the turgid-ovoid, blackish pod ; seeds acute. April. 

26 J. "bracliycarpus Eng. Strict, rigid, 1^ — 2i-f ; leaves 2 — 3 ; bract short ; hds. round, 
dense, 50-flwd., pale, few (2 — 10) ; 3 outer sepals awned, much longer than pod. AV. 

j8. ? Wolfii, Pan. spreading ; 2Mcl ovoid, blunt, little shorter than the sep. 111. (Wolf). 

27 J. scirpoides Lam. Eigid, 2f; heads and bract as in the last ; style usually ex- 
serted; sepals pungent-awned, equalling the taper-pointed pod. N. Y. to Ga. 

p. polyc^phalus. Stout, 3f; heads 60-9Q-flwd., brownish, distant; Ivs. flattened. 

Order CLI. COMMELYNACE^. Spiderworts. 

Herbs with, flat, narrow leaves, slieathing at base. Sepals 3, green, petals 
3, colored. Stamens 6, some of them usually deformed or abortive. Styles 
and stigmas united into one. Capsule 2- or 3-valved. Seeds 3 or more. 

§ Flowers irregular, clustered in a spathe-like, cordate, floral leaf Commeltna. 1 

§ Flowers regular, clustered. Floral leaves like the rest. Stamens 6 Tradescantia. 2 

§ Flowers regular, solitary, axillary. Stamens 3. Moss-like herbs Mataca. 3 

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Fls. irregular, 3 of the stamens sterile, with 
glands for anthers. Caps. 3-celled, one of the cells abortive or 1-seeded. — 
Leaves contracted to the sheathing base. Floral leaf or spathe erect in 
flower, recurved before and after. Petals blue, open but a few hours. 

1 C comniijiiis L. Procumbent and much branched ; Ivs. lance-ovate, rounded at 

base ; spathe lateral, 2-6-flowered ; odd petal reniforra. Wet soils, S. June — Nov. 

2 C. Cayemiensis Rich. Procumbent, glabrous, with small (1^—2^0 ovate-oblong, 

obtuse leaves ; spathe lateral, .3-4-flowered ; odd petal round-ovate. Banks, 111. to La. 

3 C Virgiiiica L. Stem weak, ascending; Ivs. lanceolate to linear; spathe broad- 

cordate when open ; odd petal very small, raised on a claw. Dry. M., S.,W. Jl.,Aug. 

4 C erecta L. Erect, pubescent, sheaths hairy; leaves lanceo-vate ; spathe hawk-bill- 

shaped, its base-lobes united ; petals nearly equal. Woods, Pa., W. and S. Jl., Aug. 

2. TRADESCANTIA, L. Spiderwort. Fls. regular. Sep. persistent, 
pet. large, roundish, spreading. Fil. clothed with jointed hairs, anth. reni- 
form. Caps. 3-celled. If Fls. in terminal, close umbels. Juice viscid. 

1 T. Virginica L. Umbels sessile, terminal and axillary, with leafy bracts ; ped. soon 
rcflexed ; flowers ephemeral, of a rich deep blue ; leaves linear, channelled ; stem 
thick, jointed, 2— 3f. Damp. M., S., W. Cultivated. 



354 Order 152.— XYRIDACE^. 

2 T. pilosa Lehm. Umbels sessile, terminal and axillary; leaves lanceolate, hairy 

both sides ; flowers small, bluish purple. Banks, 111. to O., and S. 2f. 

3 T, rosea. Mx. Umbels terminal, pedunculate, with subulate bracts ; leaves linear ; 

petals rose-colored, tAvice longer than the smooth calyx. May. If. 

4 T. CKASsiFOLiA. From Mexico, a trailing leaf-plant, in vases and baskets, with thick 

ovate leaves, variegated with purple, green, and white. Flowers roseate. 

3. MAYACA, Aubl. Stamens 3, opposite the sepals. Caps, l-celled. 
Seeds several, attached to the middle of the valves, y^ Moss-like, creep- 
ing, branching, beset with narrow, linear leaves. Pedimcles solitary, axil- 
lary, 1-flowered. Resembles a Sphagnum. 

]?J. Micliaiixii Schott. & Endl. Ped. longer than the Ivs. (which are 2— S"), reflexed 
iu fruit; pod 9-12-seeded; petals white. Shallow waters, Va. to Fla. July. 

Order CLII. XYRIDACE^. Xyrids. 

Herbs sedge-like, with equitant leaves and a scape bearing a head of 
regular triandrous flowers. Perianth of 3 glumaceous sepals and 3 colored 
petals. Fertile stamens on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 
3-valved, oo-seeded. 

XYRIS, L. Yellows-eyed Grass. Head of flowers ovoid-cylindrical, 
invested with an armor of cartilaginous scales. One sepal membranous, 
involving the yellow corolla in bud, the 2 lateral strongly keeled, persistent. 
Pet. crenulate, on claws, caducous. 3 sterile sta. alternately with the 3 fer- 
tile, li Lvs. radical, linear, sheathing the base of the slender scape. Jn.-Aug. 

* Scape 2-edged above (except No. 6). Lvs. long, linear, flat, often twisted. . .{x) 

* Scape teretish, its lvs. shorter than its sheath (No. 9) or longer, and filiform.. .No. 8 

X Sepal- exceeding the bract, and fringed on the winged keel Nos. 6, 7 

X Sepals (the 2 lateral) included, — y winged and ciliate on the keel Nos. 3—5 

— y wingless or very nearly so Nos. 1, 2 

1 X. flexuosa Miahl. Common X. Scape 6—18', often bulbous at base ; lvs. narrowly 

linear, 3—9', often twisted ; head round-ovoid, 3 — 4'' ; sepals minutely bearded at the 
t»lp, lance-oblong, quite wingless on the keel. N. Eng. to 111. and Ga. 

2 X. ambigua Beyr. Scape 2— 3f; lvs. broad-linear, rough-edged, 6—12'; hd. lance- 

oblong, 9—15" ; sepals lanceolate, slightly winged ; petals large (6"). Barrens, S. 

3 Xr Caroliniana Walt. Scape 1— 2if, the broad-linear Ivs. more than half as long ; 

hd. yellowish-brown, 6—9" ; sep. obscurely fringed ; pet. 4 — 5''. Swamps, Mass. to Fla, 

4 X. Elliottii Chapm. Scape 2-edged throughout, 1— IK; lvs. narrow-lin., i as long; 

hd. obovoid, 4—5" ; sep. cut-fringed on the wing ; pet. W. Wet barrens, S. Car. to Fla. 

5 X. platylepis Chapm. Scape 2— 3f, twisted, as well as the broad-linear lvs. ; hd. 9— 

18"', pale ; sepals fringed at the apex, wing narrow ; petals 2—3''. Sands, S. Car. to Fla. 

6 X. torta Sm. Bulbous ; terete scape and rigid lvs. twisted ; hd. oval to oblong, 5—9" ; 

sepal fringe exserted ; petals large, roundish, 8". Sand, N. J. to Fla. (X. bulbosaK.) 

t X. fimbriata Ell. Scape rough, 2— 3f, the broad-linear lvs. nearly as long ; hd. large, 

ovoid, 9—12" ; sepals much fringed and exserted ; petals small (3 — 4"). N. J. to Fla. 

8 X. BaldwiiilsLiia E. & S. Scape 6—18', twice longer than the fiUform bristle-point- 

ed leaves ; head oval, 2—4" ; sep. falcate, keel winged, ciliolate. Fla. (X. filifolia Ch.) 

9 X. l>revifolia Mx. Scape 4—12' ; lvs. linear to subulate, \ — 2', spreading two ways ; 

head oval, 2—3"; sep. winglees ; pot. 2". Wet places, S. (X. flabelliformis Chapm.) 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 355 

Order CLIII. ERIOCAULONACE^. Pipeworts. 

Herbs perennial, aquatic, with linear, cellular, spongy leaves sheathing the 
base of the slender scapes, which bear a dense head of minute imperfect 
flowers at top. Pei^ianth 2-6-parted or 0. Stamens 6, some of them gener- 
ally abortive. Ovary 2= or 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. 

* Stamens (4 or 6) twice as many as the petals. (Scape 7-12-ribbed) ErioCAULON. 1 

* Stamens 3, as many as the petals. (Scape .5-ribbed, puberulent) PiEPALANTHUS. 2 

* Stamens 3, and no petals. Scape 5-ribbed, short, hairy Lachnocaulon. 3 

1. ERIOCAULON, L. Pipewort. Fls. 6" , in a compact head, with 
an involucre, the marginal fertile. Sepals 3. $ Petals 2 or 3, black-tipped, 
united, sta. 4 or 6. ? Pet. 2 or 3, distinct, sta. 0. Style 1, stigmas 2 or 3. 
71 Lvs. grass-like. Scape fluted. Chaff and fls. white-woolly at tip. Jn.-Aug. 

1 E. decangnlare L. Scape tall (2 — "Sf ), 10-12-ribbed ; leaves linear-ensiform, sub- 

erect, near J as long as the scapes ; head 3 — ?>" ; chaflf pointed. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 

2 E. gnaplialoides Mx. Scape tall (1 — 2ff), 10-ribbed ; leaves enslform-subulate, 

2 — 4' ; bracts and chaff obtuse, densely white-fringed. Swamps, N. J. to Fla. 

3 E. septa.ngula,re Wth. Scape very slender, 7-ribbed, 3—6', or in water several feet 

according to its depth ; leaves linear-setaceous, 1 — 3' ; heads globular. N. J. to Mich. 
/ 

2. PffiPALANTHUS, Mart. Flowers 3-parted. Stamens in the sterile 

flowers 3. Stigmas in the fertile flowers 3. Capsule 3-seeded. Otherwise 

nearly as in Eriocaulon. 

P, flavidus Kuntli. In tufts ; scapes 5-ribbed, minutely downy, 6—9'; leaves linear 
setaceous, 1 — 2' ; head finally globular, bracts obtuse, straw-colored. Va. to Fla. 

3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. $ Calyx 3-sepalled. Cor. 0. Sta. 3, 

anth. 1-celled, filaments united below. ? Cal. 3-sepalled. Cor. reduced to 

a tuft of hairs surrounding the 3-seeded caps. Otherwise as in Eriocaulon. 

li. Itticliaiixii K. Scapes 1—5', clustered, 5-ribbed, villous, 2— S' (If, Chapman) ; lvs. 
ensiform-subulate, 1-— 2' ; head globular, 1—2", brownish. Sands, Va. to Fla. 

Class IV. GLUMIFER^, 

Or Glumaceous Endogeis^s. Plants having their flowers in- 
vested with one or more alternate imbricated glumes (chaff or 
husk) instead of petals and sepals, and collected into spikelets, 
spikes, or heads. The Class is equivalent to 

Cohort 7. CRAMINOIDE^, the Gramiistoids or grass- 
like plants. 

Order CLIV. CYPERACE^. The Sedges. 

These are grass-like or rush-like lierhs, with fibrous roots and solid culms. 
Leaves generally 3-ranked, linear, channelled, based on entire or tubular 
sheaths. Flozcers spiked, perfect or imperfect, ona in the axil of each 
glume. Perianth none, or represented by a few hypogyuous bristles called 



356 Order 155.— GRAMIKE^. 

set(Sy or a cup-shaped or bottlc'sliaped 'perigynium. Stamens definite, gen- 
erally 3 (1 — 12). AntJiers fixed by their base, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 
1-ovuled. Style 2- or S-cleft and the achenhcm 2-sided or 3-sided. 

The Sedges abound in marshes, meadows, and swamps. They are ex- 
tremely difficult to determine, owing to their general similarity of form 
and appearance and the minuteness of their flowers. They are, therefore, 
the last to be studied in the botanical course. The scope and plan of this 
work exclude the details of this Order, and the pupil who may be in- 
terested in it is referred to the full account of its genera and species con- 
tained in the Class-Book. 

By a careful observation of the annexed table, our Sedges may all be 
readily traced to their Genera, which are comparatively few. 

§ CYPERE.E. Glumes distycbous (2-rowed). Flowers all perfect. ..(*) 

§ SCIRPE^'E. Glumes imbricated all around, each (except sometimes the lowest) with a perfect flower. 

Spikes all terminal or all lateral. . .(**) 
§ RHYNCHOSPOREjE. Glumes imbricated all around or irregularly, the lowest empty. Spikelets 

both terminal and axillary (except Dicbromena). . .(***) 
§ CARICE/E. Glumes imbricated all around, or irregularly. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ache- 

nium enclosed in a hoMe-shnped perigi/nium. . .(****) 

* Inflorescence axillary. Perigynium or perianth of 6 — 10 setae Dulichium. 1 

* Inflorescence terminal, Perigynium noue. — a Spikes 2- 00 -flowered Cyferus. 2 

— a Spikes 1-flowered, capitate Kyllingia. 3 

** Perianth of 3 ovate clawed petals and (often) of 3 setae. Glumes awned Fuirena. 4 

** Perianth of 2 oblong sessile scales (pales) and no setse. Spikes 00 Lifocaepha. 5 

** Perianth of 1 minute double scale and no setae. Spikes 2, lateral HemicarphA. 6 

** Perianth of setae only, 3 — GO. No scales or petals... (&) 
** Perianth none at all. . .(ci!) 

b Achenium crowned with a tubercle. Spike solitary, terminal Eleocharis. 7 

b Achenium not tubercled.— c Setee 3—6, short, or else tawny. Borj Rush SciRPrs. 8 

— c Setae GO (—6), long, cottony, white or reddish Eriofhorum. 9 

d Style 2-cleft. Spikes 5—10, terminal (capitate in Gen. 13) Fimbristtlis. 10 

d Style 3-cleft. Achenium 3-angled Trichelostylis. 11 

*** Achenia crowned with the persistent style or its bulbous base (a tubercle). . .(s) 

*** Achenia not tuberculate,— x brown like the scales. Setae none Cladium. 16 

— X white or whitish, crustaceous. Setae none Scleria. 17 

s Perianth none (no setas). — y Spikes diffusely cymous Psilocarya. 12 

— ?/ Spikes capitate. Bracts colored Dichromena. 13 

s Perianth of seta?. — z Achenium tuberculate with the base of the style. .Ehynchospora. 14 

— z Achenium horned with the entire long style Cekatoschoenus. 15 

•*** Spikes either with $ and ?, or each wholly $ or wholly $ Carex 18 

Order CLV. GRAMINE^. The Grasses. 

Herbs (the Canes and Bamboos are woody and tree-like) with culms 
mostly hollow and jointed. The leaves are alternate, 2-ranked, on tubular 
sheaths split down to the base, and bearing a membranous ligule (of the 
nature of stipules) where the sheath and blade meet. Flowers in little 
spikelets of 1 or several, with the glumes in 2 rows, collected into spikes, 
racemes, or panicles. Glumes (the lower pair of scales in the spikelet) al- 
ternate, enclosing the flowers. Pales (or palae, the outer pair of scales of 
each particular flower) alternate and unequal. PeriantJi or represented 
by 2 minute hypogynous scales. Stamens 1—6, commonly 3, anthers versa- 



Okder 155.— GRAMINE^. 357 

tile, 2-celled, bifid at both ends. Ovary simple, l-ovuled, 1-styled, with 3 
feathery stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis, with mealy albumen. 

A vast and important Order, contributing largely to the sustenance of man and beast. 
Both herbage and seed are rich in sweet and nutritious matter. In temperate regions, 
the Grasses form a turf^ soft, green, and compact, clothing the hills and plains, pastures 
and meadows. But in tropical regions this beautiful turf-carpet is unknown, the Grasses 
becoming larger, even trees (as the stately Bamboo), and stand more isolated, with 
broader leaves and larger panicles. To this Order belong the Cereal Grains, as the Indian- 
Corn, Wheat., Eye., Oats., Barley., Pace., &c., as well as the Hay-grasses— Timoe^Ay, Bed-top., 
Blue-grass., Spear-grass., &c. Also the Sugar-Cane, and various kinds of Sorghum. 

As a study, the Grasses are usually neglected by beginners, and for the same reasons 
mentioned under the preceding Order, but ultimately they become of absorbing interest. 
We fear that any account of the entire Order growing within our territory, such as could 
be compressed within our limited space, would prove unsatisfactory to the beginner. "We 
therefore content ourselves by annexing a modified analytical table of the Genera, and 
refemug the learner to the full account of the Genera and Species contained in the Class- 
Book — noticing a few ornamental genera recently introduced. 

§ Spikelet 1-flowered with no apparent rudiment of a second flower. , .(2) 
§ Spikelet 2-flowered, one of the flowers sterile or rudimentary. . .(7) 

§ Spikelet 3-flowered, the two lower (lateral) flowers sterile or rudimentary., .(t) Tribe 6 

§ Spikelet 2- OO - flowered, two or more of the flowers perfect, or all imperfect (9 5 ). . .(9) 
2 Inflorescence paniculate. ..(3) 

2 Inflorescence strictly spicate, spikes equilateral. ..(5) 
2 Inflorescence strictly spicate, spikes unilateral. ..(6) 

3 Glumes none (or minute and the stamens 6)... (a) Tribe 1 

3 Glumes present, at least 1 conspicuous. . .(4) 

4 Pales of the flower thin and soft, often awned. ..(&) Tribe 2 

4 Pales of the flower coriaceous, — * tipped with awns-.-O') Tribe 4 

— * awnless . . . O7) Tribe 5 

5 Spikes cylindric, the spikelets condensed all around. ..(e) Tribe 3 

6 Spikes prismatic, spikelets sessile in rows . . . (u) Tribe 9 

6 Spikelets rounded on the back, appressed to the rachis. . .(q) Tribe 5 

6 Spikelets acutely keeled on the back, imbricated on each other. . .(x) \ Tribp Irt 

7 Upper fls. of the spikelet abortive. — * Fls. in unilateral spikes. . .(x) j • • • • 

• — * Flowers paniculate... (!•) Tribe 7 

7 Lower flower of the spikelet abortive ... (8) 

8 Pales coriaceous, firmer in texture than the glumes. Paniculate. . .(.g) Tribe 3 

8 Pales membranous, thinner than the glumes. Spicate. ..(bb) Tribe 11 

9 Flowers in 2- or 4-ro wed, — * equilateral spikes. ..(y) Tribe 9 

— * unilateral spikes . . . (x) Tribe 10 

9 Flowers in panicles more or less difi"use. . .(10) 

10 Pale awned at the tip or awnless... (n) ., Tribe 8 

10 Pale awned on the back or below the tip. . .Qc) Tribe 7 

1. ORYZE^E. (Spikelets 1-floicered, panided. Glumes obsolete. Stamens 1 — 6.) 

a Flowers perfect, flattened laterally, awnless. — Glumes 0. Stam. 2 or 3. Cut Grass Lekrsia. 1 

— Glumes minute. Stamens 6. Rice Oeyza. 2 

a Flowers monoecious, both kinds in the same panicle. Stamens 6. Indian Sice. Zizania. 3 

a Flowers monoecious, each kind in separate panicles. Stamens 5 — 12. S Luziola. 4 

2. AGROSTIDEjE. (Spilielets \-floicered, panided. Glumes and pales thin. Grain free.) 

b Flowers surrounded at base with a tuft of long, silky hairs Calasiagrostls. 10 

b Flowers naked or thinly bearded at base. . .(c) 

c Glumes both long-awned and longer than the awned pales Polypogos. 9 

c Glumes both awn-pointed (or minuts and the pale awned) Muhlenbergia. 8 

C Glumes awnless, conspicuous. ..(cZ) 

d Pale stalked in the glumes, awned on the back, monandrous. Stceet Reed Cinna. 7 

d Pale sess. in the glumes, 3-androus, — acute, awnless. Glumes shorter Sporoboi.us. 6 

— obtuse, often awned on back. Bent Q. .Agkostis. 5 



358 Oeder 155.— GRAMINEiE. 



PHLEOIDE^E.— e Glumes united at base, awnless. Pale 1, awned Alofkchrus. 11 

—e Glumes distinct, mucronate. Pales 2, awnless. Timothy Phleum. 12 

— e Glumes distinct, pointless. Pales 2, awnless Crtpsis. 13 

STIPACE.^.— / Awn of the flower simple, straight, deciduous Oryzofsis. 16 

—f Awn of the flower simple, twisted, very long Stipa. 15 

— / Awn of the flower triple or S-parted. Poverty Grass Akistida. 14 

PANICEjE. {Spikelets2-flicd., loicer floicer abortive. Glumes very unequal. ^ Pale coriaceou-'.) 
g Spikelet apparently 1-flowered, the lower glume wanting and the single abortive pale 

supplying its place. — Flowers spicate, unilateral Paspalum. 17 

— Flowers diffusely panicled, all alike. Millet Grass Millium. 18 

— Flowers paniculate, 2 sorts, one under ground Amphicarpcm. 19 

g Spikelet evidently 2-flowered, both glumes present, abortive flower neutral or ^ . . .(A) 

A Flowers paniculate, — without awns or spines. Pale cartilaginous. Panic G Panicum. 20 

— without awns or spines. Pales herbaceous Penicillaria. 21 

—with the glumes and pale coarsely awned. Coch-spur Oplismenus. 22 

h Flowers spike-panicled, — each with an invol. of awned pedicels. Fox-tail Setaria. 23 

— each with a hardened, burr-like invol. Burr <?ra.ss. . .Cenchrus. 24 

PHAIiARIDE^E.^^/ Sterile flowers 2 minute rudiments. Panicle spicate Phalaris. 25 

— i Sterilo flowers 2 awned pales. Panicle 8picate*^,„ ...... .A^TnoxANTiruM. 26 

— i Sterile flowers both 2-valved, ^ . Panicle open Hierochloa. 27 

AVENE^E. {Spikelets2- CC -JloirererJ, panicled. Glumes large. Pale aioied below the tip.) 

k Spikelet with 1 perfect flower and 1 awned staminate flower — above. So/t Grass HoiCcs. 28 

— below § Arrhenatherum. 31 

k Spikelet with definitely 2 perfect flowers. Pale subentire, awn dorsal Aira. 29 

k Spikelet with 2 or more perfect flowers. Pale 2-toothed at apex. . .(m) 

Hi Awn between the two teeth, twisted ; glumes very large Danthonia. 30 

);( Awn dorsal below the middle (except in the cultivated Oat). Oat Avena. 31 

m Awn dorsal above the middle. — Flowers 2 — 5. Teeth cuspidate Trisetum. 32 

— Flowers 5 — CC . Teeth acutish. Brome Bromus. 33 

FESTUl^ACE.E. {.'^pikeht-'^' 2- CC -flmvered., panicled., aicnless, or the lower pale tipped 
icith a firaijjht briHle or awn. Glumes 2.) 
n Glumes definitely 2, all the lower flowers of the spikelet perfect. . .(o) 
n Glumes several, indefinite, the lower flowers abortive and glume-like... (p) 
o Flowers frijige-bearded at the base. Pales 3-cuspidate or entire. . .(q) 
o Flowers beardless. Lower pale mucronate or awn-pointed (except in one Festuca). . .(»•) 
o Flowers beardles.'s. Lower pale obtuse or acute, not at all awned... (.51) 

q Lower pale 2- or 3-cuspidate and 1-2-awned. Upper pale entire Tricuspis. 34 

q Lower pale 2-cuspidate and 1-awned. Upper pale entire. 8 — 12f Arundo. 35 

q Lower and upper pale both entire and pointless at apex Gbaphephorum. 36 

q Lower pale long-pointed, ichite as well as the glumes and hair. Pampas Grass Gynerium. 37 

r Glumes and pales keeled, — herbaceous, 5-veined. Flowers glomerate Dactylis. 38 

— membranous, 3-veined. Panicle spicate Kceleria. .39 

r Glumes and pales rounded on the back, — both coriaceous. Grain free Diarrhena. 40 

— pale papery, grain adherent. Fescue Festuca. 41 

« Spikelets 2-3-flowered. with some abortive terminal flowers. Pale papery, not keeled. . .{t) 

t Upper glume broad-obovate, shorter than the flower Eatonia. 42 

t Upper glume oblong, 7-9-veined, longer than the flowers. Melic Melica. 43 

« Spikelets 2-50-flowered, all perfect. Pales usually thin. . .(w) 

u Lower pale keeled, 3-veined, membranous like the glumes Ek.\grostis. 44 

u Lower pale keeled, 5-veined, usually- cobwebbed at base. Spear Grass Poa. 45 

u Lower pale convex-keeled, obscurely 9-vcined. Panicle spiked Brjzopyrujt. 46 

u Lower pale convex, 7-( — 5)-veined, never webbed at base. Manna Glyceria. 47 

u Lower pale convex- ventricous, cordate, obscurely veined. Quake Briza. 48 

p Herbaceous. — Flowers glabrous, awnless, falcate-pointed Uxioi.a. 49 

— Flowers silky-villous at base. Tall, stout. Reed Phragmites. 50 

p Woody, tall (the flowering branches low). Flowers short-awned Arundinaria. 51 

HOBDEACE^E. {Spikelets l-lO-floirered, se.<<sile, alternate in a spike. Bachis jointed.) 

V Spikes several. Spikelet solitary at each joint, l-flowered Lepturus. 52 

« Spike single.— Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint. Barley Hordeum. 53 

—Spikelets 2- OC - flowered,— several at each joint. Hedgehog Eltuus. 51 

—1 at each joint. . .(w) 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^ 359 

to Glume 1, in front of the spikelet which is edgewise to the rachis. Darnel Lolium. 55 

to Glumes 2, opposite.— Spikelet 3- CO -flowered. Witch G. Wheat. Tkiticum. 56 

— Spikelet 2-flowered. Eye Secale. 57 

10. CHLORIDES. (SpiJcelets inl-sidedjolntle-ss spiJ^es, 1- CO -flowered. Upper flawer abortive.) 
X Spikes very slender, many, in an equilateral raceme. . .(y) 

y Spikes raceme-like. Spikelets with several perfect flowers Leftochloa. 58 

y Spikes with sessile, 2-flowered spikelets, one flower a rudiment Gymnopogon. 59 

X Spikes slender, several, digitately arranged above, or, in No. 60, axillary. ..(a) 

z Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, — awnless, globular, no rudiment Manisurus. 60 

— awnless, oblong, with a rudiment Cynodon. 61 

— awned, glume 3-lobed Eustachys. 62 

— awned, glume acute Chloris. 63 

z Spikelets with several perfect flowers.— Flowers awnless Eleusine. 64 

— Flowers awned Dactylocteniu.w. 65 

X Spikes thick and dense, 1 — 00 . Spikelets with 1 perfect flower. ..{aa) 

aa Spikes several or many. Flower with no rudiment Spartika. 66 

aa Spikes 1, few, or many. Flower with a terminal rudiment Bouteloua. 67 

aa Spike solitary, recurved. Awns terminal and dorsal Ctenium. 68 

11. SACCHARIE^. (SpiJcelets in j^airs or 3's, 2-flowered, the lower flower abortive. Fertile pales 

thinner than the (/hones., e.xrept in No. 72.) 
hh Flowers (the fertile) imbedded in the cavities of glabrous, jointed spikes... (cc) 

cc Spikes monoecious, $ abortive, $ below, both naked. Sesame Tripsacum. 69 

cc Spikes monoecious ^ above panicled, ? below enveloped in husks. Maize Zea. 70 

cc Spikes uniform, — terete. The pedunculate spikelet abortive Rottbcellia. 71 

— compressed. Both spikelets fertile Stenotaphrum. 72 

hb Flowers not imbedded, spicate or panicled, mostly long-bearded. . .{jM) 

dd Both spikelets of each pair fertile.— Lower flower awned. Plume G Erianthus. 73 

— Flowers awnless. Siirjar-cane Saccharum. 7-1 

dd Only one spikelet of each pair fertile.— Fls. and rachis hairy. Beard G Axdeopogon. 75 

— Flowers and rachis smoothish Soughum. 76 

dd The lower spikelet on each spike fertile, in a bony shell. JoVs-tears Coix. 77 

21. PENIOILLARIA spicata. Erect, 4f, branching, with broad flat 
leares. Panicle cylindric-oblong, If, compact, consisting of innumerable simple branchoe, 
each, with 2 or 1 spikelet at the end, and clothed with spreading hairs. Each spikelet 
bears at length a white ripened grain, (i) E. India. 

35. ARUNDO DoNAX. A tall, handsome Reed, from Spain. lOf. The 
leaves are broad or lanceolate, very smooth, shining, dark green, or (in a variety called 
Gardeners'' Garters) green and white-striped. The panicle is broad, spreading, diffusely 
branched, the glumes as long as the flowers. 
"\ 

37. GYNERIUM argekteum. Pa^vipas Grass. A magnificent Reed, 

from S. America, becoming common. @ Its leaves are narrow, channelled, in a dense 
radical cluster, recitrved. Culms 10 — 18f, clustered, bearing dense hairy panicles 1^ — 2f 
long, silvery-white with innumerable flowers and their long silky hairs. Some of the 
panicles are fruitful ( ? ), others barren ( 5 ). 

63. CHLORIS RADiATA, from S. Africa, is an elegant Grass, 11. Culm 
erect, If, flattened, bearing at top a dense cluster of spikes, radiating horizontally from a 
common centre. Spikes unilateral, spikelets each 2-flowered, the flowers both with long 
awns, the lower perfect and fertile. Leaves flat, linear, obtuse, sheath hairy. 



360 Ordeb 156.— MARSILEACE.^. 

SuBKiKGDOM, CEYPTOGAMIA, 

Or Flowerless Plants. Vegetables destitute of true stamens 
and pistils, gradually descending to a mere cellular structure, 
with reproductiye organs of 1 or 2 kinds, producing, instead of 
seeds, minute, dust-like bodies (spores) having neither integu- 
ments nor embryo. 

Proyin'CE, AOROGENS. Flowerless plants, having a regular 
stem or axis which grows by the extension of the apex only, 
without increasing in diameter, generally with leaves, and 
composed of cellular tissue and scalariform ducts. (Ferns, 
Mosses, Club-mosses, Horsetails, &c.) 

Order CLVI. MARSILIACEJE. Pepperworts. 

Herbs creeping or floating, with the leaves petiolate or sessile, circinate in 
vernation. Fruit (sporocarps) situated at the base of the leaves or leaf- 
stalks, containing the capsular sporanges of one kind with 2 kinds of spores, 
or of 2 kinds with the different spores separated. 

* Leaves compound, on slender petioles, with 4 leaflets. Stems creeping MaksiliA. 1 

* Leaves simple, grass-like, radical. Stem a corm Tsoktes. 2 

* Leaves minute, lobed, imbricated. Stem filiform, floating free Azolla. 3 

1. MARSILIA, L. Sporocarps at the base of the leaf-stalks, of one 
kind, 2-ceIled, cells transversely many-celled, separating into two lobes at 
maturity. Sporangia inserted on each horizontal partition, of 2 kinds, 
some 1-spored, others oo-spored. if Stems creeping and rooting. Leaves 
petiolate, apparently radical, of 4 wlioiiecl leaflets, resembling clover. 

1 M. quadrjfolia L. Lfts. round-cuneiform, as broad as long, glabrous ; sporocarps 

oblong, smootMsh, 1, 2, or 3 on each short peduncle, as large as a peppercorn. 2f Pet- 
ioles 3— 5' high. Margin of pond, Litchfleld, Conn. (Prof. Eaton). Leaves floating. 

2 'M.» vestita Hook & Grev. Lfts. cuneiform-obovate, longer than broad, glab. ; sporo- 

carps glob. -oval, 21", hisp., 1 only on each short (.3'0 peduncle, 2-too^/iec? on back. S-W. 

3 m. tincinata Braun. Lfts. cuneiform-obovate, hispid, petioles 1 — 2' high ; sporo- 

carps 2'', subsessile at the base of the petioles, clothed with rust-colored wool. Iowa. 

2. ISOETES, L. QuiLLWORT. Sporocarps oval, 1-celled, of 2 kinds, 
sessile in the axils of the radical Ivs. and adhering to them. Spores in the 
outer sporangia larger, globular; in the inner minute, powdery, y^ 
Leaves linear, grass-like, clustered on the short corm. 

* Species growing under water, generally Avholly submersed, in ponds, &c. .Nob. 1 — 3 

* Species growing in shallow water, or in damp grounds, emersed Nos. 4 — 7 

1 I. laciastrisL. Lvs. 2 — 6', subulate, rigid, erect-spreading ; sporocarps I'ound-ovate, 

unspotted, the larger spores with crested ridges. Varies with the leaves setaceons- 
eubulate and recurved, the sporocarps rarely a little spotted. N. 



Order 157— LYCOPODIACE^E. 



361 



2 I. echinospora Dnr. Lvs. subnlate, 3 — 10', red at base, 15 — 30 iu number; sporo- 

carps round-ovate, spotted, larger spores ecMnate with minute points. X. J., Pa.. & X. 

3 1. fla.ccida Shutt. Lys. Jiacdcl, 1— 2f long, almost filiform, yellowish green; sporo- 

carps oblong-ovate ; spores not netted, minutely roughened. Ponds and lakes. Fla. 

4 I. riparia Eng. Lvs. 10-30 in number, 4-S',lin. ; sporocarps oblong, spotted; spores 

with a band of crested ridj^es, ash-colored ; leaves emersed. Del. R. (Porter), and N. 

5 I. saccharata Eng. Leaves few (7—15), subidate-filiform, 2 — 3', recurved ; sporo- 

carps ovate, spotless ; spores minutely tubercled. Wicomico K., Md. (Canby, Porter). 

6 I. melanopoda J. Gay. Leaves very slender, 8—10', carinate on the back, brown at 

base ; sporocarps brown ; ppores smooth, smaller than in Xo. 5. El. (Prof. Porter). 

7 I. Engelmanni Braun. Leaves 25— 100, 10 — 20' long, filiform-linear, weak; sporo- 

carps oblong, spotless ; spores honeycombed all over. Shallow waters, E. and W. 
^. g-rdcilia. Leaves about 10, very flaccid, If. X. E. to 111. (J. Wolf), 
y. rdlida, Lvs. very numerous, 2f, from a stock 6"— 1' thick. Del. & Pa. (Porter). 
f 
3. AZOLLA, Lam. Small floating plants, with filiform stems and mi- 
nute imbricated leaves or fronds. Sporocarps of 2 kinds, sessile on the 
under side of the branches, the smaller sterile, filled with antlieridia, the 
larger fertile, thin, containing sporangia on stalks, each with several spores. 

A. Caroliniana Willd. Lvs. ovate-oblong, obtuse, flesh}', i", reddish beneath; ster- 
ile fruits 1 or 2 at the base of the fertile, and many times smaller. Still waters, N. & W. 

Order CLYII. LYCOPODIACE^. Club Mosses. 

These are interesting evergreen creep- ^'^ ^ 

ers or runners, rarely erect, branching, ^r^rOv WJt 
abounding in ducts, with the ?^«i"e.s small, ^^^V-'lv^ t"- f'll-, 

numerous, crowded, entire, lanceolate or ^f'0^ MM t/, t^^© ^M 

subulate, 1-nerved. Fruits sessile, ax- \,^, Mm W^'Htm-WJ 

illarv or crowded into a spike, 2-valved, "r'i'rS WX'^l t^^M ' ' 

containing few rather large spores, or Wy,,{ ^.^M^?^*"^ ^^^ 

numerous minute ones appearing like ^w^^^^'"^- 

powder. 1 ^£ 

551, Lycopodium dendroideum. 552, A single spike. ff|/ XS^i"^^ 

553, A scale with its axillary sporange bursting. 554, mt ^^i"^ 

Spores. 1|J ^1 

1. LYCOPODIUM, L. Club Moss. 
Spore-cases all of one kind, 1-celled, reni- 

form, opening transversel}^, 2-valved ; i^l^, 2 ^551 

spores numerous, minute, sulphur-yel- 
low.^Leaves in 4, 8, or 16 ranks. 

§ Fruit in pedunculated spikes (the fertile branches nearly leafless)., .(c) 
§ Fruit in sessile spikes i^the branches leafy throughout) ... (6) 

§ Fruit scattered, axillary, forming no distinct spike Nos. 1, 2 

b Leaves of the spike bract-like, discolored Nos. 3, 4 

b Leaves of the spikes and stems all alike Nos. 5, 6 

c Spikes several (2 — 6) on each peduncle Nos. T, S 

c Spike solitary on each peduncle Nos. 9. 10 

1 li. Selago L. Fir Chib Moss. Erect. 2 — 6^, fastigiately branched ; lvs. covering i ho 
branches, all alike, entire, acute and pungent, awnless. Tops of high mountain-, Js'. 




362 Order 157.— LYCOPODIACEiE. 

2 L<. lacidnlnm Mx. SJiimng C. Ascendlu?. forking, 8—16' ; Ivs. in 8 rows, linear. 

lanceolate, denticulate, shining, spreading or reflex(>d, pointed, largo for the genixs 
(3 — 4"), the rniitful ones like the rest, as in No. 1. Dump woods. 

3 li. inundatum L. Marsh C. Stem creeping, often submersed, the simple soli- 

tary ped. 1—3' (Conn., Mr. Bowles) or 4—7' (Mass., Dr. Ricard) ; leaves soft and fine, 
curving upward : spike solitary, l—\\' long, leafy. Swamps, Can. to Car. 

4 Li. alopcciiroides L. Sterile branches decumbent, shorter than the tall (7— 20') 

erect fertile ones ; leaves crowded, subulate, awned ; spikes leafy, 2—3' long. 
Swamps in pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. 

5 Ij. annotiniiiii L. Creeping, branches twice forked, ascending 6—8'; leaves in 

5 rows, lance-linear, spreading, denticulate ; spikes solitary. Woods, N. 

6 li. dendroideiim Mx. Tree V. Ground Pine. Erect, about 8^ with it8 erec' 
. branches spirally arranged, forked and crowded ; Ivs. lance-linear, in 6 equal rows ; 

spikes several bitt solitary, H'. yellow-brown. Woods. Very elegant. 
/3. obscurum. Branches spreading ; spikes 1 or 2, greenish brown. 
t li. Caroliiiianum L. Stem and branches creeping and rooting ; Ivs. appearing 2- 
ranked, the lateral spreading while the others are appressed, lanceolate ; peduncles 
simple, 2 — 4', bearing each a single spike. Barrens, N. J., and S. 

8 li. sabina?loliiim Willd. Ground Fir. Long, creeping; branches erect, short, 

with fastigiate branchlets ; Ivs. terete-subulate ; ped. short. White Mts., and N. 

9 li. com pi a II at 11 111 L. Festoon Ground Fine. Long, trailing; branches repeat- 

edly forking, fan-shaped, spreading ; leaves 4-ranked, the marginal connate, diverg- 
ing, the others distinct, appressed ; peduncles long, with 4 — 6 spikes. Woods. 

10 L. clavatiiiii L. Common 0. Extensively creeping, branches ascending; leaves 
scattered, incurved, bristly-acuminate : peduncles erect, remotely bracted, 3— 5', bear- 
ing a i)air of straight spikes 2' long. In shades : common. 

f 
2. SELAGINELLA, Spr. Dwarf Club Moss. Fruits of two kinds, 

viz., ant1ieridla^vi\\\c\\ are 1-celled, opening at apex; and ooplioridia, larger, 

containing 1 — 4 (rarely 6) globous-angular grains. — A large genus. The 

species are cultivated in every greenhouse. Spikes quadrangular, bracts 

in 4 rows. (Lycopodium L.) 

§ Leaves all alike and similarly imbricated all around. Native Nop, 1, 2 

§ Leaves of 2 kinds, in 4 rows, those of the 2 lateral rows lai-ger find spread- 
ing, of the 2 intermediate rows superficial, small, appressed.. .(a) 
a Slender rootlets produced along the stems. — x Leaves unequal-sided.. Nos. 3 — 5 

—X Leaves equal-sided Noe. 6 — 8 

No rootlets, &c. — y Stems erect, frond-like, simple, stalk-like below. .Nos. 9 — 1:* 
— y Stems diffuse, branched from the base Nos. 12, 13 

1 S. rupestre (L). Sts. ascending, 2 — 4', divided into numerous tufted, mossy branches ; 

leaves crowded, fine, blue-green, ciliate ; spike indistinct, iV. Eocks. 

2 S. selaginoides (L). Stem filiform, creeping, branches suborect, 3—6', the fertile 

simple. 1-spiked ; leaves lanceolate, yellow-green, ciliate. Wuuds, N. 

3 S. apus Spr. Stem weak, loosely branched, with hair-like rootlets near the base ; 

leaves ovate, slightly oblique, aculish, the smaller ones pointed. Damp, t 

4 S. STOLONiFERA. Sts. producing long threadform rootlets below, .3-4-pinnately branch- 

ed ; branchlets 2 — 4" broad ; Ivs. imbricated, ovate, entire, obtuse,the smaller ones with 
a filiform straight point. The older stems become zigzag. 6-10'. Com. (S. Mertensii.) 

5 S. DENTicuLATA (or Kraussiaua). Prostrate, delicate, remotely and somewhat 3-pin- 

nately branched ; leaves 1", oblong-ovate, minutely denticulate., acute, distant on the 

stem, crowded on the branchlets ; smaller leaves with refiexed points. Very common. 

/3. VARiEGATA. Ends of the branchlets with their leaves white. Rootlets hair-like. 

6 S, UNCiNATA (orcfPEifl). Long-creeping, with hair-like rootlets. 2-3-pinnately branched, 



Order 158.— EQUISETACE^. 



363 



branchlets crowded, short, 2" wide ; leave? crowded, oblong, entire, obtuse, the 
smaller ones with an uncinate (reflexed) slender point. 

7 S. SERPENS. Stems prostrate, with hair-like rootlets, 2-.3-pinnate ; branchlets short and 

crowded, 1" wide ; Ivs. crowded, round-ovate, cordate, obtuse, entire, the smaller acute. 

8 S. DELicATissiMA. Sts. Creeping, 5—8', rooting, filiform, loosely 2-3-pinnate, 1" wide ; 

leaves ovate, obtuse, ciliate, not crowded, the middle ones scarcely smaller, acute. 

9 S. CAULESCENS. Glabrous, suberect, 12—18', 3-4-pinnately branched, fern-like, and lan- 

ceolate in outline ; branchlets close, lY' wide ; leaves close, ovate, entire, very acute, 
the points turned upward ; smaller leaves mucronate ; stem straw-colored. 

10 S. WiLLDENovii. Like the last as to stems and branches, but they are finely pubes- 
cent, and the leaves are less crowded, ovate, and obtuse. 6 — 12', ovate in outline. 

lis. ERTTHKOPUs. Stems red, with scattered, appressed leaves ; frond wide-spread, 
somewhat palmate, with crowded branchlets and leaves, branchlets 1^-" wide ; leaves 
ovate-oblong, oblique, obtuse, ciliate, the smaller with long straight points. 

12 S. cuspiDATA. Stem or frond 3—6', densely and somewhat dichotomously branched ; 
branchlets 1" wide ; leaves closely imbricated, all nearly alike, elliptical, ciliate, 
bristle-pointed, with the point inclined upward.— A variety (perhaps the fertile stems) 
are lanceolate in outline, 2-3-pinnately branched. 

13 S. LEPiDOPHYLLA, Besv.rrecti07i Moss, is a roundish ball when dry. In a cup of water 
it soon expands into a dense circle of dark-green, densely 2-3-pinnate fronds, with 
innumerable oval, obtuse, entire leaves. From Lower California. 

3. PSIIjOTUM, R. Br. Sporangia sessile, 3-cellecl, imperfectly 3-yalved 

by terminal chinks, filled with farinaceous spores. — Stem fork-branched, 

witli alternate, minute leaves, as if leafless. 

P. trsqnetrum Swtz. Stem erect, 8—10', many times forked, and, with the branches, 
3-anglcd ; leaves remote, f" ; fruit 3-lobed, sessile along the branches. E. Fla. 



Order CLVIII. EQUISETACE^. Horsetails. 

Plants leafless simple stems, or with whorled branches. Stems striate- 
sulcate, jointed, fistular between, and separable at, the joints. Sheaths 
dentate, crowning each internode. Fructification a dense, oblong-cylin- 
dric, terminal, and cone-like spike, composed of 6-sided, peltate scales, 
arranged spirally, bearing beneath 4 — 7 spore-cases, M'hich open laterally. 
Spores globular, each with 4 elaters attached, involving them spirally, or 
open when discharged. (See Figures.) 

EQUISETUM, L. Scouring 
Rush. Character the same as 
that of the order. — The sheaths 
may be regarded as a whorl of 
united Ivs. The cuticle aboimds 
in silex. 

555, Equisetum arvense. 556, E. sj-lvati- 
cum. 557, Section of the spike, enlarged. 558, 
A peltate scale with 7 sporanges beneath (or 
one compound sporange), magnified. 559, A 
spore with its elaters highly magnified. y^y "■uvti ij/^ '^^^-i"**, 

§ Species fruiting in Spring and decaying before the following "Winter, . .(a) 
§ Species fruiting in Summer and lasting through the following Winter. . .(&) 




364 



OiiDEii 159.— FILICES. 



a Fertile stems never bi*anching, the sterile with simple, whorled branches. .Nos. 1, 2 
a Fertile stems at length, like the sterile, with compound, whorled branches. .Nos. 3, 4 

h Stems with whorls of simple branches from the middle joints Nos. 5, 6 

h Stems mostly simple, large, 20-40-furrowed Nos. 7 — 9 

h Stems always simple, very slender, 3-9-farrowed Nos, 10, 11 

1 E. arvense L. Fertile stems erect, 6—8', simple ; sterile 12-14-furrowed, with sim- 

I)le, ascending, 4-angled branches ; sheath cut into long dark-brown teeth ; spike 
6—12", oblong. Can. to Va. and Ky. The sterile stems appear after the fertile. 
jS. serotinum. Sterile plant also producing a late spike of fruit. Pa. (Porter). 

2 E. Telmateia Ehr. Ivory H. Sterile stem 2— 5f, tvhite, about 30-furrowed, its 30 

branches 4-angled ; fertile stems simple ; sheaths with subulate teeth. L. Superior. 

3 E. sylvaticum L. Stems 12- or 13-furrowed, both kinds with compound^ deflexed, 

angular branches, 9 — 16'. Woods and low grounds. North. 

4 E. prateiise Ehr. Stems 10-12-furrowed, both kinds soon producing simple^ straight 

branches, in several whorls ; branches 3-angled. N. W. 

5 E. limosuin. L. Pipes. Stems 2— 3f, smooth, erect, 15-20-striate, mostly with a 

few irregular, simple, 5~sided branches near the middle ; sheaths white above, with 
15 — 20 teeth, tipped with black. Shores and swamps. 

6 E. paliistreL. Sts. 1—Hf, erect, with 6— 8 prominent striae ; branches few, sheaths 

with as many pointed teeth as strise. Marshes, N. Kare in the United States. 

7 E. lajvigatum Braun. Stems 2— 3f, erect, simple or some branched ; sheaths long 

(6 — 7'0, close, green, with 20—25 black teeth; branch sheaths 8-toothed. Miss. River. 

8 E. rob list i5m Braun. Sts. 2— 4f, very stout, some branched above ; sheaths short 

(3 — 4"), close, with 40 (in the branches 11) deciduous teeth, and a black band near the 
base, rarely with another above. River banks, "W. States to California ! 

9 E. Iiyemale L. Scouring Rush. Stems all simple, erect, 2f, very rough with sili- 

cious points ; sheaths ashy-white, black at base and summit, short (2— 3"), with about 
^ 20 subulate, awned, deciduous teeth. Con- 

Ar^ J'W spicuous in wet shades. 

%(w\ ^^T' 10 E. variegatum Schleicher. Simple 

<} — I ^^^^^ (branched from base), slender, straight, 

6—12', 5-9-furrowed ; sheaths very short, 
3 ri-T ^ /© 7f ^ / ^^^81^^ with brown bristle-tipped teeth. N. Rare. 

11 E. scorpoid.es Mx. Sts. tufted, fili- 
>^\\^^ form, 4-8', recurved, 3-4-furrowed ; sheaths 
f ^^^ ^ black, teeth 3 or 4, scarious and brietle- 
2 — -=^ v^^l^^^? tipped. Woods, Penn., and N. 

^^^ Order CLIX. FILICES. Ferns. 

?>j^^^P^^ ^^^^^^^^ Stem a perennial, creeping, horizon- 

11^^^^^ tal rhizome, or sometimes erect and 

^.., /-^v- 1 7 tree-like. ^r(??ic?s (fruit-bearing leaves) 

' "°^ .^^^ I variously divided, rarely entire, with 

4([ ^^^^ '^x , ""^^^ ' // // mostly forked veins and circinate 

'^^tW"'-^^ I // I vernation. ^rz«Y occupying the back 

^ -^^^'^''^^^^i // / or margin of the fronds arising from 

'' 560 the veins. Sporangia (spore-cases) of 

5 ,„^— p~-^v__^^^^.^ii // -^_^^ ^ one kind, scattered, or clustered in 

^^^^^^^^^M\\\ ^^ ^^ sori, 1-celled, containing numerous 

i^g?^' «ss-^^^^^^^^^ minute spores. 

Fig. 560, Polypodium vnljiare, frond pinnate. 561, 
A. leaflet of the frond enlarged, showing the sori. 562. One of the sori enlarged, showing the sporan- 
gia. 563. One sporange further roagnified, bursting and discharging its spores. 56i A sorus of 
Aspidium marginale covered -with tlie indu;iu:-n. 355, Side view of the same. 




Order 159.— FILICES.. 365 

A large and interesting Order, distinguished for their elegant, plume- 
like foliage. They are usually a few inches to a few feet high, but some 
of the Tropical species, as the Cyatheae, are 15 to 25 feet, vieing with the 
Palms in size and beauty. 

i^^ The stipe is the stalk of the frond, and the rachis its continuation through it. The 
pinnce (orpn.) are the first divisions of a divided frond (often called leaflets). Pinmilcn 
(or pnl.) are the first divisions of the pinnae when further divided. Segments {seg.) are 
t^Q final divisions, and the partial divisions of the segments are lobes, &c. The sori (fruit- 
dots) are either naked, or covered with an indusiura (see cut). 

§ POLYPODIACE.iE. The True Fkrxs, with fronds mostly radical, circinate in bud. Fnorangia in 

«orj, pedicellate, with a vertical, elastic ring, opening transversely... (/) 
§ CYATHEACE^E. The Tree Ferxs, with fronds on an erect trunk. Sporangia as in § l...(e) 
§ HYMEXOPHYLLACExE. Pellccid Ferxs ; sporangia in a cup and on a thread. . .(cZ) 
§ SCHIZyECE^. Very slender vines or fronds. Sporangia with a ring-crown at apex. . .(c) 
§ OSMUNDIACE^E. Fronds stout, radical. Sporangia with no ring, 2-valved. . .(6) 
§ OPHIOGLOSSACE^. Frond single (in our species), on an erect stem. Sporangia with no ring. . .(a) 

a Fruit in a spike. Frond entire, reticulate-veined Ophioglossum. 1 

a Fruit in a panicle. Frond divided, fork-veined Botrtchium. 2 

6 Fronds pinnate or bipinnate, with straight, forked veins Osmuxda. 3 

c Fronds palmately lobed. Stems climbing, 3 — if Ltgodium. 4 

c Fronds linear-filiform, undivided, a few inches high , SCHiz^A. 5 

c Fronds 3-parted, middle division sterile, the lateral paniculate Axeimia. 6 

d Fronds pellucid or opaque. Sporangia with a transverse ring. Trichomaxes. 7 

e Fruit-dots in little round cups. Trunk and leaves smooth Cyathka. 8 

e Fruit-dots becoming entire!}- naked. Fronds prickly or hairy Alsofhila. £ 

e Fruit-dots enclosed in the reflexed tip of the lobe, with two valves § Balaxtium. 22 

/ Sporangia scattered singly all over the surface (not in sori), naked. . .(g) 
/ Sporangia collected in dots (sori) growing from the veins. ..(h) 

q Fronds simple or pinnate. Pinnas on short petiolules Acrostichum. 10 

g Fronds forked at the summit, entire below, the sterile diflferent PLAircERiuM. 11 

h Sori (fruit-dots) naked, having no covering of any kind. . .(/i) 

h Sori involved (at first) in the rolled segments of the panicled fertile frond., .{m) 

h Sori not involved, but invested with special coverings (called induma) . . .{n) 

k Fronds smooth or scaly, never powdery. Sori distinct, roundish Polyfodicm. 12 

7c Fronds covered with powder on the back. Sori in many dorsal lines Gt.mxogramjia, 13 

k Fronds powdery or scaly on the back (bipinnate). Sori in a marginal line Nothol.exa. M 

k Fronds linear, simple. Sori in a continuous line on the split margin. Fla Yittaria liaeata. 

VI Fertile frond bipinnate, segments berry-like. Veins reticulated Oxoclea. 15 

m Fertile frond pinnate, pinnas moniliform. Veins forking Struthiofteris. 16 

m Fertile fronds bipinnate, segments oblong, soon opening Allosoeus. 17 

n Sori marginal, indusia only the reflexed altered margin of the frond... (o) 
n Sori marginal, indusium double— a scale combined with the margin... (p) 
n Sori dorsal, oblong or linear, indusium attached to the side of a vein. ..(q) 
n Sori dorsal, round or roundish, indusium on the back or the tip of a vein. . .(x) 

o Fronds of 2 kinds, the fertile contracted. Sori continuous to apex Lomaria. 18 

o Fronds all similar, smooth. Indusia continuous all around. Stipe green or brown. .Pteris. 19 

o Fronds woolly, &c. Sori separate or continuous. Stipe brown, hairy Cheilaxthes. 29 

o Fronds smooth. Sori separate. Stipe black and polished Adi-ixtum. 21 

p Indusium a 2-lipped cup at the edge of the segments Dicksoxia. 22 

p Indusium an entire cup or goblet at the edge of the segments Davallia. 23 

q Sori parallel to the mid-vein, the indusia opening toward it. . .(r) 
q Sori oblique to the mid- vein, borne lateralh- on the veinlets. . .(s) 

r Sori linear, nearly continuous, in 2 rows, sunk in the frond Woodwardi.i. 24 

r Sori oblong, remote, in two rows and superficial. Stipes black Doodia. 25 

r Sori linear, in 1 double row, the whole length of the segment Blechxcm. 26 

r Sori oblong, in 1 short double central row. Frond finely clelt Oxychicm. 27 

e Indusia single, regularly arranged, in 2 rows Asplexiujl 28 

s Indusia single, scattered irregularly. Frond simple or lobed C.\mptosorus. 29 

f Indusia double, regularly arranged. Frond simple Scolopexdrium. 30 



366 Order 159.— FILICES. 

X Indusium cupform, fringed, fixed beneath all around the sorus Woodsia. 31 

X Indusium hoodform, fixed by the base and 2 sides Cistopteris. 32 

X Indusium reuiforra, opening only toward the margin of the segm. Fla. ..Nephrolepis cxaltata. 

X Indusium round-reniform, fixed in the midst, open all around Aspidium. 33 

/ 

1. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adder's Tongue. Sporangia roundish, na- 
ked, opening transversely, arranged in two rows along the margins of the 
fertile, contracted, spike-like frond. Veins reticulated. 

1 O. vulgatum L. Root of thick fibres ; stem simple, bearing 1 oblong-ovate, en- 

tire, smooth frond, 2 — 3', with no mid-vein, and a terminal spike, 1 — 2'. A curious 
little plant, in low grounds. Vernation straight, as in all this section, — not circinate. 

2 O. bulbosum L. Root a globular corm ; frond ovate to reniform, on the stem close 

to the ground. Wet pine-barrens, N. J., and S. Often 2 stems from 1 corm. 
V 

2. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwort. Grape Fern. Sporangia 
subglobous, 1-celled, 2-valved, distinct, coriaceous, smooth, adnate to the 
compound rachis of a racemous panicle. Valves opening transversely. 

§ Frond ternately divided, segments palmately veined Nos. 1, 2 

§ Frond pinnately divided, segments piunately veined Nos. 3 — 5 

1 B. lunarioides Swtz. Scape 8—12', bearing a stalked frond near the base and a 

panicle of numerous little 2-ranked spikes at the top ; frond in 3 bipinnatifid divi- 
sions ; segment obliquely lanceolate, crenulate. Shady pastures and woods. 
/5. di sanctum. Frond more numerously dissected, almost tripinnatifid. 

2 B. simplex Hitchcock. Frond simple, or 3-lobed or parted, segm. broad-wedge- 

obovate, small, incised or subentire, unequal ; spike compound, interrupted, small. 
Dry hills, Vt., Mass. Whole plant 3—6'. Frond 6—12'', short-stalked, near the base. 

3 B. neglectum Wood. Frond 1 — 2', simply pinnate, with oval or ovate incised pin- 

nae, short-stalked, on upper part of stem, which is 5—8' high. Pan. 1—2'. N. H., Vt., to 
Pa. — Prof. Porter regards both this and No. 2 as var. of B. matricae folium Braun. 

4 B. lanceolatuiti Angst. Frond bipinnatifid, closely sessile, triangular in outline 

with lanceolate, incised segments ; panicle 2- or 3-pinnate. N. J., Pa., to L. Sup. (O. B. 
Wheeler). Certainly distinct from No. 3. 

5 B. Virginiciini L. Rattlesnake Fern. Stem 1— 2f, with the large (5— S') tripin., tri- 

angular frond sess. at or above the middle ; ultimate segm. obtuse, 3-5-toothed; pan. 
decompound, 3—6', reddish br. A beautiful Fern, in damp woods, not uncom. Jn., Jl. 

3. OSMUND A, L. Flowering Fern. Sporangia globular, half 2- 
valved, roughened on the surface somewhat in lines, pedicellate and clus- 
tered on the lower surface of the frond or a portion of it, which is more or 
less contracted into the form of a panicle. Spores green. Tall, hand- 
some Ferns. Veins forked, straight. June. 

§ Frond bipinnate with distinct pinnae, the upper part contracted and fertile No. 1 

§ Fi'ond pinnate with pinnatifid pinnae, partially or separately fertile Nos. 2, 3 

1 O. regalis Mx. A large and beautiful Fern in meadows and swamps ; fronds 3 — 4f, 

glabrous, bipinnate, fruiting above in an ample panicle ; pinnae with 6—9 pairs of 
distinct, oblong, serrulate, subsessile leaflets ; fruit rust-colored, 

2 O. cinnamome L. Sterile fronds pinnate, in clumps 3— 5f ; pinnae pinnatifid with 

ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire segments ; fertile frond bipinnate, pinnae all contracted, 
panicled, clothed with cinnamon-colored wool. 

3 O. Claytoniana L. Fronds ample, 2—31", smooth, pinnate, the pinnae lance-linear. 

pinnatifid, some of the intermediate ones fertile, contracted and raceme-like. 

4. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Climbing Fern. Sporangia sessile, arranged 
in 2-ranked spikelets issuing from the mai'gin of the contracted frond, open- 



Order 159.— FILICES. 367 

ing on the inner side from ttie base to the summit. Indusium a scale-like 

veil covering eacli sporange. (Fig. 310.) 

li. palmatam Swtz. Smooth throughout; stem flexuous, thread-like or wire-like, 
climbing 3— 5f ; fronds palmately 5-7-lobed, 2 on each short stipe, lobes entire, obtuse ; 
upper fronds contracted, fertile, each a cluster of spikelets. Abundant in a swamp in 
Windsor, Conn. (Dr. Wm. Wood) ; also rarely found in N. J., Ky., and S. 

5. SCHIZiEA, Sm. Sporangia oval, crowned with a ring at top, sessile, 
)pening laterally. Indusium continuous, formed of the inflexed margins of 

the Ifts., which are contracted, spike-like, crowded at the top of the frond. 

S. piisilla Ph. Fronds clustered, simple, linear-filifoi-m, tortuous, 3 — 6', the fertile 

bearing a few little spikelets at top in two rows. Barrens, Quaker Bridge, N. J. Aug. 

6. ANEIMIA, Swtz. Sporangia sessile, crowned with a ring, in 1-sided 
panicled spikes, in partially or wholly fertile fronds. Indusium none. 
Fronds erect. 

1 A. adiantifolia Sw. Fronds 6—12', on a slender stipe, 3-parted, the middle division 

sterile, 2- or 3-pinnate, the lateral ones fertile panicles on long stalks. S. Fla. t 

2 A. Mandioccana. Fronds 12—15', long-stiped, 3-parted like the other, but the sterile 

division simply pinnate with lance-oblong serrulate pinnae. S. America. 
/ 

7. TRIOHOMANES, L. Sporangia with a transverse complete ring, 

and arranged on the base of a thread-like receptacle, which is in and ex- 
serted from a cup at the edge of the pellucid frond. 

1 T. radlcans Sw. Fronds thin and delicate, 6', lance-OA'ate, bipinnatifid, pinnae 

triangular, obtuse, very oblique at base ; receptacle exserted. South. Rare. 

2 T. ELEGANS. Sterile frond pinnate, fertile, long-linear, edged and fringed all around 

with the thread-like receptacles and their cups. From S. America. 

8. CYATHE A, Sm. Sori globular, on the veins, wholly enclosed in an in- 
dusium, which soon opens and remains cupform. Sporangia subsessile on 
an elevated receptacle. ^ With cylindrical trunks. 

C. ARBOKEA. Trunk 10 — 20f, unarmed, simple, crowned with a spreading tuft of bipiu- 
nato fronds 6 — Sf long, gracefully arched ; pinnulse again pinnatifld or lobed, cups in 
2 rows, smooth, round, entire. Grows near Panama ! t 
/ 

9. ALSOFHILA aspera. Another Tree Fern, from W. Indies, cult, by 

Mr. Buchanan, at Astoria, N. Y., under the name of Hematelia horrida. Trunk 6 — lOf, 
bearing a splendid crown of fronds 4 — 5f long, arched and spreading, tripinnate. Piul. 
deeply lobed, lobes obtuse, each with a double row of fruit-dots, which at first are covered 
with jagged scales, but finally naked. Stipe and rachis prickly. — A. pruinata, very ele- 
gant, with a trunk near If. clothed with light-brown woolly hairs, and a crown of light- 
green bipinnate fronds, 3f long, is growing with the other. 

10. ACROSTICHUM, L. Fronds simple or pinnate. Sporangia 

scattered (not in sori), occupying the under surface of the whole or a part 

of the frond. Veins netted. 

A. aiireum L. A noble Fern, 3— 6f high, coriaceous, evergreen, pinnate, with alter- 
nate, lance-oblong, entire pinnre. Swamps, Fla., and in conservatories. 

11. PLATYCERIUM, Desv. Stag-hork Fern. Fronds coriaceous, 
net- veined, forking at the summit. Sporangia in large patches on the nnder 
surface of the frond. From Africa, &c. 



368 Order 159.— FILICES. 

P, ALCicoRNB. Sterile fronds roundish, lobed, spreading; fertile erect, 10— 16', dark- 
greeu above, pale beneath, fruiting on its 2—4 lanceolate segments. Curious. 

12. POLYPODIUM, L. Polypody. Sori roimdisb, scattered on vari- 
ous parts of the under surface of the frond, with no indusium (cover or in- 
volucre). — Ferns of various habit. 

* Fronds simple and entire, pinni-veined, with cross veinulets Nos. 1, 2 

* Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate, with forking veinlets Nos. 3 — 6 

* Fronds bipinnatifid, the yeinlets forked (Phlegopteris) Nos. 7—9 

1 P. Phyllitidis L. Fronds lance-linear, 1 — 2f, pointed, thin and papery, with the 

fruit-dots arranged in a double row between the veinlets. Fla., and W. Indies, t 

2 P. Lingua. Fronds lance-ovate, 6 — 12', obtuse, smooth above, rusty-downy beneath, 

and there covered with the innumerable sori, in rows. China. 

3 P. inoanuni Ph. Fronds dee})]y pinnatifid, 3— 6^ thick, clothed with whitish 

scales beneath ; pinnse oblong-linear, the upper fruitful ; sori distinct and separate ; 
veins invisible. Grows on the mossy bark of trees, W. and S. 

4 P. vulgare L. Fronds deeply pinnatifid, smooth, 6— 12', pinnae linear-oblong, alter- 

nate, sori large, in 2 rows, distinct, yellow-brown. On shady rocks. 

5 P. PLraiULA Willd. Fronds lance-linear. If xl^-'; pinnae linear-oblong, very numerous, 

attached to the hairy rachis by a broad base. Fla., and cultivated. 

6 P. ANGUSTiFOLiA. Frouds lin. -lanceolate, 18' x 2', bright green ; pn. oblong, attached 

to the chafiy rachis by the mid-vein only, the base auriculed on the upper side, 

7 P. Plilegopteris L. Beech P. Frond bipinnatifid, longer than wide (3— 6'), the 

lower pinuje curved, but scarcely larger than the middle ones ; sori all marginal, 
about four on each segment ; stipe hairy. Woods, Can. to Penn., and W. 

8 P. liexagonopterum Mx. Frond bipinnatifid, broader than long, rachis pecu- 

liarly winged ; lower panicle much enlarged, deflexed ; sori partly marginal, many on 
each segment; stipe smooth. Woods. Rather common. 

9 P, Dryopteris L. Ternate P. Frond ternate, the divisions stalked and bipinnate, 

light green, thin and delicate ; sori marginal. Woods, Penn., and N. 
^. calcareum. Divisions of the frond more rigid, erect. Northward. 

/ 

13. GYMNOGRAMMA, Desv. Fronds 2-3-p innate, covered beneath 

with a wliite or yellow farinaceous powder. Sori arranged in rows along 
the veins. A beautiful genus, much cultivated. Tropical America. 

* Golden Ferns, — the fronds yellow-powdery beneath Nos. 1—3 

* Silver Ferns,— ihe fronds white-powdery beneath, 2-pinnate No. 4 

1 G. TRIANGULARIS. Stipes clustered, slender, 3 — 12', polished, ebony-brown ; frond 5- 

angled, 1—3', pedately pinnate ; pinnpe triangular-oblong, finally the fertile covered 
with the russet sori beneath. Common in California. Very fine. 

2 G. suLPHUREA. Stipe and rachis brown, at first powdery ; frond 6 — 10', lanceolate, 

bipinnate ; pinnte lanceolate ; segments cuneate, cut-lobed, crenate at the obtuse 
apex. From Jamaica (Rev. E. Wilson), and cultivated. Yery delicate. 

3 G. CHRTSOPHYLLA. Froud triangular-lanccolate, bipinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, nearly 

contiguous ; pinnae cut-crenate-lobed. Golden yellow beneath. 
)3. Mertensii. Pinnse rather remote, narrow lanceolate, long-pointed. 

4 G. CALOMELANos. Frond 2— 3f, lance-ovate, stipe and rachis brown, polished ; seg- 

ments entire or with a single tooth, cream-white beneath. 
/3. Peruviana has the lower segment hastate-lobed and very rich green. 

14. NOTHOL.SINA, Br. Frond l-2-p*nnate, scattered, coriaceous, 
chaff}^ or powdery beneath. Sori marginal, linear, continuous, naked. 
Sporangia short-stalked. 



Order 159.— FILICES. 369 

1 N. NiTEA. Very delicate, 6 — 12', bright green above, covered with a dense white pow- 

der beneath ; frond bipinnate ; pinnse roundish, top one lobed; stipe black. Mex. 

2 N. EcKLONiANA. Kare and beautiful, clothed in white wool-like scales, bipinnate, 

pinnse oA'ate, remote, pinnulae pinnatifid, oblong, segments roundish. South Africa. 

15. ONOOLEA, L. Sensitive Fern. Fronds scattered, net-veined, 
the sterile broad, the fertile contracted and panicled, its convolute segments 
beriy-like, enclosing the sori, which are otherwise nearly naked. 

O. sensibilis L. Fronds 1— 2f, common in low grounds, verj- sensitive to frost. The 
fertile dark-brown in color. Sterile fronds deeply pinnatifid, with few oblong entire 
or lobed pinnse, the upper confluent. July. 
p. obtttailoba. Fertile frond partially metamorphosed, the segments partly revo- 
lute on the fruit. Wendell, Mass. (Mrs. Piper), to N. Y. and Penn. 
V 

16. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. Ostrich Fern. Fronds clustered, 
the sterile bipinnatifid, fork-veined, fertile much contracted, brown, with 
the pinnae revolute into a necklace form, enclosing the sori, which are 
otherwise destitute of an indusium. 

S. CJermanica Willd. Sterile fronds in a circular clump, 3— 5f ; pinnae numerous, 
long and crowded, with numerous oblong segments ; fertile fronds much smaller, 
their crowded pinnse 1 — 2' long, appearing later in the season. 

17. ALLOSORUS, Bernh. Fronds small, 2-3-pinnate, fork-veined; 
the fertile some contracted, margins of the leaflets reflexed and meeting 
over the confluent sori, but soon opening. 

A. acrostichoides Spr. Fronds in tufts, bipinnate, 3 — 6', pale green with whitish 
stipes ; seg. oblong, the sterile crenate, the fertile entire, petiolulate, 2 — W long. Isle 
Royal, in L. Superior (Prof. Porter), W. to Washington Terr. (Rev. Mr. Gray). 

18. LOMARIA, Willd. Fronds clustered, of 2 forms, the fruitful con- 
tracted. Sori marginal, linear, continuous ; indusium linear, scarious, the 
reflexed edge of the frond, opening toward the mid-vein. 

1 li. CPICANT. Fronds pinnate, long, and narrow, the fertile nearly solitary in the midst 

of the numerous sterile ones, and twice as tall (2 — 3f) as they ; stipe purple, polished. 
Europe, Oregon. Very elegant. (Blechnum boreale.) 

2 li. GiBBA. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, pinnse linear-falcate, 1 — 3', their broad 

bases almost confluent. 

3 li* ciLiATELLA. Frouds oval to oblong; pinnse oblong, slightly lobed, truncate at 

apex, ciliolate-spinescent with the projecting veins. 

19. PTERIS, L. Brake. Sori borne on the ends of the veins forming 
a marginal line or band, covered with the membranous, reflected edge of 
the frond. Fronds once to thrice pinnate, or decompounds 

s PTERIS proper. Sori a mere line. Stipes greenish or pale. . . {x) 

'i PELL^A. Sori forming a broad band. Stipes purple or brown. .. (?/) 

X Frond triangular, twice or thrice pinnate, lowest pinnse long-stalked No. 1 

X Frond pedately pinnate, the pinnse few and long Nos. 2, 3 

X Frond pedately bipinnatifid. the pinnse numerous No. 4 

X Frond simply pinnate, Avith numerous Jong pinnse No. 5 

y Frond pedate and pinnatifid, as broad as long, 5-angled. t. No. 6 

y Fronds pinnate, pinnse few, the lower again divided. Native Nos. 7, 8 

y Fronds simply pinnate, or completely tripinnate. Cultivated Nos. 9—11 



370 Order 159.— FILICES. 

1 p. aquiliua L. Common Brake. Frond 3'partecl, branches bipinnate, segments 

obloni?, obtuse, the terminal often elongated. Abundant everywhere. 2 — 6f. 
p. caudtita. The terminal segment linear-oblong. Common South. 

2 P. €retica L. Pale-bright-green, l—l^f, smooth; pinnae lin. -lanceolate, the lower 

ones 2-parted and petiolulate, serrulate ; fertile longer, linear. Fla. Cultivated. 
j3. albi-lineata. Pinnae white-banded in the midst along the mid-vein. 

3 P. SERRULATA. Bright green, 1— Hf ; pinnse long-linear, decurrent on the rachis, ex- 

cept the lowest pair, which are 2- or 3-parted and short-stalked. China. 
/3. CRisTATA. Each segment expanded at apex into a fan-shaped blade. 

4 P. QUAURiAURiTA. Frond ample, ovate, 1— 3f! smooth; pinnae distinct, pinnatifid, 

lobes contiguous, oblong, obtuse, with the forked veins conspicuous. Jamaica. 
^. ARGTRiA. Pinnae whitened in the midst along the mid-vein. 

5 P. loiigifolia L. Tall, 2— 3f, rigid ; pinnae lance-linear petiolulate, obliquely trun- 

cate at base ; stipe, rachis, and mid-veins chaffy-hairy. Fla., and cultivated. 

6 P. PEDATA. Bright green, 4 — 6'. Frond 3-parted, as broad as long; lateral pinnae 2- 

parted, all deeply lobed, sori in a broad band all around. From the W. Indies. 

7 P. gracilis Mx. Delicate, smooth and shining, 4—6' ; fronds lanceolate, the sterile 

bipinnatifid, fertile bipinnate with narrow segments. Rocks, Vt., and W. 

8 P. atropurpurea L. Eoclc Bi'oke. Coriaceous ; rachis hairy ; lower pn. teniate 

or pinnate ; segments opposite, oblong, margins conspicuously revolute, with edges 
often meeting behind, as in Allosorus, 3 — 6 — 12'. On lime rocks, N. and S. 
(3. ^lahani^nsis (Buckley). Taller (10 — 20'), bipin. below, somepn. ^-auriculate. S. 

9 P. ROTUNDiFOLiA. Stipe, rachis, and chaffy hairs purple, 1 — l|-f ; frond narrow, sim- 

ply pinnate ; segments small, round or oval, alternate. From New Zealand. 

1 P. TREMULA. Bright gre-en, 2 — 3f, tripinnate ; pnl. or segments linear-oblong, ob- 
tuse, serrulate, the lower ones again pinnatifid. From N. S. Wales. 

1 1 P. HASTATA. Frond bipinnate, 12 — 18' ; pinnae cordate-hastate ; segments ovate, the 
terminal ones much larger, oblong or hastate, or 3-lobed. Varies much. From S. Afr. 

20. CHEILANTHUS, Swtz. Lip Fern. Fronds small, mostly 2-3- 
pinnate, chaflfy or hairy, mid-vein central. Sori on tlie ends of the vein- 
lets, distinct, or some confluent, covered by an interrupted or continuous 
indusium from the edge of the frond. Stipes brown. — Hardly distinct 
from the preceding genus. 

1 C. vestita Sw. Indicsia separate, — the reflexed, unchanged tips of the ovate segm. ; 

fronds 5—12', bipinnate, lin. -oblong, hairy ; pn. crenately lobed. Rocks, M. and S., rare. 

2 C. tomentosa Link. Indusia continuous, — the membranous margin of the small, 

obtuse segm. ; fronds tripinnate, lance-oblong, rusty, 12—18'. N. C, and W. 

V 

21. ADIANTUMj L. Maiden-hair Ferjst. Sori oblong or round- 
ish, marginal. Indusia membranaceous, formed from the reflexed margins 
of distinct portions of the frond, and opening inwardly. Stipe ebony-black, 
polished. Ultimate segments often dimidiate, the mid-vein on the lower 
margin. — A large and beautiful genus, much cultivated. 

* Fronds pedately divided, the divisions 1-3-pinnate ; segments oblique Nos. 1 — 4 

* Fronds pinnately divided 2 — 4 times ; segments subequilateral Nos. 5 — 8 

* Fronds simply pinnate, with very large opposite oblique segments No. 9 

1 A, pedatum L. Very smooth ; branches of the regularly pedate frond pinnate ; 

segments rhombic-oblong, l', toothed on the upper side, obtuse at apex ; sori oblong- 
lunulate, 8—14'. Damp, rocky woods. Our most elegant native Fern. 

2 A. PiTBEscENs. Stipe rough-pubescent ; pn. 5 — 7, irregularly pedate, hispid beneath, 

t> — 9' long : segments oblong, ti — 8". contiguous : sori round, crowded. N. Hoi. If. 



Ordkh 159.— FILICES. 371 

3 A. TKAPEZioFORME. Frond ample, decompound, glal^rous, 2f; segments light green, 

large (12— 18"x 6—10"), trapezoidal^ some of them fan-shaped ; sori lunulate on 2 of 
the 4 margins ; stipe jet-black. Superb! Jamaica (Rev. S. B. Wilson). 

4 A. Sancta-Katrina, has large obliquely fan-shaped segments cut-lobed and toothed, 

with the veins uncommonly distinct. Cultivated in Bridgman's Garden, Astoria. 

5 A. Capillus-Veiieris L. Delicate, bright green, 6—18', smooth, thrice pinnate at 

base : segments ronnd-cuneate, lobed, or the sterile toothed ; sori reniform, one on 
each lobe ; stipe and branches capillary. Lime-rocks, S. : rare. Eur. Cultivated. 

6 A. cuNEATTiM. Very delicate. If, 4 times pinnate at base, bright green ; segm. very 

numerous, sharply cuneate, 2-4-cut-lobed, 4 — 6" ; sori round-reniforra. Brazil. 

7 A. .^THiopicuM, TiNCTUM and CALLOPODES, are greenhouse species or varieties, with 

roundish segments more or less oblique and lobed, 4—7", with rounded sori, 6—12'. 

8 A. ALATUM, has the rachis narrowly winged, segm. sessile, obovate-long-wedge-shaped 

at base, coarsely toothed at apex. (Greenhouse of Bridgman »fc Wiegand.) 

9 A. MACROPHTLLUM. Stipe jet-black, simple, bearing about 3 pairs of large, opposite, 

thick leaflets, and an odd one ; leaflets triang. -hastate, oblique ; sori linear. Jamaica. 

22. DIOKSONIA, L'Her. Dickson's Fern. Sori marginal, round- 
ish, distinct, terminating a vein, Indusium double, the proper one cup- 
shaped, opening outward, the other formed of a reflected lobule of the 
margin, and opening inward. 

1 D. pilosiaiscula Willd. Frond bipinnate, lanceolate, 2 — 3f, with minute glandu- 

lar hairs ; pn. sessile, lanceolate ; segm. finely pinnatifid, lobes toothed, each with a 
minute round sorus. Rocky pastures. Stipe yellowish. 

2 D. (BALANTIUM) Antarctica. A beautiful tree-fern from New Zealand, 3— 20f, 

crowned with many long, hea'vy, dark-green, tripinnate fronds ; pn. and pnl. sessile ; 
segm. oval, 6-crenate ; sori globular, with 2 distinct valves. (Buchanan's Conserv.) 
/ 

23. DAVALLIA, Smith. Sori globous, marginal, on the end of a 

vein, in a goblet or pyxis, half of which is formed by the scarious indusium 
opening outward. Root-stock creeping above ground, chaSy. 

1 D. TENUiFOLiA. Ffouds dcllcatc, 6 — 10', tripinnate with few pinnae, triangular-lan- 

ceolate ; rachis narrowly winged ; segments spatulate, toothed. China. 

2 I>. Canariensis. Hare's-foot. Fronds 3-parted, decompound, ultimate segments el- 

liptical, decurrent, bearing 1 pyxis. 1 — 2f. Canaries. 

3 I>. DissECTA, is very difl"erent, irregularly pinnatifid, or almost entire. 

/ 

24. WOODWARDIA, Sm. Sori straight, linear-oblong, on transverse 

veinulets, parallel to the mid-vein, in 2 rows. Indusium from the same 

veinulet, opening inwardly. 

§ LORINSERIA. Fronds of 2 forms, net-veined throughout No. 1 

§ ANCHISTEA. Fronds all' similar, netted only close to mid-vein Nos. 2, 3 

1 W. angustifolia Sm. Fertile fronds pinnate, with distant linear pinnae covered 

with the fruit beneath ; sterile lance-oblong in outline, deeply pinnatifid ; segm. ob- 
long, 2— 3f. Resembles Onoclea. Mass. (Dr. S. Bowles), and S. 

2 W. Virginlca Sm. Fronds glabrous, lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae remote, pinna- 

tifid, lance-linear; segments oblong, obtuse, 2— 3f. Swamps, E. and S. 

3 W. Japonica. Rachis chaffy ; frond triangular, as broad as long ; pinnae lanceolate, 

pinnatifid, with ovate segments. Bright green. 1— 2f. 

25. DOODIA ASPERA. Fronds rough, lanceolate, pinnate, If, in clumps, 
the caudex a few inches above ground. Pinnae oblong-linear, contiguous, with spines- 
cent teeth. Sori in 1 or 2 rows each side.— D. catjdIta has linear-lanceolate, pinnate 
fronds, Avith remote serrate segments, the terminal one elongated. Both from Australia. 



372 Order 159.— FILICES. 

26. BLECHNUM, L. Sori continuous on the cross veinulets, close to 
and parallel with the mid-vein. Indusia opening inward. 

B. serrulatum Mx. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, erect ; pinnae sharply serrulate, 
those of the fertile fronds contracted. Florida. 

27. ONYOHIUM lucidum (or Japonicum). Delicately beautiful, from 
E. Ind., and of the easiest culture. Fronds 1— 2f, alternately pinnate 3 or 4 times into 
innumerable linear-acute segments 2 or 3" long. Few of the segments fertile, with an 
oblong bivalved sorus on the mid-vein half its length. 

28. ASPIiENIUM, L. Spleenwort. Sori linear or oblong, straight 
(curved in No. 9), separate, regularly arranged, oblique to the mid-vein, 
each arising with its indusium from the forward side of a lateral vein and 
opening forward. Veins forked or pinnate. 

* Fronds simple and entire, with regular linear fruit-dots .No. 1 

* Fronds simply pinnate. — a Pinnae roundish, neai'ly as broad as long Nos. 2, 3 

— a Pinnae long, — much longer than wide Nos. 4, 5 

* Fronds partly bipinnate, with few divisions. Fei-ns small, 2—8' high Nos. 6, 7 

* Fronds twice pinnate, Avith very many divisions. Large native Ferns Nos. 8, 9 

* Fronds twice or thrice pinnate. Exotic Ferns cult, in conservatories. . .Nos. 10 — 12 

1 A, Nidus. Bird's-Nest. Fronds thick and rigid, polished green, tongue-shaped, ob- 

tuse, 2— 4f, clustered in a circle, forming as it were a nest. Oahu, &c. A noble Fern. 

2 A. FLABELLiFOLiuM. Fronds very delicate, long and narrow (12—16') ; rachis pro- 

longed some 5' beyond the pn., and rooting at the end ; pn. broad-cuneate, lobed and 
toothed, remote and alternate on the rachis. Australia. Suitable for baskets. 

3 A. Tricliomenes L. Dwarf S. Frond 3 — 6', lance-linear. In tufts ; pn. roundish, 

fcmall, subsessile, bearing several sori each ; stipe and rachis polished-black. Eocks. 

4 A. ebenum Willd. Ebony &. Fronds 8—14', erect, lance-linear; pn. lance-oblong, 

1', some curved, serrate, auriculate on the upper side ; stalk polished-brown. Dry. 

5 A. angustifollum Mx. Fronds 2 — 24f, in tufts, the inner fertile; pn. lance-linear, 

alternate, short-stalked, 2—5', of a thin texture ; stalks green. "Woods, E. and S. 

6 A. Ruta.-inura,ria L. Wall-rue. Very small and delicate, 2— 3', 2-pinnate at 

base, pinnate above ; pn. petiolulate, cuneate, erose-dentate, few, 3 — \". Dry rocks. 
T A. inontanuiii Willd. Glabrous, 2-pinnate ; tufts 4—8' ; pn. oblong-ovate, parted 
into a few (5 or 6) 2- or 3-toothed segm. ; rachis green, winged. On cliffs, Penn., & S. 

8 A, tlielypteroid.es Mx. Silvery S. Fronds ample, ovate-acuminate, l^—3f; stipe 

pale ; pinnae lance-linear, pointed, distinct, subsessile ; segments oblong, obtuse, ser- 
rate, sessile on the winged rachis, with 2 rows of linear distinct sori. Shady banks. 

9 A. Filix-fcemina Bernh. Lady Fern. Fronds ample, 1 — 2f, lance-oblong; pn. 

lanceolate-acuminate, i*achis not winged ; pnl. lance-linear, cut-pinnatifid ; segments 
minute, sharply 2-toothed ; sori oblong, curved, finally confluent. Moist woods. 

10 A. GoviNGiANA. Slender and weak (in conservatories). If, lanceolate-acuminate ; pn. 
lanceolate, long-pointed, stalked ; rach. winged ; seg. acute, sharp-serrate ; sori oblong. 

11 A. Belangeri. Fronds lance-linear, 1 — 2fx2 — 3', pinnate with deeply pinnatifid 
pinnae, segments linear, small, and very numerous, each with a sorus. From Java. 
Stipe stout, green. The upper base (or axillary) segments are 2-parted. 

12 A. BULBiFERUM. Frond lanceolate, bipinnate, 1 — 3f; pn. lanceolate from a bi'oad 
base, deeply pinnatifid ; seg. oblong, cui-lobed and toothed, bearing 1—6 bold sori, — 
1 to a lobe. Often produces young plants from bulblets on the upper surface. N. Hoi. 

29. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Walking Fern. Frond lanceolate, entire, 
or pinnatifid, with the apex prolonged and inclined to root. Veins more 
or less netted. Sori oblong, irregularly scattered, with the indusia lateral 
on the veinlets. (Antigramma, C-B.) 



Order 159.— FILICES. 373 

1 C. rlilzopliyllus Lk. Frond 6—12', subentire, at base stipitate, cordate, or tran- 

cate, or somewhat anriculate, the apex attenuated in a long thread-like acumination, 
arched, and rooting at the point. Eocky woods. Not common. 

2 C pinnatifida (Nutt). Frond 4—8', abrupt at base, pinnatifld, with a long at- 

tenuated apex inclined to root ; sori large, at length confluent. Pa. to Tenn. Eare. 
/3 ebenoideg. Frond at base pinnate ; stipe black and polished. Near Phila. 
V 

30. SCOLOPENDRIUM, Smith. Haht's-tongue. Sori linear, trans- 
verse, scattered ; indusium double (arising fi-om 3 contiguous parallel veins), 
occupying both sides of the sorus, opening lengthwise along the middle. 

S. officinarnin Willd. Frond simple, ligulate, acute, entire, cordate at base, 8 — 15' ; 
stipe chaflFy, 3 — 5'. Shady rocks, Chittenango, N. Y. (Sartwell). 

V 

31. WOODSIA, Brown. Rock Polypod. Sori roundish, scattered; 
indusium fixed beneath the sorns, early opening above it, with a multifid 
or fringed margin, including the pedicellate spore-cases, like a calyx. 
Small, tufted ferns, with pinnated fronds. 

§ Indusium closed over the sorus at first, toothed when open No. 1 

§ Indusium concealed under the sorus, fringed Avith cilise Nos. 2 — 4 

1 TV. o'btusa Torr. Fronds 6—12'', lance-oblong, smoothish, almost tripinnate ; pn. 

distant, sessile ; segments pinnatifid, lobes rounded, toothed, each bearing a round 
frait-dot, which dots at length almost meet. Eocks and clifl"s. Vt. to Car., and W. 

2 W. ilvensis Br. Frond 4 — T', lanceolate, bipinnate, the stipe, rachis, mid-veins and 

their bristly chaff rust-colored ; pn. oblong-obtuse, sessile, with 13— IT obtuse, suben- 
tire segments. Dry or rocky woods, in tufts. Stipe as long as the frond. 

3 W. gla'bella Br. Frond glabrous, lance-linear, 2 — d\ pinnate ; pn. ovate, very ob- 

tuse, 2—4", 3-7-lobed, the upper only crenate. Cliffs, N. Y., Vt., and N. No chaff. 

4 W. Oregana Eaton. Frond glabrous, lance-elliptic, 2 — 8', pinnate ; pn. pinnatifid, 

obtuse ; segments ovate, obtuse, denticulate ; indusia with very short cilise. L. Sup. 

32. CISTOPTERIS, Bernh. Bladder Fern. Sori roundish. Indu- 
sium hood-shaped, vaulted, fixed by the broad base (or by the base and 
sides), soon opening toward the forward end of the frond and thrown off. 
— Delicate Ferns, 2-3-pinnate. 

1 C. fragilis Bernh. Frond lance-oblong, 6 — 10', on a slender stipe of the same length, 

with open divisions ; pn. lance-ovate ; segments pinnatifld below, only serrate above, 
oblong, with prominent veins and 4 — 10 sori. Shady rocks. Common. 

2 C. bulbifera Bemh. Frond long-lanceolate, 12 — 18', the stipe shorter; pn. tr.au- 

gular-ovate, the lowest pair longest ; segments oblong, obtuse, pinnatifld below, 
toothed above, 1 sorus to each lobe. Bears some bulblets. Shades. 
V 

33. ASPIDIUM, L. Shield Fern. Sori orbicular, scattered, termi- 
nal or lateral on the pinnate veins. Indusium orbicular, peltate or reni- 
form with a deep sinus, covering the sorus, opening all around. 

§ ASPIDIUM. Indusium round, entire, centrally peltate. Pinnae mostly auricled on 

the upper side at base. — x Fronds simply pinnate Nos. 1 — 4 

— X Fronds bipinnate Nos. 5, 6 

§ NEPHEODIUM. Indusium roundish, with a sinus on one side (subreniform). . . (o) 

a Frond simply pinnate, with a few large pinnae. Cultivated No. 7 

a Frond once-and-a-half pinnate, — y Segments thin, quite entire Nos. S — 11 

— y Segments thick, finely serrate Nos. 12, 13 

a Frond twice pinnate. — z Segments bluntly lobed, or crenate or entire. . .Nos. 14, 15 
— z Segments sharply serrate, or lobed or toothed. .Nos. 16, 17 



374 Order 159.— FILICES. 

1 A. acrosticIioid.es Swtz. Frond narrow-lanceolate, 15—18'; stipe chaffy; pn. 

falcate-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, 1— 2^-auriculate on the upper side at base, the up 
per covered with fruit, smaller than the sterile. Eocky shades. Common. 
/3. incisum. Segments Incised and sharp-toothed, most of them fertile. N. Y., &c. 

2 A. Ijoncliitis Sw. Frond linear-lanceolate, rigidly erect, 8—18'; pn. triangular- 

ovate, auricled on the upper side at base, longest (1') in the middle, gradually les- 
sened to apex and base, all densely fertile. Lake Supei-ior, and N. 

3 A. MUNiTUM. A splendid Fern from California, growing in clumps, 3— 5f, smooth. 

rigid, evergreen, lance-linear; segm. oblong-falcate, spinulou?-serrate ; sori 2-rowed. 

4 A. FALCATUM. Froud thick, rich green, lanceolate, pinnate, 2— 3f high, with ample. 

lance-acuminate pinnae. A noble, hardy Fern from Japan. 

5 A. Florida,iiuiii (Hook). Eigidly erect, lance-oblong, pinnate and barren below. 

bipinnate, fertile, and contracted above ; lower pinnae cut-pinnatifid ; indusia large, 
rounds peltate^ as in No. 1. Ga., Fla., La. (A. Ludoviciana C-B.) 

6 A, aculeatum Sw. /3. Sraunii, Fronds in tufts, dark green, 2— 3f, pinnate, 

lanceolate, narrowed both ways ; stipe short, shaggy with large scales ; segm. ovate- 
falcate, auricled on the upper side, bristle-tipped. Mts.,Vt. (Eaton), N. Y. 

7 A. PODOPHYLLUM (or SiEB6Li>n). Fronds of two forms, thick, smooth, pinnate, with 

a few large oblong pinnae, in the fertile contracted and covered with sori. China. 

8 A. Tlielyptera Sw. Lady Fern. Frond lance-ovate, 10— 16' ; pn. narrow, distant, 

deeply pinnatifid, the lowest pair as long as any ; margins reflexed in fruit. 

9 A. Noval>oracense Willd. New York Fern. Frond elliptic-lanceolate, 12—18'; 

pn, narrow, gradually shortening from the middle both ways ; segm. oblong, obtuse, 
flat ; sori close to the margin, at length confluent. Moist woods : com. Delicate. 

10 A. i>atens Sw. Frond soft and thin, downy with rusty hairs, lance., 12—18' : pn. 
linear-oblong, pinnatifid ; segm. oblong, obtuse, entire ; sori scattered. Dry, Fla. 

1 1 A. MOLLE, from S. Afr. and S. Am., is divided just like A. patens, and equally hairy, 
but is larger, finer, with straw-colored stipes, and the sori in regular marginal rows. 

13 A. cristatuin Sw. Frond narrowly lanceolate, some 2fx6'; pn. deeply pinna- 
tifid, triangular-oblong or -ovate, acute ; segm. toothed, bearing a single row of large 
sori each side of the mid-vein. A beautiful dark-green Fern, common in woods. 

13 A. Croldiamim Hook. Frond oval or ovate, about 15x10', stipe same length ; 
pn. broad {\\ — 2'), deeply pinnatifid; segm. subfalcate, crenate. Woods, E. and W. 

14 A. fragrans Sw. Fronds linear-lanceolate, 6—12', tapering both ways, bipinnate ; 
stipe short, chafty ; pn. ovate-oblong, 1 — 10" ; segm. lin. -oblong, with a dozen round- 
ish crenatures or lobes ; sori confluent. Eocks, Northern Mich, and Wis. 

15 A. niarginale Sw. Fern ovate to lance-ovate, thick, glabrous, 1 — 2f, bipinnate ; 
stipe very chaffy at base ; pn. lanceolate ; segm. oblong-falcate, obtuse and entire at 
apex, the lower crenate-lobed ; sori round, at or near the margin, Eocky woods. 

16 A. Filix-mas. Fern lanceolate, 1— 3f; stipe very chaffy; pn. triangulai'-lance. ; 
segm. oblong, obtuse, serrate at apex ; sori near the mid-vein. N. J. to Va. ? N. W. 

17 A. spiiiulosum Willd. Stipe elongated, soon smooth, the chaff deciduous ; frond 
1 — 2f, ovate, acuminate, nearly or quite tripinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, the 
lower longest ; pnl. oblong, acutish, segm. mucronate-serrate. Woods and pastures. 

^. dilatatum. Stipe permanently chaffy ; frond triangular-ovate ; pnl. obtuse 
y, Boottiit Stipe chaffy; frond oblong-lanceolate ; pnl. rather acute. 



LATIN INDEX: 



mcLUDiNG ALSO A GLOSSARY of the genera. 



Abelmoschup. 6'2. From the Arabic ; a jrrain 
Abies, 313. The ancient name. [of mn?k. 
Abronia, 2T9. GreeJc, delicate. 
Ahivtanum. 184. Abdnthiiim, 184. 
Abutilon, 61. Name of obsciue origin. 
Acacia, 99. Gr.. to sharpen ; so. the sspinen;. 
Acalypha. 296. Gr. word lor the Nettle. 
ACANTHACE^. 233. 
Acanthus, 233. Classic for spine or thorn. 
Acer, 74. The ancient name, sharp or strong-. 
Acerates. 273. C.'?'.. Avithout horns. 
Aclx-ceta, 178. Gr., without chafi:'. 
Achilkea, 1S3. Named for Achilles. 
Achimenes, 219. Meaning unkno^^Ti. 
Acmella, ISO. f/r., a point; sense doubtfuL 
Acnida, 289. Gr., ne<^tive of .^tinging. 
Aconitum, 22. The ancient Greek name. 
Acorus. 318. Gr.. a remedy for sore eyes. 
ACEOGEN^. 360. 

Acrostichum, 367. Gr.. a row at the top ? 
Actjea, 23. Gr.., resembling the Elder. 
Actimeris, 178. Altered from the next. 
Actinomeris, 178. G'r.. partly radiate, [ate. 
Actinospermum. 1S2. Gr., seed pappus radi- 
Adenocaulon, 160. Gr.. with stipitate glands. 
Adiantum, 37ii. Qr.. not M-etted by rain. 
Adluraia. 33. Named for John Adlurn. 
Adonis, 19. Sacred to Adonis. 
yEschynomeue. 87. Gr.. modest, or sensitive, 
^sculus, 74. Name ancient and obscure. 
JSthusa, 140. Gr., to burn ; poisonous. 
.Agapanthus. .345. Gr.. a lovely flower. 
Agathsea, 160. Gr., good, or excellent. 
Agave. 333. Gr.. admirable. 
Ageratnm, 1.56. Gr.. fadeless ; long in flower. 
Agrimonia. 108. Gr., prize of the field 'i 
Agrostemma, 54. Gr.. crown of the field. 
Agrostis, 357. Gr.. of the field. 
Aiianthus, 72. Chinese ; tree of Heaven. 
Ail a. 358. 6'?'., a weapon; misapplied. 
Albizzia. 82. For an Italian botanist. 
Alchemilla, 108. Arabic, \dkernelya. 
Aletris, 335. Gr.. a miller's wife : sc. mealy. 
Alisma, .323. Ctltic. a!is, water. 
-VLISMACEjE. 322. 

Allamanda. 271. To Dr. Allamand, of Leydeu. 
Allium, 343. Celt., ail. hot or burning. 
AUosorus, 369. Gr.. changing sorns, or sori. 
Alnus. 308. Celt., al Ian, near the river. 
Alonsoa, 222. To Zanoni Alonso. 
Alopecurus. .358. Gr.. fox-tail. [Spain. 

Aloysia, 236. To Maria Louisa. Queen of 
Alpinia, 331. To P. Alpini, an Ital. botanist. 
Alsine, 56. 6'?'., in the grove. 
Althaea, 60. Gr., to cure ; sc. medicinal. 
Alyssum, 40. Gr., allavine anger. 



AMARANTACE^F:. 288. 

Amarantus. 288. Gr.. unfadinu'. 

AjVIARYLLIDACE.^. .332. 

Amaryllis, .3.3.3. Dedicated to that nymph. 

Ambhjgonwn, 282. Gr., around th'i joints ; 

sc. ochrese. 
Ambrosia, 174. Gr.. food of the god?. 
Amelanchier, 110. The French name. 
Amianthium, .348. Lat.. flowers pure, oi- white. 
Ammannia, 124. To John Ammann, a Russian. 
Ammobium. 186. Gr., living in sand. 
Amorpha, 93. Gr.. formless or deformed. 
Ampelopsis, 78. Gr., resembling the Vine. 
Amphianthus, 228. Gr., flowers of two forms. 
Amphicarpiea, 97. Gr., fruit of two forms. 
Amphicarpum, 3.58. Gr.. fruit of two forms. 
Amsonia, 270. To Chas. Amson. of S. C. 
Amygdalus, 102. The ancient name. 
Amyris, 72. &/■., mvrrh; perfumed gum. 
ANACARDIACEJE,'72. 
Anacharis, 324. Gr., uncomely. 
Anagallis, 213. Gr., laughing.' cheering. 
Ananassa, 33-5. The name in Guiana is anas. 
Anantherix. 273. Gr., beardless. 
Anchusa. 252. A name of obscure origin. 
Andromeda, 201. Like Andromeda of old, 

bound by the waters' edge. 
Andropogon. 3-59. Gr., a man's beard. 
Androsace. 211. ^7'., a man" s buckler, [cence. 
Aneimia, 367. Gr., naked; sc. the infiores- 
Anemone, 17. 6'7'., wind; or Wind-flower. 
Anethmn, 136, 139. Gr.. burning, stimulating. 
Angelica. 137. Name of excellence. 

angiosper.m.f:. is. 

ANONACEJE, 26. [the bristles of the pappus. 
Antennaria, 185. Lat.. antennae: alluding to 
Anthemis, 183. Flowering abundantly. 
Anthoxanthum. 358. Gr., yeUow flower. 
Antigramina, 372. Gr., like writing. 
Antirrhinum, 223. Gr.. like the nose. 
Anychia, 57. Altered from Paronychia. 
APETAL.F:. 278. 

Aphyllon, 217. Gr.. without leaves. 
Apium, 140. Celt., apon, water. 
Aplectrum, 328. Gr., without a spur. 
APOCYNACExE, 269. 
Apocynum, 270. Gr., repelling dogs. 
Apogon, 190. G^?'., without beard ; no pappus. 
Apteria. 325. Gr.. without wings. 
AQUIFOLIACEJE, 207. [eagles' talons. 

Aquilegia, 22. Lat., an eagle; petals like 
Arabis. 37. Originally from Arabia. 
ARACEJE. 317. 

Arachis, 87. Gr., without branches. 
Aralia, 142. Of unknown meaning. 
ARALIACE.E. 142. 



• )r-/» 



LATIN INDEX, 



ArchanfftUca. 18;. A'anu- of (excellence. 
Archemora. 13(). A lancilnl nnme. 
Ai-cfostaphylop. 201. 6'?-., Bear'i* Grape. 
ArcijphijUvm, OS. (;;/•., arched leaf. 
ArenariM, 55. (.57\ Xa^, a paiid plant. 
Arethusa, 331. ISTamed for that nyniph. 
Arsemone. 32. Remedy for sore eyeti. 
Arisiema. 318. Of unknown meaninsj. 
Ariistida, 358. Lat.. an ear of wheat." 
Ari^tolochia, -ilS. Or., ^ood in parturition. 
ARISTOLOCniACE.E, 278. 
Anneniaca. 102. Originally from Armenia. 
Arnieria, 215. Latin for the Sweet-William. 
Annoracia, 41. Native of Armorica. 
Arnica, 188. Laf.. lanibV skin. 
Aronia, 112. [the t^iaminatc ppike? awned. 
Arrhenathernni, :i"')8. G)\. male— point— £. t., 
Artemisiia, 184. To Artemis, =Diana. 
AKTOCARPE/E. 2!)8. 
Amndinaria, 358. Altered from the next. 
Arundo, 35!). L<it., a reed. Cdt.. (mu water. 
Atfarnm, 3T8. Meaninu: unexplained. 
A^CLEPIADACE.E. 271. 
Asclepias, 272. Laf., /Escnlapiu?. 
Apcyrum, 48. fr/-., noft to-1he touch. 
Asimina, 26. Of unknown meaninjif. 
Aspara<rns,347. 6'/-.. tearino;; s^ome are thorny. 
ASPHODELE/E. 311. " [indiii^ium. 

Appidium, 373. G'/:. a little shield : ?c. the 
Aspleninra, 372. Or., without the ppleen. 
Aster, Kil. Lat.. a star. 
ASTEROIDE.E. 152. 
Astilbe, 114. 6'/'., not shining' : opaque. 
Astragalus, 94. 67'., the vertebra. 
Afragene, l(i. Cr., niirlit-born. 
Atriplex, 287. Laf., black and stranding. 
Atropa, 2(i4. To Atropos, one of the Fates who 
AURANTIACE^E, 71. [cut the thread of life. 
Avena, 358. Celt., akm, to eat ? 
Ayenia, 63. To the Duke of Ayen. 
Azalia, 203. Gr.. arid; .cjrows in dry places. 
Azolla, o()l. Gr.. killed by drought. 
Baccharis, 171. Dedicated to Bacchns. 
Baldwinia, 182. To Dr. Wm. Baldwin. 
Ballota, 248. Gr.. to east away : ill-scented. 
BALSAMINE.E, 67. 
Baptisia, 84. Gr., to dve.— to color. 
Barbarea, 39. Dedicated to St. Barbara. 
Bartonia, 268. To Dr. B. S. Barton, of Phila. 
Batatas, 259. Indian name of Potato. 
Batis, 303. The Indian name. 
BatraxMinn, 19. Gr., the frog ; amphibious. 
Begonia, 131. To Michael Begon, French, a 
BEGONIA CE/E, 131 . [promoter of Botany. 
Bejaria, 204. To M. Bejar, a Spanish botanist. 
Bellis, 165. Lat.. bellus, pretty. 
Benzoin, 290. Fragrant like benzoin. 
BERBERIDACE.E, 27. 
Berberis. 27. The ancient Arabic name. 
Berchemia, 77. To M. Berchem, a French hot. 
Berlandiera, 173. To M. Berlandier, French. 
Beta, 285. Celt., belt, signifying red. 
Betonica. 249. Celt., beutoiiic. 
Betula, 308. From betu, its Celtic name. 
BETULACEzE. 307. 

Bidens, ISO. Lat., two-toothed ; sc. the seed. 
Bigelovia, 169. To Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston. 
Bi2:nonia, 218. To Abbe Bignou, librarian to 
BIGNONIACEiE, 218. [Louis XIV. 

Biotia, 161. Gr.. biod, to live. 
Blechnum, (369) 371. Gr., blechnon. [calyx. 
Blephilia, 245. Gr., eyelash: sc. the friuLred 
Bletia, 328. To Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist. 



Clitum, 2§5. 6'/.. W/Vw/,-: insipid. [.M. D 

Bocconia, 32. To Paolo Boccone, a Sicilian 
Boehmeria, 300. To O. R. Bcehmer, German. 
Ban-haavia, 279. To Boerhaave, of Holland. 
Boltonia. 167. To J. B. Bolton, an English bot. 
BORRAGINACE^E, 250. [ing? 

Borrago, 251. Altered from cor ar/o=\-\om\^h.- 
Borreria, 147. To J. \\\ Bnrrer, F. L. S. 
Borrichia, 171. To 0!of Borrich, Danish. 
Botrychium, 366. Gr.. a cluster of grapes. 
Boussingaultia, 285. To J. B. Boussingault, a 
Bouteloua, 359. [eel. German naturalist. 

Bonvardia. 170. To Dr. Bonvard, of Paris. 
Boykinia, 116. To Dr. Boykin, of Georgia. 
Brachychieta. 166. Gr., short hair : sc. pappus. 
Brasenia, 29.' 

Brassica, 40. Brassic was the Celtic name. 
Brickellia, 158. To Dr. Brickell, of Savannah. 
Briza, 358. Gr., to nod ; sc. the spikelets. 
Brizopyrum. 358. Briza ai\(\.pijros (wheat). 
BROMELIACE/E, 335. [the Wild Oat. 

Bromus, 358. Gr., food ; anciently applied to 
Broussonetia, 299. To P. N. V. Broussonet, Fr. 
Browallia. 221. To J. Browallias, of Abo. 
Brunella. 246. German, a throat-disease. 
Brunfelsia. 221. To Otho Brunsfels, of Mentz. 
Bnmnichia, 279. ToF. Brunnich, Danish. 
Bryonia. 131. Gr., to grow (sc. rapidly). 
Bryophyllum, 119. Gr., growing from the leaf. 
Buchnera, 230. T. J. G.'Buchner, German. 
Biickleya, 291. To S. B. Buckley, Texas. 
Bumelia, 210. Greek name of the Ash. 
Buplcurum, 138. Gr., ox-rib. 
Bnrmannia. 225. To one Burmann, German. 
J5URMANNIACE^, 225. 
Bnrsera, 72 To Joachim Burser, Naples. 
BURSERACE^. 72. 
BUTTOME^. 323. 

Biixus, 298. Gr.. dense? sc. the wood. 
CABOMBE^, 28. Cabomba, 29. 
Cacalia, 186. Gr., exceedingly pernicious. 
CACTAGEyE, 132. 
Cakile. 43. The Arabic name. 
Caladium, 319. Altered from Calla. 
Calaraagrostis, 357. Calamus-Agrostis. 
Calamintha, 243. Gr., beautiful Mint. 
Calamiielis. 2i9. Gr.. pretty vine. 
Calaudrinia, 59. To J. L C'alandriui, Italian. 
Calceolaria. 222. Lat.. a little slipper. 
Calendula, 188. Lat., kahndm, the first of the 
Calla, 318 (319). Gr., beautiful. [month. 

Calliastrum, 1(51. Gr.. beautiful flower. 
Callicarpa, 236. Gr., beautiful fruit. 
Callirrhoe, 60, 61. A Greek name. 
Callistachys, 100. Gr., beautiful spike. 
Callistemon, 122. Gr., beautiful stamens. 
Callistephus, 165. Gr., beautiful crown. 
CALLITRICHACE^. 301. 
Callitriche, 301. Gr., beautiful hair. 
Calluna, 200. Gr., to sweep ; sc. a bro®m. 
Calochortus, 343. Gr., beautiful grass. 
Calonyction, 260. Gr., "good-night." 
Calophanes, 234. Gr., appearing beautiful. 
Calopogon, 330. Gr., beautiful beard. 
Caltha. 21. Syncope for calathos, a goblet. 
CALYCANTHACE.^, 25. 
Calycanthus, 25. Gr., calj'x flower. 
Calycocarpum. 27. Gr., calyx fruit. 
Calypso, 326. Dedicated to that nymph. 
Calyptranthes, 123. Gr., calyptra flower. 
Calystegia, 260. Gr., calyx covered. 
Camassia, 343. Indian, Quamass. 
Cameliua, 42. Gr., dwaM Flax. 



LATIN INDEX. 



377 



L'amellia. «5. To Geo. J. Kamel, a Moravian 

OAMELLIACE^E, 64. [monk. 

'ampaniila. 19(). Lat.. a little bell. 

'AMPANULACE.:E. 196. 

^ampto?oru^. 3T'2. (?/'., curved sorns. 

OANELLACE/E. 8. 

C'aniia. 332. Celtic for cane or mat. 

Cannabis. 301. The ancient name. 

"APPARIDACE.E. 44. 

-appnri?. 44. Arabic for capers. 
CAPRIFOLIACE^. 144. 

('ajjrifolium, 14:0. Lat., goat-leaf. 
Capsella, 4-2. Z«f.. a little capsule, [qualities, 
rapsicnm, 2G3. Gr., to bite; sc. its pungent 
Cardamine. 37. (?/•., heart-t^iibduing. 
Cardiospeinium. 75. Gr., heart-seed. 
C'arex, 35G. Lat.., to want ; upper spike want- 
CariceiE, 356. [Ing seed. 

Carphephorus, 136. Gr., chafF-bearing. 
Carpinus. 307. Celtic, head-wood: sc. good 
Carthamus, 189. Arab., to color, [for yokes. 
Carum, 138. From Caria, in Asia Minor. 
Carva. 304. Gr., the walnut. 
CARYOPHYLLACE^, 52. 
Cassia, S3. Heb., ketzioth: Lat., cassia. 
Cassiope, 201. Gr., the mother of Andromeda. 
Cassyta, 290. [Thessaly. 

Castanea, 306. From Castanea. a province in 
Castilleja. 232. To Don Castilleja, a Spanish 
Catalpa, 218. The Indian name. [botanist. 
Catauanche, 192. Gr., from necessity (must 

be admired). 
Caulophyllum, 27. Gr., stem-leaf. 
Ceanothns, 77. Gr., to prick; plant spiny. 
Cedronella, 216. Gr., fragrant like cedar.*^ 
Cedrus, 314. From the river Cedron. in Judaea. 
CELASTEACE^, 75. [all winter. 

Celastrus, 76. ia(5., winter ; the fruit remains 
Celosia, 288. Gr., burnt ; appearance of the fls. 
Celtis, 299. Ancient name for the Lotus. 
Cenchrus. 358. Gr., oriental name of Millet. 
Centaurea, 188. To the centaur Chiron. 
Centradenia. 123. 6^r., spur-gland; sc. the ap- 
Centrosema. 9S. [pendages of the anthers. 
Centunculus, 213. Ancient Latin name. 
Cephalauthus, 150. G)\, head-fl.; fls. in a head. 
Cerastinm, 54. Gr., a horn ; the shape of the 
capsules. [native region. 

Cerasus, 102. From Cerasus, in Pontus, its 
Ceratiola. 303. Gr., a little horn; sc. the 
CERATOPHYLLACE.E, 302. [stigma. 

Ceratophyllnm, 302. G^\, horn-leaf. [fruit. 
Ceratoschtenus, 336. Gr., horn-rush ; sc. the 
Cercis, 83. Gr., a shuttle ; sc. the legume. 
Cereus, 133. Lat.. wax ; the shoots are plastic. 
Cestrum, 265. Gr. name for Betony. 
Chierophylliim, 137. Gr., rejoice, leaf; Ivs. fra- 
Chamoelirium, 349. (?/•., dwarf lily. [grant. 
Cliaonoitnelum, 183. The Greek name. 
Chamierops. 317. ^'r.. dwarf stem. [ist. 

Chaptalia. 194. To M. Chaptal, a French chem- 
Chapmania, 87. To Dr. A. \V. Chapman, the 
CHARACE^. 14. [Southern botanist. 

Cheilanthes, 370. Gr.. lip-flower; sc. the iii- 
Cheiranthus, 38. Gr.. hand-flower, [dusium. 
Chelidonium, 31. Gr., a swallow; flowers 

with the arrival of that bird. 
Chelone. 224. Gr.. tortoise: form of the 
CHEXOPODL\CE^, 284. ' [flower. 

Chenopodina, 287. Altered fr. Chenopodium. 
Chenopodium, 285. Gr., goose-foot ; shape of 

the leaf. [ter-green. 

Chimaphila. 206. <?;■.. lover of winter ; win- 



Chiococca. 147. Gr.. winter-berry. 
Chiogenes, 199. Gr.. winter-born. 
Chionanthus, 276. Gr., snoAV (white) flower, 
Chloris. .359. Gr., green. 
Chorozema, 100. Gr., dance, drink; found 

near a spring iu a thirsty land — X. Holland. 
Chrysanthemum. 184. Gr.. golden flower. 
Chrysobalanus, 101. Gr., golden acorn, or fr. 
Chrysogonum, 172. G'r., golden joint ; fls. in 

the axils. 
Chrysopsis, 170. Gr.. golden appearance. 
Chrysosplenium,113. Ch\. golden spleen (wort). 
Cht'hamalia, 274. Gr., on the ground ; trailing. 
Cicer. 85. Gr., strength; its nourishing quah- 
CICHORACE^, 152. [ties. 

Cichorium, 190. Greek name, adopted from the 
Cicuta. 140. Name unexplained. [Egyptians. 
Cimicifuga, 23. Gr., bug-repelling. 
Cineraria. 160. ZaiJ., aslies; clothed with ash.- 

colored down. 
Cinna, 357. An ancient name of a grass. 
Circfea, 123. To the enchanti-ess Circe. 
Cirsium. 189, The old Greek name. 
Cissus, 78. The Greek name for the Ivj'. 
CISTACEiE. 47. [slum inflated. 

Cistopteris, ;373. Gr., bladder fern ; sc. indu- 
Citharexylum, 225. Gr., harp-wood; fiddle- 
Citrulhis, 130. Derived from the next. [wood. 
Citrus, 71. From Citron, in Jud;«a. 
Cladastris. 84. Gr., brittle branches ? 
Cladium. 356. Gr., a branch or twig. 
Clarkia, 126. To Captain Clark, the pioneer 

traveller in Oregon. 
Ciaytonia, 59. To John Clayton, of Virginia. 
Clematis, 16. Gr., a tendril; the petioles act 
Cleome. 4L Gr.. to shut : fls. closed, [as such. 
Clethra. 204. The Greek name of the Alder. 
Clianthus, 100. Gr., the flower of slorv. 
Clintonia (195), 346. To Gov. De \ntt Clinton, 
Cliroria. 98. A fanciful name. [of N. Y. 

Clnsia. 8. To Charles de TEcluse, of Artois. 
Cnicns, 189. Gr., to prick. 
Ciiicloscolns, 296. Gr., nettle-prickle. 
Cobiea, 258. To B. Cobo, a Spanish botanist. 
Cocciilus, 27. Lat.. cochineal; berries red. 
Coix. 359. A Greek name of a grass. [try. 
Colchicum, 318. From Colchis, its native coun- 
Coleus. 239. Gr., a sheath; of the stamens. 
Collinsia, 225. To Z. Collins, of Philadelphia. 
Collinsonia. 241 . To Peter CoUinson. F. R. S. 
Collomia, 259. Gr., glue ; referring to the seeds. 
Colocasia, 319. [mens. 

Colubrina. 76. Gr., snake ; the twisted sta 
Colutea. 95. [charactei. 

Comandra, 291. Gr., hair stamens: see the 
Coniarrnn, 107. Greek name of the Arbutus. 
COMBRETACE^, 12. [mous Dutch botanists. 
Commelvna, 353. To J. and G. Commelyn, fa- 
COMMELYNACE,^, 353. 
COMPOSIT^E. 152. [Bishop of London. 

Comptonia. 309. To Henry Compton, Lord 
CONIFER.F:, 312. 

Conioselinum, 140. i. e., Conium-Seliniim. 
Conium, 139. Gr., dust ; unexplained. 
Conobca, 226. Name unexplained, 
Conoclinium. 160. Lat.. conical receptacle. 
CONOroE^E. 311. 
Conopholis, 271. Gr., scale, cone. 
Conostj/tis, 3.34. Gr., cone, style. 
Consolida, 22. Lat., styles all in one ? 
Convallaria, 364. Lat., a. valley. 
Convolvulus, 260. Lat.. to entwine, or invol ve. 
Couyza, 171. Unexplained. 



378 



LATIN INDEX. 



Coptis, 3J. 6=/'., to cut ; ?c. the clelt, leaves. 
Corallorhiza. 3-28. G^r.^ coral-root. 
Corchornp, 04. Gr., to purge ; laxative. 
Cordia, 250. To E. Cordins, a Germ, botanist. 
Corema, 303. Lat., a broom; so. the habit. 
Coreopsis, 178. Gr., bu<j-hke ; sc. the seeds. 
Coreandrum, 141. Gr.^ uug; from the odor. 
Corespermum, 287. (?r., bug-seed. 
CORNACEzE, 142. [of the wood. 

Corniis, 143. Lai., a horn ; from the hardness 
Coronilla, 87. Lat., a little crown. 
Corydalis, 33. Greek name for Fumitor}^. 
Corylns, 307. ^r., a helmet; the involucrate fr. 
CorytJi'hnn.'iZi. 6^/'., a helmet ; sc. the flower. 
Cosmanthus, 250. Gr., elegant flower. 
Cotula, 172. The old Latin name. 
Cfwdchis, 329. Derivation uncertain. 
Crantzia, 135. To Prof. Crantz, Ensr. 
Crassula, 119. iMt., thick ; leaves fleshy. 
CRASSULACEvE. 117. [ness of the wood. 

Cratnegus, 110. Gf\, streng-th ; from the hard- 
Crinum, 333. The Greek name of the Lily. 
Crocus, 337. The name in Chaldaic. 
Croomia, .339. I^o H. B. Croom. of Florida. 
Crotalaria, 90. Gr.. a rattle ; sc. the sds. in pod. 
Croton, 297. Gr., a tick ; sc. the seeds. 
Crotonopsis. 297. Croton-like. 
CRUCIFER^E, 34. [are in the sheaths. 

Crypsis, .358. frV'., concealed; as the flowers 
CRYPTOGAMIA, 300. [the calyx). 

Cryptotfenia, 138. Gr., concealed border (of 
Cteninm, 35!). Gr., a comb ; sc. the beard. 
Cncumis, 131. ir/^, crooked? (fruit). 
Cuciirbita. 130. Lat., crookedness ; the fruit. 
CUCURBIT A(JE.'E, 129. 
Cunila, 240. 

Cuphea, 123. Gr., curved; sc. the capsule. 
Cupressus. 315. 6^/'., equal growth ; referring 
CUPULIFER^. 304. [to the re^. branches. 
Cuscuta, 200. Name from the Arabic. 
Cyathea, 307. Gr., little cup ; sc. indnsium. 
CYCADACE.E, 311. 

Cycas, 312. A name in Greek for a Palm. 
Cyclamen, 212. Gr., circular; sc. the leaves. 
Cycloloma. 285. Gr., circle, border (of the cal.) 
Cydonia, 112. From Cydon, in Crete. 
Cynara, 188. Gr., a dog; involucre spiny. 
Cynodon, 359. (??•., dog tooth ; sc. the spikelets. 
Cynoglossum, 251. Gr.. dog tongue ; sc. the Ivs. 
Cjnithia, 191. A name of Diana. 
CYPERACE^, 355. 
Cyperus, 350. A name of Venus. 
Cvpripedium, .320. Gr., Venus' slipper, 
(^yrilla, 205. To Dom. Cyrillo. M. D.. Naples. 
Cyrtanthera, 235. Gr., curved flower. 
Cytisus, 100. First found in Is). Cythrus. 
Dactylis, 358. Gr., a finger; spikes digitate. 
Dact3^1octenium. 359. Gr. finger comb; the 

spikes digitate-pectinate. 
Dahlia. 100. For A. Dahl, a Swedish botanist. 
Dalea, 93. For Thos. Dale, an English botanist. 
Dalibarda, 105. To Dalibard, a Fr. botanist. 
Danthonia, 358. To M. Danthoine, a Fr. hot. 
Daphne, 292. A nymph transformed by Apollo. 
Dasystoma, 230. Gr., hairy mouth ; sc. the cor. 
Datura, 200. From the Arabic, Totorali. 
Daucus, 139. The Greek name. 
Davallia. 371. M. Davall, a Swiss botanist. 
Decumaria, 110. Lat., decern, ten ; fls.lO-parted. 
Delphinium, 22. Gr., a dolphin. 
Dentaria, 37. Lat., a tooth ; the root toothed. 
Desman thus, 82. Gr., bundle (of) flowers. 
Desmodium, 88. Gr., a bond ; sc. the loment. 



Dentzia. 110. For Deidz. a Dutch botanist. 
DIALYPETAL.^, 1.5. [the pod. 

Diamorpha, 119. Gr., peculiarly formed ; bc. 
Dianthcra, 234. Gr.. two anthers. 
Dianthus, 52. Gr., the flower of Jove. 
Diapensia, 258. Gr., flowers by 5's ; 5-cleft. 
Diarrhena, 358. Gr., two rough (keels in the 
Dicentra, 33. Gr., two spurs. tpales. 

Dicerandra, 242. Gr., anthers two-horned. 
Dichondra, 200. Gr., two grains (carpels). 
Dichroraena, 350. Gr., two-colored, [amist. 
Dicksonia, 371. To Jas. Dickson, cryptog- 
Dicliptera, 234. Gr., double-valved (capsule). 
Dictamnus, 70. Greek name of the Ash. 
Didiplis, 124. Gr., twice double. 
Dielytra, 33. Gr., two wings. 
Diervilla, 140. To M. Dierville, M.D., French. 
Digitalis, 228. Lat., finger of a glove. 
Digitaria, .358. Lat., a finger ; sc. the spikes. 
Diodia, 149. Gr., wayside (plants). 
Diomiea, 51. A name of Venus. 
Dioscorea. 338. To Pedacius Dioscorides, a 
DIOSCOREACE^, 338. [Greek physician. 
Diospyros, 209. Gr., the pear of Jove. 
Diphohs, 210, Gr., two scales (bet. the petals). 
Diphylleia, 28. Gr., two-leaved. 
Diplopappus, 105. Gr., double pappus. 
DIPSACEiE, 151. [hold water. 

Dipsacus, 151. Gr., to thirst; the leaf-axils 
Dipteracanthus, 234. Gr., 2-winged Acanthus. 
Dirca, 292. Gr., a fountain. 
Discopleura, 141. Gr., disk, ribs (united). 
Dodecatheon, 211. 6^'.. twelve deities (flowers). 
Dodonsea, 74. To R. Dodonjens, M. D. 
Dolichos, 98. G^\, long ; sc. the twining stems. 
Doodia, 371. To S. Doody, botanist, London. 
Downingia, 195. To J. Downing, florist, &c. 
Draba, 41. Gr„ acrid or biting ; sc. the leaves. 
Dracocephalum, 246. Gr., dragon head. 
Dracopsis, 176. Gr., dragon-like. 
Dracunculus, 184. Gr., little dragon. 
Drosera, 51. Gr., dew (-drops on the leaves). 
DROSERACE^, 50. 

Dryas, 105. Gr., Oak nymph ; sc. its leaves. 
Dulichinm. 350. First found on that island. 
Duranta, 23^5. To Castor Durant, 1580. 
Dysodia, 181. Gr., ill-r-cented. 
Eatonia, 358. To Prof. Amos Eaton, the w(.'l]- 
EBENACE^, 209. [known botanist. 

Eccremocarpus, 218. Gr., pendent fruit. 
Echeveria, 119. To M. Echeveri, botanic artist. 
Echinacea, 175. Gr., hedgehog ; sc. the spines. 
Echinocactus, 133. Gr., hedgehog cactus. 
Echinocystis, 129. Gr.. hedgehog bladder ; fr. 
Echinodorus, 323. (T/r., hedgehog sac ; carpels. 
Echinospermum, 251. Hedgehog seed. 
Echites, 271. Gr., a viper ; the smooth shoots. 
Echium, 251. Ch\, a viper ; sc. the seeds. 
Eclipta, 172. Gr.. deficient; sc. no pappus. 
Ehretia, 250. To D. G. Ehret, German artist. 
EL^EAGNACE.E, 292. 

Elieagnus, 292. Gr., the olive; resemblance. 
ELATINACE.E, 51. 
Elatine, 51. Gr., the fir ; resemblance. 
Eleocharis, .350. Gr., marsh delight. 
Elephantopus, 150. Gr., elephant's foot. 
Eleusine, 3.59. A name of Ceres. 
Elliottia, 205. To Stephen Elliott, S. Car. 
Ellisia, 254. To Joseph Ellis, F. R. S. 
Elodea, 50. Gr., a marsh. [in the sheath. 

ElymuG, 358. Gr., enveloped ; sc. the spike 
Elytraria, 233. (Jr.. enveloped ; the fls.in bracts. 
EMPETRACEiE. 302. 



LATIN INDEX. 



379 



Empetrnm, 803. Gr., on a rock. 
ENDOGENyE, 316. 
Enslenia. 273. To Aloysius Enslen. 
Epidendrara, 331. Gr.. on a tree. 
Ep'<]:«a, 200. Gr.. on The earth ; trailing. 
Epilobium, 124. Gr.^ on the pod (sc. the lis.) 
Epiphpofii?. 217. Gr.^ on the Beech (root^). 
Epiphvlhim. 182. Gr.., on a leaf (sc. the fls.) 
EQUI^ETACEiE, 2G3. 
Equi return. 2ti3. Lat,. hor.-e-hair. 
Eragroftis. 358. Gr.. lovelv grass. 
Erectile?. 186. Gr.. to trouble. 
Erianthns, 359. Gr., wool-flower. 
Erica. 20;). Laf.. the old name. 
ERICACEAE, 197. 
Erigenia. 140. Gr., spring-born. 
Erigeron. 1G5. Gr.. in spring (early) old. 
Eriocaulon, 3.55. Gr.. woolly stem? 
ERIOCAULONACE^, 355. 
Eriogonum. 280. Gr.. woolly joint. 
Eriophorum. 356. Gr., w(Joi-beariug, 
Erithalis, 147. Gr.. to grow green. 
Emodea, 147. Gr., branched ; much branched. 
Erodium, C8. (?r., a heron's (bill). 
Erophila. 41. Gi\, lover of Spring. 
Eryngium, 131. Gr., to belch ; a remedy. 
Erysimum. 39. Gr., to draw (blisters). 
Erythrfea, 267. Gr.. r6d : sc. the flower.-?. 
Erythrina, 97. Same as the last. 
Erythronium. 341. Ditto. 
Escallonia. 116. To Escallon. Spanish. 
Eschscholtzia, Z%. To Eschscholtz, German. 
Eucalyptus. 121. Gr.. well covered ; sc. the cal. 
Eugenia, 122. To Prince Eugene, of bavoJ^ 
Jiiu.. . ^'is, 141. Gr., handsome crest. 
Euonymu^, ~'^> Gr.. well named. 
Eupatorium. \n^. Named for Eupator. 
Euphorbia. 293. To Euphorbus. of Mauritania. 
EUPHORBIACE.E. 293. 
Euphrasia, 232. To the Muse Euphrosyne. 
Eustachys. .359. Gr.. handsome spike. 
Eustoma, 267. Gr.. liandsome mouth. 
Eutoca, 255. Gr.. I'ruitful. 
Euxolus. 2t8. Gr.. well chised. 
Evolvulus, 260. Lat.. to roll out. to trail. 
Excoecaria. 296. Lat.. to blind ; the poisonous 
EXOGEN.E. 15. [juice destroys the sight. 

Exostemma. 147. 67".. stamens exserted '•' 
Faba, 85. Gr.. to eat. 
Fabiana. 2fi5. To F. Fabiana, of Valencia. 
Fagopyrura, 2S4. Gr.. beech-nut wheat. 
Fagus, 307. The ancient name. 
I'edia, 151. Yvovafedus, a kid. 
Fenzlia. 257. To i)r. Fenzl. a botanic author. 
Festuca. 358. Cali-./ed, pasture. 
FICOIDE.E. 133. 

Flcus, 299. Tiie ancient Latin name. 
Filago. 185. Laf.. thread-spinning; the plant 
FILICES, 364. [is clothed in cotton. 

Fimbristylis. 356. Gr.. fringed style. 
Floerkea.'OS. To Floerke. a German botanist. 
FLUREDE.E. 322. 

Fceniculura, 1-39. Lat., a kid ; why ? 
Forestiera. 277. To M. Forestier, French. 
Forsteronia, 270. To T. F. Forster, an Eng.bot. 
Forsythia, 276. To Mr. Forsyth, horticulturist. 
Fothergilla. 120. To J. Fothergill, M.D., Lond. 
Fragaria, 11)6. Lat.. fragrant ; sc, the fruit. 
Francuea, 221. To Francis. Emperor of Aust. 
Franklinia. 65. [plants in the South, 

Frasera, 26S. To John Eraser, collector of 
Fraxinus. 277. Lat.. a hedge ; hedge plants. 
Fritillaria. 342, Lot., a fhes^-board. 



Fra?lichia. 290. To J. A. Frcelich, a Germ. bot. 
Fuchsia, 127. To Leouai'd Fuchs, German. 
Fuirena, 356. To G. Fuiren, Danish. 
Fumaria. 34. Lat.. smoke ; sc. the smell. 
FU^tlARIACE^, 33. 
FUNGI, 14. 

Funkia, 345. To Henry Funk, German. 
Gaillardia, 181. To M. Gaillard, French. 
Galactia. 97. Gr.. miik. 
Galanthus, 334. Gr.. milk-flower. 
Galax, 206. Gr., milk; flowers milk-white ? 
Galeopsis, 248. Gr., weasel-like ; sc. the f^. 
Galinsoga, 172. To M. Galinsoga, Madrid. 
Galium. 148. Gr., milk (to curdle). 
GAMOPETAL.E. 144. 

Gardoqida,iA{'). To Diego Gardoqui. Spanish. 
Gaultheria, 201. To Dr. Gaulthier, Quebec. 
Gaura, 126. Gr., superb. [French chemist. 
Gaylussacia, 198. To Gaylussac, the celebrated 
Gazania, 181. Lat.. riches (richness). 
Gelsemium, 269. Italian for Jessamine. 
Genista, 90. Celt., gen. a bush. 
Gentiana, 267. To Gentius, king of Illyria, 
GENTIANACE.E. 266. 
GERANIACEJE, 67. 

Geranium. 68. Gr., crane's (bill) ; sc. the fruit. 
Gerardia, (230) 231. To John Gerard. English, 
Gesneria, 219. To Conrad Gesner, German. 
GESNERIACEiE, 219. [of G. urbicum. 

Geum. 105. G)\, to srive relish ; sc. the roots 
Gilia, 257. To P. S.tiill. Spanish. 
Gillenia, 104. Named for A. Gille, German, 
Ginkgo, 316. The name in Japanese. 
Ginseng, 142. The name in Chinese. 
Gladiolus, 333. Lat., a little sword ; sc. the Ivs. 
Glaucium, 31. Gr., i^laucous (in color). 
Glaux, 212. Ditto. 
Glechoma, 246. An old Greek name. 
Gleditschia, 83. To Prof. G. Gleditsch. Berlin. 
Glottidium. 93. Gr.. tonirue ; sc. the pods. 
Gloxinia. 219, To P. B. (Jloxin. of Cohnar. 
GLUMIFER.'E. 355. 

Gl.yceria, .358. Gr., sweet ; sc. the herbage. 
Gnaphalium, 185, Gr., soft down. 
Godetia, 126. To M. Godet, French. 
Gomphrena, 289. Gr., a club ; sc. the flowers. 
Gonolobus, 274. Gr., angular pods. 
GOODENIACE^, 10. 

Goodyera, 330. To John Goodyer, English. 
Gordonia, 6.5. To Alex. Gordon, London. 
Gossipium. 63. jhxiitic, a softness. 
GRAMINE.E:, 35t;. 

JGRAMINOIDE.E. 3.55. [bearded at base. 

Graphephorum, 358. Gr., pencil-bearing; fls. 
Gratiola. 227. Lat., arace (medicinally). 
GROSSULACEyE (lll3). 
Grossularia, 117. Name of doubtful meaning. 
Guettarda, 147. To EtienneGuettard, French. 
Guiacum. 67. The aboriginal name. 
GUTTIFER^, 8. 

Gymnadenia, 326. Gr.. naked gland. 
Gymnocladus, 83. Gr., naked branches. 
Gymnogramma, 368. Gr., naked writing (sori). 
Gymnopogon. 359. Gr., naked beard. 
Gymnospermie. 311. Gr., naked seeds. 
Gynandropsis. 44. Gr.. like gynandria. 
Gyuerium, 359, Gr., style woolly, 
Gypsophila, 53, Gr.. lo\ing chalk (cliflfs). 
Ilabenana, 326. Lat.. thong, = the long spur. 
Habfothamnus, 265. Gr., a gay branch, 

h.f:modorace/E, 325, 

Halenia, 268. A personal name. 
Halcsia, 209. To S, Haks, D. D.. F. R. S. 



380 



LATIN INDEX. 



HALORAGE.E. 120. 
HAMAMELACIE^E, 120. 
Hamamelis. 120. Gr., (flower) with the fruit. 
Hamelia, 147. To H. L. Duliamel. [berg. 

Hardenbero-ia, 99. To the Countess of Harden- 
Hedeoma, 241. Tlie Greelc name for Mint. 
Hedera, 142. Celt., a cord. 
Hedj^chium, 881. Gr.. pweet snow (white fls.) 
Hedygarum, 87. An old Greelv name. 
Helenium. 181. Dedicated to Helen. 
HeliarifheUa, 177. Diminutive of Helianthus. 
Helianthemum, 47. Gr., Sun-flower. 
Helianlhus, 176. Ditto. 
Heliclirysum, 18(5. Gr., golden snn. 
Heliophytum, 251. ' Gr., Sun-plant. 
Heliopsis, 175. Gr., sun-like. 
Heliotropium. 250. Gr. turninc: (with) the sun. 
Hellehorus, 21. Gr., killing (poisonous) food. 
Helonias. 349. Gr., a marsh. 
Helosciadimn, 140. Gr.., marsh umbel. 
Hematelia, 367. 

Hemerocallis, 345. Gr., beauty of a day. 
Hemicarpha. 356. Gr., half (of the) chaft'. 
Hepatica, 18. Gr.., of or resembling the liver. 
HEPATIC^. 14. 

Heracleum, 136. Sacred to Hercules. 
Herpestis, 226. Gr., a creeper. 
Hesperis. 39. Gr., the evening. [anthers. 
Heteranthera. 350. Gr., other (two kinds of) 
Heterotheca, 170. Gi\, other (2 kinds of) fruits. 
Heuchera, 115. To Dr. H. Heucher, AVittembg. 
Hibiscus, 62. From ibis, the stork. 
Hieracium, 101. Gr., hierax, the hawk. 
Hierochloa. 358. Gr., holy Grass. 
HIPPOCASTANE.E, 73. 
Hippomane, 293. Gr., horse madness. 
Hippophfe, 293. Gr., horse destroyer. 
Hippuris, 121. Gr., mare's tail. 
Holcus, 358. Gr.. to extract (thorns). 
Holosteum, 54. Gr., all bone (by antithesis). 
Honkenya, 56. A personal name. 
Hordeum, 358. Gr., heavy (sc. bread). 
Hottonia, 211. To Prof. P. Hotten, of Levden. 
Houstonia, 149. To Wm. Houston, M. D., Eng. 
Hoya, 275. To Thos. Hoy, P. L. S. 
B[udsonia, 48. To Wm. Hudson. F. R. S. 
Humea, 194. To Lady Hume, of Wormleybnry. 
Humulus, 301. Lat., on the ground, =trailing. 
Hyacinthus, 344. A boy killed by Zephyrus. 
Hydrano-ea. 118. Ch'., a water-vessel. 
Hydranthelium, 228. Gr. , a little water-flower. 
Hydrastis, 23. In or near water. 
HYDROCHARIDACE^, 324. 
Hydrocleis, 323. Gr., enclosed in water. 
Hydrocotyle, 135. Gr., a water-vessel. 
Hydrolea, 255. Gr., water, oil; sc. an oily 
HYDROPHYLLACE^, 253. [water-plant. 
Hydrophyllum, 254. Gr., water leaf. 
Hygrophila, 234. Gr., loving moisture. 
Hymenopappus, 181. Gr., membranous pap- 
Hyoscyamus, 264. Gr., hog-bean. [pus. 

Hypelate, 74. , Unexplained. 
HYPERICACE/E. 48. 

Hypericum, 49. Not satisfactorily explained. 
Hypobrychia, 124. [the pod). 

Hypoxis, 334. Gr., sharp under ; (the base of 
Hyptis. 239. 6rr., resupinate: sc Ihecor.upper 
Hyssopus, 241. The old Hebrew name. [lip. 
Iberis, 42. From Iberia, now Spain. 
Hex, 207. The ancient name. 
lUicium, 24. Lat., alluring; sc. the perfume. 
Ilysanthes. 227. Gr., mud-flower, [touched. 
Impatiens. 69. Lot., impatient : not to be 



Indlgofera, 95. Lat., indigo-bearing. 

Inula, 171. A corruption of Helleniiim. 

lodanlhus, 36. Gr., violet-flower. 

Ipomgea, 259 (260;. Gr., like bindweed. 

Ipornopsis, 257. Gr., like ipomtea. 

Iresine. 289. Gr., eiros, wool. 

IRIDACEiS, 336. 

Iris, 336. From its varied colors. 

Isanthus, 239. Gr., equal (regular) flower. 

Isatis, 43. Gh\, to smooth (the skin) ; a cos- 

Isoetes, 360. Crr., equal (all the) year, [metic. 

Isopappus. 170. Gr., equal pappus. 

Isopyrum, 20. Gr., equal wheat. 

Itea, 117. Greek name of the Willow. 

Iva, 174. Leaves resembling the Greek Iva. 

Ixia, 337. irt/.. bird-lime; sc. stickj'. 

Jacquemontia, 258. To Victor Jacquemont. 

Jasminum, 275. &'?•., violet smell; sc. fragrant. 

Jatropha, 296. 6^?\, physician, food; sc. medi- 
cinal. 

Jeft'ersonia, 28. To President Thos. Jeff'erson. 

JUGLANDACE^, 303. [walnut. 

Jmrlans, 304. Gr., the nut of Jove; sc. the 

JUNCACE.F:, 350. 

JUNCAGINE^, 323. [of these rushes. 

Juncus, 351. Lat., to join ; ropes were made 

Juniperus, 314. Celt., rough or rude. 

Jussiaea, 124. To Antoine Jussieu, the elder. 

Justicia, 235. To J. Justice, a Scotch botanist. 

Kallstroemia, 67. A personal name. 

Kalmia, 200. To Prof. Peter Kalm, of Abo. 

Kennedya, 99. To Mr. Kennedy, of Ham- 
mersworth. 

Kerria, 104. To Mr. Kerr, botanist, Ceylon. 

Koeleria, 358. To Prof. Kceler, of Mayence. 

Koelreuteria, 75. To J. G. Koelreuter, German 

Kostelletzkya,62. A personal name, [botanist. 

Krameria, 80. To J. G. and W. H. Kramer, Ger. 

Krigia, 191. To Dr. David Krei^, German. 

Kuhma,15S. To Adam Kuhn, of Pennsylvania. 

Kvhrdsrera, 93. From Kuhnia. 

Kyllingia. 356. To P. Kylling, Danish. 1690. 

LABIAT.E, 237. LABIATIFLOR^, 153, 155. 

Laburnum, 91. The old Latin name. 

Lachnocaulon. .3.55. Gr., wool-stem. 

Lachnanthes, 335. Gr., wool-flower. 

Lactuca, 193. Lat., /ac,=mi]k; sc. milk-weed. 

Lagenaria, 130. Lat., a bottle ; sc. the gourd, 

Lagerstrcemia, 123. To Marcus Lagerstroem, 

Laguncularia, 122. LmI., a small bottle. [Ger. 

Lainium, 248. Gr., throat ; sc. gapiug-flowers. 

Lampsana, 190. A personal name. 

Lantana, 237. Old Latin name for Laburnum. 

Lapitlioia, 266. 

Laportea. 3u0. To M. Laporte, French. 

Lappa, 190. Old Latin name of Burdock. 

Larix, 314. Cell., fat or resinous ; from lar. 

Lathyrus. 85. Gr., stimulating. 

LAURACE.F], 290. [made of lavender. 

Lavandula, 239. Lat., to wash; from the use 

Lavatcra, 60. To the two Lavaters, of Zurich. 

Leavenworthia,.38. ToDr.Leavenworth.U.S.A. 

Lechea, 47. To G, Leche, Sweden, 1760. 

Ledum, 204. An old Greek name. [ni^t. 

Leersia, ;3.57. To J. D. Leers, a German bota- 

LEGUMINOS.'E, 80. 

Leiophyllum. 204. Gr., smooth leaf. [Florida. 

LeitJieria, 309. To Dr. Leitner, collector in 

Lemna, 319. The Greek name of some water- 

LEMNACE.H, 319. [plant. 

Lens, 100. The seeds are shaped like a leas. 

LENT1BULACE.F]., -^1.5. 

Lconotis. -,'19. Gr.. lionV-ear; sc. the flowers. 



LATIN INDEX. 



381 



Leontodon, 191. Gr., lion's-tootli ; sc. the Ivs. 
Leonurus, 249. Gr., lion's-tail; sc. the spike 

of flowers. 
Lepachis, 17!}. From lepis, Gr. word for scale. 
Lepidium, 42. Gr.. a little scale ; sc. the sili- 
Lei)tocaulis. 140. (xr., slender stem. [cles. 
Leptochloa, 359. Gr.., slender grass. 
Leptopoda, 182. G^"., slender loot or stem. 
Lepiosiphou, 25T. Gr.., slender tuhe; sc. the 

flowers. 
Lepturus, 35S. (?r., slender tail; sc.the spikes. 
Lepuropetaion, 115. C'r., husk petal. [Ida. 
Lespedeza, 89. To M. Lespedez, Gov. of Flor- 
Leucanthemum. 183. Gr., white flower. 
Ledcas, 538. Gr., whiteness ; sc. of the flowers. 
Leucojum, 334. Gr.. Avhite violet. 
Liatris, 157. A name unexplained. 
LICHENES, 14. 
LIGULIFLOR.E, 152, 155. 
Ligusticum, 140. Originally found in Ligiiria. 
Ligustrum, 276. Lat., ligare, to tie; sc. its 
LILIACE^E, 341. [flexible branches. 

Lilium, 342. Celt., li, whiteness. 
Limnanthemurn, 268. Gr., marsh-flower. 
Limnanthes, 68. Ditto. 
Limnobium, 324. Gr., marsh -life. 
Limnocharis. 323. Gr., marsh-joy. 
Llraosella, 228. Gr., little mud (plant). 
LINAGES, 65. [resembles. 

Linaria, 222. From Linum, flax ; which it 
Lindera, 290. Name unexplained. 
Linnsea, 144. To the great naturalist. Carl von 
Linum, 66. Celt., lin,=3i thread. [Linuseus. 
Liparis, 329. Gr., liparos, unctuous. 
Lipocarpha. 356. Gr.. oil chaft'; why ? 
Lippia, 236. To Aug. Lippi, French traveller. 
Liquidambar. 120. ^Lat., liiiuid amber. 
Liriodendron, 25. 6V\, lily-iree; sc. tulip-tree. 
Listera, 329. To Dr. Martin Lister, English. 
Lithospermum, 252. Gr., stone-seed. 
Loasa, 128. Name unexplained. 
LOASACE.'E, 123. [to James I. 

Lobelia, 194. To Matthew Lobel, physician 
LOBELL\CE^, 194. [nist.) 

LOGANLICE.'E, 269. (Jas. Logan, Eng. bota- 
Loiseleuria, 203. A mythological name. 
Lolium, 359. The Celtic name is loloa. [sori. 
Lomaria, 369. Gr., the edge ; position of the 
Lonicera, 145. To Adam Lonicer, Germ., 1580. 
Lophanthus. 245. Gr., crest-flower. 
Lophiola, 235. Lat., diminutive ; little crest. 
Lophosperraum, 223. Gr., crest-seed. 
LORANTKACE^E, 292. Lorinseria, 371. 
Ludwigia, 127. To Prof. C. D. Ludwig, Leipsic. 
Lunaria, 40. Lat., the moon; sc. the silicles. 
Lupinus, 9;). Lat., a wolf; devours the soil"? 
Luziola, 357. Lat., lux, light ; sparkling with 
Luzula, 351. Germ., the glow-worm. [dew. 
Lychnis, 54. Gr., a laimp (wick). 
Lyciimi, 264. The old Greek name. 
Lycopersicttm, £62. Gr., wolf-peach. 
LYCOPODIACE.E. 361. 
Lycopodium, 361 (362). Gr., Avolf-foot. 
Lycopsis, 251. Gr.. wolf-like ; the flov/er is 

fancied to resemble a wolf's eye. 
Lycopus, 240. Gr., wolf-foot. 
Lygodesmia. 193. Gr., flexible band. 
Lygodium, 386. Gr., a flexible (vine). 
Lysimachia, 212. Gr., dissolution of strife; 
LYTHRACE.E. 123. [sc. loose-strife. 

Lythrum, 123. Gr., black blood; sc. purple. 
Macbridea, 24(. To Dr. Jas. McBride, of S. C. 
Madura. 299. ToAVm. ^rachire, Pennsvlvaira. 



Macranthera, 230. G^\, long anthers, 
Macrotis, 23. Gr., long ears ; sc. racemes. 
Madia, 173. The name in Chili. 
Magnolia, 24. To Prof. Pierre j^,Lagnol, Mont- 
3[AGN0LLACE^E, 24. [pelier, France. 

Majanthemum, 346, Lat., May-flower. 
MalacJiodendron, 65. Gr.^ Mallow-tree. 
]\[ALPIGHL\CE.E. S. 

Malm, 112. Lat., the apple. [=sofu 

Malva, 60. Altered from the Greek malacke. 
MALVACEAE. 59, 
Slalvastrum, 61. From Malva. 
Malvaviscas, 62. Lat., glue mallow. 
Mammilaria, 132. Lat., mamma, nipple ; sc. 
the protuberances. [Ayres. 

Mandevilla, 271 . To H. B. Mandeville, Buenos 
Manisurus. 259. Gr., lizard's-tail. [1550. 

Maranta, 331. To B. Maranti, M. D., Venice, 
Marrubium, 249. Hebrew, bitter juice. 
Marshallia, 182. To Humphrey Marshall, Phila. 
Marsilia, 360. To Count F. Marsigli, Bologna. 
MARSILIACE^, 360. fbridge, 1765. 

Martynia, 219, To Prof. John Martyn, Cam- 
Maruta, 183. Meaning unexplained. 
Matricaria, 183. An anatomical word. [1750. 
Matthiola, 38. To Dr. P. A. Matthioli, Italy, 
Maurandia, 223. To Prof. Maurandi, Cartha- 
Mayaca, 354. Name unexplained. [gena. 

Maytenus, 76. The Chilian name. 
Meconopsis, 32. Gr., poppy-like. 
Medeola, 340. From Medea, the sorceress. 
Medicago, 92. An ancient name, [(branches). 
Melaleitca, 122. Gr.. black (trimk), white 
Melampvrum, 223. Gr., black wheat. 
MELANTHACE^E. 347. 
Melanthera, 174. Gr., black anthers. 
Melanthium, 348. Gr., black flower. 
MELASTOMACEzE, 122. [Ash. 

Melia. 65. The Greek name for the Manna 
MELIACE.E, 65. 

Melica, 358. Italian, from mel, honey. 
Melilotus, 92. Lat., honey lotus. 
Melissa, 243. Lat.. a bee; yields honey. 
Melocactup. 133. Gr., melon cactus. 
Melothria, 130. The old Greek name. 
MENISPERMACE^, 26. 
Menispermum. 36. Gr., moon-seed. 
Mentha. 240. Minthe. daughter of Cocyton. 
Mentzelia, 128. To C. Mentzel, of Brandenburg. 
Menyanthes, 26S (269). Gr., moon-flower. 
Menziesia. 201. To Archibald Menzies, F.L.S. 
Mercurialis, 297. Dedicated to Mercury. 
Mertensia,253. To Prof. F. C. Mertens,Bremen. 
Mesembryanthemum,133. 6//'., mid-day flower. 
Metastelma, 274. Gr., with a girdle. 
Micranthemum, 227. Gr., minute flower. 
Microstylis, 329. Gr., minute style. 
Mikania, 160. To Prof. Joseph Mikan, Prague. 
Milium, 358. Lat., a thousand (seeds). 
Mimosa, 82. Gr., a mimic; sc. its motions. 
Mimulus, 226. Gr., an ape ; sc. its flowers. 
Mimusops, 210. Gr., ape-like. 
Mirabilis, 279. Lat, wonderful ; sc. the fls. 
Mitchella, 148. To Dr. John Mitchell, Ya. 
Mitella. 113. Lat., a little mitre ; sc. the fruit. 
Mitreola, 269. Ditto. 

Modiola, 61. Lat.. a little measure or cup. 
Moenchia, 56. To the Germ, botanist, Mcench. 
Moeringia, 55. To Dr. P. H. G. Moehring, Germ., 
MoUugo. 58. Name applied by Pliny. [1730. 
Moluccella, 248. Natives of the Moluccas. 
Monarda, 245. To Dr. N. Monardez, Seville. 
Moneses. 206. From /«o//o,*. =oiie ; sc. 1-tld. 



382 



LATIN INDEX. 



Moiiotropa, 206. C?-., one, turning: flowers 
Montelia, 289. [tnrnetl one M-ay. 

Moriucla. 147. i. e., Indian Mulbeny. 
Morns, 300. Celt., black: sc. the fruit. 
Muhlenber<:ia, 357. To Rev. Henry Muhlen- 
MULISIACE.E, 153. [berg, D. D. 

Mulgeclinm, 193. Meaning unknown. 
Musa, 331. To Antonins Musa. 
MUSACE.E, 3^31. 

Muscai-i, 344. From inoschiis, niu?k. 
MUSCI, 14. 

Myginda, 76. To Francis von Mygind, Gimn. 
Mylocarium, ao.j. (?r., mill-uut; form of tlie 

fruit. 
Myosotis, S.j'J. Gr., mouse-ear; sc. tlie Ivs. 
Myopurus, 20. Gr., mout?e-tail ; sc. the torus. 
Myrica, 309. Gr., (On the banks of) flowing 
MYRICACE/E, 308. [(rivers). 

Mvriophvlhim, 121. G7\. a thousand leaves. 
MYRSINACE^. 10. {Gr., myrrh.) 
MYRTACE^E, 121. 
Myrtus, 122. Gr., perfume. 
Nabahis, 192. The meaning uulcnovvn. 
NAIADACE.E, 320. 
Najas, 320. Gr., a Avater-nymph. 
Napiea, 61. Gr.. dell-nymph, [on the nerves. 
Narcissus, 332. From iiarke, stupor; its eftect 
Nardosmia, 160. Gr., smell of nard, or spike- 
Narthecinm, 3.51. Gr., a rod, or wand, [nax'd. 
Nasturtium, 36. Lat., twisted nose; on ac- 
Naumbergia, 312. [count of its acridity. 

Negundo, 74. Of unknown meaning. 
Nciumbium. 29. Nelumbo is the Ciiigale>ie 
Ncmastylis, 337. Gr., thread style. [name. 
Nemcsia, 222. An old name revived. 
Nemopanthes, 208. Gr., grove-flower. 
Nemophila, 254. Gr.. loving the grove. 
Nepeta, 245. From Nepet. a town in Tuscany. 
Nephrodiitm, 373. Gr., the kidney ; sc. the sori. 
Nephrolepis, 365. Gr.. kidney scale. 
Neptunea, 82. Dedicated to Neptune. 
Nerium, 271. Gr.. humid; sc. the habit. 
Nesiea, 124. The name of a sea-nymph. 
Neurophyllwn, 1:]6. Gr., nerve-leaf. 
Neviusia, 104. To Rev. R. Nevius. 
Nicandra, 263. [duced tobacco into France. 
Nicotiaua, 265. To John Nicot, who iutro- 
Nierembergia. 264. To J. E. Nieremberg, 
Nigella, 21. Za/., black; the seeds. [Spanish. 
Nolana, 262. Laf.. a little bell; sc. corolla. 
Nolina. 343. To P. C. Nolin, American. 
Nothokena, 368. Gr., false cloak ; the indusia. 
Nuphar. 29. The Arabic name of Water-lily. 
NYCTAGINACE.E. 279. 
NYMPH.^ACE.E. 2S. 
Nymphisa, 29. Gr., a water-nymph. 
Nyssa, 143. The name of a water-nymph. 
Ohione,^ 287. Gr.. a shield ; the round leaves. 
Obolaria, 26S. Gr., a pieee of money. 
Ocimum, 238. &r., to smell; strong-scented. 
CEnothera, 125. (^r., wine-hunting; incentive 
OLACACE^, 10. [to wine-drinking. 

Oldenlandia, 1.50. To H. B. Oldenland, Danish, 
01ea,276. The Greek name of the Olive. [1695. 
OLEACE^, 275. 

Omphaiodes, 251. Gr., navel-like. 
ONAGRACEiE, 121. 
Oncidium, ,328. Gr., a tumor; ec. the form of 

the depressed stem. 
Onoclea, 369. Gr., closed vessel ; sc. the fruit. 
Onopordon, 189. Gr., an ass, to explode : its 

supposed eliects. 
Ouosmodinm, 252, Compared to the Onosma. 



Onychiixm, 372. Gr., the finger nail ; a fanci 
ful name. [the frond, 

Ophiogiossum, 366. Gr., serpent's tongue ; sc 

Oplismenus, 338. Gr., strong weapon ; cock- 

Opuntia, 132. From Opus, in Locris. [spur. 

ORCHID ACE/E, 325. 

Orchis, 326. Name a physiological conceit. 

Origanum. 242. Gr., mountain joy, 

Ornithoofalum, 343. Gr.., bird milk. 

OROBANCHACE^, 217. [sc. the Vetch. 

OrolKis, 100. Gr.. to excite (nourish) the ox; 

Orontium, 318. Name adopted from the Greek. 

Orthoclanum, 96. Gr., a true gift. 

Oryza, 357. The Arabic name is eruz,='R\ce. 

Oryzopsis, 358. Gr., Oryza-like,=Rice-like. 

OsmantJms, 276. Gr., fragrant flower. 

Osmorhiza, 137. Gr., fragrant root. 

Osmunda. 366, Osmuncler was a Celtic divinity. 

Ostrya, .307. Gr., a scale ; sc. the scaly catkins. 

Ot ophvlla. 231 . Gr. . ear-leaf. 

OXALIDE.E. 67. [taste. 

Oxalis, 67. Gr., acid; the plant has a sour 

Oxybaphus, 279. Gr., acid dye. 

Oxj'coccus, 199. Gr., acid berry. 

Oxydendrura, 203. Gr., acid tree. 

Oxyria, 280. Gr., acid. 

Pachysandra. 297. Gr., thick stamens. 

Pieonia, 23. To the physician Pa^on. [ance. 

Piepalanthus, 355. Gr., dust-flower ; its appear- 

Palafoxia, 1S1. To Palafox, a Spanish general. 

PALMACE^E, 316, 

Panax, 142. 6^r., all-healing ; sc. the Ginseng. 

Pancratium, 333. Gr., all-potent. 

Panicum, 3.58. Lat., a panicle. 

Papaver. 32. Lat., pap, or thick milk ; Poppy 

PAPAVERACE^, 31. [seeds were used in pap 

PAPILIONACE^B. 80. [for children. 

Pardanthus, 337. Crr., leopard flower, [cality. 

Parietaria, .301. Gr., a wall ; their frequent lo- 

Parnassia, 115. Mt, Parnassus was feigned their 
nativity. [dy for felon. 

Paronychia. ,57 (58). Gr., near the nail ; reme- 

Partheniura, 173. Gr., a virgin ; sc. its medi- 
cinal properties. [Millet. 

Paspalum, 358. One of the Greek names for 

Passiflora, 12!t. Laf., passion-flower; the floral 
organs resembling the Cross and nails. 

PASSIFLORACE.E, 129. [its form. 

Fastinaca, VH). Lat., a garden dibble; from 

Paulownia. 225. To Paulownia, princess of Rus- 

Paria, 75. To Prof. Peter Paiv, Leyden. [sia. 

Pedicularis, 232. Lat., a louse ; sc. Lousewort. 

Pelargonium, 68. Gr., a stork; sc. Stork-bill. 

Pellcea, 369. Gr., little cup. [character. 

Peltandra, 318, Gr., shield anther; from the 

Peniciliaria, 3.58. Lat.. a pencil ; sc. the spikes. 

Penthorum. 119, G^r., five bounds ; sc. 5 styles. 

Pentstemon, 224. Gr., five stamens. 

Perilla, 240. A word unexplained. 

Periploca, 274. Gr., intertwining, 

Persea, 290. Adopted from the Egyptian. 

Persicaria, 282. Lat., Peach-like. 

PET A LIFERS, .316. [mens. 

Petalostemon, 93. Gr.. petals (joined to) sta- 

Petiveria, 284. To Dr. J. Petiver, F. R. S. 

Petunia, 264. Adopted from the Brazirn petun. 

Peucedanum, 136. Gr.. parched pine : i^c, its 

Phaca. 94. Gr., to eat ; food, [resinous e mell. 

Phacelia. 225. (?r., a bundle; sc. the flowers. 

PH^NOGAMIA, 15. 

Phalaris, 358. (rr,. brilliant ; its shining seeds. 

Pharbitis, 259, Meaning not known. 

Pha^eolus, 9fi, Lat.. a little boat ; uc, the pods. 



LATIN INDEX. 



383 



Phelii)rea, 2Vt. ToX. & J. Phelipaux. French. 
Philaclelphus, 116.' Adopted from Aristotle. 
Pklegvpterit^, 368. 6??'., burning wing or fern. 
Phleura, 3.58. Adopted from the Greek. 
Phlomi:?. 248. Gr., liame ; used for lamp-wicks. 
Phlox, 256. <yr., flame: the appearance of thefts. 
Phororlendron, 291. Gr., thief of the tree ; tree 
Phrag-mites, 358. Gr., a hedge ; its use. [thief. 
Phryma, 236. The meaning unknown. 
Phygelius, 225. [on the leaf-like stems. 

Phyllauthus,297. G^r., leaf-flower ; the flowers 
Phyllocactus, 133. (^r., leaf Cactus, [leaves. 
Phyllodendron, 319. (^r., leaf-tree ; immense 
Phyllodoce, 201. A mythological name. 
Pliysalis, 263. Gr., a bladdeV ; sc. the calyx. 
Physostegia, 247. G)\, bladder covering ; calyx. 
Phytolacca, 284. C-r., plant lac ; the crimson 
PHYT0LACCACEJ3, 284. [fruit. 

Pilea, 300. £at., a cap ; one of the sepals. 
Pimpinella, 1.39. Altered from bipinnate. 
Pinckneya, 1,50. To Gen. Pinckuey, of S. Car. 
Piiiguicula, 215. Lat., fat ; the greasy leaves. 
Pinus, 312. The ancient Greek 3iame\ 
Piriqueta., 129. Meaning unknown. 
Pisonia, 279. To M. Piso, M. D., Amsterdam. 
Pistia, 310. Meaning unexplained. 
Pisum, 85. Celt.. 75^s,=a pea. 
PITTOSPOPtACErE, 9. 

Planera, 299. To J. Planer, a German botanist. 
PLANTAGINACE.E. 213. [in footpaths. 

Plantago. 213. hat., the sole of the foot ; Lirows 
PLATANACE.E, 303. 
Platanthera, 30(). Gr., broad anther. 
Platanus, 303. Gr., ample ; the branches & Ivs. 
Platycerium, 367. (7r., broad horn ; the split 
Platycodon, 187. Gr.. broad bell. [frond. 

Pleea, 349. Gr., the Pleiades : seven white fls. 
Pluchea. 171. Meaning unex})lained. 
PLUMBAGINACExE, 214. [der of the eyes. 
Plumbago, 215. A cure for plumbago, a disor- 
Foa, 358. The general Greek word" for grass. 
Podocarpus, 316. Gr., fruit-stalks (long). 
Podophyllum, 28. Gr., foot leaf; duck's-foot. 
PODOSTEMIACE^E. 302. 
Podostemum, 302. Gr., foot stem ? 
Podostigma, 373. Gr., foot (stalked) stigma. 
Pogonia, 330. Gr., beard ; flowers fringed. 
Poinciana. 99. To iM. de Poinci, gov. Antilles. 
Pulani-ia. 41. Gr., many unequal (stamens). 
POLEMONIACE.E, 2.56. 
Polemoninm, 2.57. Gr., war; Pliny says that 

Two kings fought for its honors. 
Polianthe.<, 334. Gr., polished flower. 
Polyanthes, 334. Gr., many flowers. 
Polycarpon, 57. Gr.. much fruit. 
Polvgala, '(8. Gr.. nmch milk ; eft'ect on goats. 
POLYGALACEzE, 18. 
POLYGON ACE.E, 2fS0. 
Polygonatum, 346. Gr., many joints. 
Polygonella, 282. From Polygonum. 
Polygonum, 282. 6^/'., many joints. 
Polyinnia, 172. The name of one of the Muses. 
Polypodium. 368. Gr., many feet (roots). 
Polypogon, 357. Gr., much beard. 
Polypremum, 209. Gr., many. stems. 
Polijpteris, ISl. Gr., many wings. 
Polytfenia, 136. Gr., many fillets (vittiel. 
Pontederia, .350. To Prof. Julius Pontcdera, 
PONTEDEPJACE^E. 350. [of I'adua. 

Ponthieva, 330. To M. de Ponthieu, W. India. 
Populus, 311. The arhGrpopuli of the Romans. 
Portulaca, 59. Lat., to carrv milk, or inice. 
PORTULACACEvE. .58. 



Potamogeton, 321. Gr., neighbor of the river. 
Potentilla. 107. Lat., powerful (in medicine). 
Poterium. 108. Lat., a cup ; used in cool drinks. 
Primula. 211. Lat., the first; earlv flowering. 
PRIMULACE.E, 210. 

Prinos. 208. The Greek name of the Holly. 
Priva, 235. Derivation unknown. [dulous. 
Prosartes, ?A1. Gr., to suspend; sc. fls. pen- 
Proserpinaca, 120. I^at., to creep ; sc. the roots. 
Prunus, 101. The old Greek name. 
Psilocarya, 35f). Gr., slender Carex. 
Psilotnm, 863. Gr., naked (of leaves). 
Psoralea, 92. Gr., scurfy; from the appear- 
Psycotria, 147. Gr., ^?s^c/i6, life '? [ance. 

Ptelea, 71. The Greek name for the Elm. 
Pteris, .369. Gr., awing; the fronds. 
Pterocaulon, 171. Gr., winged stem. 
Pterospora, 207. Gi\, wingisd seed. 
PuMitUla. 17. A coined name. 
Punica, 123. Lat., of or near Carthage. 
Pycnanthemum, 241. Gr., dense flowers. 
Pijrethrum, 84. Gr., fire ; taste of the roots. 
Pyrola, 225. From Pyrus, pear-tree ; its Ivs. 
Pyrrhopappus, 193. Gr. , flame-colored pappus. 
Pyrularia, 292. Meaning unexplained. 
Pyrus, 112. Percn was the Celtic word for Pear. 
I^ijxidanthera,'2bS. &'/•., box anther, [cijamos. 
Q,uamoclit, 258. Resembles the bean-vine, = 
Quercus, 305. The orig. name, from the Celtic. 
Randia, 147. To J. Rand, a London botanist. 
RANUNCULACE/E, 15. [phibious. 

Ranunculus. 19. iMt., a little frog; sc. ani- 
Raphanus, 43. Gr., quick to appear ; rapid 
Reseda. 45. Zw/J.. to calm, or soothe, [growth. 
RESEDACE.^, 44. 
RHAMNACE.E. 76. 

Rhamnus, 77. The old name, from the Celtic. 
Rhenni, 281. First found on the banks of the 

River Rha (Volga). 
Rhexia, 122. Lat.. a rupture ; an astringent. 
Rhinanthus, 232. Gr., snout-flower. 
RHIZOPORACE.E. 8. 
Rhodanthe, 186. G-r., rose-flower. 
Rhododendron, 503. Gr., rose-tree. 
Riiodora, 204. Gr.. the rose ; sc. the color. 
Rhus. 72. Friun tiie Celtic rhudd, red. 
Rhyneliosia, 96. Gr., a beak; flower beaked. 
Rhyiichospora. 356. Gr., beak-seed. 
Rhijtu!lo^.'<a, 231. (?/■., wrinkled tongue. 
Rihe.-i. 117. Ado])ted from the Ai;abic. 
Richardia. 319. To L. C. Richard. French. 
Ricinus, 297. lAtt., a tick ; sc. the seeds. 
Rivina, 2S4. To A. Q. Rivinus, of Saxony. 
Robinia, 95. To Jean Robin, hot. to Henry IV. 
Rochea, 119. To M. de la Roche, French. 
Rosa, 108. Celt., red ; the prevailing color of 
ROSACE.E, 101. [the flowers. 

Rosmarinus, 244. Ixtt., dew of the sea. 
Rottboellia, .359. To C. F. Rottboell. Danish. 
Roubieva, 285. To G. J. Roubieii, French. 
ROXBURGHIACE.E. 339. 
Rubia. 148. Lat., red ; the color of the roots. 
RUBIACE.E, 147. 

Rubiis. 104. Gelt., red ; color of the fruit. 
Rudbeckia, 175. To Prof. Olaf Rudbec, Upsal. 
Ruellia. 233. To John Ruelle, bot. to Francis I. 
Rugelia, 188. To Mr. Rugel, collector in Fla. 
Ramex, 281. Lat., to suck ; th^ Ivs. allay thirst. 
Ruppia, 321. To H. B. Ruppia, German. 
Russelia. 225. To Alex. Itussel, M.D., F. R. S. 
Ruta, 70. Gr.. to flow ; Eng., Rue. 
RUTACE.^. 70. 
Sabal, 317. Word not explained. 



384: 



LATIN INDEX. 



Sabbatia, 2()(i. To L. Sabbati, an Italian bot. 
Sacchanini. ;i59. The Arabic name is; soukar ,' 
Sageretia. 75. ToM. !Saueret,Fr. [Eug., sugar. 
Sa'gina, 5() (55). LaL, latness ; for pasturage. 
Sagittaria. 328. 7>«^, an arrow ; sliape of the 
SALICACE/E, 30!>. [leaves. 

Salicornia, "287. Za^.. salt horn ; the locality 

and shape. [Salisbury, Eng. 

Salisburia, 31 H. To the distinguished E. A. 
Saiix, 309. Celtic, near the water. [style. 

Salpiglossis, 211. (?r., tube tongue; sc. the 
Salsola, 288. Laf., salt ; grows in salt marshes. 
Salvia, 241. Lat., salvo, to save ; salutary. 
Sambucus, 1-16. Laf., a musical instrument, 

made of elderwood. 
Samolus, 213. Celtic, P'S's food. [juice. 

Sanguinaria. 31. Lat., Mood; tilled with red 
Sanginsorba, 1U8. Lat., to absorb (stanch) 
Sanicula. 135. Lat., to heal. [bfood. 

SANTALACEiE, 291. 
SAPINDACErE, 73. 

Sapindus, 75. Sapo Indicus ; Indian soap. 
Saponaria, 53. 7y«f., soap; sc. iSoapwort. 
SAPOTACE.E, 210. [corona. 

Sai'costemma, 272. Gr., fleshy crown ; the 
Sarraceni.i. 30. To ])r. Sarrasin. of (Quebec. 
SARRACENIACE.E, 30. 
Sassafras, 290. The aboriginal name. 
Satiireja, 242. The Arabic Sattar, a labiate 
SAURURACE/E. 301. [plant. 

Saururus, 301. G)'., lizard-tail. 
Saxifraga. 113. Lat., to break a stone: grow- 
ing in the clefts of rocks. 
SAXIFRAGACE.E, 112. 

Scabiosa, 1.52. ImI.. the itch : which it cures. 
Sctevola, 10. Lat.. the left hand; sc. the corolla. 
Scandix, 137. The Greek name of an eatable 

plant. [a German botanist. 

SchfefFeria, 76. To Jos. Christian Schyefler, 
Scheuchzeria, 324. To John and Jas. Scheuch- 

zer, German. [flowers. 

Schizyea, 367. Lat., to cut; applied to the 
Schizandra, 25. Lat., to cleave (the stamens). 
Schizanthus, 221. Lat., cut flower. 
Schizopetalon, 40. Lat., cut petals. 
Schizostylis, 337. Lat., cut style. 
Schcenocaulon. 348. Gr., rush-stem. 
Schcenolirion, 344. Gr., Kush-lily. 
Schollera, 350. To one Scholler, a Germ. bot. 
Schrankia, 82. To F. de Paula Schrank, Germ. 
Schwalbea, 232. To one Schwalb, Germ. bot. 
Schweinitzia. 207. To Rev. Lewis de Schwei- 

nitz, North Carolina. 
Scilla, 343, G^;-., to injure: bulb poisonous. 
Scirpus, 356. Celt., cirs, rushes. 
SCLTAMINE.E, 331. 
Scleranthus, 58. Gr., hard flower. 
Scleria, 356. Gr., hard ; refei-ring to the fruit. 
Sclerolepis, 156. Gr., hard scales. 
Scolopendrium, 373. Lat., a centipede; its 

appearance l)eneath. 
Scrophularia, 224. Good in the scrofula. 
SCROPHULARIACE^, 220. [sc. the calyx. 
Scutellaria, 246. Lat., a. little cup, or vizor; 
Scutia. 76. Lat., a shield. [liau. 

Sebastiana, 293 (296). Dedicated to St. Sebas- 
Secale, 359. The ancient name of Rye. 
Sedum, 118. Lat., to sit ; habit of the plants. 
Selaginella, 362. Diminutive, from Selago, 

club-moss. [ley. 

Selinum, 139. Selinon is the Greek for Pars- 
Sempervivum, 119. Lat,, to live forever. 
Senebiera, 43. To John de Senebier, Geneva. 



Senecio, 187. Lat., an old man ; the receptacle 

Sequoya. 315. The Indian name. [naked. 

Sericocarpus, KiO. Lat., silken fruit. 

Sesamum, 219. From the Egyptian, Sempsen. 

Sesbania, 93. The Arabic name is Sesbaa. 

Sesuvium. i;33. Not explained. 

Setaria, 358. LmI., a brislle ; sc. the involucre. 

Seutera, 274. Not explained. 

Seymeria, 230. To Henry Seymer, English. 

Shepherdia, 293. To John Shepherd, Liver- 

Shortia, 206. To Dr. Short, Kentucky, [pool. 

Sibbaldia. 107. To Prof. Robert Sibbald, Edin- 

Sicyos, i;30. The Greek for Cucuml)er. [burgh. 

Sida. 61. Adopted from Theophrastus. 

Sideroxylon, 210. Gr., inm-wood. [tions. 

Silene, 53. Gr., saliva ; from the viscid secre- 

Silphium, 172. Adopted from the Greek. 

Simamba, 72. The name in the West Indies. 

SIMAKUBACEiE, 71. [ba^e-plants. 

Sinapis, 40. A genei-al name in Greek for cab- 

Siphonychia, 58. Gr.. tube, and Anychia. 

Sisymbrium, 39 (37). The old Greek name. 

Sisyrinchium, 337. Gr., pig-snout; sc. the 
spat he. 

Slum, 141 (1-10). From a Celtic word for water. 

SMILACE.S, Zm. 

Smilacina, 346. Derived from Smilax. 

Smilax. 338. (,r.. a scniper: from its rough- 

SOLANA''!EJi, 261. [ness. 

Solannm, 262. Etymology doubtful. 

Solea, 45. To W. Sole, of England. 

Soli dago, 166. iMt.. to unite ; good for wounds. 

Soliva, 185. To Salvator Soliva, M. D., Spain. 

Sonchus, 194. Gr., hollow; its stems are hol- 

Sophora, 1 00. Adopted f, om the Arabic, [low. 

Sorbus, 112. Old name for Mountain Ash. 

Sorghum. .359. The Italian name is Sorghi. 

SPADICTFr.OR.iL. 31(i. [like leaves. 

Sparganium. 320. Gr.. a llliet ; for the ribbon- 

Spartina, 359. Gr., a rope ; the use of its Ivs. 

Spartium, 90. Gr., a rope : use of its twigs. 

Specularia. 196. Z«i5., a mirror ; suggested by 
the flowers. 

Spergula. 57. Lat., to scatter (its seeds). 
i Spurgularia, 57. From Spergula. 
j Spermococe, 149. Gr., seed-points; the pod 
I pointed with the calyx lobes. 
! Sphenogyne, 173. Gr., wedge-shaped pistil. 
j Spigelia', 269. To Prof. Adrien Spigelius, Pa • 
I dua, 1620. [brow j. 

j Spilanthes. 180. Gr., spot-flower; the d'sk 
I Spiuacia. 287. Lat., a spine or prickle. 

Spinea. 103. G7\. to wind; sc. into Avreaths. 

Spiranthes, 329. Gr., spiral fls. ; spike twisted. 

Spirodeta, 3W. fr/'., spiral bait ; diick-mear. 

Sporoboius. :^57. Gr., to cast the seeds ; drop- 

Sprekelia, ;^34. A personal name. [seed. 

Stachys. 248. A spike (of flowers). 

Siachytarpha, 235. Gr., spikes dense, [dam. 

Stapelia, 275. To Dr. Boderus Stapel, Amster- 

Staphylea, 74. Gr., a cluster (the scarlet fr.) 

Statice. 215. Gr., to stop; an astringent. 

Stellaria, 55. Lat., a star. 

Stenanthvum, 347. Gr., narrow flower. 

Stenotaphrum. 359. 

Stephanotis. 275. Gr., crown, ear; crown 
with ear-shaped segments. 

Sterculia, 63. Lat., stercus : from its bad odor. 

STERCULIACE^. 63. 

Stillingia, 296. To Dr. Benj. Stillingfleet. Eng. 

Stipa. 358. Lat., something silky or feathery. 

Stipulicida, 57. Lat., cut stipules. 

Stokesia. 156. To Dr. Jonathan Stokes. Eng. 



LATIN INDEX. 



185 



Strelitzia, 331. To tho Queen of George III., 

of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
Streptopus, 347. Gr., twisted foot (-stalk). 
Strumpfia. 147. A personal name. 
Struthiopteris, 369. Gr., ostrich-wing (fern). 
Stuartia, 65. To John Stnart, Marquis of Bute. 
Stylisma, -360. Refers to the two styles. 
Stylosanthus, R7. (7r., style, flower; style long. 
STYRACACT^, 208. 

Styrax, 203. The Arabic name i« Assthiac. 
Subularia, 42. Subula is the Latin for an awl. 
Sullivantia, 114. To Wm. S. Sullivant, Oliio. 
Swietenio. 66. To Gerard van Swieten, Hol- 
8URIANACE.E, 8. [land. 

Symphoricarpus. 144. Gr., to accumulate fruit. 
Symphytum, 252. Gr., to cause to unite ; heal- 
Symplocarpus, 318. (??'., connected fruit, [ing. 
Symplocos, 203. Gr., connected (stamens). 
Synandra, 247. Gi'.. united anthers. 
Sytidesmon , 17. Gr., with a bond. 
Synthyris. 228. Gr., door (valves) closed. 
Syringa, 276. Gr.. a pipe ; the slender shoots 

are filled onlv with pith. [god. 

Tagetes, 188. Dedicated to Tages, a Tuscan 
Talinum, 59. From thalia, a green branch ? 
Tamarix, 64. Found on the river Tamaris, 
TAMARISCINE.E. 63. [France. 

Tanacetum, 183. Altered from Athanasia ? 
Taraxacum. 193. Gr., a cathartic. 
TAXACE^, 315. 

Taxodium, 315. Cr.. like the lew. 
Taxus, 315. Gr., the bow ; used for making. 
Tecoma, 218. The Mexican name, [flowers. 
Telanthera, 289. Gr.. complete or perfect 
Tephrosia, 94. Gr.. ash-colored (herbage). 
Tetragonotheca, 175. Gr., four-angled en- 
Tetranthera. 291. Gr., four anthers, [velope. 
Teucrium, 239. To Teucer, founder of Troy. 
Thalia, 332. To J. Thalius, M. D., Germ., 15S5. 
Thalictrum, 18. Gr., to grow green. 
Thaspium, 138. From the Isle of Thaspia or 

Thapsus. 
Thea. 65. Teha is the Chinese for Tea. 
THEOPIIRASTACEiE, 210. 
Thcrmopsis, 85. Gr.. like a Lupine.' [F. R. S. 
Thunbergia, 233. To Charles P. Thunberg, 
Thuya, 315. Gr. ihyou. a sacrifice ; the wood 
Thvyoimfi,Z\^. Like Thuva. [soused. 

THYMELACEJ3. 2^2. [Thyme is reviving. 
Thymus, 213. Gr., courage ; the smell of 
Thysanella, 282. Gr. thy.mnofii.'i. fringed. 
Tiarella, 113. Tiara, a Persian diadem, [burg. 
Tiedinannin, 136. To Prof. Tiedmann, Heidel- 
Tigridia, 337. Lat.. like a tiger; fls. spotted. 
Tilia, 64. Etvmology unknown. 
TILIACE^, 64. 

Tilhea, 118. To M. A. Tlla. Italian. 
Tiilandsia, 335. To Prof. Elias TiUands. Abo. 
Tipularia, 328. Lat., Tipula, the crane-fly. 
Tofleldia, 349. Dedicated to a Mr. Tofldd. 
Torrej'a,, 316. Dedicated to Dr. John Torrey. 
Tournefortia, 250. To Joseph P. de Tournefort. 
Tradescantia. 353. To J.Tradescant. gardener. 
Tragia, :i96. To Jerome Bock Tragus. German. 
Tragopogon,101. tr/\. goat's beard; the pappus. 
Trautvetteria, 19. To onu Trautvetter, Germ. 
Tribulus, 67. u'/'., 3-pointed ; sc. each carpel. 
TridiHosr^iis. 356. Gr., triple style. 
Trichomanes, 367. (xr., soft, hair ; the stipes. 
Tr^'liostema, 239. Gr.. hair stamens. 
Tricuspis, 3.58. Gr., 3-cusped ; the chaff". 
Trientalis, 212. Lat., trieas, 3 inches (hi^-h). 
Trifolium. 91. Lat., threo-lear; Ivs. 3-foliate. 



Triglochiu, 324. Gr., three points ; pod .3-angl. 

Triuonella, 100. Gr., 3-angled ; so the corolla. 

TRILLIACE^, 340. 

Trillium, 340. Parts of the plant all in 3s. 

Triosteum, 144. Gr., three bones (bony seeds). 

Tripsacura, 359. Gr., to thresh. 

Trisetum, 358. Lat., three bristles (awns). 

Triticum, .359. Lat. trito, to rub or grind. 

Tritoma, 345. Gh'., thrice-cutting: Ivs. 3-edoed. 

Trollius, 21. German, t7'ol. something round. 

TropiEolum. 69. Gr.. trophy ; shield and hel- 

Troximon. 193. {??■., something- eatable, [met. 

TUBULlFLORiS, 152, 1.53. " 

Tulipa, 141. The Persian name is TJiOHlyt>an. 

Turnera. 129. To Wm. Turner, M. D., London, 

TURNERACE^, 128. [1550. 

Turritis, 36. Lat., a tower ; remarkably erect. 

Tussilao'o, 160. Lat., tussis, a cousrh ; cure for. 

Typha, '320. Gr.. a marsh ; the habitat. 

TYPHACE^. 319. 

ULMACE.E, 298. 

IJlmup, 298. The Saxon name was uhn. 

TJMBELLIFER^, 133. 

TJniola, 358. Lat., unity; many fls. in one ? 

Urtica, .300. Lat.. to burn {uro) ; stinging. 

ITRTICACE^, 298. 

Utricnlaria. 216. Lat., vtrrculn. a little bladder. 

Uvularia, 347. Used for diseases of the uvula. 

Vaccinium, 198. The ancient name. 

VacJiellia, 99. Not explainerl. 

Valeriana. 1.50. To King Valerius. 

VALERIANA CE^E. 150. 

Valerianella, 1.51. Derived from Valeriana. 

Vallesia, 270. ToF.Vallesio. pbys. to Philip II 

A^allisneria. .325. To Ant. Vallisner. Ifalv. 

Vallota, 333. To Pierre Vallo, French, [root. 

Veratrum, 348. Lot., true black ; the fls. or 

Vei'bascum. 222. iai!., beard : plant woolly. 

Verbena. 235. From the Celtic i^e;yfeft. 

VERBENACEJ3. 235. 

Verbesina, ISO. Same meaning as Verbena. 

Vernonia, 1.55. To Wm. Vernon, collector in 

North America. 
Veronica, 229. Not well explained. 
Vesicaria, 42. Lat.. a blister; the inflated pods. 
Viburnum, 146. Lat.. to tie ; twigs pliant. 
Vicia, 86. Lat., r.incio. to bind ; Its tendrils. 
Victoria. 30. To Queen Victoria, of England. 
Vigua. 96. To Dominic Vigni. 
Vilfa, 357. Of unknown meaning. 
Vinca, 270. Lat. vinculum, a baud. 
Vincetoxicum, 274. Meaning unexplained. 
Viola, 45. The old Latin name. 
VIOLACE/E, 4.5. 

Visiana. 276. To Prof. Visiani, Patavia. 
VITACEiE, 77. [ible. 

Vitex, 237. Lat., tieo, to bind : branches flex- 
Vitis, 77. Celtic, gwyd. = best of trees. 
Vittaria, .365. Lat., vifta. a riband ; its form. 
Waldsteinia. 107. To Franz de Walds-tein. 
Waltheria, 63. To Prof. A. P. Wallher, Leipsic. 
Warea, 39. To Mr. Vfare, lis discoverer. 
Whitlavia, 255. A personal name. 
Wiegela. 292. A personal name. [rania. 

Wigandia, 25;). To Bishop Wi<j:and, of Pome- 
Wistaria. 9o. To Prof. Caspar Wislar, Phila. 
Wolfiia. 319. A personal name. 
Woodsia, 373. To Joseph Woods, English. 
Wood wardia. 371. To Thomas J. Woodward, 
Xanthium, 174. Said to dye the hair yellow. 
Xaiitho.-^o/na, 318. Gr., yellow mouth. 
Xanthoxjium. See Zanthoxylum. 
Xerautheraum,, 186. Gr.. dry flowers. 



38(3 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Xerophyllnni, 349. Cr7\, dry leaf. [monk. 

Ximenia. 10. To F. Xirnenes, a Spanish 
Xi/losteon. 145. Gr., wood bone ; hard wood. 
XYRIDACEiE, 354. 
Xyris, 354. 6^/'., acute ; sc. the leaves. 
Yucca, 345. The Peruvian name. [Italy. 

Zannicliellia, 321. To John J. Zannichelli, 
Zanthorhiza, 21. Gr., yellow root. 
Zanthoxylum, 70. Gr.. yellow wood. 
Zanschueri:), 125. A personal name. 



Zea, 359. Gr., zao, to live ; plants nutritive. 
Zepliyrantlms, 333. Gr., zephyr flower. 
Zigadenus, 34S. Gr.., joined glands (on the 

petals). 
Zinnia, 1T5. To Prof. John G. Zinn, Gottingen. 
Zizania, 357. A Greek name adopted. 
Zizia. 138 (139). To J. B. Zizi, German. 
Zornia, 86. To John Zorn, Bavaria. 
Zostera, 321. Gr., a riband ; sc. the long Iv?. 
ZYGOPIIYLLACE.^. 66. 



ENGLISH IIS^DEX. 



Abele Poplar 311 

Acacia, Rose 95 

ACANTHADS 233 

Aconite 23 

ACliOGENS 360 

Adam and Eve 328 

Adder's-tougue 366 

Airrimony .". 108 

Alder (208) 31)8 

Alexanders 138 

All-seed 57 

Almond 103 

Aloe 333 

Alum-root J 15 

AMARANTHS 288 

Amaranth, Globe 2S9 

AMARYLLIDS 332 

American Centaury 266 

American Laurel 20'J 

Angelica 137 

Angelica-tree 142 

Angelico 140 

Anise C^) 139 

ANONADS 26 

Apple 112 

Apple Haw Ill 

Apple of Peru 263 

Apple of Sodom 263 

Apricot 103 

ARALIADS 142 

Arbor-vitie 315 

AROIDS 317 

Arrow Grass 324 

Arrows-head 323 

Arrow-root 312 

Arrow-wood 146 

Artichoke (177) 1S8 

ASCLEPIADS 271 

Ash (70, 1 12) 277 

Ash Maple.. 74 

Aspen 311 

Aster 160 

ASTER WORTS 152 

Atamasco Lily 333 

Auricula 211 

Avens 105 

Awlwort 42 

Bachelor's Button 188 

Balm (72, 241,311) 243 

Balm-of-Gilead 72, 311 

Balsamine 70 

Baltimore Belle 109 



Banana 

Baneberry 

Banyan 

Barley 

Basil (238, 243) 

Bass-wood 

Bastard Toad-Flax 

Bath-llower 

Bay 24, 65, 124,203, 

Bavberry , 

Bay-galls 

I Bavonet Rush 

Bean (268) 

BEAN CAPERS 

Bear-berry 

Beard Grass 

Beai'd-tongue 

Bear's Grass 

Bears Thread 

Bed-straw 

Beech 

Beechdrops (207) 

Beet 

Beetleweed 

Beggar-ticks 180, 

BEGONLIDS 

BELLWORTS 

Bellwort 

Bent Grass 

BERBERIDS 

Berberry 

Bergamot 

Be tony 

Bhotan Pine 

Big Laurel 

Bilberry 

Bindweed (2S3) 

BINDWEEDS 

Birch 

BIRCH WORTS 

Bird's-uest 206, 

Birthwort 

BIRTH WORTS 

Bishop's-cap 

BishoiJweed 

Bitter Cress 

Bitter-nnt 

Bittersweet 

Bitter Vetch 

Black Alder 

Blackberry 

Blackberry Lily 



331 
33 
299 
358 
241 
64 
291 
340 
2!»0 
309 
290 
353 
9ti 
66 
201 
359 
224 
345 
345 
148 
307 
217 
285 
206 
251 
131 
196 
347 
357 
27 
27 
245 
249 
312 
24 
198 
260 
258 
308 
307 
372 
278 
278 
113 
141 



304 
262 
100 
208 
104 
337 



Black Grass 352 

Black Haw 147 

Black Hoarhound 248 

Black Jack 305 

Blackroot 171 

Black Snakeroot 23 

Black Thorn Ill 

Bladder Campion 53 

Bladder Fern 373 

Bladder-nut 74 

Bladder-pod 42 

Bladder Senna 95 

Bladderwort 2J6 

Blazing Star 157, 349 

Bleedinc-heart 33 

Blessed Thistle 189 

Blite 286 

Blood-root 31 

BLOOD WORTS 335 

Bluebell 196 

Blueberry 198 

Blue-ciirls 239 

Blue Dangles 198 

Blue-eyed Grass 337 

Blue Flag 336 

Blue Grass 359 

Blue-hearts 230 

Blue Palmetto 317 

Bluets 149 

Bog Rush 356 

Boneset (160) 158 

Borrage 251 

BORRAGEWORTS 250 

Boston Iris 33() 

Bottle-brush 122 

Bouncing Bet 53 

Boursault 109 

Bowman's-root 104 

Box Elder '74 

Boxwood 298 

Brake 369 

Bramble 104 

Bridal Rose 105 

Brier (82) 109 

Broccoli 40 

Brome Gmss 358 

BROMELIADS 335 

Brooklime 229 

Broom 90, 100 

Broom C\)rn 359 

Broom Grass 359 

Broom-rape 217 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



387 



BROOMRAPES SIT 

Bryonv 130 

Buck Bean 268 

Bnck-eye 74 

Buckthorn 77 

BUCKTHORNS 76 

Buckwheat 284 

Buckwheat-tree 205 

Buffalo-berry 293 

Bughane 23 

Bugleweed 240 

Baglo?s (251) 252 

Bull Rush 356 

Burdock (173) 190 

Burnet 108 

Burning-bush 76 

Burr Grass 358 

Burr Marigold 180 

Burr Reed 320 

Burr-seed 251 

BURSERIDS 72 

Bush Clover 89 

Bush Honeysuckle 146 

Bush TrefoU 88 

Buttercnps 19 

Buttertiy-weed 273 

Butternut 304 

Bntterweed 187 

BUTTERWORTS 215 

Button-bush 150 

Buttonwood 303 

Cabbage 40 

Cactus 132 

Cajeput 124 

Cale 40 

Calaminth 243 

Calamus 319 

Calico-bush 200 

California Poppy 32 

(;alycanths 25 

camellias 64 

Campion 53, 54 

Canada Thistle 189 

Canar)'-bird 69 

Canary Grass 358 ! 

Candleberry 309 

Candytuft 42 i 

Cane 359 I 

Canterbury Bells 196 i 

CAPERS 66 

Caper Sparge 295 

CAPPARIDS 44 

Caraway 138 \ 

Cardinal-flower 195 [ 

Cardoon 188 : 

Carnation 52 j 

Carolina Beech-drops 207 

Carpet Cress 4S 

Carpet-weed 58 

Carrion-flower 275, 339 

Carrot 139 

Cassena Tea 208 

Castor-oil Plant 297 

Catalpa 218 

Catchfly 53 

Catchfly Grass 358 

Cat-gut 94 

Catmint 245 

Catnep 246 

Cat-tail 320 

Cauliflower 40 

Cayenne Pepper 263 

Cedar 314. 315 



Cedar-of-Lebanon 314 

Celandine 31 

Celery 140 

Centaury 266 

Century Plant 334 

Chaff-seed 282 

Chamomile 183 

Chaste-tree 237 

Cheat 358 

Checkerberry 201 

CHENOPODS 284 

Cherry (262, 263) 102 

Cherry Laurel 102 

Chequered Lily 342 

Chervil 137 

Chess 358 

Chestnut 206 

Chick Pea 85 

Chickweed 54, 55 

Chickweed Wintergreen. . 212 

Chicory ' 190 

China Aster 1 65 

Chinquapin 307 

Chokeberry 112 

Chokecherry 102 

Christmas Rose 21 

Cinnamon Fern 366 

Cinquefoil 107 

Citron-tree 130 

Gives 344 

Cleavers 148 

Climbing Boneset 160 

Climbing Fern 366 

Clotweecl 174 

Cloudberry 105 

Clover (89, 92) 91 

Club Moss (362) 361 

CLUB MOSSES 361 

Club Rush 356 

Cock's-comb 28S 

Cockspur Grass 358 

Cocoa Plum 101 

Coffee Bean S5 

Coflee-tree 83 

Cohosh 27 

Colic-root 335 

Colocynth 131 

Colt's-foot 160 

Columbine 22 

Columbo 268 

Comfrey 252 

Cone-flower : 175 

CONIFERS 312 

Coontie 312 

Coral-root 328 

Coriander 141 

Corn Cockle 54 

Cornel 143 

CORNELS 142 

Corn Flag 338 

Cotton 63 

Cotton Grass 356 

Cotton Rose 185 

Cotton Thistle 189 

Cottonwood 31 1 

Couch Grass 358 

Cowbane 1 36 

Cowslip (211) 21 

Cow-wheat 233 

Crab Grass 358 

Crab Tree 112 

Cranberry (146) 199 

Crane's-bill 6S 



Crape Myrtle 173 

Creeping Greenhead. 150 

Cress 36,37, 39, 43. 69 

Crest-flower 335 

Crookneck Squash 130 

CRO WBERRIES 302 

Crowberry , 303 

Crowfoot 19 

CROWFOOTS 15 

Crow Garlic 344 

Crownbeard 180 

Crown Imperial 343 

CRUCIFERS 34 

Cuckoo-flower 38 

Cucumber (130) 131 

Cucumber-root 310 

Cucumber-tree 29 

CUCURBITS 129 

Cudweed 185 

Culvers Physic 229 

Cup-plant 173 

Cupseed 27 

Currants 117 

Cutflower 221 

Cut Grass 357 

CYCADS 311 

Cypress (257) 315 

Cvpress Vine 2.58 

Dattbdil 333 

Dahlia 166 

Dahoon 207 

Daisy 165 

Dandelion (191) 193 

DAPHNADS 292 

Darnel 359 

Daughter-of-Spring 140 

Day Lily 345 

Deadly Nightshade 264 

Deerberry 198 

Deer-grass 122 

Deer"s-tongue 157 

Dewberry 105 

Dickson's Fern 371 

Dill 136 

Ditch Grass 321 

Ditch Moss 324 

Dittany 240 

Dock 281 

Dockmackie 146 

Dodder 260 

Dogbane 270 

DOGBANES 269 

Dog Fennel 181. 183 

Dogwood 73, 143 

Doorweed 282 

Dragonhead 246 

Dragon-root 318 

Drop-flower 192 

Dropseed 357 

Dry Strawberry 107 

Duckmeat 319 

Dundee Rambler 109 

Dutchman's Pipe 278 

Dwarf Clubmoss 362 

Dwarf Dandelion 191 

Dwarf Pink 149 

Dyer's Broom 90 

Dyer's Cleavers 148 

Dyer's-weed 45 

Ear-drop 33, 127 

Earth-galls 192 

EBONADS 209 

EeRnass 325 



388 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Egg-plant 

Egtantine 

E-2vpt,iau Calla 

Elder (74, 11.2, 174) 

Elecampane 

Elcphant's-ear 

Elephant's-ioot 

Elm 

Enchfaiter's Nightshade. . 

Endive 

ENUOGENS 

Enjr1ii?h Mint 

Eii^iibh Moi«s 

Eternal Flower . . 

Evening Primrose 

Everlasting . . 

Everlasting Pea 

EXOGENiS 

Eyehright 

Fal.ie JJoirfennel 

False Flax 

Fal^e Goklenrod 

False Hellebore 

False Mermaid 

False Nettie 

False Pennyroyal 

False Pimpernel 

False Redtop 

False Rice 

False Rocket 

False Rue-Anemone 

False Syringa 

False Yiolet 

False Wallflower 

Felwort 

Fennel 

Fennel-flower 

Fenugreek 

FERNS 

Fescue Grass 

Festoon Pine 

Fetter-bush 

Feverfew 

Feverwort 

Fig 

Fiiifwort 

FIGWORTS 

Filbert 

Finger Grass 

Fire'weed 

Fir 

Fir Balsam 

Flag 8!8, 

Flamin<r Pinxter 

FLAXWORTS, Fiax 

Fleabane 

Fleur-de-lis 

Flixweed 

Floating-heart 

Florida Arrowroot 

Florin Grass 

Flower-de-luce 

Flowering Fern 

FLOWERING PLANTS. 
FLOWERLESS PLANTS 

Flower-of-au-hour 

Elv-poison 

Eogfruir 

Fool's Parsley 

Forget-me-not. , 

Forked Spike 

Foul-meadow 

Four-o'clock 



268 

10!> 
319 
J46 
171 
131 
156 
298 
V28 
191 
3!() 
183 
118 
ISU 
12.5 
185 

86 

15 
232 
181 

42 
166 
348 

68 
300 
239 
213 
358 
857 

3() 

20 
116 
105 

39 
268 
139 

21 
100 
264 
358 
362 
202 
183 
144 
299 
224 
220 
307 
359 
186 
313 
314 
33(i 
203 

66 
427 
337 

39 
268 
312 
358 
336 
366 

15 
360 

63 
348 
336 
140 
252 
359 
35S 
279 



Foxglove (230) 228 

Foxtail 358 

Fraxinella 70 

French Mulberry 236 

Fringe Grass 3.58 

Frino-e-tree 276 

FROGBITS 324 

Frost-plant 47 

FUME WORTS 33 

Fumitorv 34 

GALEWORTS 308 

Gale 309 

Galingale 356 

Gargetweed 284 

Garden Orache 287 

Garlic 314 

Gray-feather 157 

Gentian 267 

GENTIANWORTS 266 

GERANIA 67 

Geranium 68 

Germander 239 

GESNERWORTS 219 

Gilia 2,57 

Gill-over-the-ground 246 

Ginger, Wild 218 

GINGERWORTS 331 

Ginseng 1 12 

Glasswort 287 

Globe Amaranth 289 

Globe-flower 21 

Glue Mallow 62 

Gnatbane 171 

Goafs-beard 1 04 

Goafs Rue 94 

Golden Alexanders 138 

Golden Bartonia 128 

Golden-chain 91 

Golden Club 318 

Golden Fern 368 

Goklenrod 166 

Goldthread 21 

Good-king-Henry 286 

Good-night 260 

Gooseberry 117 

Goose foot 285 

GOOSE FOOTS 284 

Gooscgrass 107, 148 

Gourd 130 

GRAMINOIDS. 355 

Grape 77 

Grape Fern 366 

Grape Hvacinth 344 

GRASSES 356 

Grass of Parnassus 115 

Grass Pink 330 

Grass-poly 123 

Greek Valerian 257 

Green Brier 3 8 

Green Dragon 318 

Green-head 150 

Green Violet 45 

Gromwell 2,52 

Ground Cherry 263 

Ground Fir 362 

Ground Pine 362 

Ground Ivy 245 

Ground-nut 96, 142 

Groundsel 187 

Groundsel-tree 171 

Guava \ 122 

Gum-tree (120) 113 

GYMNOSPERMS 311 



Hair Grass 358 

Hardback 103 

Hare-bell 196 

Harfs-foot 91,371 

Hart's-tongue 373 

Haw (146,147) 111 

Hawthorn 110, 111 

Hawkweed 191 

Hazelnut 807 

Heart's-ease 47 

Heart-seed 75 

Heath, Heather 200 

HEATHWORTS 197 

Hedgehog 92 

Hedgehog Grass 358 

Hedge Hyssop 227, 245 

Hedge Mustard 39 

Hedge Nettle 248 

Hedge Bindweed 283 

Heliotrope 250 

Hellebore (348) 21 

Hemlock (139,141) 313 

Hemp (289) 301 

Hemp Nettle 248 

Henbane 264 

Henbit 248 

Herb Robert 68 

Hercules' Club 142 

Herd's Grass 358 

Heron' s-bill 68 

Hickory 304 

Hioh Cranberry 146 

Hiirh-water Shrub 174 

HIPPURIDS 120 

Hoarhound (159, 248) 249 

Hobble-bush 146 

Hogweed 174 

HOLLY WORTS, Holly... 207 

Hollyhock (0 

Honesty 40 

Honewort 138 

Honey Locust 83 

Honeysuckle 144-6 

HONEYSUCKLES 144 

Hoop-petticoat 333 

Hop 301 

Ho|) Hornbeam .. 3'w7 

Hornbeam 307 

Horn Pondweed 321 

Horn Poppv 39 

HORN WORTS 302 

Horse Balm 241 

Horse Chestnut 74 

Horsemint 240, 245 

Horse Nettie 263 

Horse Radish 41 

Horse-tail 363 

Horse-weed 174 

Hound's-tongue 251 

Houseleek 119 

HOUSELEEKS 117 

Huckleberry 198 

Hyacinth 344 

Hydrangea 116 

HYDRO PHYLLS 2.-^3 

Hyssop (227,245) 241 

Immorl al-flower 186 

Indian Corn 359 

Indian Cress 69 

Indian Cucumber-root 340 

INDIAN FIGS 131 

Indian ]\Iallow 61 

Indian Millet 357 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



389 



Indian Physic 104 

Indian Pipe 206 

Indian Eice 357 

Indian Shot 332 

Indian Tobacco 195 

Indian Turnip 318 

India-rubber tree 299 

India Wheat 284 

Indigo Plant (84) 95 

Inkberry 208 

Innocence 149, 225 

IRIDS 336 

Ironweed 155 

Ironwood 30T 

Ivy (73, 188) 142 

Ivy, Poison 73 

Jack-in-the-pulpit 318 

Jacobiea 187 

Jacobaga Lily 334 

Japan Globe-tlower 104 

Japan Quince — 112 

Japan Rose 65 

Japonica 65 

Jersey Tea 17 

Jerusalem Artichoke 177 

Jerusaleni Cherry 262 

Jerusalem Sage 248 

Jessamine (269, 392) 215 

Jewelvveed 69 

Jimson-weed 265 

Job's-tears 359 

Jonquil 333 

Judas-tree 83 

July-flower 38 

June Grass 358 

Juniper 314 

Kidney Bean 96 

Knap-weed 188 

Knawel 58 

Knot Bindweed 253 

Knotgrass 282 

Labrador Tea 204 

Lady-Feru 372, 374 

Lady's Eardrop 127 

Lady's Mantle 108 

Lady's Slipper 3"i6 

Lady's Tresses 329 

Lamb Lettuce 11.1 

Larch 314 

Lai'kspur 22 

Laurel 24,102, 200 

LAURELS 290 

Laurestine 147 

Lavender 239 

Lead Plant 93 

Leadwort 215 

LEAD WORTS 214 

Leaf-cup 172 

Leather-flower 17 

Leather-leaf 202 

Leather-wood 292 

Leek 344 

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS 80 

Lemon 71 

Lentil 100 

Lettuce (151, 192,) 193 

Leverwood 307 

Lignum-vitai 67 

Lilac 276 

Lily (3:^3-4, 337, 345,) 342 

Lily-of-the-valley 346 

LILYWORTS 341 

Lime 71 



Lime-tree (143) 64 

Linden 64 

LINDENBLOOMS 64 

Lion's-ears 249 

Lion's-ibot 192 

Lion's-heart 247 

Lip Fern 370 

Liquorice 148 

Live-forever 118, 119 

Liver-leaf, Liverwort 18 

Lizard-tail 301 

LOASADS 128 

LOBELIADS 194 

Loblolly Bay 65 

Locust (83) 95 

Long Moss 335 

Loosestrife 212 

LOOSESTRIFES 123 

Lopseed 236 

LORANTHS 291 

Lousewort 232 

Lovage 140 

Love-lies-bleeding 289 

Lucerne 92 

Lungwort 253 

Lupine 90 

Lychnidea 256 

Madder (283) 148 

M ADDERWORTS 147 

Mad-dog Skull-cap 247 

Maiwort 40 

MAGNOLIADS 24 

Mahoganv 66 

MaidenhaL- 370 

Maize 359 

Mallow 60-62 

MALLOWS 59 

Mangel-wurzel 285 

Manna Grass 358 

Maple 74 

MAPLEWORTS 73 

Mare's-tail 121 

Marigold (21) 188 

Marjoram 242 

Mar^h Cress 36 

Marsh Elder 174 

Marsh Mallow 60 

Marsh Marigold 21 

Marsh Rosemary 215 

Marvel-of-Peru 279 

MARVELWORTS ....... 279 

M AS L'WORTS 304 

Matrimony-vine 264 

Mav Apple 28 

May-flower 200 

May-weed 183 

Meadow-Rue 18 

Meadow-sweet 104 

Medick 92 

MELANTHS 347 

MELASTOMES 122 

Melic Grass 358 

Melilot 92 

MENISPERMADS 26 

Mercury 296 

Mermaid 68 

Mermaid-weed 120 

MESEMBRYANTHS .... 133 

Mexican Tea 286 

Mexican-vine 285 

Miami-mist 255 

MIGNONETTES 44 

Milkweed 272 



Milkworts 

Milk Vetch 

Millet 

Millfoil (121) 

Mint (183, 245j 

Mistletoe 

Mitrewort 

Mockernut 

Mock-Orange 

Molucca Balm 

Moneywort 

Monkey-flower 

Monk's-hood 

Moon-seed 

Moon wort 

jNIorello 

Morning-glory 

Moss Cahipion 

Moss Pink 

Mother Carey 

Motherwort 

Moth Mullein 

Mountain Ash 

Mountain Fringe 

Mountain Heath 

Mountain Mint 

Mountain Sorrel 

Mourning Bride 

Mouse-ear Chickweed . . . 

Mouse-tail 

Moving-plant 

Mud Purslane 

Mudwort 

Mugwort 

Mulberry. . . (105, 236, 299) 

Mullein 

Mullein Pink 

Muscadine 

Musk Melon 

Musk-plant 

Musta,rd (36,39) 

Myrtle (123. 2;I4, 309) 

MYRTLEBLOOMS 

NAIADS 

Nailwort 

Narcissus 

Nasturtion 

Navelwort 

Neapolitan 

Neckweed 

Nectarine 

Nelumbo 

Nettle (248, 263,296) 

Nettle-tree 

NETTLEWORTS 

New York Fern 

Nightshade (128, 264) 

NIGHTSHADES 

Ninebark 

Nipple w^ort 

Noisette 

Nonesuch 

Nutmeg-flower 

NYMPHIADS 

Oak 

Oak, Poison 

Oak-of-Jerusalem 

Oat (347) 

Ogeechee Lime 

Okra 

Oil-nut 

Oil-seed 

Oleander 



78 

94 

358 

183 

240 

291 

113 

304 

116 

248 

212 

226 

22 

26 

366 

102 

259 

53 

257 

183 

249 

222 

112 

33 

201 

245 

280 

152 

54 

20 

89 

51 

228 

184 

300 

222 

54 

78 

131 

226 

40 

122 

121 

320 

57 

332 

6!) 

251 

47 

229 

103 

29 

300 

299 

298 

374 

262 

261 

103 

190 

110 

92 

21 

28 

305 

73 

286 

358 

143 

63 

292 

219 

271 



390 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Oleaster 292 

Olive 276 

OLIVEWORTS 275 

ONAGRADS 124 

Onion 343 

Opium Poppy 32 

Orache 287 

Oranae (116,299) 71 

ORANOEWORTS 71 

ORCIITDS 325 

Onis-root 337 

Osii2:e Orange 299 

0?ier (143) 3(K) 

Ostrich Fern 3()9 

Oxi've (171) 175 

Oxheart 102 

Pieony 23 

Painted-cup 232 

Palmetto 317 

PALMS 316 

Pampas Grass 359 

Panic Grass 358 

Pansy 45 

Paper Mulberry 299 

Pappoose-root 28 

Parsley 138 

Parslev-picrt 108 

Parsnip (141) 137 

Partrid.ire-berry 148 

Pasque-tiower 17 

Passion-flower 129 

PAISS ION WORTS 129 

Pawpaw 26 

Pea (8;3, 86) 85 

Peach 103 

Peanut 87 

Pear 112 

Pearlwort 56 

Pea-vine 97 

Pecan-nut 304 

Pellitoiy 301 

Pencil-ttower 87 

Pennyroyal (239) 241 

Pennywort 135, 268 

Pepper 263 

Pepper-and-S.;lt 140 

Pepper-bush 204 

Pepper-iirass 42 

Peppermint 240 

PE PPER WORTS 360 

Periwinkle 270 

Persimmon 209 

Pettlmorrel 142 

Pheasant's-eye 19. 52 

Phlox (39) 256 

PHLOXWORTS 256 

Pickerel-weed 350 

Pie-plant 281 

Pigmy-weed 118 

Pignut 304 

Pigweed (289) 285 

Pimpernel 213 

Piiie 312 

Pineapple 335 

Pine-sap 206 

Pink (54, 203. 257, 330) 52 

Pink-root 269 

PINKWORTS 52 

Pinwecd 47 

Pinxtei-bloom 203 

Pipes 364 

Pipewood 202 

Pipeworts 355 



Pipsessiwa 206 

Pitcher-plant 30 

Plane-tree 303 

Plantain (323, 330) 213 

Plum 101 

Plume Grass 359 

Poet's Narcissus 333 

Poison Haw 146 

Poison Hemlock 139 

Poison Ivy 73 

Poison Oak 73 

Poke 284 

Pokeworts 284 

Polar-plant 173 

Polypody (373) 368 

Pomegranate 123 

Pond Lily 29 

Pond Spice 291 

Pond-weed 321 

PONTEDERIADS 350 

Poor-man's-weather-glass 213 

Poplar 311 

Poppy 32 

POPPY WORTS 31 

Possum Haw 147 

Potato (259) 262 

Poverty Grass 858 

Prairie Burdock 173 

Prairie Queen 109 

Prickly Ash 70 

Prickly Pear 132 

Prickly Poppy 32 

Pridc-'of-India 65 

Pride-of-Ohio 211 

Pride-of-the-Meadow 104 

Prim 276 

Primrose ,(125) 211 

Primrose-peerless 333 

Primworts 210 

Prince's-feather 283, 278 

Prince's Pine S06 

Privet 276 

Puccoon 252 

Pumpkin 130 

Purple Cone-flower 175 

Purple Jacobsea 187 

Purslane (51, 127, 133) 59 

PURSLANES 58 

Putty-root 328 

Quake Grass 358 

Quamash 343 

Quassia 72 

QUASSIAWORTS 71 

Queen-ot'-the-Prairie 104 

Quillwort 3(i0 

(Quince 112 

Radish 43 

Ragged Lady 21 

Ram's-head 326 

Raspberry 105 

Rattle-pod 90 

Rattlesnake Fern 366 

Rattlesnake Plantain 330 

Red Bay 290 

Red-bud 83 

Red Osier 143 

Red Pepper 263 

Red-root ...(77) 335 

Redtop 357 

Red- wood 315 

Reed (357) 358 

Reed-mace 320 

Resx;rrection Moss 363 



Rheumatism-root 28 

Rhubarb 281 

RIBWORTS 213 

Rice 357 

Richweed 300 

Riverweed 302 

Robin's Plantain 165 

Rock Cress 37 

Rocket (36, 43) 39 

Rock Poly pod 373 

ROCK ROSES, Rock Rose 47 

Roman Wormwood 184 

Rose (21,105) 108 

Rose Acacia 95 

Rose Apple 122 

Rose Bay 124, 203 

Rose Campion 54 

Rosemarv. . . (202, 215, 303) ^4 

ROSE WORTS 101 

Rosin-weed 172 

Rue (18, 94, 372) 70 

Rue Anemone (20) 18 

RUEWORTS 70 

Rush 356, 363 

Rushes 350 

Rutland Beauty 260 

Rve 359 

Saflron 189,337 

Sa<re 248, 244 

Saltwort 212, 287, 288 

Samphire 287 

S ANDALWORTS 291 

Sand-hill Rosemary 303 

Sand Myrtle 204 

Sand Orache 287 

Sand Reed 358 

Sand Spurry 57 

Sandwort 55 

Sanicle ■ 135 

Sarsaparilla 142, 338 

Sassafras 290 

Satin-flower 41 

SAURURADS 301 

Savory 242 

Saxifrage 113 

SAXIFRAGES 112 

Scabish 152, 182 

Scarcity 285 

Scorpion Senna 87 

Scotch Broom 101) 

Scouring Rush 363 

Scratch -grass 284 

Screw-stem 2(i8 

Scuppernong 78 

Scurvy-grass 39 

Sea Aster 164 

Sea Oxeye 171 

Sea Pm-slane 133 

Sea Rocket! 43 

Sea Wormwood lf-5 

Sea-wrack 321 

SEDGES, Sedge 355, 356 

Seed-box 127 

Self-heal 246 

Seneca Snakeroot 79 

Senna (87, 95) S3 

Sensitive Brier 82 

Sensitive Fern 369 

Sensitive Pea 83 

Sensitive Plant 82 

Serpent Cuctimber 131 

Service-tree 110 

Sesame Grass 359 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



391 



Shaddock-tree 71 

Shiid-floAvcr 110 

Shugbark 304 

Shamrock 91 

Sheep-poisou 200 

Sheep Sorrel 281 

Shell-flower 248 

Shepherd' s-purse 42 

Shield Fern 373 

Shrub Trefoil 71 

Sickle-pod 37 

Sidosaddle-liower 30 

Silk Cottons 63 

Silk-tree 82 

Silk-weed.... 272 

Silver-berry 292 

Silver Fern 368 

Silver-weed 107 

Sine:le-seed Cucumber 130 

Skullcap 216 

Skunk Cabbage 318 

Sloe 147 

Slipper-flower 222 

Smartweed 283 

Smoke-tree 73 

Smooth Lungwort 253 

Snails 92 

Snake-head 224 

Snake-root 23, 79, 192, 278 

Snapdragon 2".>3 

Snapdragon Catchfly 53 

Sneezewort 183 

Snowball 146 

Snowberry 144 

Snowdrop 334 

Snowdrop-tree 209 

Snow-llake 334 

Soapberry 75 

Soapwort 53 

SOAPWOKTS 210 

Soft Grass 358 

Solomon's Seal 346 

Sorrel (67) 281 

Sorrel-tree 203 

SOREELWOETS 280 

Southernwood 184 

Sow-Thistle 194 

Spanish-daggers 345 

Spanish-neeciles 180 

Spear Grass 358 

Spearmint 240 

Spearwort 19 

Speedwell 229 

Spice-wood 290, 291 

Spider-flower 44 

SPIDERWOETS 353 

Spinach, Spinage 287 

Spleen wort (133) 372 

Sponge-tree 99 

Spoonwood 200 

Sprnig-beauty 59 

Spruce 313 

Spurge 293 

Spurge Nettle 296 

SPUEGE WORTS 293 

Spurry 57 

Squash 13 ) 

Squaw- root 217 

Squill 343 

Squirrel Corn 33 

St aft-tree 76 

STAFF-TREES 75 

Stagger-bugh 202 



Standing Cypress 257 

Staghorn Fern 367 

St. Andrew's Cross 48 

Star Anise 24 

Star-of-Bethlehera 343 

Star-grabS 334, 3:35 

Star Thistle 189 

STAR WORTS 301 

St. John's- wort 49 

ST. JOHN'S-WORTS .... 48 

Stock 38 

Stone-crop 118, 119 

StorkV-bill 68 

St. Peter's-wort 48 

St. Peter' s-wreath 103 

Strawberry ( 107) 106 

Strawberry Elite 28(5 

Strawberry Tomato 263 

Succory (Chicory) 190 

Sugar-berry 299 

Sugar Cane 359 

Sugar-tree (Maple) 74 

SUMACS, Sumac 72 

Summer Savory 242 

SUNDEWS, Sundew 50 

Sunflower 176 

Supple Jack 77 

Swamp Laurel 200 

Swamp Pink 203 

Sweet Basil 238 

Sweet Brier 109 

Sweet Cicely 137 

Sweet Fern . . 309 

Sweet Flag 318 

Sweet Gale 309 

Sweet Gum 120 

Sweet Pea 86 

Sweet Pepperbush 204 

Sweet Potato 259 

Sweet Reed 357 

Sweet-scented Clover 92 

Sweet-scented Shrub 25 

Sweet Sultau 189 

Sweet Vernal Grass 358 

Sweet Yi burnum 147 

Sweet William 52 

Swine Cress 43 

Svcamore 74, 303 

SYCAMORES 303 

Tacmehac 311 

Tallow-tree 296 

Tamarac 314 

TAMARISKS 63 

Tansy 39 

Tansy Mustard 39 

Tares 86 

Tassel-flower 186 

Tassel-tree 62 

Tea (77,214, 286) 65 

TEAWORTS.Tea-Rose. .64, 65 
TEASELWORTS,Teasel. 151 

Thimbleberry 105 

Thistle 189 

Thorn 110 

Thorn Apple £65 

Thoroughwax 138 

Thoroughwort 15£ 

Threadfoot 302 

THREADF00T8 302 

Three-birds 223, 330 

Three-seed Mercury 296 

Thrift, 215 

Thvmo 243 



Tick-seed 178 

Tiger-flower 337 

Timothy. . 358 

Toad Flax (291) 222 

Tobacco (195) 265 

Tomato (363) 362 

Tongue-grass 43 

Toothache Grass 359 

Touch-me-not 69 

Touch-wood 72 

Tower Mustard 36 

Trailing Arbutus 200 

Tree Fern 367 

Tree Hibiscus 63 

Tree of Heaven 72 

Tree Orchis 331 

Trefoil 71. 88 

TRILLIADS 340 

Trumpet-flower 218 

Trumpet-leaf 30 

Trumpet Milkweed 193 

Trumpet-tongue 221 

Trumpet-weed 159 

Tuberose 334 

Tulip 341 

Tulip- tree 25 

Turk's-cap 342 

Turmeric-root 23 

Turnip 40 

Turnip Beet 285 

Turtle-head 2->4 

Twayblade 329 

TM'in-flower 144 

Twin-leaf 28 

Twist-foot 347 

TYPHADS 319 

UMBEL WORTS 133 

Umbrella-leaf 28 

Umbrella-tree 25 

Unicorn-plant 219 

Valerian (257) 150 

Vanilla-plant 157 

Vegetable Marrow 130 

Vegetable Oyster 191 

Venus' Comb 137 

Venus' Flytrap 50 

Venus' Looking-glass 197 

Vervain 235 

Vetch (94, 100) 86 

Victoria Lily 30 

VINES 77 

VIOLETS, Violet (105) 45 

Viper's Bugloss 251 

Virjifinia Creeper 78 

Virginia Lass 109 

Virginia Snakeroot 278 

Virginia Stonecrop 119 

Virgin' s-bower 16 

Wake Robin 340 

Walking Fern 372 

Wall-flowei (39) 38 

Wall Rue ,372 

Walnut 304 

WALNUTS 303 

Water-carpet 113 

Water Cress 36 

Water-feather 211 

Water Hemlock 141 

Water Hemp 289 

Water Hoarhound 241 

Water-leaf 254 

Water Lily 29 

Water Melon Wi 



392 



ADDENDA. 



Water Milfoil 121 

Water Nvraph 320 

Water Parsiiiu 141 

Vv'ater Peppoi- 283 

WATER PEPPERS 51 

VVaUr.- Pimpernel 213 

Wx^TER PITCHERS 30 

WATER PLANTx\INS. .. 32^ 

Water Plantain 3->3 

Water Purslane 127 

Water Smartweecl 283 

Water Tar<,ret 2!) 

Wax-plant' 275 

Whaiioo 299 

Wheat 859 

Wheat-thief 253 

Whistlewood 74 

White Bay 24 

White Lertnce 192 

White-tipped Aster lf;0 

Whitcweed 1G5, 193 

Whitowood 25 

Whitlow-2:rass 41 

Wild Basil 243 

Wild Bergaraot 243 

WildBuo-loss 251 



Wild Elder 142 

Wild Foxglove 230 

Wild Ginger 2T8 

"Wild Indigo 84 

Wild Liquorice 148 

Wild Oars 34T 

WildPinlv 54 

Wild Potato 259 

Wild Rosemary 202 

Wild Sarsaparilla 142 

Wild Sensitive-plant S3 

Wild Service 110 

Willow 309 

Willow-herb 124 

WILLOW- WORTS 309 

Wind-flower 17 

Winter-berry 208 

Winter Cress 39 

Winter-green ..201, 205 

Witch Grass 359 

Witcli Hazel 120 

WITCH HAZELWORTS, 120 

Woad 43 

Woad-waxen 90 

Wolf bane 22 

Wolf berry 145 



I Woodbine 145 

Wood Cress 36 

1 Wood Nettle 300 

I Wood Sorrel (j7 

! Woolraouth 230 

I "Worm-seed 2S6 

i Worm^vood 184 

' XYRIDS 354 

I Yam 3^; 

j Yarrow 183 

I Yellow-eyed Grass 354 

: Yellow Jessamine 2(59 

i Yellow Phlox 39 

I Yellow Pond-lily 29 

j Yellow Poppy 

I Yellow Rattle 232 

i Yellow-root 21 

Yellovv-seed 43 

I Yellow Sweet Sultan 189 

j Yellow- wood 84 

Y'ew 31« 

Y'EWS 31.: 

Yulan 25 

Zigadine 348 

Zizia 139 



ADDENDA. 

After G. album, page 106, add, 

(3. litteum, A variety with j^ellow flowers i-arely occurs in Peunpyivania. 

After C. (Crataegus) spatulata, page 111, insert — 
10a C. Pyracaiitha Pers. Shrub lOf, thorny ; Ivs. evei-green, lance-ovate or oblong, 
creuulate-serrate, smooth and shining. § Near Philadelphia, and southward. 

On page 175, after E. (Ecliinacea) atrorubens, add, 
4 E. Porter I (Gray). Leaves lanceolate to lance-linear, i-emotely toothed, the highest 
entire: heads coryrabed, 1' broad; scales about 9, lance-linear; rays 6 — 8, ovate-lan- 
ceolate, yellow ; chaflf spinescenf. Stone Mountain, Ga. (Prof. Porter). Has the habit 
of Rudbeckia, but its chaff is plainly that of Echinacea. 

On page 190, before Lappa, may be inserted — 

99a. CARDUUS nutans, L. Bristles of the pappus not plumous, nearly- 
naked. Stem 2f, slender ; Ivs. narrow, sinuatc-spinescent, decurrent, 2—3'. Heads few, 
large, nodding, purple. Ach. linear-oblon-g, rugulous, 2", crowned with a many-bristled 
deciduous pappus three-quarters of an inch long. Harrisburg, Pa. (Prof. Porter). § Eur. 

Page 208, after P. (Prinos) l^vigatus, add, 
4a P, pubesceiis Mx. Shrub 6— 8f, with smooth, virgate branches ; Ivs. large, ovate, 
acuminate, serrulate, soft pubescent beneath; clusters umbellate, axillary, shorter 
than the petioles ; berries dark red, 2—3" in diameter. AUeghanies, Pa. 

Page 146, after D. (Diervilla) sessilifolia, add, 
4 1>. Japonica, p. EOSEA. Wtegelo. Shrub from Japan, 4— Gf, with (Straight branches ; 
Ivs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, large; flowers fiinuelforra, rose-colored, 1' broad, cover- 
ing the plant in Spring ; ovaries and pods linear. Common in cultivation. 

Page 150, after Bonvardia, add, 

11. GARDENIA floiuda. Cape Jesfiam/nr. From China. Much 
cultivated South. Shrubby evergreen, 2-4f. Lvs. elliptical, acute both ways, very r^mooth. 
Flowers white, corolla 5-lob(>d or c»ftcn jnany-lobod and doiihle, salvcrforin, 2' broad. 



LRpFe'15 



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